国际贸易理论双语课件4
第04章国际贸易新理论.ppt - 第四章
部分国家高技术产业R&D经费支出占制造业的比重
技术差距论图解
Q
A国的生产 需 求 滞 后
4
反
T0
T1
滞 后
应
A国的出口 B国的进口
T2
2 1
T3
B国的出口 A国的进口 B国的生产
模 仿 滞 后 后
3
掌 握 滞
Terms
需求滞后: 创新国新产品问世——后 进国没有意识到它是国内产品的替代 品——认识到其价格,有需求. 反应滞后: 创新国生产,出口新产 品——后进国感到其对本国产品的威 胁——决定开始模仿生产该产品. 掌握滞后:后进国开始模仿该产品—— 达到与创新国同一水平而停止进口. 模仿滞后:反应滞后+掌握时滞
内部规模经济
内部规模经济的实现依赖于一个产业或 行业内的厂商自身规模的扩大和产出的 增加. 内部规模经济使得大厂商比小厂商更有 成本优势,随着少数大厂商逐渐垄断了 整个市场,不完全竞争取代完全竞争成 为市场的基本特征.
外部规模经济
外部规模经济则指的是单位产品成本取 决于行业规模而非单个厂商的规模. 典型的外部经济行业通常存在很多小企 业,市场结构是完全竞争的.
生命周期理论的图解
领先者(美 国) 净出口 0 t0 净进口 t1 t2 t3 时间 其他工业国(加拿 欠发达国家 大, 日本,欧盟等)
第二阶段:技术 第三阶段:技术 第一阶段:创新 停滞 领先国家出口 扩散 跟随者出口 欠发达国家出口
贸易效应
比较而言,高技术产品的创新国更有利可图, 因为: 引入,成长期相对较长,意味着垄断期和出口 期较长;而成熟期,衰退期短,意味着模仿国 获利的机会就少. 若高技术产品的创新能不断地更新技术,使产 品在进入成熟期后马上退出新产品,开始新一 轮的产品生命周期,则有望持续其垄断地位, 赚取超额利润. 换而言之,高技术产品的生命周期特点对模仿 国是不利的.
教学课件 国际贸易理论与实务双语教程--傅龙海
4.1 General Trade总贸易
• It is a statistical method to classify import and export by country’s border. General trade is divided into general import and general export. All the merchandise moving into the border of a country are counted into the general import including what are consumed in domestic and what are transited or passed through the territory of the county; All the merchandise moved out of the border of a country are counted into general export including the export of the homemade products, the re-export of foreign merchandise and transited goods or the goods passing through the border. The total sum of general import and general export are general trade.
• According to the different movement directions of the goods, international trade is classified into export trade, import trade, and transit trade.
国际贸易实务双语教程第4版第4章
THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TRADE CONVENTIONS
1、Warsaw-Oxford Rules(W.O.Rules)1932 《华沙牛津公约》
2、Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 《1941美国对外贸易定义修订本》
Ex Point of Origin, FOB(6 variations), FAS
Vessel, C&F, CIF, Ex Dock
《1932年华沙— 牛津规则》 (Warsaw-
国际法协会
In
CIF
Oxford Rules)
International Law
1928
Institute
《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》
On FOB term basis, Seller A prepared the goods at the stipulated time, meanwhile , Buyer B informed A of the name of vessel and the date of shipment ,when the goods is lifted to the ship, it fell down on the deck ,so now who shall take responsibility? Seller or Buyer?
CFR (Cost and Freight,…named port of destination)成本加运费(……指定目的港)
CIF (Cost,Insurance and Freight,…named port of destination)成本加保险费、运费(……指定目的港)
国际贸易学课件--International Trade Theory
代表人物:托马斯·孟(Thomas Mun, 1571-
1641)
2020/9/30
Copyright by 钱学锋
博弈论(Game theory)
一、田忌赛马、斗地主与《美丽心灵》
来,斗两把!
二、博弈模型的构成 ►博弈方(Players) ►策略(Strategies) ► 次序(Orders) ► 得益(Payoffs)
假设两个国家是“中国”和“美国”。两国 都生产“大米”和“小麦”,但生产技术不同。 劳动是唯一的生产要素,两国有相同的劳动力资 源,都是100 人。
2020/9/30
Copyright by 钱学锋
表2-1:中国和美国的生产可能性
表2-2:中国和美国的劳动生产率
2020/9/30
Copyright by 钱学锋
Chapter 2: International Trade Theory
一、古典贸易理论(Classical Trade Theory) 二、新古典贸易理论(Neo-Classical Trade Theory ) 三、新贸易理论(New Trade Theory) 四、新新贸易理论(New New Trade Theory)
“劳动生产力上最大的增进、以及运用劳动时所 表现的更大的熟练、技巧和判断力、似乎都是分 工的结果。”
2020/9/30
Copyright by 钱学锋
分工的好处:
1、劳动者的技巧因业专而日进; 2、可以免除因工作转换而损失的时间; 3、有利于机械的发明。
男女搭配, 工作不累!
2020/9/30
Copyright by 钱学锋
绝对优势理论的意义和局限性
国际贸易理论与实务(英文版)(第四版) Ch.4 Post H-O thoery
The product cycle theory The Linder theory The intra-industry trade theory
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
§1 The Product Cycle Theory
DEMAND LAG
(3 months)
IMITATION LAG
(8 months)
NET LAG
(5 months)
Time
Figure 4-1 Imitation lag hypothesis
2. The product cycle theory
Built upon the imitation lag hypothesis, was
New foreign goods may not be regarded as perfect substitutes for known domestic goods
Time between the production of good in the inventing country to the beginning of the production in the importing country.
(take time to learn, purchase inputs, install equipment, process the inputs,
etc. )
The demand lag: The period between the production of good in the inventing country and demand for the good by consumers in another country.
国际贸易英文课件 (4)
Mercantilism: Mid-16th Century
• Mercantilism:1st theory of international trade emerged in England
• A nation’s wealth depends on accumulated treasure (gold and silver)
• PPF shift outwards
Influence of Free Trade on PPF
Heckscher (1919)-Ohlin (1933) Theory
• They argue that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments but not difference in productivity (Ricardo’s)
• Result: Country A sells less because of high prices and Country B sells more because of lower prices
• In the long run, no one can keep a trade surplus
International Trade Theory
Overview of Trade Theory
•Free Trade occurs when a government does not attempt to influence, through quotas or duties, what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country (invisible hand of market mechanism and laissez-faire) •The Benefits of Trade allow a country to specialize in the manufacture and export of products that can be produced most efficiently in that country •The Pattern of International Trade displays patterns that are easy to understand (Climate and natural resource endowments – Brazil/coffee; Saudi Arabia/oil; China/crawfish).
国际贸易学课件教程-第四章-贸易保护理论(新增第六节)
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❖ 1.背景
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❖3.汉密尔顿的政策主张 ▪向私营工业发放政府信用贷款,提供发展基金 ▪实行保护关税制度,保护国内新兴工业 ▪限制重要原料出口,对进口极端必须的原料免税 ▪为必需品工业发放津贴,给各类工业发放奖励金 ▪限制改良机器输出 ▪建立联邦检查制度,保证和提高制造品质量
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一段时期之后能够成长起来 ❖ 保护手段:主要是关税 ❖ 保护期限:最高界限30年
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(二)对李斯特保护贸易理论评价
❖ 第一个从理论上探讨在国际竞争下如何运用 保护政策措施促进本国经济发展,建立了完 整体系的保护贸易理论
❖ 对指导发展中国家发展民族生产力,实行经 济自卫起到了积极作用
❖ 亚当·斯密的绝对优势说肯定了贸易是双 赢的经济行为,从而否定了重商主义对贸 易是零和博弈的观点。
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四、重商主义的现实影响
尽管重商主义历史久远,并且有着其自身的 缺陷,但它对现实仍有着不可小觑的影响力, 仍然可以恰当解释现实中的某些经济现象。 可以说,各国普遍追求贸易盈余,只是出发 点不同而已。
出口的增加将带来产出的增加,其增加的规模将 成倍于增加的出口。
进口的增加将导致产出减少,其减少的规模将大 于进口增加的规模。
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(三)对贸易乘数理论的评价 贸易乘数理论是资本主义世界生产过剩的
国际贸易双语教程英文版
国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
国际贸易理论与实务(双语版)绪论
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2.Role-play Method
Set a training environment accessing to the actual scene of real work position , which can help understand the content of the roles and increasing the ability of problem-solving through taking participate in a role-play. For instance, students can be devided into several role-play groups, which act as the role of the exporter, the importer, the bank, and the forwarder respectively and etc. This can help to imitate the procedures of negotiation and payment in international trade contract. Through students’ participation and interactive communication, their action-response ability and psychological quality will be enhanced, as the same time students also will recognize their own disadvantages and weaknesses by mutual comments.
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Section Three
国际贸易理论与实务课件第四章 国际贸易政策与措施
新贸易保护主义 被保护的商品范围不断扩大;
贸易保护措施多样化 ; 贸易保护措施多样化贸易保护制度转向更系统化; 各国“奖出限入”措施的重点从限制进口转向出口; 贸易保护从国家贸易壁垒转变为区域贸易壁垒。
第二节 关税
一、关税的含义与作用 关税(Customs Duties;Tariff)是进出口货物经
非关税壁垒(Non-Tariff Barriers,NTB)是指 关税以外的各种限制进口的措施。
非关税壁垒主要可分为两大类 直接的非关税壁垒措施 间接的非关税壁垒措施
2.非关税壁垒的特点
非关税壁垒比关税壁垒具有更大的灵活性和针对 性;
非关税壁垒比关税壁垒更能直接达到限制进口的 目的;
可申诉的补贴,即黄灯补贴,是指允许使用的补贴,但若 该补贴对WTO成员产生了不利影响,则可对其采取磋商手 段,或动用争议解决程序或对其采取反补贴措施。
3.商品倾销
商品倾销(Dumping)是指一国(地区)的生产商或 出口商以低于国内市场的价格,甚至低于商品生 产成本的价格,在国外市场抛售商品,打击竞争 者以占领市场。
二、国际贸易政策的类型
1.自由贸易政策
自由贸易政策是指国家取消对进出口贸易的限制 和障碍,取消对本国进出口商品和服务贸易等的 各种特权和优待,使商品和服务自由地输出和输 入,在世界市场上实行自由竞争与合作。
2.保护贸易政策
保护贸易最策是指国家采取措施干预对外贸易, 限制外国商品和服务的进口,保护本国市场免受 国外商品和服务等的竞争,并对本国出口商品和 服务贸易给予优待和补贴。
出口信贷的分类 卖方信贷(Supplier’s Credit) 买方信贷(Buyer's Credit)
出口信贷的主要特点 出口信贷必须联系出口项目,即贷款必须全部或 大部分用于购买提供贷款国家的出口商品; 出口信贷利率低于国际金融市场贷款的利率,其 利差由出口国政府给予补贴; 出口信贷的贷款金额,通常只占买卖合同金额的 85%左右,其余10%-15%由进口厂商先支付现 汇; 出口信贷的发放与出口信贷担保相结合,以避免 或减少信贷风险。
(赵春明版)国贸理论课件 第4章 国际贸易动态理论
一、钻石理论
1990s 发 达 国 家 的 资 本 要 素 占 世 界 的 比 例 ( % )
国 家 实物资本 高度熟练 劳 动力 中度熟练 劳 动力 简 单
劳动力
美 日 德
国 本 国
2 5 .8 1 5 .0 9 .3 3 2 .3 1 7 .6
2 8 .5 1 0 .4 4 .6 2 9 .9 2 6 .6
三、研究与开发(R&D)要素说
• R&D作为生产要素的作用 研发要素指研制和开发新产品所投入的费用。 • 研发要素禀赋的国际比较——衡量指标
研发费用占总销售额的比例; 研发人员人数占企业总人数的比例; 研发费用占一国GDP的比重
当代西方国家的R&D
• 1985—1995年,西方国家R&D费用/GDP比重:
1 3 .6 7 .2 4 .5 2 0 .3 5 4 .4
0 .5 0 .3 0 .2 1 .2 9 7 .8
其他工业国 所有发展国
资 料 来 源 : 据 T.P u gel& P.Lin d ert,In terna tio n a l E co n o m ics ,11h ed ,20 0 0 ,M cG ra w _ H ill,p .7 0 ,整 理
第一阶段(OA),即新产品阶段。在创新国(如美 国)生产和消费。 第二阶段(AB),即产品成长阶段。创新国在国内和 国际市场拥有完全垄断地位。主要是面向与创新国经济 发展水平相似的国家(如西欧、日本等发达国家)出口。
第三阶段(BC),即产品成熟阶段。新产品在创新 国已经标准化,创新厂商开始授权外国厂商生产 这种产品。其他发达国家的厂商的新产品在本国 市场上能与美国的产品相抗衡,故减少进口规模。
国际贸易原理第四章(李嘉图)比较优势理论
Chapter 4
国际贸易使得世界产出增长的原因:每个国家 都专门生产自己有比较优势的产品。
比较优势:如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品 的机会成本(用另一种产品来衡量)低于在其 他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话,则这个 国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。
2004版
Chapter 4
如果一个国家在两种商品的生产上都具有绝对有利地位, 但有利的程度不同,而另一个国家在两种商品的生产上 都处于绝对不利的地位,但不利的程度也不同。
在此情况下,前者应专门生产相比较最有利(有利程度 最大)的商品,后者应专门生产其不利程度最小的商品, 通过对外贸易,双方都能取得比自己以等量劳动所能生 产的更多的产品,从而实现劳动的节约,给贸易双方都 带来利益。
2004版
假定的生产变化
Chapter 4
美国
玫瑰 (万枝) -1000
计算机 (万台)
+10
南美
+1000
-3
合计
0
+7
2004版
Chapter 4
变化:世界上种植的玫瑰还是跟以前一样多, 但现在生产了更多的计算机,所以这种生产上 的重组将增大整个世界经济蛋糕的规模,由于 世界作为一个整体比以前生产了更多,则在理 论上可能提高每个人的生活水平。
第四章 比较优势理论
2004版
一、大卫•李嘉图(详见《经济学家3 李嘉图》) 二、比较优势理论提出的历史背景 三、李嘉图模型的基本假定 四、贸易的基础 五、比较优势的度量 (Example) 六、生产和贸易的格局 七、贸易的利得 八、李嘉图模型简评 九、小结
Chapter 4
二、比较优势理论提出的历史背景 ——《谷物法》的存废之争
2004版
第四篇(国际贸易基本原理:贸易原因)解析PPT课件
在第三阶段,技术已在世界范围内扩散,许多技术 都已包含在生产该商品的机器(如装配线)中 了 ,技术本身的重要性已经逐渐消失。至此,新产 品的技术完成了其生命周期。
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技术周期与比较优势的动态变化
第一阶段是新生期:对生产要素的要求是科学 技术人才和大量的研究开发投资;产品性质是 知识和资本密集型的;拥有科学技术人才和资 本充裕的发达国家具有优势。
.
10
s1
s1′
s2
p1
p2
D1
D2 LRAC
.
11
产品生命周期理论认为,由于技术的创新
和扩散,制成品和生物一样,具有一个 生命周期。在产品生命周期的不同阶段 ,制造新产品所投入的 要素比例是变动
的。根据产品生命周期各阶段的要素密 集型的特点,比较优势将发生国与国之 间的转移。就不同类型的国家而言,在 产品生命周期的不同阶段比较优势是不 同的
(三) 赫克歇尔—俄林的 要素禀赋说
1、推理的角度 2、基本假设条件
.
不存在 技术差异
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(1)两个国家、两种产品、两种生产要素 (2)没有贸易壁垒,市场完全竞争 (3)贸易是平衡的 (4)生产要素不能在国际间流动 (5)两国的消费偏好完全相同 (6)规模报酬不变 (7)两国的生产技术完全相同
3、用图形来表示的 话,长期平均生产成本会随着 产量(规模)的扩大而下降、不变、上升,从而 形成U字形
.
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4、规模经济又可分为“内部”与“外部”两种。 内部规模经济主要来源于企业本身生产规 模的扩大。由于生产规模扩大和产量增加 ,分摊到每个产品上的固定成本(管理成 本、信息成本、设计成本、科研与发展成 本等)会越来越少,从而使产品的平均成 本下降。具有内部规模经济的 一般集中在
国际贸易理论与实务(双语版)4
Quantity of Commodity
Section One
Calculating Units of the Commodity Quantity
Section Two
Section Three
Calculating Methods of the Commodity Weight
பைடு நூலகம்
3. Length
meter(m), foot(ft), yard(yd),etc.
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4. Area
square meter(sq m), square foot(sq ft), square yard(sq ya),etc.
5. Volume
cubicmeter(cu m),cubic foot(cu ft), cubic yard(cu yd), etc.
国际贸易理论与实务双语版internationaltradetheorypracticeenglishchinese人民邮电出版社财经编辑部主任刘琦chapterfourquantityofcommoditysectiononecalculatingunitsofthecommodityquantitysectiontwocalculatingmethodsofthecommodityweightsectionthreequantityclauseinthecontractchapterfourquantityofcommodity?learningobjectivesafterlearningthischapteryouwillbeableto
2. About or Approximate
In quantity clause, sometime “about”, “approximately”, “percentage of more or less” delivery will be used. But internationally that is not a standard for such “about" or “approximate” sometime it’s 2.5%, sometime it′s 5%. International Chamber of Commerce “UCP” (600th Publications)stipulate it’s within 10%. In order to facilitate the performance of the contract and to avoid controversy, import and export quantity clause in the contract should be clear and specific, for example, in terms of trade turnover number, should be provided the unit of measurement. For weight-measured goods, shall be prescribed in the weight calculation method.
应用国际贸易(中英文双语)PPT课件( 88页)
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
Price before trade
Price after trade
0
World Price
Imports
Domestic quantity demanded
Domestic quantity supplied
Domestic demand
A
B
C
Domestic supply
World price
Producer surplus before trade
Domestic demand
0
Quantity
of Steel
自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利
钢铁价格
贸易前的消费者剩余
贸易后的价格 贸易前的价格
A B
C
贸易前的生产者剩余
国内供给
世界价 格
国内需求
0
数量钢铁
How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country
Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus Total Surplus
Before Trade A+B C
A+B+C
After Trade A
B+C+D A+B+C+D
Quantity of Steel
图4. 进口国的国际贸易
钢铁 价格
国内供给
贸易前的价格 贸易后的价格
0
世界价格
进口
国内需求
国内供给量 国内需求量
钢铁数量
Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country
Chapter 4:New trade theory
产业内贸易的发展
4、产业内贸易产生的原因 差别产品(Differentiated products) 差别产品( products) 规模经济( Scale) 规模经济(Economies of Scale)
产业内贸易的发展
5、产业内贸易对传统贸易理论的挑战 传统贸易理论认为贸易的基础是各国之间产品生 产的比较优势, 产的比较优势,即国际贸易的根源在于国家之 间的差异,包括技术的差异( model) 间的差异,包括技术的差异(Ricardo model)或 固有的资源禀赋的差异( model)。 )。按照这 固有的资源禀赋的差异(H-O model)。按照这 些理论,国家之间的差异越大, 些理论,国家之间的差异越大,它们之间的贸 易量也应该越大,如果两个国家的差异很小, 易量也应该越大,如果两个国家的差异很小, 它们之间的贸易量就会比较小。也就是说, 它们之间的贸易量就会比较小。也就是说,各 国之间的贸易主要是“产业间贸易” inter国之间的贸易主要是“产业间贸易”(intertrade)。但国际贸易的发展表明, )。但国际贸易的发展表明 industry trade)。但国际贸易的发展表明,产业 内贸易的重要性日益增强。 内贸易的重要性日益增强。
运输成本、 运输成本、环境标准与国际贸易
传统贸易理论假定运输成本为零, 传统贸易理论假定运输成本为零,忽略了距离对贸 易的影响。显然, 易的影响。显然,这种假定偏离了世界贸易的真实 情形。实证的数据表明, 情形。实证的数据表明,空间距离相近的两国间的 贸易往往要比空间距离远的两国间的贸易活跃的多, 贸易往往要比空间距离远的两国间的贸易活跃的多, 公司在选址上的大量集聚也否定了传统贸易理论关 于运输成本为零这一假设。 于运输成本为零这一假设。 环境因素同样被传统理论所忽略, 环境因素同样被传统理论所忽略,但环保标准 standards) (environment standards)可能是取得比较优势的资 源禀赋或是生产要素。 源禀赋或是生产要素。
国际贸易学第四版课件
• 技术差距理论把国家间的贸易与技术差距的存在联系起来 ,认为正是一国的技术优势使其在获得出口市场方面占优 势,当一国创新某种产品成功后,在国外掌握该项技术之 前产生了技术领先差距,可出口技术领先产品。
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第三节 产品生命周期理论
• 一、弗农与产品生命周期理论
• 产品生命周期理论(Product Life Cycle Theory)由美国哈佛大学教 授雷蒙德•弗农(Raymond Vernon)在其《产品周期中的国际投资与 国际贸易》(The International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle) 一文中首先提出,后经威尔斯(Louis T.Wells )、 赫希哲(Hirsch )等人不断完善。
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• 二、绝对优势论的主要内容
• (一)分工可以提高劳动生产率 • (二)分工的原则是绝对优势 • (三)国际分工的基础是有利的自然禀赋或后天的有利条
件 • 三、简评绝对优势论 • 具有绝对优势的国家参加国际分工和国际贸易能够获益
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第二节 比较优势论
• 一、大卫•李嘉图与比较优势论
• 大卫•李嘉图(David Ricardo,1772—1823年) 是著名的英国经济学家,是资产阶级古典经济学 的完成者。其主要代表作是1817年发表的《政治 经济学及赋税原理》(Principles of Political Economy and Taxation)。
• (二)自然条件是国际分工产生和发展的基础 • (三)政府的政策可以推进和延缓国际分工的形成
和发展 • (四)国际生产关系决定国际分工的性质
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Cocoa
Ghana 20.0
Rice
0 20.0 20.0
The Republic of Korea 0 Total production 20.0
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9
Absolute Advantage
Consumption after Ghana Trades 6 Tons of Cocoa for 6 Tons of South Korean Rice Cocoa Rice Ghana 14.0 6.0
The Republic of Korea 3.5/(6-2.5) 4.0/(14-10)
Total production 7.5 5.0
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The Conclusion of Absolute Advantage
According to Smith, countries should specialize in the product of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. That is, a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries.
The Republic of Korea 6.0
Total production 20.0
14.0
20.0
10
10
Absolute Advantage
Increase in Consumption as a Result of Specialization and Trade Cocoa Rice Ghana 4.0/(14-10) 1.0/(6-5)
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2
Adam Smith
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3
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – died 17 July 1790 [5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
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Divid Ricardo
David Ricardo (19 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was an English political economist, often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, Perhaps his most important contribution was the law of comparative advantage, a fundamental argument in favour of free trade among countries and of specialization among individuals. Ricardo argued that there is mutual benefit from trade (or exchange) even if one party (e.g. resource-rich country, highly-skilled artisan) is more productive in every possible area than its trading counterpart (e.g. resource-poor country, unskilled laborer), as long as each concentrates on the activities where it has a relative productivity advantage.
Comparative advantage in words
Has lawyer do everything and typist nothing? Have lawyer and typist do some of everything? Allocate typist to do things where his inferiority to lawyer is the least marked, and lawyer to things where his superiority is most marked? 16
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Absolute Advantage
Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. Smith argued that countries differ in their ability to produce goods efficiently. In economics, principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources. Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade, using labor as the only input.
The Republic of Korea 40
66Absolu来自e Advantage
The production possibility frontiers for Ghana and The Republic of Korea 20
Cocoa
10
5 2.5 5 rice 10 20
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7
Absolute Advantage
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Divid Ricardo
Ricardo's most famous work is his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817).
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The logic of comparative advantage is intricate. Best arrived at via a sequence of thought experiments: Consider two persons, lawyer and typist. Lawyer is better at everything (i.e. can all things(case and type) in less time) How do we allocate the time of lawyer & typist to maximise total output?
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is an economic theory, thought to be a form of economic nationalism,that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable". Economic assets (or capital) are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports).
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Mercantilism
The theory assumes that wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of subsidies and tariffs respectively.The theory dominated Western European economic policies from the 16th to the late-18th century.