文体学 Varieties
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Quirk et al (Grammar of Contemporary English, 1972: 14): The fact that…the “Common Core” dominates all the varieties means that, however esoteric or remote a variety may be, it has running through it a set of grammatical and other characteristics that are present in all others. It is presumably this fact that justifies the application of the name “English”.
Classification 2 (张德禄) Personal letters, tourist guide, foreign trade
writing, news reporting, comments, advertising, scientific writing, official document, biography, practical speeches, legal documents, religious writings
Southern American
South Central, Southern, Appalachian
Chinese：
Cantonese 方言
4) Social Dialect
a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties; b) Ethnic Varieties; c) Gender Varieties; d) Age Varieties
two varieties 4. The Social meaning of Language
varieties 5. Summary
1. Different views on Varieties
Classification according to user, use and social relations—
Classification 1
User: historical varieties, regional dialect, social dialect
Use: legal, journalistic, business, scientific, literary
Social relations: medium—oral/ written and status/ attitude
a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties
/r/ (P. 29)
In UK， while economic criteria are one
important aspect in determining class, it seems
that differences in taste and behavior are at least
as significant for people in deciding whether they
and others belong to a particular class.
b) Ethnic Varieties
Hispanic English
Affected by first language
(1)熟近(intimate) (2)随便(casual) (3)商榷(consultative) (4)正式(formal) (5)僵化(frozen)
Partings
Frozen:
Farewell, and Godspeed.
Formal:
Goodbye. We look forward to seeing you again.
Also
General American (Standard American)
Pacific NW, Pacific SW, Central, North Central
Eastern American
New England, New York City, Mid-Atlantic, Western Pennsylvania
2.2 Diatypic Varieties: Registers (P25)
2.1. Dialects
Individual Dialects---Idiolect Temporal Dialect： Old English/ Middle
English/ Modern English Regional Dialect Social Dialect--- Social Economic Status
Varieties; Enthic Varieties; Gender Varieties;Age Varieties Range of intelligibility(可理解性的范围） standard；non-satandard
1) Individual Dialects---Idiolect P. 26
Consultative:
Goodbye. Have a good weekend.
Casual:
Bye now – take care.
Intimate:
later, darlin’.
2.Two kinds of Varieties
2.1 Dialectal Varieties: Dialects
Classification 3(侯维瑞) *情景变体：语域 *地方变体：地域方言 *社会变体：社会方言—社会阶层、民族、性别、年龄、
行业团体、俚语（社会变体与情景变体的混合） *功能变体：功能文体—文学、广告、新闻、科技、法律 *时间变体：历代文体
5.美国语言学家Martin Joos根据语体的正式程度把语 言分为五类
Differences between male and female
speech (Ten features of women's
language use)(Lakoff,1975):
1. hedge (sort of, kind of);
2. use (super) polite forms, indirect (would you please?
I'd really appreciate...);
3. use tag questions (...aren’t you?...isn't it?);
4. speak in italics (emphatic so and very, intonational emphasis);
5. use redundant adjectives (terrific, charming, divine, sweet, adorable );
6. use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation (including ungrammatical forms, like between you and I [standard syntax = between you and me]);
7. are poor at recounting jokes ;
3. In what way can stylistic study help us achieve adaptation in translation ?
Lead in
Policeman: What’s your name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Dr Poussaint. I am a
Sociolinguist Joshua Fishaman suggested that we consider “who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end.”(1972: 46)
physician. Policeman: What’s your first name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Alvin
Outline
1. Different views on Varieties 2. Two Kinds of Varieties 3. The Mutual Dependence between
8. use direct quotation;
9. use specific lexical terms (e.g. of colour);
10. use intonation for questions in declarative contexts.
Asian English
Affected by first language
African-American Dialect
Black English (P. 30)
c) Gender Varieties
P. 31
Language may have a direct relationship with gender, but language forms generally have a range of associations (for instance with status and power) which may in turn be related to gender.
3.Varieties of Language
Questions
1.In what way can stylistic study help us Cultivate a Sense of Appropriateness
2.In what way can stylistic study help us sharpen the understanding and appreciation of literary works ?
the language of Shakespeare)
Authoritarian English (1650-1800)
Mature Modern English (1800-1920)
Late Modern English (1920-present)
3) Regional Dialect BrE / AmE (PP. 27-28) AmE
Pacific northwest (Oregon, Montana…) Pacific southwest (California, Nevada…) Central plains (Nebraska, Kansas…) North central (Minnesota, Dakotas…) South central (Kentucky, Tennessee…) Southern (Louisiana, Alabama…) New England (Maine, New Hampshire…) New York City Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, Delaware…) Western Pennsylvania Appalachian (Virgina, North Carolina…)
2) Temporal Dialect：
wenku.baidu.com
Old English (450 - 1150)
Middle English (1150 - 1450) (G. Chaucer)
Modern English (1450 - present)
Early Modern English (1450-1650
Classification 2 (张德禄) Personal letters, tourist guide, foreign trade
writing, news reporting, comments, advertising, scientific writing, official document, biography, practical speeches, legal documents, religious writings
Southern American
South Central, Southern, Appalachian
Chinese：
Cantonese 方言
4) Social Dialect
a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties; b) Ethnic Varieties; c) Gender Varieties; d) Age Varieties
two varieties 4. The Social meaning of Language
varieties 5. Summary
1. Different views on Varieties
Classification according to user, use and social relations—
Classification 1
User: historical varieties, regional dialect, social dialect
Use: legal, journalistic, business, scientific, literary
Social relations: medium—oral/ written and status/ attitude
a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties
/r/ (P. 29)
In UK， while economic criteria are one
important aspect in determining class, it seems
that differences in taste and behavior are at least
as significant for people in deciding whether they
and others belong to a particular class.
b) Ethnic Varieties
Hispanic English
Affected by first language
(1)熟近(intimate) (2)随便(casual) (3)商榷(consultative) (4)正式(formal) (5)僵化(frozen)
Partings
Frozen:
Farewell, and Godspeed.
Formal:
Goodbye. We look forward to seeing you again.
Also
General American (Standard American)
Pacific NW, Pacific SW, Central, North Central
Eastern American
New England, New York City, Mid-Atlantic, Western Pennsylvania
2.2 Diatypic Varieties: Registers (P25)
2.1. Dialects
Individual Dialects---Idiolect Temporal Dialect： Old English/ Middle
English/ Modern English Regional Dialect Social Dialect--- Social Economic Status
Varieties; Enthic Varieties; Gender Varieties;Age Varieties Range of intelligibility(可理解性的范围） standard；non-satandard
1) Individual Dialects---Idiolect P. 26
Consultative:
Goodbye. Have a good weekend.
Casual:
Bye now – take care.
Intimate:
later, darlin’.
2.Two kinds of Varieties
2.1 Dialectal Varieties: Dialects
Classification 3(侯维瑞) *情景变体：语域 *地方变体：地域方言 *社会变体：社会方言—社会阶层、民族、性别、年龄、
行业团体、俚语（社会变体与情景变体的混合） *功能变体：功能文体—文学、广告、新闻、科技、法律 *时间变体：历代文体
5.美国语言学家Martin Joos根据语体的正式程度把语 言分为五类
Differences between male and female
speech (Ten features of women's
language use)(Lakoff,1975):
1. hedge (sort of, kind of);
2. use (super) polite forms, indirect (would you please?
I'd really appreciate...);
3. use tag questions (...aren’t you?...isn't it?);
4. speak in italics (emphatic so and very, intonational emphasis);
5. use redundant adjectives (terrific, charming, divine, sweet, adorable );
6. use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation (including ungrammatical forms, like between you and I [standard syntax = between you and me]);
7. are poor at recounting jokes ;
3. In what way can stylistic study help us achieve adaptation in translation ?
Lead in
Policeman: What’s your name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Dr Poussaint. I am a
Sociolinguist Joshua Fishaman suggested that we consider “who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end.”(1972: 46)
physician. Policeman: What’s your first name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Alvin
Outline
1. Different views on Varieties 2. Two Kinds of Varieties 3. The Mutual Dependence between
8. use direct quotation;
9. use specific lexical terms (e.g. of colour);
10. use intonation for questions in declarative contexts.
Asian English
Affected by first language
African-American Dialect
Black English (P. 30)
c) Gender Varieties
P. 31
Language may have a direct relationship with gender, but language forms generally have a range of associations (for instance with status and power) which may in turn be related to gender.
3.Varieties of Language
Questions
1.In what way can stylistic study help us Cultivate a Sense of Appropriateness
2.In what way can stylistic study help us sharpen the understanding and appreciation of literary works ?
the language of Shakespeare)
Authoritarian English (1650-1800)
Mature Modern English (1800-1920)
Late Modern English (1920-present)
3) Regional Dialect BrE / AmE (PP. 27-28) AmE
Pacific northwest (Oregon, Montana…) Pacific southwest (California, Nevada…) Central plains (Nebraska, Kansas…) North central (Minnesota, Dakotas…) South central (Kentucky, Tennessee…) Southern (Louisiana, Alabama…) New England (Maine, New Hampshire…) New York City Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, Delaware…) Western Pennsylvania Appalachian (Virgina, North Carolina…)
2) Temporal Dialect：
wenku.baidu.com
Old English (450 - 1150)
Middle English (1150 - 1450) (G. Chaucer)
Modern English (1450 - present)
Early Modern English (1450-1650