浙江大学-海洋科学概论-海概复习总合集

邸雅楠

Habitat of 230,000 known marine species, over 10

million marine species estimated估计

1.Nekton:自游生物

marine mammals, fish, cephalopods头足类（章鱼）and crustacean甲壳纲类（海龟）

2.Plankton:浮游生物

zooplankton（浮游动物）

(Copepod 桡足类Jellyfish水母Krill 磷虾Foraminiferans孔虫)

phytoplankton（浮游植物）

single-celled algae (micro-algae) and bacteria

3.Benthos（海底生物）:

Zoobenthos（底栖动物）and phytobenthos（底栖植物）•Multi-cellular algae （藻类）called by “seaweeds”（海藻）or macroalgae（大型藻类）

➢thallus,（叶状体）

photosynthesize（光合作用）

➢Blades（叶片）, not true

leaves they lack veins（叶

脉）

➢gas-filled bladders（气囊）or floats（漂浮物）

or Pneumatocyst（气囊）maximize sunlight

exposure. contain carbon monoxide (CO)

➢the stipe（菌柄）, not found on all seaweeds

➢ A holdfast（固着器）holds the seaweed to the bottom. does not aid in gathering nutrients

Chlorophyta = Green: Ulva(石莼/海白菜)Phaeophyta = Brown: Laminaria (海带)Rhodophyta = Red: Porphyra (紫菜)

Flowering Plants（开花植物）

•Over 250,000 species exist worldwide,only a few of these exist in the marine community

•Those plants that do exist there must have mechanisms（结构）for dealing with salinity（盐分）。

•These plants have true leaves, stems, roots and conducting tissues

—Mangrove trees (Rhizophora, 红树木科)

—Seagrasses

—Salt marsh Plants

Animals

1.1Classification of animals

•phyla （界）, and then classes, orders, families, genus, and species

invertebrate does not refer to a strictly defined scientific group, it is a handy term（随意的术语）meaning

•Invertebrates are far more abundant in the ocean and on land than vertebrates are，about 97% of animals are invertebrates Sponges (海绵动物)Cnidarians (腔肠动物)Flatworms (扁形虫)Ribbon

worms (纽虫)Nematodes (线虫)Annelids (环节动物)Sipunculans (星虫动物)Echiurans (螠虫动物)Molluscs (软体动物)Arthropods (节肢动物)Bryozoans (苔藓虫)Phoronids (帚虫)Brachiopods (腕足类)Arrow worms (箭虫)Echinoderms (棘皮动物)Hemichordates (半索海生动物)Tunicates (被囊动物)Lancelets (文昌鱼)

Invertebrate—The Sponges

Invertebrate—The Cnidarians（刺细胞）

Includes Corals（珊瑚）, Sea Anemones (海葵)

and Jellyfish

•Unique long stinging cells called:

Cnidocytes (刺细胞)

•Long harpoon（鱼叉）like tubes called:

Nematocyst (刺丝囊)

When the Nematocyst senses food is fires

venom outward to stun the prey（猎物）

Barbs (倒钩) line the harpoon-tube to attach

prey

Stings

Invertebrate—The Molluscs（软体动物）

Gastropods (腹足类, snails, sea slug海参); Bivalves (双壳类, oysters, clams, mussels); Cephalopods (头足类, octopus章鱼)

4.1 Bivalves:双壳类

•Clams, Oysters（牡蛎）, Scallops, Mussels, etc.