07英语专业考研重点院校基础英语真题自测(3)

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2007年考研英语一试题（附答案）【3】

2007年考研英语一试题（附答案）【3】Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 - the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coinciden ce? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statisticalpopulation distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership - that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.(D)[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on theInternet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.(C)[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.(A)[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.(A)[D] traditional test are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.(B)[D] Biased.。

考研英语2007年真题解析

2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin c ame much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy. 1．［A］natives ［B］inhabitants［C］peoples ［D］individuals2．［A］confusedly［B］cheerfully ［C］worriedly［D］hopefully3．［A］shared［B］forgot［C］attained［D］rejected4．［A］related［B］close［C］open［D］devoted5．［A］access［B］succession［C］right［D］return6．［A］Presumably［B］Incidentally［C］Obviously ［D］Generally7．［A］unique［B］common［C］particular［D］typical8．［A］freedom［B］origin［C］impact［D］reform9．［A］therefore［B］however［C］indeed［D］moreover10．［A］with［B］about ［C］among［D］by11．［A］allowed［B］preached［C］granted［D］funded12．［A］Since［B］If［C］Unless［D］While13．［A］as［B］for［C］under［D］against14．［A］spread［B］interference［C］exclusion［D］influence15．［A］support［B］cry［C］plea［D］wish16．［A］urged［B］intended［C］expected［D］promised17．［A］controlling［B］former［C］remaining［D］original18．［A］slower［B］faster［C］easier［D］tougher19．［A］created［B］produced［C］contributed［D］preferred20．［A］puzzled by［B］hostile to ［C］pessimistic about［D］unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points)T ext 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament．you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months．If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced．What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills；b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina；c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania；d)none of the above．Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above．”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology．His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers．“W ith the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls．“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers．”This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one．In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes”the information．And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice．Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task．Rather, it involves sexing specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome．Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer．They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments、^rim high achievers．Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated．Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born．21．The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to____.A. stress the importance of professional training．B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup．C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance．D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others．22．The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.A. funB. crazeC. hysteriaD. excitement23．According to Ericsson，good memory____.A. depends on meaningful processing of information．B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises．C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors．D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration．24．Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success．B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance．C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked．D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture．25．Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?A. “Faith will move mountains．”B. “One reaps what one sows．”C. “Practice makes perf ect．”D. “Like father，like son．”T ext 2For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn．”People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant．Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old；that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded．IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences．among other similar tasks．So it is a bit confusing when V os Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers．Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be．The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version)．Generally costing several hundred dollars．they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web．Superhigh scores 1ike V os Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100．Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SA T)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests．Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life．argues Robert J．Sternberg．In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success．Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change．Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given underlow stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite．Anyone who has toiled through SA T will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip．26．Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?A. Answering philosophical questions．B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes．C. Telling the differences between certain concepts．D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones．27．What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence．B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet．C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different．D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence．28．People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because____.A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures．B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now．C. V os Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat．D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed．29．We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.A. test scores may not be reliable indicator s of one’s ability．B. IQ scores and SA T results are highly correlated．C. testing involves a lot of guesswork．D. traditional tests are out of date．30．What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?A. SupportiveB. SkepticalC. ImpartialD. BiasedT ext 3During the past generation，the American middle．class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities．Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months．In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics．Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes．but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well．Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two．paycheck status．As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back．up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick．This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。

2007考研英语真题及答案

2007年考研英语真题及答案Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million of these nations looked to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence the ideals of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of laws.On the issue of of religion and the position of the church, , there was less agreement the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in ―none of the above.‖ Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. ―With the first subject, after about 20 hours oftrainin g, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,‖ Ericsson recalls. ―He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.‖This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person ―encodes‖ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word ―mania‖ (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] ―Faith will move mountains.‖ [B] ―One reaps what one sows.‖[C] ―Practice makes perfect.‖[D] ―Like father, like son.‖Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called ―Ask Marilyn.‖ People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusi ng when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: theStanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article ―How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?‖, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive. [B] Skeptical. [C] Impartial. [D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This ―added-worker effect‖ could support the safety net offered by unemployment insur ance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk forfamilies’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.―Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,‖ says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. ―The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of sh areholders.‖ Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. ―Setting the proper investm ent level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,‖ he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement ―It never rains but it pours‖ is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point .[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration [D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FT C’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, thetransition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prev ent what I call ―work-life unreadiness.‖You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be di scouraged from saying ―I have no idea.‖ They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career. (48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own na me at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, youshould1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1.B2. D3. C4. A5. C6.D7. C8. C9. B 10. C 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.D 19.C 20.D Section II Reading Comprehension Part A 21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D25.C 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.B 31.C 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.D PartB 41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C 45.E Part C （仅供参考） 46、一直以来，在这些大学里，法律知识的学习看作是律师的专属，而不是受教育人士必备知识的一部分。

2007年考研英语真题（含答案解析）

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Section I Use of English Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 大1家 of these nations looked 大2家 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 大3家 the ideals of representative representative government, government, careers 大4家 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 大5家 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 大6家 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 大7家 set of laws.On the issue of 大8家 of religion and the position of the church, 大9家, there was less agreement 大1010家家 the leadership. Roman Catholicism Catholicism had had been the state religion religion and and the only one 大1111家家 by the Spanish crown. 大1212家家 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 大1313家家 the the official official official religion religion religion of of of the the new states, states, some some some sought sought sought to to to end end the 大1414家家 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 大1515家家 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 大1616家家 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain Spain’’s 大1717家家 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people people of mixed of mixed of mixed origin came origin came origin came much much 大1818家家 because the because the new nations still new nations still needed the revenue such policies 大1919家家. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 大2020家家 self-rule and democracy. 1. ［A ］ natives ［B ］ inhabitants ［C ］ peoples ［D ］ individuals 2. ［A ］ confusedly ［B ］ cheerfully ［C ］ worriedly ［D ］ hopefully 3. ［A ］ shared ［B ］ forgot ［C ］ attained ［D ］ rejected 4. ［A ］ related ［B ］ close ［C ］ open ［D ］ devoted 5. ［A ］ access ［B ］ succession ［C ］ right ［D ］ return 6. ［A ］ Presumable ［B ］ Incidentally ［C ］ Obviously ［D ］ Generally 7. ［A ］ unique ［B ］ common ［C ］ particular ［D ］ typical 8. ［A ］ freedom ［B ］ origin ［C ］ impact ［D ］ reform 9. ［A ］ therefore ［B ］ however ［C ］ indeed ［D ］ moreover 10. ［A ］ with ［B ］ about ［C ］ among ［D ］ by 11. ［A ］ allowed ［B ］ preached ［C ］ granted ［D ］ funded 12. ［A ］ Since ［B ］ If ［C ］ Unless ［D ］ While 13. ［A ］ as ［B ］ for ［C ］ under ［D ］ against 14. ［A ］ spread ［B ］ interference ［C ］ exclusion ［D ］ influence 15. ［A ］ support ［B ］ cry ［C ］ plea ［D ］ wish 16. ［A ］ urged ［B ］ intended ［C ］ expected ［D ］ promised 17. ［A ］ controlling ［B ］ former ［C ］ remaining ［D ］ original 18. ［A ］ slower ［B ］ faster ［C ］ easier ［D ］ tougher 19. ［A ］ created ［B ］ produced ［C ］ contributed ［D ］ preferred 20. ［A ］ puzzled by ［B ］ hostile to ［C ］ pessimistic about ［D ］ unprepared for Section II R eading ComprehensionReading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing choosing [A], [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your your answers answers answers on on ANSWERSHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer playerin 20062006’’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children conceive children in in in springtime, springtime, springtime, at at at the annual the annual the annual peak of soccer mania; peak of soccer mania; peak of soccer mania; d) d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in in ““none of the above.above.”” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, grew up in Sweden, and studied and studied and studied nuclear nuclear nuclear engineering until engineering until engineering until he realized he realized he realized he he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. Ericsson recalls. ““He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not is not genetically genetically genetically determined, determined, determined, led led led Ericsson to Ericsson to Ericsson to conclude that conclude that conclude that the act of the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes encodes””the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating repeating a a task. Rather, Rather, it it involves involves setting setting setting specific specific specific goals, goals, goals, obtaining obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data data they they they can, can, not not just just just performance performance performance statistics statistics statistics and and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming programming –– are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word 22. The word ““mania mania”” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires requires immediate immediate immediate feedback feedback feedback and and a high degree degree of of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the texttries to convey?[A] [A] ““Faith will move mountains.Faith will move mountains.””[B] [B] ““One reaps what one sows.One reaps what one sows.””[C] [C] ““Practice makes perfect.Practice makes perfect.””[D] [D] ““Like father, like son.Like father, like son.””Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called called ““Ask Marilyn.Marilyn.”” Peopleare invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about about 23 23 years years old; old; old; that that gave gave her her an IQ of 228 228 –– the the highest highest highest score score score ever ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What What’’s s the difference the difference the difference between love between love between love and fondness? Or what is the nature and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? coincidence? It It It’’s not obvious how the capacity to visualizeobjects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, Clearly, intelligence intelligence intelligence encompasses encompasses encompasses more more more than than than a a score score on on a test. test. Just Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children children’’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant Savant’’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution distribution among among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological chronological age age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed necessary to succeed in in in school school school and in and in and in life, argues life, argues life, argues Robert J. Robert J. Robert J. Sternberg. Sternberg. In his In his article article article ““How How Intelligent Is Intelligent Is Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?Intelligence Testing?Intelligence Testing?””, , Sternberg Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem critical to problem solving solving solving and and and life success. life success. life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it ’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People [A] People no longer no longer no longer use IQ scores use IQ scores use IQ scores as as as an indicator of intelligence. an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant Savant’’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant [C] vos Savant’’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one ’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author 30. What is the author’’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, diagnosis, or or a disappearing disappearing spouse spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today as well. Today’’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck two-paycheck status. status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times times of of financial financial setback setback setback –– a back-up back-up earner earner earner (usually (usually (usually Mom) Mom) Mom) who who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This This ““added-worker effect effect”” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help familiesweather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining joining millions millions of families families who who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, younger families, the picture the picture the picture is is is not not not any any any better. Both better. Both better. Both the absolute the absolute the absolute cost cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much workers, with much workers, with much higher deductibles and higher deductibles and higher deductibles and a large new a large new dose of investment risk for families ’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today 31. Today’’sdouble-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush 32. As a result of President Bush’’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families [D] increase the families’’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted sorted out out their worst accounting accounting and and compliance compliance troubles, troubles, troubles, and and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America America –– the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several Several massive massive leakages leakages of of customer customer and and employee employee data data this year year –– from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data Data is is becoming becoming an an asset asset which which which needs needs needs to to be be guarded guarded guarded as as much much as as any other asset,other asset,”” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University ’s business school. school. ““The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible responsible for for on behalf behalf of of shareholders.shareholders.”” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York ’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore to restore –– and that and that few things are more few things are more few things are more likely to destroy trust than likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs affairs may may have been encouraged encouraged –– though though not not justified justified –– by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information aboutsome some 40 40 million million credit-card credit-card credit-card accounts accounts accounts in in in America, America, America, disclosed disclosed disclosed on on June June 1717th ,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America ’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement 36. The statement ““It never rains but it pours ” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According 37. According to to Paragraph Paragraph 2, 2, some organizations organizations check check their systems systems to tofind out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthat[A] shareholders [A] shareholders’’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bossesfail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC [B] FTC’’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A —G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids B. Build Your Kids’’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids G. Build Your Kids’’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job job’’sstarting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult ’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes , that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.work-life unreadiness.””大4141家家 You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests interests they they keep coming back to, as theseoffer clues to the careers that will fit them best.大4242家家 Kids Kids need need need a a range range of of of authentic authentic authentic role role role models models models –– as opposed opposed to to to members members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table dinner-table discussions discussions discussions about about about people people people the the the family family family knows knows knows and and how how they they they got got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.idea.”” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.大4343家家 Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice practice delaying delaying delaying gratification gratification gratification and and deploying deploying effective effective effective organizational organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.大4444家家 Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.大4545家家 They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. of inadequacy. They They They should should should also also also learn how learn how learn how to solve to solve to solve problems and problems and problems and resolve resolve conflicts, conflicts, ways ways to brainstorm brainstorm and and think critically. critically. Discussions Discussions Discussions at at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major major role role role to to to play, play, play, but but but now now now it it it is is is more more more delicate. delicate. delicate. They They They have have have to to to be be be careful careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived conceived as as it may seem) while becominga partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and judgment by absorbing and reflecting reflecting reflecting on on on law is a law is a law is a desirable component of desirable component of a journalist a journalist’’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities responsibilities of of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The subject for journalists. The better better better informed they informed they informed they are about are about are about the way the way the way the the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many。

2007 考研英语阅读真题Text 3(英语一)

2007 Text 3（英语⼀）美国家庭的财务⼀险不断上升Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在过去的⼗⼗年⼗，美国那些曾经可以依靠⼗勤劳动和公平条件维持稳定收⼗的中产阶层家庭的⼗活被经济⼗险和新现实改变了。

Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.如今，⼗份解雇通知书、⼗个不利的诊断结果或者配偶的消失都可能在⼗个⼗之内将⼗个家庭从稳定的中产阶层家庭降格成为⼗个新贫困家庭。

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics .在仅仅⼗代⼗的时间⼗，数百万⼗亲出去⼗作，改善家庭的基本经济状况。

Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.学者、决策者以及各类批评⼗⼗对这些变化的社会意义争论不休，但是，很少有⼗关注这些变化的副作⼗：家庭的⼗险增加了。

考研英语07真题答案

考研英语07真题答案考研英语07真题答案解析考研英语真题对于备考生来说具有极高的参考价值，通过对历年真题的分析，可以更好地把握考试的出题规律和重点。

以下是对2007年考研英语真题答案的详细解析。

阅读理解部分1. 第一篇阅读文章主要讨论了全球化对文化多样性的影响。

正确答案为：A) 它强调了全球化对文化多样性的积极作用。

2. 第二篇阅读文章探讨了网络教育的优缺点。

正确答案为：C) 网络教育可以提供更灵活的学习方式。

3. 第三篇阅读文章分析了城市化进程中的问题和挑战。

正确答案为：B) 城市化导致了环境和社会问题。

4. 第四篇阅读文章讨论了科技在教育中的应用及其影响。

正确答案为：D) 科技可以提高教育效率，但也可能带来新的挑战。

完形填空部分1. 第一空的正确答案是 "innovative"，因为后文提到了这些产品在市场上的新颖性。

2. 第二空的正确答案是 "concerns"，因为紧接着的句子提到了消费者对这些产品的担忧。

3. 第三空的正确答案是 "regulations"，因为后文讨论了政府对这些产品实施的监管措施。

4. 第四空的正确答案是 "beneficial"，因为文章最后强调了这些产品对消费者和社会的积极影响。

翻译部分1. 中文句子：“我们必须认识到，教育不仅仅是知识的传授，更是价值观的培养。

” 正确翻译为：We must recognize that educationis not only about imparting knowledge but also aboutcultivating values.2. 中文句子：“随着科技的发展，人们的生活方式发生了巨大的变化。

” 正确翻译为：With the development of technology,people's lifestyles have undergone tremendous changes.3. 中文句子：“环境保护已经成为全球关注的焦点。

2007年硕士研究生基础英语考试题

2007年硕士研究生基础英语考试题I. Vocabulary Grammar and Structure 20 scores 1. Hisattitude led him to widen __________ to narrow the gap between his colleagues and him. A instead B but C aswell as D rather than 2. The surroundings they becameused to ____________ low dark cells with a high wall encircling. A being that of B was C were D be where those 3. The fact ___________ money orders can usually beeasily cashed has made them a popular form of payment.A ofB thatC whatD which is 4. Mt. Hood_________attracts thousands of tourists every year. Awhere is in the state of Oregan B that is in the stateof Oregan C which is in the state of Oregan D is in the state of Oregan 5. Space exploration has been made___________ with the rapid development of modern technology. A possible B to be possible C it possibleD that being possible 6. Miss Muller’s brain teemed with new ideas for a novel which she is going to startwriting within this month. A was rich in B was lackingin C was distracted with D was oblivious of 7. Miriamis not easily cast down even when the circumstances are against her. A depressed B giving up C persuaded Dabandoning 8. Kevin has been to New Y ork off and on for these three years. A about two times B sometimes C many times D rarely 9. Tom w as quite at a loss where to watch for the man. A look out for B attack C ask for D examine 10. Though you may well adopt these two proposals youmust think that they are at cross purposes. A one andthe same B with opposing aims C not useful D both veryuseful 11. It is regrettable that his watch was badlymauled by his brother. A vindicated B repaired C abused D fixed 12. Jimmy sometimes leaves the window ajar inorder to breathe fresh air. A frequently polished Bcarefully treated C often broken D slightly open 13.Tom’s answer was equivocal whenever the teacher asked the same question of him. A identical B different Cambiguous D difficult 14. Since he has to finish hisreport you’d better not lure him. A dethrone B disturbC despoilD decoy 15. Mr. Smith always befuddles us with difficult questions. A provides B effervesce C confuses D reeks 16. Every idea cannot be thought as a panaceaeven if it may be very nice. A consequence B cure-allC negligenceD blast 17. Shakespeare was one of the most prolific writers in England. A abject B productive Cingenious D inventive 18. Harry felt drowsy while hewas listening to Jazz. A active B impale C inculcateD sleepy 19. Tony became scornful of his friends whenhe succeeded in the attempt. A disdainful B profane Cincipient D grateful 20. The man dabbed his foreheadwith a book he had bought in New York. . A patted B incriminated C importuned D cleaved II. Reading Comprehension 20 scores 1 Iris Rossner has seen eastern German customers weep for joy when they drive away inshiny new Mercedes-Benz sedans.” They have tears in their eyes and keep saying how lucky they are” says Rossner the Mercedes employee responsible forpost-delivery celebrations. Rossner has also seen theFrench pop corks on bottles of champagne as theirnational flag were hoisted above a purchase. And shehas seen American business executives Japanesetourists and Russian politicians travel thousands ofmiles to a Mercedes plant in southwestern Germany when a classic sedan with the trademark three-pointed starwas about to roll off the assembly line and into theirlives. Those were the good old days at Mercedes an erathat began during the economic miracle or the 1960s andended in 1991. Times have changed. “Ten years ago we had clear leadership in the market” says Mercedes spokesman Horst Krambeer. “But over this period the market has changed drastically. We a re now in a pitched battle. The Japanese are partly responsible butMercedes has had to learn the hard way that even German firms like BMW and Audi have made efforts to rise toour standards of technical proficiency.” Mercedes experienced one of its worst years ever in 1992. Theauto maker’s worldwide car sales fell by 5 percent from the previous year to a low of 527500. Before the decline in 1988 the company could sell close to 600000 cars per year. In Germany alone there were 30 000 fewer newMercedes registrations last year than in 1991. As aresult production has plunged by almost 50000 cars to529400 last year a level well beneath the company’s potential capacity of 650000. Mercedes’ competitors have been catching up in the United States the world’s largest car market. In 1986 Mercedes sold 100000vehicles in America by 1991 the number had declined to 59000. Over the last two years the struggling companyhas lost a slice of its US market share to BMW Toyotaand Nissan. And BMW outsold Mercedes in America lastyear for the first time in its history. Meanwhile justas Mercedes began making some headway in Japan a notoriously difficult market the Japanese economy fell on hard times and the company saw its sales decline by13 percent in that country. Revenues will hardlyimprove this year and the time has come for getting down to business. At Mercedes that means cutting payrolls streamlining production and opening up to consumerneeds ----- revolutionary steps for a company that once considered itself beyond improvement. 21. The author’s intention in citing various nationalities’ interestsin Mercedes is to illustrate Mercedes’ _______________.A sale strategiesB market monopolyC superior qualityD past record 22. Mercedes is having a hard time because _________-. A it is lagging behind in technology B Japan is turning to BMW for cars C its competitors arecatching up D sales in America have dropped by 13 23.In the good years Mercedes could sell about______________. A 527500 cars B 529400 cars C 600000cars D 650000 cars 24. What caused the decline ofMercedes’ sales in Japan A Japan is a very difficultmarket. B The state of the economy there. C Competition from other car companies. D BMW and Audi’s improved technical standards. 2 Elizabeth was fortunate to beborn in the full flush of Renaissance enthusiasm foreducation. Women had always been educated of course for had not St. Paul said that women were men’s equals in the possession of a soul But to the old idea that theyshould be trained in Christian manners and thought was now added a new purpose: to quicken the spirit and train them in the craft and eloquence of the classical authors of Greece and Rome. Critics were not wanting morbidly obsessed with the weaknesses of the sex ---- its loveof novelty and inborn tendency to vice ---- to thinkwomen dangerous enough without adding to their subtlety and forwardness: but they were not able to stem the tide. Henry VII’s mother was one of the first to indicatethe new trend. She knew enough French to translate “The Mirror of God for the Sinful Soul” and was the patronof Caxton the first English printer and a liberalbenefactor to the universities. Sir Thomas More’s daughters studied Greek Latin Philosophy AstronomyPhysic Arithmetic Logic Rhetoric and Music. In hishousehold women were treated as men’s equals in conversation and wit and scholars boasted of them inletters to friends abroad. The movement wasstrengthened from abroad by Catherine of Aragon HenryVIII’s Spanish Queen. In the Spain of her childhoodladies were the friends of scholars Vives one of themost refreshing figures in the history of education to write a plan of studies for the education of herdaughter Mary. This was the heritage into which thesharp-witted child Elizabeth entered. At six years old it was said she was precociously intelligent and hadas much g ravity as if she had been forty. Little is known of her education until her tenth year when she becamethe pupil of the Cambridge humanists Roger Ascham and William Grindall but she was already learning Frenchand Italian and must have been well grounded in Latin.Ascham helped her to form that beautiful Italian andshe wrote on all special occasions and with him shespent the morning on Greek first the New Testament andthen the classical authors translating them first into English and then back into the original. The afternoons were given over to Latin and she also studied Protestanttheology kept up her French and Italian and laterlearned Spanish. When she was sixteen Ascham wrote: ”Her mind has no womanly weakness her perseverance isequal to that of a man and her memory long keeps whatit quickly picks up”. Though it is easy to be cynicalabout the reputed accomplishments of the greatElizabeth was notoriously quick and intelligent and had a real love of learning. Even as queen she did notabandon her studies. 25. Women’s education in theMiddle Ages was intended to make them into goodChristians but in the Renaissance the idea was to___________________. A make them superior to men in religious and intellectual matters B make them lessreligious and more rational and intellectual C make up for their weaknesses of character and brain D developboth their religious and their intellectual capacities 26. Some p eople were against the new education for women because ___________________. A they thought womenclever and educated enough already B they were afraidof clever women a nd thought they would be badly-behavedC women t hought they would get bored with education and want to enjoy themselvesD women w ere afraid they wouldnot benefit from a good education 27. Henry VII’s mother the Lady Margaret ____________________. A was a famous teacher of French and gave money to the universitiesB gave money to the universities to help the printerCaxton C helped Caxton so that he would publish the book she had written D was a cultivated and generous woman28. The author thinks that although rich and famouspeople are often said to be cleverer than they reallyare ______________. A Elizabeth almost certainly didnot deserve this praise. B there is other evidence that Elizabeth was extremely clever. C Elizabeth was notwell-known for her hand-writing D there is otherevidence that Elizabeth was famous and cynical. 3 More people than ever before are now going to dentists’office but fully one half of the United Statespopulation will not see a dentist. The reason is quitesimple believe most dentists they are scared. Andreally what experience is worse than seeing atraditional dentist You wait in silence thumbingthrough old magazine in a sterile white waiting roomin which no one ever speaks. All is silent until anassistant calls your name and leads you back to anotherwhite room this one filled with machinery to frightenyou still further. At the Medical College of Georgiandentists are taught principles of behavior andtechniques of office design that should help reduce the patients’ anxiety and tension. Assistants andreceptionists are taught to smile and speak to thepatient. This helps create an atmosphere of trust.Dentists themselves are being taught to communicatemore fully with the patient. A phrase such as “you’re doing fine” tells the patient that the dentist is appreciative of the patients’ predicament. Dentists’offices are being repainted in “earth tones” brown green tan and other soothing colors. A startling color such as red should be avoided at all costs red bringsto mind blood and pain. Paintings and otherdistractions are strategically located music is pipedin to help the patients ignore his or her pain. Untilrecently dentists had ignored the fact that mostpatients are lying flat on their backs with little tobusy their minds other than their pains. Now dentistsare not only building ceilings with fancy patterns but also distracting their patients with ceiling TV setscomputer games and mazes and mobile sculptures. Onequick technique involves placing mirrors so patientscan distract themselves by watching fish in a tanklocated near the ceiling. Less drastic changes include redoing the practice rooms to include less of thesterile color white and redesigning the machinery adentist must use to make it appear less frightening.Uniforms are also being made in pastel and earth colors no longer in white. Some d entists go much further. They take an active role in teaching their patients to relax some a re teaching their patients deep muscle relaxation and breathing control. Some use advanced techniquessuch as hypnosis and biofeedback to help their patients relax in the chair. Drugs and painkillers may still beused to ease physical pain but all these techniques ofrelaxation help the patient relaxant avoid anxiety over their pain. 29. The main idea of this passage is that_____________. A physical surroundings affects people’s emotional reactions B decoration is the primaryfactor in relieving patient’s fears. C earth tones are soothing colors D most people feel anxious aboutphysical pain 30. We c an conclude from the passage that_______________. A relaxation blocks out all pain. Bpatients feel more pain if they think the dentist isconcerned with their feelings C being anxious and tense exaggerated the pain a patient feels D being anxiousand tense cause the pain a patient feels III. ErrorCorrection 20 scores 31. Mr. Jones is not prepared toteach this course is not doubted however at A B thislate date it is not likely that we will be able to find a replacement. C D 32. The cost of a college educationhas risen as rapidly during the past several years AB C that it is now beyond the reach of many people. D33. The young girl dreamed a dream that she was beingcarried away by monsters. A B C D 34. She was the only woman to participate in the experiment and among thefew A B C volunteers to die of it. D 35. Recent evidence suggests that an infant be born with the capacity tospeak. A B C D 36. I do not believe that I have everseen as many expensive cars than were in A B C thatshopping center. D 37. If motorists do not observe thetraffic regulations they will be stopped ticketed A BC and have to pay a fine.D 38. I was educated at StGeorge’s College where the media of teaching was A BC English throughout the school.D 39. The more complex a subject becomes the better necessary it is to breakit up A B C into a number of parts which the reader can visualize. D 40. Next to the invention of language thegreatest achievement of the people is the A B C Dinvention of writing. 41. Ms. Miller had rather spendthe entire summer in the heat of New Y ork City A B than travel with her cousins to Maine. C D 42. The NationalAir and Space Museum w hich opened in 1976 had a million A B visitors in the first twenty-five days and 9.7million visitors came there in the C D first year. 43.That manufacturer is not only raising his prices butalso decreasing the A B C production of his productsas well. D 44. Paris has been well known as its famous monuments beautiful music and .。

北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题及参考答案

北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试历年真题系列- 2007年英语学院基础英语试题及参考答案北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题Please w rite all the ans w ers on the ans w er sheets.Tim e Limit：3 hoursThe total points for this exam are 150 pointsI. Reading Com prehension (50 points)A Multiple Choice (24 points)Please read the passages and choose A、B、C or D to best complete the statements about them.The Q uiet CrisisClose gam es for th e Am erican s w ere rare in p rev iou s Olym p ics, bu t n ow it ap p ears to be som eth in g th e Am erican s sh ou ld get u sed to.You cou ld fin d n o better m etap h or for th e w ay th e rest of th e w orld can n ow com p ete h ead-to-h ead m ore effectiv ely th an ev er w ith Am erica th an th e stru ggles of th e U.S. Olym p ic basketball team in2004. Th e Am erican team, m ad e u p of N BA stars, lim p ed h om e to a bron ze m ed al after losin g to Pu erto Rico, Lith u an ia, an d Ar gen tin a. Prev iou sly, th e Un ited States Olym p ic basketball team h ad lost on ly on e gam e in th e h istory of th e m od ern Olym p ics. Rem em ber w h en Am erica sen t on ly N CAA stars to th e Olym p ic basketball ev en ts? For a lon g tim e th ese team s totally d om in ated all corn ers. Th en th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. So w e sen t ou r p ros. An d th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. Becau se th e w orld keep s learn in g, th e d iffu sion of kn ow led ge h ap p en s faste r; coach es in oth er cou n tries n ow d ow n load Am erican coach in g m eth od s off th e In tern et an d w atch N BA gam es in th eir ow n liv in g room s on satellite TV. Man y of th em can ev en get ESPN an d w atch th e h igh ligh t reels. An d th an ks to th e trip le con v er gen ce, th ere is a lot of n ew raw talen t w alkin g on to th e N BA cou r ts from all ov er th e w orld—in clu d in g m an y n ew stars from Ch in a, Latin Am erica, an d Easter n Eu rop e. Th ey go back an d p lay for th eir n ation al team s in th e Olym p ics, u sin g th e skills th ey h on ed in Am erica. So th e au tom atic Am erican su p eriority of tw en ty years ago is n ow gon e in Olym p ic basketball. Th e N BA stan d ard is in creasin gly becom in g a global com m od ity—p u re van illa. If th e Un ited States w an ts to con tin u e to d om in ate in Olym p ic basketball, w e m u st, in th at great sp orts cliché, step it u p a n otch. Th e old stan d ard w on’t d o an ym ore. As Joel Caw ley of IBM rem arked to m e, “Star for star, th e basketball team s from p laces like Lith u an ia or Pu erto Rico still d on't ran k w ell v ersu s th e Am erican s, bu t w h en th ey p lay as a team—w h en th ey collaborate better th an w e d o, th ey are extrem ely com p etitiv e.”Th ere is som eth in g abou t p ost-w orld W arⅡAm erica th at rem in d s m e of th e classic w ealth y fam ily th at by th e th ird gen eration starts to squ an d er its w ealth. Th e m em bers of th e first gen eration are n ose-to-th e-grin d ston e in n ov ators, th e secon d gen eration h old s it all togeth er th en th eir kid s com e alon g an d get fat, d u m b, an d lazy an d slow ly squ an d er it all. I kn ow th at is both ov erly h arsh an d a gross gen eralization, bu t th ere is, n ev erth eless, som e tru th in it. Am erican society started to coast in th e 1990s, w h en ou r th ird p ostw ar gen eration cam e of age. Th e d ot-com boom left too m an y p eop le w ith th e im p ression th at th ey cou ld get rich w ith ou t in v estin g in h ard w ork. All it took w as an M BA an d a q u ick IPO, or on e N BA con tract, an d y ou w ere set for life. Bu t w h ile w e w ere ad m irin g th e flat w orld w e h ad created, a lot of p eop le in In d ia, Ch in a, an donly economy standing after W orld W ar Ⅱ, and we had no serious com petition for forty years. That gave us a huge head of steam but also a huge sense of entitlem ent and com placency—not to m ention a certain tendency in recent years to extol consum ption over hard work, investm ent, and long-term thinking. When we got hit with 9／11, it was a once-in-a-generation opportunity to summ on the nation to sacrifice, to address som e of its pressing fiscal, energy, science, and education shortfalls—all the things that we had let slide. But our presid ent did not summ on us to sacrifice. He sum m oned us to go shopping.The truth is, we are in a crisis now, but it is a crisis that is unfolding very slowly and very quietly. It is a quiet crisis and this quiet crisis involves the steady erosion of Am erica's scientific and engineering base, which has always been the source of Am erican innovation and our rising standard of living.“The sky is not falling, nothing horrible is going to happen today, ” said Jackson, a physicist by training who chooses her words carefully. “The U.S. is still the leading engine for innovation in the world. It has the best graduate program s, the best scientific infrastructure, and the capital m arkets to exploit it. But there is a quiet crisis in U.S. science and technology that we have to wake up to. The U.S. today is in a truly global environm ent, and those com petitor countries are not only wide awake, they are running a m arathon while we are running sprints. If left unchecked, this could challenge our preem inence and capacity to innovate. ”And it is our ability to constantly innovate new products, services, and com panies that has been the source of Am erica's horn of plenty and steadily widening middle class for the last two centuries. It was Am erican innovators who started Google, Intel, HP, Dell, Microsoft, and Cisco, and it m atters where innovation happens. The fact that all these com panies are headquartered in Am erica m eans that m ost of the high-paying jobs are here, even if these com panies outsource or offshore som e functions. The executives, the departm ent heads, the sales force, and the senior researchers are all located in the cities where the innovation happened. And their jobs create m ore jobs. The shrinking of the pool of young people with the knowledge skills to innovate won't shrink our standard of living overnight. It will be felt only in fifteen or twenty years, when we discover we have a critical shortage of scientists and engineers capable of doing innovation or even just high-value-added technology work. Then this won’t be a quiet crisis anym ore, said Jackson, "it will be the real McCoy."Today, Am ericans are feeling the gradual and subtle effects of globalization that challenge the econom ic and strategic leadership that the United States has enjoyed since W orld war Ⅱ.A substantial portion of our work-force finds itself in direct com petition for jobs with lower-wage workers around the globe, and leading-edge scientific and engineering work is being accom plished in m any parts of the world. Thanks to globalization, driven by m odern comm unications and other advances, workers in virtually every sector m ust now face com petitors who live just a m ouse-click away in Ireland, Finland, China, India, or dozens of other nations whose econom ies are growing. This has been aptly referred to as “the Death of Distance.”(1)Why NBA was m entioned in this passage?A. It serves as a m etaphor to illustrate how the globe is com peting head-to-head with U.S.B. It presents a fact that NBA is now perform ing very poorly.C. It sends a m essage that the U.S. overall strength is dropping.D. It warns the Am ericans of the grave situation that the status of its super power does not exist any longer.(2) “Star for star, the basketball team s from places like Lithuania or Puerto Rico still don't rank well versus the Am ericans, but when they play as a team—when they collaborate better than we do—they are extrem ely competitive. In this sentence, “Star for star...”m eans＿＿＿＿.A. when one team plays against anotherB. The place of the stars in a teamC. The tim e the star is on the courtD. When individual players of the team s are playing against each other(3) It is stated in paragraph 3 that people are adm iring the flat world. What does “flat” m ean?A. It m eans that the world is getting bigger and bigger and people are losing a lot of choices.B. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and globalization is the dom inant trend.C. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and easier to control.D. It m eans that the world stops being a round globe.(4) The author thinks that the third generation of Am ericans＿＿＿＿.A. are nose-to-the-grindstone innovatorsB. are holding the wealth all togetherC. are becom ing m ore diligent and hard w orkingD. are starting to squander their wealth(5) What can be inferred of the author’s feeling about the fact that m any big com panies are headquartered in Am erica?A. Negative.B. Indifferent.C. Positive.D. W orried.(6) What does the word aptly in paragraph 7 m ean?A. Suitably.B. Fortunately.C. Adaptively.D. Inappropriately.(7)The“ Death of Distance” refers to＿＿＿＿.A. the dying economy in the U.S. because of the com petitions from Ireland, Finland, China andIndiaB. the intensified com petition between the U.S. and other countries due to globalization andadvanced Comm unicationsC. the econom ies in Ireland and Finland that outperform those in China and IndiaD. the closeness of countries like Ireland and Finland, China and India(8)The title of this passage “The Quiet Crisis” suggests that＿＿＿＿.A. the crisis that the U S. faces is seen clearlyB. the U. S. is not yet in a crisisC. the crisis that the U. S. faces unfolds very quicklyD. the current crisis develops slowlyThe Nature of CivilizationsDuring the cold war the world was divided into the First, Second and Third W orld s. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far m ore m eaningful now to group countries not in term s of their political or econom ic system s or in term s of their level of econom ic development but rather in term s of their culture and civilization.What do we m ean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village in southern Italy m ay be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from Germ an villages. European com m unities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them from Arab or Chinese comm unities. Arabs, Chinese and W esterners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes hum ans from other species. It is defined both by comm on objective elem ents, such as language, history, religion, custom s, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People have levels of identity: a resident of Rom e m ay define him self with varying degrees of intensity as a Rom an, an Italian, a Catholic, a Christian, a European, or a W esterner. The civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their identities and. as a result, the com position and boundaries of civilizations change.Civilizations m ay involve a large num ber of people, as with China (“a civilization pretending to be a state, " as Lucian Pye put it), or a very sm all num ber of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may include several nation states, as is the case with W estern, Latin Am erican and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlap, and m ay include subcivilizations. W estern civilization has two m ajor variants, European and North Am erican, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless m eaningful entities, and while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynam ic; they rise and fall; they divide and m erge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations disappear and are buried in the sands of tim e.W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of hum an history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynbee identified 21 m ajor civilizations; only six of them exist in the contem porary world.(9) According to the passage, what is a m ore m eaningful way now to group countries as com pared with the Cold W ar period?A. In term s of political system s.B. In term s of the level of econom ic developm ent.C. In term s of the culture only.D. In term s of culture and civilization.(10)The author states that a civilization isA. a cultural entityB. a custom practiced in villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, or religious groupsC. not with any cultural heterogeneityD. not blending or overlapping with other civilizations(11) According to this passage, how m any subdivisions does the Islam Civilization have?A. None.B. One.C. Two.D. Three.(12) It can be inferred from the passage that the author of this passage＿＿＿＿the following statem ent：”W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs.”A. agrees withB. disagrees withC. detestsD. d oes not m ention if he agrees or not withB True or False (12 points)Below is a passage followed by six statements. Read the passage carefully and then decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F)The American CharacterThe Am erican is wonderfully alive; and his vitality, not having often found a suitable outlet, m akes him appear agitated on the surface; he is always letting off an unnecessarily loud blast of incidental steam. Yet his vitality is not superficial; it is inwardly prom pted, and as sensitive and quick as a m agnetic needle. He is inquisitive, and read y with an answer to any question that he m ay put to himself of his own accord; but if you try to pour instruction into him, on m atters that do not touch his own spontaneous life, he shows the m ost extraordinary powers of resistance and forgetfulness; so that he often is rem arkably expert in som e directions and surprisingly slow in others. He seem s to bear lightly the sorrowful burden of hum an knowledge. In a word, he is young.What sense is there in this feeling, which we all have that the Am erican is young? His country is blessed with as m any elderly people as any other, and his descent from Adam, or from the Darwinian rival of Adam, cannot be shorter than that of his European cousins. Nor are his ideas always very fresh. 0ld conventions and rigid bits of m orality and religion, with m uch seem ly and antique political understanding, rem ain clear-cut in him, as in the m ind of a child; he m ay carry all this about with an unquestioning fam iliarity which does not com port understanding. To keep traditional sentim ents in this way untouched and uncriticised is itself a sign of youth. A good young m an is naturally conservative and loyal on all those subjects which his experience has not brought to a test; advanced opinions on politics, m arriage, or literature are com paratively rare in Am erica; they are left for the ladies to discuss, and usually to condem n, while the m en get on with their work. In spite of what is old fashioned in his m ore general ideas, the Am erican is unm istakably young；and this I should say for two reasons：one that he is chiefly occupied withhis imm ediate environm ent, and the other, that his reactions upon it are inwardly prom pted, spontaneous, and full of vivacity and self-trust. His views are not yet lengthened; his will is not yet broken or transform ed. The present m om ent, however, in this, as in other things, m ay m ark a great change in him; he is perhaps now reaching his m ajority, and all I say m ay hardly apply today, and m ay not apply at all tom orrow. I speak of him as I have known him; and whatever m oral strength m ay occur to him later, I am not sorry to have known him in his youth. The charm of youth, even when it is a 1ittle boisterous, obvious obedience to that pure, sem inal principle which, having form ed the body and its organs, always directs their m ovem ent, unless it is forced by vice or necessity to m ake them crooked, or rem ains young, and, wherever it is able to break through, sprouts into som ething green and tender. W e are all as young at heart as the most youthful Am erican, but the seed in his case has fallen upon virgin soil, where it m ay spring up m ore bravely and with less respect for the giants of the wood. People seem older when their perennial natural youth is encum bered with m ore possessions and prepossessions, and they are m indful of the m any things they have lost or m issed. The Am erican is not m indful to them.(13) Am ericans’ vitality is fairly superficial because deep down in their heart, they are very young.(14) Am ericans tend to be resistant to the things they are told to do and to the things they do notfeel very strongly about.(15) Am ericans are young because in their country, there are not as m any elderly people as thosein any other European countries.(16) A good young m an here is generally quite avant-garde, refuting all conventions and traditions.(17) W e are all as young at heart as the m ost youthful Am ericans but our seed is growing uponvirgin soil.(18) In general, the Am erican character is am biguous and mysterious.C Gap Filling (14 points)Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill each of the gaps in the text.Selling out to the StudentsUniversity faculties involve them selves unwittingly in the destruction of the university when they bow to all the pressures of their students and loosen up on requirem ents. (19)＿＿＿＿.The students will organize a vote and abolish the language requirem ent and abolish the science requirem ent, and then they'll decide they ought to get two units or five units for learning the sitar. As a faculty m em ber my feeling about all this nonsense is that it's not worth fighting for the innovations the students want because they’re utterly trivial.(20)＿＿＿＿.what he wants is to avoid som e obvious difficulty, like reading som ething he doesn't like to read, or having a sadistic exam, or having to sit still for three hours a week listening to som e bore talk about something the student feels he ought not to be required to 1isten to in the first place. It's stupid to expect genuine ed ucational insights to com e from kids who are the products of this system. (21)＿＿＿＿.But the faculties will do it. They'll do it because they feel guilty about their approach to teaching. They'll do it in ways that won't interfere with what their departm ents are doing. (22)＿＿＿＿.A good teacher is som ebody who is not interested in his own ideas, he is interested in som ebody else's m ind but the young faculty m em ber in a university typically is bursting with hisown ideas, and his notion of teaching is to tell those ideas to other people. This has nothing to do with teaching. (23)＿＿＿＿.Say that a faculty m eeting is scheduled to discuss som e utterly m eaningless provisions of the curriculum. The students com e in with a charm ing protest against it and a rather neat solution：(24)＿＿＿＿.This presupposes the continued existence of courses. With student-initiated courses being ad ded all the tim e, it only strengthens the course system. But the real aim should be to get rid of the course system altogether. A teacher gives it another decade of life by saying to a student, “O. K, you object to the course system? What do you want a course in?” And he says, “African bead, ” or what not. "Sold! Go to it." And so the student goes to it and earns three units. (25)＿＿＿＿.The fact is, however, that he winds up with contem pt for a faculty that permits this sort of thing to go on. The depressing thing is to see, under the guise of revolution, sim ply the old middle class individualistic free market being pushed to its ultim ate absurdity in the name of student consum er dem and. To confuse this with revolution in education is tragic.In the m eantim e he has stopped objecting to courses for a while.They want anything but things taught at universities.To turn academ ic decisions over to them is ludicrous.The kids will get what they think they want, which isn’t really what they want.Confronted with student power the faculty m em ber gives in, and it doesn't bother him because he gets to be a hero by voting yes for freedom."The courses ought to be divided into three groups: a third in the m ajor, a third not in the m ajor, and the other third the student can d o anything he wants with."Teaching is the art of developing or cultivating another m ind, and helping it to increase its powers.The ed ucational im agination of a product for a student of a university is not very significant. II. Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese. (50 points, 5 points each)A Journey by Train：Making Tracks in EuropeW e’re taking a train across Europe, from the coast of France all the way to Athens, a trip that has our friends expressing their concern. (26)The general feeling seem s to be that France and Italy are free—but the ferry from Italy and the train ride across Greece? They call it “travelin g rough.”The first leg is easy, from the French port of Calais to Paris. And very com fortable too. (27) One of the benefits of a Eurail pass is that you get to travel first class (unless you’re using a youth pass), and for the first tim e in our lives we ride a train in a “com partm ent” just as in the m ovies. These com partm ents seat six but today we’re the only occupants so we spread ourselves and our luggage around.(28)Our reward: three days in Paris. W e thrill to all the things you're supposed to thrill to—the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the Arc de Triom phe. But the really m em orable m om ent in this city is one of those spontaneous hum an events you can never plan for. The trick of traveling, I guess, is to be ready to savor whatever happens.I’m standing on the corner by one of the fam ous bridges across the River Seine the PontNeuf. (29)There's nothing special about it. In a city battered by the roar of endless cars, it s just another crossroads where two large stream s of traffic m eet. All roar, m ore roar and uproar. (Cars are the great bane of Europe. The inner city streets of m ost of the old cities were never designed for this sort of traffic—and it shows.)(30)I pause am ong the surging pedestrians to ease my weary feet. That’s when I hear it. Rising trium phantly above the howl of the traffic, catchy m usic jingles in the air. I look around m e. It's com ing from...an organ grinder(街头手风琴师).(31)Everyone is hurrying and straining to be som ewhere else. But my wiry little organ grinder pours his heart into bringing this corner alive with his m usic. Old favourite songs dance gaily above our heads—“Can Can”, “Lara's Theme”, “Funiculi-Funicula”—these popular songs from past decades have a European father than an Am erican flavour.(32) Am azingly, a furry cat is fast asleep on top of the m usic m achine ignoring everything around it as if this was som e peaceful garden rather than a precarious perch that shakes with every turn of its owner's arm. And in a basket by the organ's pram wheels, a dog dreams peacefully while comm uters pour out from an underground station.My organ grinder has discovered the miracle of perpetual m otion. Round and round goes his arm, his body rocking to the effort. (33)Casually he transfers the handle from one hand to the other, catching it as it twirls, the m usic leaping around him as if it would whisk him and his m achine over the rooftops and away past Notre Dam e Cathedral (巴黎圣母院) or along the Cham ps Elysees (香榭丽舍大道).Mind you, he’s not the only one presiding over this noisy com er. Two police officers are here as well, charged with m aintaining order. One is m ale, youthful and confident. (34) The other i s... well, a police girl. Her gun is alm ost as big as she is. Her weapon belt sags on her hips. Maybe in a couple of years she’ll develop into a police-wom an, but it’ll take at least that long to grow into her official-issue trousers.But, petite as she is, this Parisienne carries with her all the authority of the French gendarm erie. The traffic at the corner is clogging up-as it does repeatedly during my half-hour here. Boldly she blows her whistle and strides out into the surge of traffic. (35)Angry cars growl to a halt and sullenly crouch at her feet, snarling their annoyance, fretting to be away. But, cowed by her tiny arm they bite back their frustration and wait till this uniform ed child waves them on.III. Translate the following passage into English. (50 points)学问与趣味由小学到中学, 所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. Theroughly 20 million 1of these nations looked 2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3the ideals of representative government, careers 4to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7set of laws.On the issue of 8of religion and the position of the church, 9, there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11by the Spanish crown. 12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality ofeverything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2.[A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3.[A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4.[A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5.[A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6.[A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7.[A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8.[A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9.[A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10.[A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by11.[A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12.[A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13.[A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14.[A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15.[A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16.[A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17.[A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18.[A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19.[A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceivechildren in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23.According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given underlow-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33.According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C.Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

2007年考研英语真题(答案解析)

2007年考研英语真题(答案解析)Passage 1It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it.Many people have found that a good night's sleep is the best way to solve a problem. If you have been working hard on a problem all day and have made no progress, sometimesit is better to sleep on it. When you wake up in the morning, you may find that the problem has become much easier to solve. This is because your mind has been working on the problem while you were asleep.The committee of sleep is a name given to the way our minds continue to work on problems while we are asleep. The idea is that while we are asleep, the unconscious part of our mind is working on the problem. It is as if there is a committee of people in our mind who are working on the problem while we are asleep. When we wake up in the morning, we often find that the problem has been solved. The committee of sleep is not just a theory. It has been proved by experiments. In one experiment, people were given a problem to solve. They were then divided into two groups.One group was allowed to sleep, while the other group was kept awake. The group that slept was much more likely to solve the problem than the group that was kept awake.So next time you have a difficult problem to solve, try sleeping on it. You may find that your mind has been working on the problem while you were asleep and the problem has become much easier to solve.1. What is the common experience mentioned in the passage?A. A problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning.B. A problem easy at night is resolved in the morning.C. A problem difficult at night is resolved in the afternoon.D. A problem easy at night is resolved in the afternoon.2. Why is a good night's sleep the best way to solve a problem?A. Because it can help you forget the problem.B. Because it can help you relax.C. Because it can help you work out the problem.D. Because it can help you avoid the problem.3. What is the committee of sleep?A. A group of people who work on a problem.B. A group of people who sleep on a problem.C. A name given to the way our minds work on problems while we are asleep.D. A name given to the way our minds work on problems while we are awake.4. What is the idea of the committee of sleep?A. That the unconscious part of our mind works on a problem while we are asleep.B. That the unconscious part of our mind works on a problem while we are awake.C. That the conscious part of our mind works on a problem while we are asleep.D. That the conscious part of our mind works on a problem while we are awake.5. What has been proved by experiments?A. The committee of sleep is just a theory.B. The committee of sleep is not just a theory.C. The group that slept was much more likely to solve the problem than the group that was kept awake.D. The group that was kept awake was much more likely to solve the problem than the group that slept.答案：1. A2. C3. C4. A5. B。

2007年考研英语试题及答案

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly30 years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differencestwo people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries toconvey?[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son.”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of228–the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as,What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does itmean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’sbecause[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional test are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had beentransformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis,or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback–a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen–and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent–and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance–have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looksfar less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According to the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them–especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite:data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year–from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California,Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed,just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP),perhaps it is time for GASP,Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it shouldbe obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged–though not justified–by the lack of legal penalty(in America,but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray.That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June 17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations.[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.。

2007英语考研真题答案

2007英语考研真题答案IntroductionThe 2007 English entrance exam for graduate students (考研英语) is a significant milestone for many individuals seeking to further their education. In this article, we will provide the answers to the actual exam questions from that year. By analyzing and explaining the correct responses, we aim to help students better understand the format and requirements of future exams.Section I: TranslationQuestion 1:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.In today's fast-paced society, time management has become increasingly important. Many people struggle to balance their personal and professional lives effectively. However, by prioritizing tasks, setting goals, and practicing discipline, one can achieve a healthy work-life balance.答案：在当今快节奏的社会中，时间管理变得越来越重要。

许多人在有效地平衡个人和职业生活方面感到困难。

考研英语07年真题

考研英语07年真题The Importance of Critical Thinking in the Study of EnglishIntroductionIn recent years, critical thinking has gained increasing recognition as a vital skill for students studying English. This article aims to explore and discuss the importance of critical thinking in English language learning and how it can enhance students' language proficiency.1. Definition and components of critical thinkingCritical thinking refers to the process of actively and skillfully analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information gathered from various sources. It involves the ability to think logically, critically evaluate arguments, identify biases, and make informed judgments. The components of critical thinking include analysis, interpretation, inference, evaluation, explanation, and self-regulation.2. Enhancing language proficiency2.1. Analyzing and interpreting textsCritical thinking helps students analyze and interpret English texts effectively. By employing critical thinking skills, students can decipher complex sentence structures, identify underlying meanings, and explore the nuances of vocabulary and grammar. This analytical approach facilitates a deeper understanding of texts, leading to improved language proficiency.2.2. Evaluating arguments and evidenceCritical thinking equips students with the ability to evaluate arguments and evidence in English texts. It enables them to assess the validity, reliability, and persuasiveness of arguments presented in essays, articles, and academic papers. By critically analyzing the evidence provided, students can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and strengthen their language skills.3. Developing problem-solving skillsCritical thinking in the study of English fosters problem-solving skills. Students are encouraged to think critically, identify issues, and propose creative solutions. Through analyzing and evaluating different perspectives, students can develop effective solutions to language-related issues. This process enhances their language proficiency by challenging them to apply linguistic knowledge in practical contexts.4. Cultivating independent and autonomous learnersBy promoting critical thinking, English language education cultivates independent and autonomous learners. Encouraging students to question assumptions, challenge fixed ideas, and seek evidence fosters intellectual curiosity and a desire for lifelong learning. Independent learners are more motivated and engaged in their English language studies, which ultimately leads to improved language proficiency.5. Improving communication skillsCritical thinking plays a crucial role in developing effective communication skills. By critically analyzing arguments, students can construct logical and coherent oral and written responses. This skill isparticularly valuable in English language learning, as it allows students to express their ideas clearly and persuasively, and engage in meaningful discussions.ConclusionIn conclusion, critical thinking is an essential skill in the study of English. By analyzing and interpreting texts, evaluating arguments, and developing problem-solving skills, students can enhance their language proficiency. Moreover, critical thinking fosters independent and autonomous learners, encouraging a lifelong commitment to learning. By promoting critical thinking, English language education equips students with the necessary skills to excel in academic and professional contexts.。

2007年考研英语真题—答案

2007 年考研英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English1.B2. D3. C4. A5. C6.D7. C8. C9. B 10. C11.C 12.D 13.A 14.D 15.C16.D 17.B 18.D 19.C 20.DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.C26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.B31.C 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.B36.D 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.DPart B41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C 45.EPart C （仅供参考）46、一直以来，在这些大学里，法律知识的学习看作是律师的专属，而不是受教育人士必备知识的一部分。

47、另一方面，以类似记者在每天采访和评论新闻时炮制联系的方式，法律把这些概念（公正、民主和自由）和日常实践联系在一起。

48、但是，记者必须比普通公民更为深刻地理解法律，这种说法是基于对新闻媒体的既定常规和特殊职责的理解。

49、事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。

50、尽管律师的意见和态度可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是应该依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判断。

Section III Writing （仅供参考）Part AJanuary 20th, 2007Dear Sir or Madam,I’m a student in the university and a loyal reader of this library. I’m writing totell some of my ideas, which I hope to be helpful for you.I notice that many magazines in our library are out of date. It would bebeneficial to us students if they could be updated in time. And I suggest introducing some new journals so as to bring new fresh air to the library. Furthermore, since we have a huge number of books, it is not easy to find theright one easily. However, if we can introduce some new searching means, suchas implementing new information management system that would be useful.Thank you for taking tim e reading this letter and I’m looking forward to seeing some new changes soon.Sincerely Yours,Li MingPart BAs can be seen from the cartoon, different ideas may come from the same thing. In the picture, while trying to catch the upcoming soccer, the goal-keeper saysto himself why it is so big. And, the striker simply thinks in a different way, that is why it is so small?!What makes such a big contrary on the same tournament at the same moment?It is no doubt that they are facing the very same goal and experiencing the very same moment. However, the subjective views result in different impression on the same object. Many of us may still remember the story of a pony crossing the river, which we learned from the textbook in primary school. The squirrel tells him, the river is deep; and the cow tells him, the river is not deep at all. However, in the end, he tells himself a third answer. Therefore, it is not exaggerating to say that most of us are looking into the world with personal ideas. Subjective mental status may result in a really big difference in personal views, just like the goal-keeper and the striker in the drawing.A possible solution might be to face any situation as objectively as possible. If we realize this in an objective way, it would be good for us to deal with what we encounter in life, especially when we are in setbacks or facing difficulties.。

2007年6月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案

2007年6月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案2007年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题Part I Listening Comprehension (25minutes, 20points)Section A (1Point each)1. A. He doesn't like classic music. B. He feels sorry to decline the offerC. He is eager to go to the concert.D. He hasn't got a ticket yet.2. A. At the garage. B. At the restaurant. C. At the supermarket.D. At the office.3. A. Tony doesn't always listen. B. Tony has hearing problems.C. It's unusual that Tony missed the interviewD. Tony often forgets himself.4. A. The weather is generally cooler and drier. B. The weather is generally warmer and wetter.C. The weather is moderately hot.D. The weather is usually changeable.5. A. A doctor. B. An operator, C. A nurse. D. A dentist.6. A. $0.35 B. $3.50 C. $3.05 D. $30.57. A. He had something wrong with his watch. B. He thought the meeting was for a different day.C. His oral presentation was not well-prepared.D. He was not paying attention to the time.8. A. He didn't attend Professor Smith's class last time.B. He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.C. The woman should pose a more serious question.D. Professor Smith often cancels classes for the long weekend.9. A. The woman does not drink beer. B. It was not thewoman's coat.C. The woman just had her coat cleaned.D. The woman is not angry with the man.Section B ( 1 point each)10. A. 850,000 children, around two percent, are currently learning at homeB. School system provides teachers for homeschooling.C. All the states in the U.S. permit homeschooling.D. Homeschooled children are never expected to go to college.11. A. Because their children do not like attending schools.B. Because they love their children too much to send them away from homeC. Because homeschooling provides more time for the family to be together.D. Because they are able to help their kids to learn more social skills.12. A. A variety of honeybee. B. A geographic magazine.C. A National Home School Honor SocietyD. A national top competition.13. A. Importance of biodiversity. B. Protection of wild species.C. Farm pollution.D. Agricultural methods.14. A. Rice, maize, potato and wheat. B. Corn, bean, rice and wheat.C. Potato, maize, bean and rice.D. Rice, corn, wheat and sweet potato15. A. They can harm wetlands, rivers and other environments needed to support lifeB. They can destroy crops, native species and property.C. They spread in areas they are not native to with natural controls.D. They hardly survive different conditions.Section C ( 1 point each)Lecture Topic: Getting a good night’s sleep16. There are several ___________ drugs available to help people sleep.If you don’t want to use drugs, there are some things you can do on your own to help get a good night’s sleep:17. 1)___________________________________________18. 2)___________________________________________19. 3)___________________________________________20. 4)___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, asfar from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization coulddrive an even deeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization."Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university." 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interestedin the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". Thecore curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory.A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying42. A. in accordanceB. in line withC. in charge ofD. in response to with43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparklingPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent lessthan on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. Butdieseland petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait forthe light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider."This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people havelong suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means“__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after asnowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3?C temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6?C of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3?C coolerthan otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientistsof the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: ￡60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from ￡20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach ￡300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climatescientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees?Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefitof the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 showsthat_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchiesC. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。

2007年基础英语考研真题

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2007年考研英语真题及答案完整解析

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9, there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20 self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership –that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback –a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – havejumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalisticjudgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2007年考研英语试题答案解析SectionⅠUseofEnglish1.[答案][B][分析]词义辨析题，A.natives本地人；B.inhabitant居民；C.peoples民族；D.individuals个体。

2007年中山大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc

2007年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people—their political and economic systems—but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African cultural values. African music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a total vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain. In African culture, music was pervasive, serving not only religion, but all phases of life, including birth, death, work and play. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential. Music, like art in general, was so inextricably a part of African culture that it becamea crucial means of preserving the culture during and after the dislocations of slavery.（分数：8.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（分数：2.00）A.analyze the impact that slavery had on African political and economic systemsB.Review the attempt of recent scholarship to study the influence of African music on other musicC.Correct the failure of some scholarship to appreciate the significance of music in African cultureD.Survey the ways by which people attempt to preserve their culture against the effects of oppression(2).In para. 1, line 5 the phrase "isolated social domain" refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.African music in relation to contemporary culture as a wholeB.Music as it may be perceived in non-African culturesC.Feature of African music that aided in transmitting African cultural valuesD.An aspect of the African cultural legacy(3).Which of the following statements concerning the function of African music can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.It preserved cultural values because it was thoroughly integrated into the lives of the people.B.It was more important in the development of African religious life than in other areas of culture.C.It was developed in response to the loss of political and economic systems.D.Its pervasiveness in African culture hindered its effectiveness in minimizing the impact of slavery.(4).According to the author, scholars would err in drawing which of the following conclusions?I. Slavery stripped the slaves of their political and economic systems. II. African music was similar to all other traditions of music in that it originated in a total vision of life. III. Music was a crucial part of the African cultural legacy.（分数：2.00）A.I onlyB.II onlyC.I and II onlyD.I, II, and IIIOur task will be simpler if we begin with some stories written long before anyone worried very much about cleaning out the rhetorical imparities from the house of fiction. The stories in Boccancio"s Decameron, for example, seem extremely simple—perhaps even simple-minded and inept —if we ask of them the questions which many modern stories invite us to ask. It is bad enoughthat the characters are what we call two-dimensional, with no revealed depths of any kind; what is much worse, the "point of view" of the narrator shifts among them with a total disregard for the kind of technical focus or consistency generally admired today. But if we read these stories in their own terms, we soon discover a splendid and complex skill underlying the simplicity of the effect.（分数：8.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（分数：2.00）A.refute a belief about modern stories generally held by peopleB.show that the stories in Decameron are inferior to modern storiesC.suggest a way to reread pre-modern storiesD.re-interpret Boccaccio"s Decameron(2).In presenting the argument, the author does which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Make an enumerationB.Present a paradoxC.Make a comparisonD.Give an analogy(3).Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The stories in Decameron are full of two-dimensional characters.B.Pre-modern stories such as Decameron do not use any narrative techniques.C.Modern stories try to avoid more than one "point of view".D.Stories in Decamron depict characters in a superficial way.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.modern stories are generally more interesting than earlier stories because they can reveal the characters in depthsB.telling a story from more than one perspective is considered a rhetorical impurity by modern story writersC.Unlike modern stories, earlier stories generally do not invite readers to ask "questions of themD.The stories in Decameron are simple-mindedWe all accept that killing is in general wrong, but virtually all of us also recognize certain exception—that is, concede that there can be instances in which killing is permissible. In addition to accepting the obvious permissibility of killing microbes and plants(except then this is objectionable for either instrumental or impersonal reasons)most people believe that it can be permissible in a variety of circumstances to kill animals, and also that it can be permissible to kill other human beings in self-defense and in appropriate conditions in war. There are four distinct categories into which we may sort most or all instances of killing for which there may be a reasonable justification. Perhaps the most contentious category consists of cases in which killing would simply promote the greater good—for example, a case in which killing one person would prevent the killing, or the deaths, or the deaths, of a much greater number of people. The second category consists of cases in which an individual has done something that has lowered the moral barriers to harming him, or compromised his status as inviolable, or made him liable to action that might result in his death. Cases in which killing might be thought to be justified for this sort of reason include killing in self defense, killing in war, and killing as a mode of punishment. The third category of possibly permissible killing consists of cases in which the metaphysical or moral status of the individual killed is uncertain or controversial. Among those beings whose nature arguably entails a moral status inferior to our own are animals, human embryos and fetuses, newborn infants, congenitally severely retarded human beings, human beings who have suffered severe brain damage or dementia, and human beings who have been in irreversible coma. These are beings that are in one way or another "at the margins". The fourth and final category comprises cases in which death would not be harm to an individual but instead a benefit. In manysuch cases, the individual for whom death would be a benefit also desires to die and may request to be killed or helped to die. The practical issues that arise under this heading are suicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage states that______.（分数：2.00）A.killing microbes and plants is generally not considered morally wrongB.most people think it alright to assist other people to commit suicideC.killing animals are morally more objectionable than killing plantsD.though killing human beings is immoral, sometimes it is necessary(2).The phrase "at the margins" in the last line of the fourth paragraph means:______.（分数：2.00）A.in dangerB.morally insignificantC.with an obscure moral statusD.in a helpless condition(3).According to the passage,______.（分数：2.00）A.it is permissible to kill one person if it can prevent the deaths of a much greater number of peopleB.killing in war is not morally wrongC.killing newborn babies might be morally justifiable.D.euthanasia is morally right because it benefits the individual involved(4).Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Fetuses and newborn babies are considered to be morally inferior to ordinary human beings.B.Killing in self-defense might be permissible because the life of the person who attacks is no longer inviolable.C.Capital punishment is justifiable as a means of punishment.D.It is morally wrong to kill human beings who have been in irreversible coma.(5).Which of the following serves as the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Why Is Killing ImmoralB.The Morality of KillingC.Justifiable KillingsD.Problems of KillingPicture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer"s temperament discovering itself through the camera"s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and photographer is all. These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in "taking" a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed. An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography"s means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to be a form of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary in formativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton"s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennisstroke. But as cameras become mere sophisticated, more armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartiec-Bresson, to refuse to use modem equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of "fast seeing". Cartiec-Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast. This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future(of faster and faster seeing)alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past—when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently wide-spread and underlies the present-dry enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.（分数：14.00）(1).According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photography"s two ideals can be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unrelated to change in technology(2).The author is primarily concerned with______.（分数：2.00）A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers" individual temperaments are reflected in their work(3).The passage states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.they can convey informationB.they can depict the photographer"s temperamentC.they can posses great formal beautyD.they can change the viewers sensibilities(4).The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of______.（分数：2.00）A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photography"s means can produce outstanding picturesB.How the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.The popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.The relationship between photographic originality and technology(5).The passage suggests that photographers such as Walker Evans prefer old-fashioned techniques and equipment because these photographers______.（分数：2.00）A.dislike the dependence of photographic effectiveness on the powers of a machineB.strive for intense formal beauty in their photographsC.like the discipline that comes from self-imposed limitationD.need to feel armed by technology(6).According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the______.（分数：2.00）A.value that each pieces on the beauty of the finished productB.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerC.extent of the power that each requires of the photographers" equipmentD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer(7).Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately following the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to capture events and actions that are fleetingB.Thus the cult of the future, worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spite of efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography cannot for any length of.time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.二、句子改错(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets.(10%)（分数：20.00）(1).Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became Secretary of Labor.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant"s instep to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of good arch.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (8).Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (9).A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (10).Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 写作1.Thomas Alva Edison once said, "Opportunity is missed by most because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work." On the basis of this statement, you are required to write an essay of about 400 words on the relationship between opportunity and success. In the first part of your writing you should introduce your argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the final part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary. Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)2.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%) Discipline and Punish(1975)is a genealogical study of the development of the "gentler" modern way of imprisoning criminals rather than torturing or killing them. While recognizing the element of genuinely enlightened reform, Foucault particularly emphasizes how such reform also becomes a vehicle of more effective control: "to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better". He further argues that the new mode of punishment becomes the model for control of an entire society, with factories, hospitals and schools modeled on the modern prison. We should not, however, think that the deployment of this model was due to the explicit decisions of some central controlling agency. In typically genealogical fashion, Foucault"s analysis shows how techniques and institutions, developed for different and often quite innocuous purposes converged to create the modern system of disciplinary power.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)3.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%) 宗教和巫术不只是解释事物并帮助人们实现种种目标。

2007年全国研究生考试英语真题【3】

2007年全国研究生考试英语真题【3】29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance tohelp families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sortof nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the bos s’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged –though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part B。