英美诗歌选读 第四讲
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英美诗歌选读第四讲
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英美诗歌的基本押韵格式
押韵格式(rhyme scheme)指的是一首诗中各押韵诗行的组合形式。一般说来,每首诗都由数量不同的诗行组成,每一行的结尾都按照其读音的相同或类似而押韵,并表现出规律性。
押韵格式分为定型诗歌格式和普通诗歌格式。前一种格式主要有十四行诗体、斯宾塞诗体、回旋诗体等押韵格式;普通诗歌格式主要有双行押韵格式(aa)、隔行交互押韵格式(abab)和吻韵格式(abba)。
第一节基本押韵格式
一、双行押韵格式(aa)
它是英语诗歌最基本押韵格式,主要用于双行诗节(couplet)。双行诗节指两行押韵或不押韵的诗行。双行诗节可以单独成为诗节,也可以存在于其他诗节中。七行体(又称皇韵体,rhyme royal)诗和八行体(octa rima)诗用双行诗节结束,莎士比亚的十四行诗也是用双行诗节结束全诗。
双行诗节分开放双行诗节(open couplet)和完整双行诗节(closed couplet)两种。完整双行诗节如果是用抑扬格五韵步写成,就被称为英雄双行诗节(heroic couplet)。
开放双行诗节指的是跨行的双行诗体,即两行诗有共同的语法和逻辑结构,但第二行的意思需要继续下去,直到在后面的诗行中结束。如济慈叙述希腊神话中的美少年长诗《恩弟米安》开始几行:
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increases;it will never
Pass into nothingness;but still will keep
A bower quiet for us,and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams,and health,and quiet breathing.
Therefore,on every morrow,are we wreathing
A flowery band to bind us to the earth,
Spite of despondence,of the inhuman dearth
Of noble natures (1)
(John Keats:Endymion)
这些诗行的特点是:
首先,每两行押韵,即ever / never,keep / sleep,breathing / wreathing,earth / dearth 押韵。
其次,第一行是完整句,第二行要表达的意思跨入下面数行才结束。
双行诗节是英语中最短的诗节,在印刷安排上,有时按两行一个诗节的形式分开排列,有时连续排在一起。每个诗节的押韵不重复,即下一个诗节同上一个诗节不能押相同的韵,必须转韵,因此,整首诗的押韵格式就成了aabbccdd,一直往下推。
完整双行诗节不仅要求两行诗押韵相同,而且要把意思表达完整。英雄双行诗节是完整双行诗节中的一种,它是英语诗歌之父乔叟最喜爱的诗体,如他的《坎特伯雷故事》总引中对骑士的介绍:
And everemore he hadde a sovereign pris.
And thought that he were worthy,he was wis,
And of his port as week as is a maide.
He nevere yit no vilainye ne saide
In al his lif unto no manere wight:
He was a verray,parfit,gentil knight.
But for to tellen you of his array,
His hors were goode,but he was nat gay.
Of fustian he wered a gipoun
Al bismotered with his haubergeoun,
For he was late come from his viage,
And wente for to doon his pilgrimage.[2]
(Chaucer:The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales)
这段诗是抑扬格五韵步,每两行押韵,下个韵不同于上个韵,其押韵格式为aabbccddeeff。
济慈的叙事诗《拉米亚》是混合使用开放诗行和英雄诗行写成的,开始几行如下:
Upon a time,before the faery broods
Drove Nymph and Satyr from the prosperous woods,
Before King Oberon’s bright diadem,
Scepter,and mantle,clasp’d with dewy gem,
Frighted away the dryads and the Fauns
From rushes green,and brakes,and cowslip’d lawns,
The ever-smitten Hermes empty left
His golden throne,bent warm on amorous theft:[3]
(John Keats:Lamia)
这些诗行里,第一行不是完整句,第一行和第二行组成一个时间状语从句,第三、四、五六句组成第二个状语从句,第七、八行组成这些诗行的主句。它们每两行押韵,即broods / woods,diadem / gem,Fauns / lawns,left / theft。每组韵不同,属开放双行诗节押韵格式。但该诗第二十七行开始如下:
From vale to vale,from wood to wood,he flew,
Breathing upon the flowers his passion new,
And wound with many a river to its head,
To find where this sweet nymph prepar’d her secret bed:
In vain;the sweet nymph might nowhere be found,
And so he rested,on the lonely ground.[4]
显然,这些以抑扬格五韵步为主的诗行里,每行都表达完整的意思,都是每两行押韵,因此它们属英雄双行押韵格式。
押aabb韵律格式的四行诗节,其实是双行诗节的变体,如朗费罗的《箭和歌》第一、三诗节:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth,I knew not where;
For,so swiftly it flew,the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
….
Long,long afterwards,in an oak