欧洲的语言与文化

The global distribution of Germanic languages.

Solid red indicates that a majority of inhabitants speaks a Germanic language. Striped red indicates that a sizeable minority (more than 10%) speaks a Germanic language.
The Tower of Babel (1563) Pieter Brueghel the Elder, oil on board
二、欧洲语言的分类
Les langues indo-europé ennes
The Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. Contemporary languages in this family with more than 100 million native speakers eachwenku.baidu.cominclude English, Hindi, Spanish, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, French and German. Numerous national or minority languages with fewer than 100 million native speakers also exist. Indo-European has the largest numbers of speakers of the recognised families of languages in the world today, with its languages spoken by approximately 3 billion native speakers. The Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European.
欧洲的语言与文化
Languages and Culture in Europe Les Langues et la Culture en Europe Las Linguas y la Cultura en Europa Die Sprachen und Die Kultur in Europa Le Lingue e la Cultura nella Europa
IndoEurop ean Lingui stic Tree
1. 斯拉夫语
东斯拉夫语：俄语、乌克兰语 白俄罗斯语 西斯拉夫语：波兰语、捷克语 斯洛伐克语 南斯拉夫语：保加利亚语、马其顿语 克罗地亚-塞尔维亚语 斯洛文尼亚语
Distribution of slavic languages
2. 日耳曼语系
The Germanic languages in Europe





Dutch (Low Franconian, West Germanic) Low German (West Germanic) Central German (High German, West Germanic) Upper German (High German, West Germanic) Anglic (Anglo-Frisian, West Germanic) Frisian (Anglo-Frisian, West Germanic) East Scandinavian West Scandinavian Line dividing the North and West Germanic languages

巴别塔 The Tower of Babel

‫בל‬ ֶ‫ב‬ ָּ

那时，天下人的口音、言语都是一样。他们往东边迁移 的时候，在示那地遇见一片平原，就住在那里。他们彼 此商量说：“来吧！我们要做砖，把砖烧透了。”他们 就拿砖当石头，又拿石漆当灰泥。他们说：“来吧！我 们要建造一座城和一座塔，塔顶通天，为要传扬我们的 名，免得我们分散在全地。”耶和华降临，要看看世人 建造的城和塔。耶和华说：“看哪，他们成为一样的人 民，都是一样的言语，如今既做起这事来，以后他们所 要做的事就没有不成就的了。我们下去，在那里变乱他 们的口音，使他们的言语彼此不通。”于是耶和华使他 们从那里分散在全地上；他们就停了，不造那城了。因 为耶和华在那里变乱了人的言语，使众人分散在全地上， 所以那城名叫巴别（就是变乱的意思）。 ——《圣经· 创世纪》11：1-9
西日尔曼语：英语、德语、荷兰语 佛来芒语 北日尔曼语：瑞典语、丹麦语 挪威语、冰岛语

The expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC – AD 1



(after the Penguin Atlas of World History 1988): Red: Settlements before 750BC; Brown: New settlements until 500BC Yellow: New settlements until 250BC; Green: New settlements until AD 1

语言学习的魅力
By words the mind is winged. ----Aristophanes Language is the dress of ideas. 语言是思想的外衣。 (Samuel Johnson) Apprendre une langue, c’est vivre de nouveau.学习一种外 语，是一次新生。（法国） Veritas simplex oratio est. 真理的言语是简单的。 Die Sprache ist das Haus des Seins.语言是存在的家园。 （海得格尔） Wer fremde Sprachen nicht kennt, weiss nicht von seiner eigenen. 不懂外语的人，对自己的母语会一无所知。（Goethe） Eine Fremdsprache ist eine Waffe im Kampf des Lebens. 外语是人生斗争的武器。 （马克思）
3. 拉丁语系
意大利语 法语 西班牙语 葡萄牙语 罗马尼亚语 Proportion of the 690 million native Romance language speakers of each language

Romance languages

Group of related languages derived from Latin, with nearly 920 million native speakers. The major Romance languages — French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian — are national languages. French is probably the most internationally significant, but Spanish, the official language of 19 American countries and Spain and Equatorial Guinea, has the most speakers. Languages spoken in smaller areas include Catalan, Occitan, Sardinian, and Rhaeto-Romance. The Romance languages began as dialects of Vulgar Latin, which spread during the Roman occupation of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul, and the Balkans and developed into separate languages in the 5th– 9th centuries. Later, European colonial and commercial contacts spread them to the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
Языки и Куљтура в Эвропе
Γ λωσσαι και Kαλλιεργειαι Eυρωπων
Linguae et Cultura Europae
一、西方文化与语言学习
语言学习的魅力



唱歌剧用意大利语；读诗歌用俄语；与上帝交谈用西班 牙语；与情人私语用法语；思考哲学用德语；要饭用英 语。(欧洲谚语) 生活在世上而只会说一种语言，这有点象生活在一座巨 大无比的建筑物中而只呆在一个房间里。懂得一种以上 语言的人会发现，展现在他们面前的是另一种迷人的新 景象，这不仅为他们提供了实际运用这些语言的机会， 还可以满足求知欲，以及使他们感受到另一种文化的观 点和背景去观察世界的魅力。(肯尼斯· 卡兹纳) Chi lingua ha, a Roma va. / Quien lengua ha, a Roma va. / Qui langue a, àRoma va. 谁能说罗马的语言，谁就能去罗马。 (欧洲谚语)
Kurgan hypothesis: South Russia as the urheimat of Indo-European peoples.

Map of Indo European migrations from ca. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan model. The Anatolian migration (indicated with a dotted arrow) could have taken place either across the Caucasus or across the Balkans. The purple area corresponds to the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture). The red area corresponds to the area which may have been settled by Indo-Europeanspeaking peoples up to ca. 2500 BC, and the orange area by 1000 BC.
Panoramic view over the ancient city of Babylon, located 85 kilometers south of Baghdad.
‫ְבל‬ ֵּ ‫בל‬ ִּ


The Greek form Βαβυλών is an adaptation of Babylonian Babili. The Babylonian name as it stood in the 1st millennium BC had been changed from an earlier Babilli in early 2nd millennium BC, interpreted as "gateway of the god" (bāb-ili) by popular etymology. The earlier name Babilla appears to be an adaptation of a non-Semitic source of unknown origin or meaning. In the Hebrew Bible, the name appears as ‫ֶל‬ ‫בב‬ ָּ (Babel), interpreted by Book of Genesis 11:9 to mean "confusion" (viz. of languages), from the verb ‫ בלבל‬bilbé l, "to confuse". The Syriac form is Bāwēl, the Arabic form is ‫ بابل‬Bābil.