模块9第5单元语法突破 高考链接 你问我答

模块9第5单元语法突破

宾语补足语

山东刘永科

在英语中有些及物动词，跟了宾语后意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语怎么样的(动作或状态)，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。宾语和宾补合称为复合宾语。举例来说：Jack heard Mary singing this morning. 句子中的Mary显然是宾语，但是主语Jack听到的并不仅仅是Mary，而是Mary singing。因此，singing 是句子的宾语补足语。宾语和singing的关系是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说，是Mary执行了singing的动作。就本句而言，singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。

本文着重讲解：什么词语可以充当宾语补足语? 哪些动词可以跟宾补，以及跟何种宾补？

能够充当宾语补足语的有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，名词，介词短语和副词等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。

一、宾语+补足语的类型：

第一类：

1. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 动词不定式

She wanted me to give her some money. 她想让我给她点钱。

Tom made Bill stay for tea. 汤姆留比尔喝茶。

接不定式做宾补的动词有两种情况。

(1) 接带to的不定式做宾补，常见的有：want, wish, expect, would like, ask, tell, teach, get, invite, force, beg, allow, permit, forbid, encourage, advise, persuade等。

(2) 接不带to的不定式做宾补，常见的有：make, have, let, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel 等。但在被动语态的句子中，to不可以省略。例如：The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

She was heard to sing a song next door.

注：help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式，可以带to也可以不带to。如：

I often help my mother (to) do some housework.

2. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 现在分词

I found a dog lying dead on the road. 我发现一条狗躺在路上死了。

When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by a kind old woman. 他醒来时，发现一位慈祥的老妇人在照顾着他。

(1) 用在感官动词see, hear, find, notice, watch, smell, feel, listen to, look at 等词的宾语之后，表示补充说明宾语正在进行的动作。如：

Did you notice his hand shaking just now? 你刚才没注意到他的手在颤抖吗？

We heard her playing the piano when we passed her house. 当我们路过她家时，我们听见

她在弹钢琴。

(2) 用在使役动词have, keep, leave, get, catch, send等词的宾语之后。如：

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起让你久等了。

His funny words sent us laughing. 他的滑稽语言使我们大笑起来。

3. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 过去分词

We saw the road covered with snow. 我们看见路上覆盖着雪。

Many towns and villages had their water supply cut off because there was no electricity. 因为没有电，所以许多城镇和村庄都断了水。

接过去分词做宾补的动词有：

1. 感官动词：see, hear, feel, notice, find 等。

2. 意欲动词：want, like, wish, order 等。

3. 使役动词：make, have, get, keep, leave等。

第二类：

1. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 名词

We called it an UFO. (Unknown Flying Object) 我们称它为不明飞行物。

They elected John their monitor. 他们选举约翰为班长。

You’ll find English a bridge to so much knowledge. 你将会发现英语是通向知识的桥梁。

Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work.马克思把伦敦当作革命工作的基地。

常接名词作宾补的动词有：find, feel, think, elect, choose, name, call, make, leave, appoint, consider等。

2. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 形容词

I found the boy very clever. 我发现那男孩很聪明。

He pushed the door open. 他把门推开。

We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须让我们的教室干净。

常接形容词作宾补的动词有：find, get, keep, leave, think, make, paint, set, turn, see, drive, prove, believe, cut, break, boil等。

3. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 介词短语

She always keeps everything in good order. 她总是把一切东西都放得整整齐齐。

This left them without a ray of hope. 这使他们失去了一切希望。

常接介词短语作宾补的动词有：keep, find, leave, force, let, allow等。

4. 动词+ 名词（代词）+ 副词

He found his teacher out when he called on him. 他去拜访他的老师时，发现老师不在家。

I won't let you in if you don’t show your ID. 如果你不出示身份，我是不会让你进去的。

第三类：

“with复合结构”在句中作状语修饰谓语动词，表示“伴随，方式，原因”等意义。但是，“with复合结构”本身也是一个“宾语+宾补”的结构。下面做一分析：

（1）with + 宾语+ 形容词：

The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open.