化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
化工专业英语第一课ppt课件
PART ONE: BASMENT CHEMISTRY KNOLMOGY
第一部分 基础化学知识
Lesson One Elements and Compounds
第一课 元素和化合物
Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At the present time there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise the entire universe.
化工专业英语第一课
化学化工专业英语的内容和学习方法
• 英语是化学化工文献的主要语言，国际上的主要化学类期 刊都是用英文表达的，国际会议通用英文表达，涉外合同、 设备说明书等也大都采用英文表达，因此，在涉及国际交 流日益频繁的今天，学会专业英语无疑会给你就业、工作 又增加了一种能力、一种工具。 • 专业英语是大学课程体系的一个重要组成部分，是保证学 生能够真正掌握英语并能够实用英语的一个重要环节。 • 专业英语有着自身的特点，表现在语句结构、构词、写作 等方面，学生只有掌握了这些特点才能更好地学习并运用 专业英语。
化学化工专业英语课件
Provide a detailed descriptiouired in the experiment and their functions.
Provide a detailed description of the operating methods of the experimental equipment, including installation, debugging, use, and maintenance.
Experimental equipment operation: Introduce the operation methods of experimental equipment, including equipment installation, debugging, use, and maintenance.
Focusing on the main points: Learners should learn to quickly identify the main points and key findings of an article, rather than getting bogged down in details
Experimental operation process: Introduce the experimental operation process, including preparation before the experiment, operation steps during the experiment, and post-experimental processing.
Use formal and technical language
化学化工专业英语
The shift of electron density in a covalent bond toward the more electronegative atom or group can be observed in several ways. For bonds to hydrogen, acidity is one criterion. If the bonding electron pair moves away from the hydrogen nucleus the proton will be more easily transfered to a base (it will be more acidic). Methane is almost non-acidic, since the C–H bond is nearly non-polar. The O–H bond of water is polar, and it is at least 25 powers of ten more acidic than methane. H–F is over 12 powers of ten more acidic than water as a consequence of the greater electronegativity difference in its atoms. Electronegativity differences may be transmitted through connecting covalent bonds by an inductive effect. This inductive transfer of polarity tapers off as the number of transmitting bonds increases, and the presence of more than one highly electronegative atom has a cumulative effect. For example, trifluoro ethanol, CF3CH2– O–H is about ten thousand times more acidic than ethanol, CH3CH2–O–H.
化学化工专业英语课件
deci-分 decigram 分克(1/10克)；decimeter 分米
centi- 厘 centimeter 厘米；centigram厘克
nano- 纳
nanometer纳米；
nanosecond十亿分之一秒（10-9秒）
milli-毫 millimeter毫米；millilitre毫升； milligram毫克
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另 有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
数字 拉丁或希 烷烃-ane 烷基-yl 烯烃-ene 腊前缀 alkane alkyl Alkene
炔烃-yne 醇-ol alkyne alcohol
醛-al aldehyde
one mono- methane methyl
4.名词+动名词（n.+v.ing）
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ？
5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品（介词+名词） Make-up 化妆品（动词+副词） Out-of-door 户外 （副词+介词+名词） Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 （动词+代词+副词）
2.形容词+名词（adj.+n.）
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 Blueprint periodic table mixed-powder atomic weight
3.动名词+名词（v.ing+n.）
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作，而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ？
化工专业英语书
化工专业英语书The chemical engineering field is a fascinating blend of science and practical application, where the mastery of English is just as crucial as the understanding of complex chemical processes. "Chemical Engineering English" is a book that aims to bridge the gap between the technical jargon and the ability to communicate effectively in an international context.The book begins with an introduction to the fundamental terms and concepts that are essential for anyone studying or working in the field of chemical engineering. It then delves into more specialized topics, such as process design, reaction kinetics, and mass transfer, all explained in a clear and concise manner that is accessible to both native and non-native English speakers.One of the standout features of this book is its use of real-world examples to illustrate the application of chemical engineering principles. Case studies range from the development of new pharmaceuticals to the optimization of industrial processes, providing readers with a tangible sense of how the subject matter translates into real-world scenarios.The book also places a strong emphasis on the importance of safety in the chemical industry. It includes a dedicated section on safety protocols and the terminology associatedwith hazard identification and risk assessment. This is particularly important for students and professionals who may be working with potentially hazardous materials or in high-risk environments.For those looking to further their education or career in chemical engineering, the book offers a comprehensiveglossary of terms and an extensive list of resources forfurther reading. It also provides guidance on writingtechnical reports and presenting research findings in English, which are invaluable skills for anyone in the field."Chemical Engineering English" is not just a language book; it's a comprehensive guide that empowers readers to engage with the global community of chemical engineers. It'sa testament to the fact that language is not just a tool for communication but a gateway to understanding and contributing to the world of chemical engineering on a deeper level.。
化学化工专业英语（课本内容）
化学化工专业英语（课本内容）第二章科技英语构词法词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。
科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。
2.1转化法（Conversion）由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。
例如：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干）slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车）square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)2.2派生法（Derivation）通过加前、后缀构成一新词。
派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。
例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。
若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。
依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。
常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。
下面通过表1举例说明。
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。
此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。
据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。
一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。
这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
化学化工专业英语1
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
c.阴离子： 单原子阴离子，词根 + ide ，同时有“某化物”的意思， 如 chloride 氯化物。 其实很多元素的并不能形成真正游离态的阴离子，不过基 于下文二元化合物命名的需要，所以仍然将“词根+ide” 形式列入，表示“某化物”的含义，如O2-对应的氧化物 MgO（magnesium oxide）。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
七 hepta-；八 octa-；九 nona- ；十 decab.命名时在相应多原子的元素名称前加上数字前缀即可： CS2 carbon disulfide； SnCl4 tin tetrachloride。 也可以明化合价：tin(IV) chloride； CO carbon oxide(carbon monoxide) ； CO2 carbon dioxide； CrO3 chromium trioxide； As2S2雄黄diarsenic disulfide； As2S3雌黄diarsenic trisulfide； As2O5砒霜diarsenic pentaoxide 。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5.不同氧化度的二元化合物 过氧化物 peroxide O22-： H2O2 hydrogen peroxide；CaO2 calcium peroxide；Na2O2 sodium peroxide 超氧化物 superoxide O2-：KO2 potassium superoxide 三、含氧酸和含氧酸盐 1.含氧酸有高酸per+正酸”、正酸“词根+ic”、亚酸“词 根+ous”、次酸“hypo+亚酸”、过酸“peroxo+正酸”、 代酸“thio+对应酸”等形态，最后加“acid”：
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
化学化工专业英语电子版课本————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269 附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐♦☯❒♓/ ⏹ 陶器structural elements结构成分；property / ☐❒☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be vie wed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise / ♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓ ♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎ 含糊的，有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯♦❍/♎ 亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❒☯♦☐♓/ ♎微观的❍♋♍❒☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌ ❒☯✞♦☐♓/♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’ and ‘‘performance.’’ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire), which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.)We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/ ♎♓♐ ❍♏♓☞☯⏹/ ⏹变形deteriorative/♎♓♦♓☯❒♓☯❒♏♓♦♓❖/ ⏹破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❒♏⏹♑/ ⏹强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction/❒♓♐❒✌☞☯⏹/ ⏹折射率；reflectivity/ ❒♓♐●♏ ♦♓❖♓♦♓/ ⏹反射率processing/☐❒☯◆♦♏♦♓☠/ ⏹加工light transmittance) of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯/ ⏹蓝宝石transparent/♦❒✌⏹♦☐☪☯❒☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的；polycrystalline/ ☐●♓❒♓♦♦☯●♓⏹/ ⏹多晶体；translucent/♦❒✌⏹●✞♦⏹♦/♎ 半透明的；opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister,Materials science and engineering :anintroduction, Press:JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♦♏♓♦/ ❖ 决定trade off 权衡；折衷ductility♎✈♦♓●♓♦♓⏹延展性overriding/ ☯✞❖☯❒♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1．At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
大学化工专业英语教材
大学化工专业英语教材IntroductionThe purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the English textbooks used in the field of chemical engineering in universities. These textbooks play a crucial role in teaching and learning, as they not only provide students with essential knowledge but also help them develop their English language skills. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and components of effective English textbooks for the study of chemical engineering.1. Language ProficiencyThe English textbooks used in the field of chemical engineering aim to improve students' language proficiency in all four language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The reading materials should consist of a wide range of scientific articles, research papers, and case studies, allowing students to develop their comprehension skills in specialized topics related to chemical engineering. The writing exercises should focus on academic writing, such as writing research reports or experimental procedures. Listening exercises should include lectures, presentations, and audio materials related to chemical engineering, while speaking activities could involve group discussions, presentations, or debates on specific topics.2. Subject MatterAn effective English textbook for chemical engineering should cover a comprehensive range of topics relevant to the field. It should include chapters on fundamental principles and theories, such as thermodynamics,kinetics, and fluid mechanics. Additionally, it should cover topics related to unit operations, process design, transport phenomena, and environmental engineering. The textbook should also incorporate sections on the latest developments and advancements in chemical engineering, such as nanotechnology and sustainable energy.3. Practical ApplicationsTo consolidate students' understanding of the subject matter, the English textbook should provide practical applications of chemical engineering theories. It should include real-life examples, case studies, and problem-solving exercises that bridge the gap between theory and practice. These practical applications can help students apply their knowledge to real-world scenarios and enhance their problem-solving abilities.4. Interactive LearningEffective English textbooks should promote interactive learning experiences. They should include activities and exercises that encourage students to actively engage with the content. This can be achieved through group projects, laboratory experiments, and discussions. The textbook should also incorporate multimedia elements, such as videos or online resources, to provide a dynamic learning environment.5. Supplemental ResourcesIn addition to the main textbook, it is essential to provide students with supplemental resources to further enhance their understanding of the subject matter. These resources may include online platforms, interactive simulations, and multimedia materials. These resources can help studentsreinforce their learning and delve deeper into specific topics at their own pace.ConclusionIn conclusion, the English textbooks used in the field of chemical engineering in universities should be carefully designed to meet the requirements of language proficiency and subject matter. They should provide a comprehensive coverage of the fundamental principles and practical applications of chemical engineering while promoting interactive and engaging learning experiences. By incorporating these essential components, these textbooks play a crucial role in preparing students for success in their academic pursuits and future careers in chemical engineering.。
化工专业英语02
Names of acids formic acetic
propionic butyric valeric lauric myristic stearic palmitic
Names of acyl radicals formyl acetyl
propionyl butyryl valeryl lauroyl myristoyl stearoyl palmitoyl
丙二酸二乙脂
• 4.7
sodium dihydrogen citrate 柠檬酸氢钠 sodium ethyl succinate 琥珀酸单乙脂钠
• 4.8
methyl3-methoxycarbonyl-2-naphthalenepropionate 3-甲氧甲酰基-2-萘丙酸甲脂
1,9-diacetoxy-2,4,6,8-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetrazanonane 1,9-二乙酰氧基-2,4,6,8-四硝基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂壬烷
5-羟基乙醛
2-hydroxymethyl-1,4-butanedil
2-羟甲基-1,4丁二醇
• 3.5 Radicofunctional Names
methyl alcohol hexyl alcohol
甲醇 乙醇
• 3.6 Trivial Names
allyl alcohol benzyl alcohol salicyl alcohol glycerol pinacol borneol xylenol
甲酸（酰） 乙酸（酰） 丙酸（酰） 丁酸（酰） 缬草酸（酰） 月桂酸（酰） 肉豆蔻酸（酰） 硬脂酸（酰） 棕榈酸（酰）
oxalic malonic succinic acrylic crotonic oleic maleic fumaric benzoic
化学化工专业英语
1 CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTWithout chemistry our lives would beunrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all aroundus. Think what life would be like without chemistry- there would be no plastics, no electricity and noprotective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn‟t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.Chemistry is at the forefront of scientific adventure, and you could make your own contribution to the rapidly expanding technology we are enjoying. Take some of the recent academic research: computer graphics allow us to predict whether small molecules will fit into or react with larger ones - this could lead to a whole new generation of drugs to control disease; chemists are also studying the use of chemicals to trap the sun‟s energy and to purify sea water; they are also investigating the possibility of using new ceramic materials to replace metals which can corrode.Biotechnology is helping us to develop new sources of food and new ways of producing fuel, as well as producing new remedies for the sick. As the computer helps us to predict and interpret results from the test tube, the speed, accuracy and quality of results is rapidly increasing - all to the benefit of product development.It is the job of chemists to provide us with new materials to take us into the next century, and by pursuing the subject, you could make your positive contribution to society.Here are some good reasons for choosing chemistry as a career.Firstly, if you have an interest in the chemical sciences, you can probably imagine taking some responsibility for the development of new technology. New ideas and materials are constantly being used in technology to improve the society in which we live. You could work in a field where research and innovation are of primary importance to standards of living, so you could see the practical results of your work in every day use.Secondly, chemistry offers many career opportunities, whether working in a public service such as a water treatment plant, or high level research and development in industry. Your chemistry-based skills and experience can be used, not only in many different areas within the chemical industry, but also as the basis for a more general career in business.1 As a qualification, chemistry is highly regarded as a sound basis for employment.You should remember that, as the society we live in becomes more technically advanced, the need for suitably qualified chemists will also increase. Although chemistry stands as a subject in its own right, it acts as the bond between physics and biology. Thus, by entering the world of chemistry you will be equipping yourself to play a leading role in the complex world of tomorrow.Chemistry gives you an excellent training for many jobs, both scientific and non-scientific. To be successful in the subject you need to be able to think logically, and be creative, numerate, and analytical. These skills are much sought after in many walks of life, and would enable you to pursue a career in, say, computing and finance, as well as careers which use your chemistry directly.Here is a brief outline of some of the fields chemists work in:Many are employed in the wealth-creating manufacturing industries - not just oil, chemical and mining companies, but also in ceramics, electronics and fibres. Many others are in consumer based industries such as food, paper and brewing; or in service industriessuch as transport, health and water treatment.In manufacturing and service industries, chemists work in Research and Development to improve and develop new products, or in Quality Control, where they make sure that the public receives products of a consistently high standard.Chemists in the public sector deal with matters of public concern such as food preservation, pollution control, defence, and nuclear energy. The National Health Service also needs chemists, as do the teaching profess ion and the Government‟s research and advisory establishments.Nowadays, chemists are also found in such diverse areas as finance, law and politics, retailing, computing and purchasing. Chemists make good managers, and they can put their specialist knowledge to work as consultants or technical authors. Agricultural scientist, conservationist, doctor, geologist, meteorologist, pharmacist, vet ... the list of jobs where a qualification in chemistry is considered essential is endless. So even if you are unsure about what career you want to follow eventually, you can still study chemistry and know that you‟re keeping your options open.What Do Chemistry Graduates Do?Demand for chemists is high, and over the last decade opportunities for chemistry graduates have been increasing. This is a trend that is likely to continue. Chemistry graduates are increasingly sought after to work in pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, engineering, textile and metal companies, but the range of opportunities also spans the food industry, nuclear fuels, glass and ceramics, optical and photographic industries, hospitals and the automotive industry. Many graduates begin in scientific research, development and design, but over the years, about half change, into fields such as sales, quality control, management, or consultancy. Within the commercial world it is recognised that, because of the general training implicit in a chemistry course, chemistry graduates are particularly adaptable and analytical - making them attractive to a very broad spectrum of employers. There has been a growth of opportunity for good chemistry graduates to move into the financial world, particularly in accountancy, retail stores, and computer software houses.（Summarized from: A brief of the Royal Society of Chemistry,1992）2 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANICCOMPOUNDSNaming elementsThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. At present 107 chemical elements are known. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = MgSome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:iron = Fe (ferrum) copper = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum)A few elements have symbols based on the Latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example: sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate)potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate)A listing of some common elements may be found in Table 1.Naming Metal Oxides, Bases and SaltsA compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al(OH)3is aluminium hydroxide; FeBr2is iron (II) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca(OAc)2is calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3is chromium (III) sulphate or chromic sulphate, and so on. Table 3 gives some examples of the naming of metal compounds. The name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from Table 2.Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, OH-, and the cyanide ion, CN-.Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used, for example,hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-chlorate ClO3-perchlorate ClO4-Naming Nonmetal OxidesThe older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound 2. The prefixes used are (1) mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-. Generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on ) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.The Stock system is also used with nonmetal oxides. Here the Roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.In either system, the element other than oxygen is named first, the full name being used, followed by oxide 3. Table 4 shows some examples.Naming AcidsAcid names may be obtained directly from a knowledge of Table 2 by changing the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ) in the Table 2 as follows:The Ion in Table 2Corresponding Acid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icExamples are:Acid Ion Acidacetate acetic acidperchlorate perchloric acidbromide hydrobromic acidcyanide hydrocyanic acidThere are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. Similarly, H3PO4 is phosphoric acid rather than phosphic acid.Naming Acid and Basic Salt and Mixed SaltsA salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt.A way of naming these salts is to call Na 2HPO4disodiumhydrogen phosphate and NaH2PO4sodium dihydrogenphosphate. Historically, the prefix bi- has been used innaming some acid salts; in industry, for example, NaHCO3 iscalled sodium bicarbonate and Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite.Bi(OH)2NO3, a basic salt, would be called bismuthdihydroxynitrate. NaKSO4, a mixed salt, would be calledsodium potassium sulphate.3 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA complete discussion of definitive rules of organic nomenclature would require more space than can be allotted in this text. We will survey some of the more common nomenclature rules, both IUPAC and trivial.AlkanesThe names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.Alkenes and AlkynesUnbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. If there are two or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. If there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.The PrefixesIn the IUPAC system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in Table 3.In simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (CH3)2NH or dichloromethane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. [(CH3)2N]2is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).Nomenclature Priority of Functional GroupsIn naming a compound, the longest chain containing principal functional group is considered the parent. The parent is numbered from the principal functional group to the other end, the direction being chosen to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. The entire name of the structure is then composed of (1) the numbers of the positions of the substituts (and of the principal functional group, if necessary); (2) the names of the substituts;(3) the name of the parent.The various functional groups are ranked in priority as to which receives the suffix name and the lowest position number1.A list of these priorities is given in Table 4.*-CKetonesIn the systematic names for ketones, the -e of the parent alkane name is dropped and -one is added. A prefix number is used if necessary.In a complex structure, a ketone group my be named in IUPAC system with the prefix oxo-. (The prefix keto- is also sometimes encountered.)AlcoholsThe names of alcohols may be: (1) IUPAC; (2) trivial; or, occasionally, (3) conjunctive. IUPAC names are taken from the name of the alkane with the final -e changed to -ol. In the case of polyols, the prefix di-, tri- etc. is placed just before -ol, with the position numbers placed at the start of the name, if possible, such as, 1,4-cyclohexandiol. Names for some alkyl halides, ketones and alcohols are listed in Table 5.EthersEthers are usually named by using the names of attached alkyl or aryl groups followed by the word ether. (These are trivial names.) For example, diethyl ether.In more complex ethers, an alkoxy- prefix may be used. This is the IUPAC preference, such as 3-methoxyhexane. Sometimes the prefix- oxa- is used.AminesAmines are named in two principal ways: with -amine as the ending and with amino- as a prefix. Names for some ethers and amines can be found in Table 6.Carboxylic AcidsThere are four principal types of names for carboxylic acids: (1) IUPAC; (2)trivial;(3)carboxylic acid; and (4)conjunctive. Trivial names are commonly used.AldehydesAldehydes may be named by the IUPAC system or by trivial aldehyde names. In the IUPAC system, the -oic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid is changed to -al, such as hexanal. In trivial names, the -ic or -oic ending is changed to -aldehyde, such as benzaldehyde. Table 7 gives a list of commonly encountered names for carboxylic acids and aldehydes.Esters and Salts of Carboxylic AcidsEsters and salts of carboxylic acids are named as two words in both systematic and trivial names. The first word of the name is the name of the substituent on the oxygen. The second word of the name is derived from the name of the parent carboxylic acid with the ending changed from -ic acid to -ate.AmidesIn both the IUPAC and trivial systems, an amide is named by dropping the -ic or -oic ending of the corresponding acid name and adding -amide, such as hexanamide (IUPAC) and acetamide (trivial).Acid AnhydridesAcid anhydrides are named from the names of the component acid or acids with the word acid dropped and the word anhydride added, such as benzoic anhydride.The names for some esters, amides and anhydrides are shown in Table 8.Acid HalidesAcid halides are named by changing the ending of the carboxylic acid name from -ic acid to -yl plus the name of the halide, such as acetyl chloride.Some names of aryl compounds and aryls are as follows:benzenephenylbenzylarylbenzoic acid4. Introduction to Chemistry Department of FloridaUniversityProgram of StudyThe Department of Chemistry offers programs of study leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. Students may elect studies in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. Specialty disciplines, such as chemical physics and quantum, bioorganic, polymer, radiation, and nuclear chemistry, are available within the four major areas.The M.S. and Ph.D. degree requirements include a course of study, attendance at and presentation of a series of seminars, and completion and defense of a research topic worthy of publication1. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree must also demonstrate a reading ability of at least one foreign language and show satisfactory performance on a qualifying examination. The M.S. degree is not a prerequisite for the Ph.D. degree. A nonthesisdegree program leading to the M.S.T. degree is offered for teachers.Students are encouraged to begin their research shortly afterselecting a research director, who is the chairman of the supervisorycommittee that guides the student through a graduate career.Research FacilitiesThe chemistry department occupies 111,000 square feet of space in four buildings: Leigh Hall, the Chemical Research Building, Bryant Hall, and the Nuclear Science Building. Plans for a 65,000-square-foot addition to Leigh Hall are being prepared. A new central science library is located near the chemistry facilities. The University library system holds more than 2.2 million volumes.The major instrumentation includes ultraviolet-visible, infrared, fluorescence, Roman, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X-ray, ESCA, and mass spectrometers. Many are equipped with temperature-control and Fourier-transform attachments, and some have laser sources. Data-storage and data-acquiring minicomputers are interfaced to some of the instruments, such as the recently constructed quadrupole resonance mass spectrometer. The chemistry department has V AX-11/780 and V AX-11/750 computers as well as multiple terminals connected to IBM machines in the main computer centre on campus.The departmental technical services include two well-equipped stockrooms and glassblowing, electronics, and machine shops to assist in equipment design, fabrication, and maintenance.Financial AidMost graduate students are given financial support in the form of teachingand research assistantships. Stipends range from $9400 - 11,000 for the1986-87 calendar year. State residents and assistantship holders pay in-statefees of about $1400 per calendar year. A limited number of full orsupplemental fellowships are available for superior candidates.Cost of StudyIn 1985-86, in-state students paid a registration fee of $48.62, per credit hour for each semester, out-of-state students paid an additional $ 94.50 ($ 143.12 per credit hour each semester). A small increase in fees is expected for 1986-87.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONWith the coming of the Industrial Revolution the environmentalpollution increased alarmingly. Pollution can be defined as an undesirablechange in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water,or land that can harmfully affect health, survival, or activities of humans orother living organisms. There are four major forms of pollution - waste onland, water pollution (both the sea and inland waters), pollution of the atmosphere and pollution by noise.Land can be polluted by many materials. There are two major types of pollutants: degradable and nondegradable. Examples of degradable pollutantsare DDT and radioactive materials. DDT can decompose slowly buteventually are either broken down completely or reduced to harmless levels. For example, it typically takes about 4 years for DDT in soil to be decomposed to 25 percent of the original level applied. Some radioactive materials that give off harmful radiation, such as iodine-131, decay to harmless pollutants. Others, such as plutonium-239 produced by nuclear power plants, remains at harmful levels for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.Nondegradable pollutants are not broken down by natural processes. Examples of nondegradable pollutants are mercury, lead and some of their compounds and some plastics. Nondegradable pollutants must be either prevented from entering the air, water, and soil or kept below harmful levels by removal from the environment.Water pollution is found in many forms. It is contamination of water with city sewage and factory wastes; the runoff of fertiliser and manure from farms and feed lots; sudsy streams; sediment washed from the land as a result of storms, farming, construction and mining; radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants; heated water from power and industrial plants; plastic globules floating in the world‟s oceans; and female sex hormones entering water supplies through the urine of women taking birth control pills.Even though scientists have developed highly sensitive measuringinstruments, determining water quality is very difficult. There are a largenumber of interacting chemicals in water, many of them only in trace amounts.About 30,000 chemicals are now in commercial production, and each yearabout 1,000 new chemicals are added. Sooner or later most chemicals end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, different organisms have different ranges of tolerance and threshold levels for various pollutants. To complicate matters even further, while some pollutants are either diluted to harmless levels in water or broken down to harmless forms by decomposers and natural processes, others (such as DDT, some radioactive materials, and some mercury compounds) are biologically concentrated in various organisms1.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.We normally associate air pollution with smokestacks and cars, but volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, marshes, oceans, and plants also add to the air chemicals we consider pollutants. Since these natural inputs are usually widely dispersed throughout the world, they normally don‟t build up to harmful levels. And when they do, as in the case of volcanic eruptions, they are usually taken care of by natural weather and chemical cycles2.As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines – namely, noise,The technical difficulties to control noise often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, thismay in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb iton its way to the ear. It is true that the overwhelming majority ofnoise problems are best resolved by effecting a reduction in thesound pressure level at the receiver. Soft taped music in restaurantstends to mask the clatter of crockery and the conversation at thenext table. Fan noise has been used in telephone booths to maskspeech interference from adjacent booths. Usually, the problem is how to reduce the sound pressure level, either at source or on the transmission path.6 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT MARKETThe market for analytical instruments is showing a strength only dreamed about as little as five years ago. Driven by the need for greater chemicalanalysis coming from quality control and government regulation, arobust export market, and new and increasingly sophisticatedtechniques, sales are increasing rapidly1.The analytical instrument business' worldwides sales arenearly double their value of five years ago, reaching $ 4.1 billion in1987. Such growth is in stark contrast to the doldrums of severalyears ago when economic recession held back sales growth to littleor nothing. In recent years, the instrumentation market hasrecovered, growing at nearly 9% per year, and it‟s expected t o continue at this rate at least until the 1990. With sales increases exceeding inflation, the industry has seen the real growth demonstrating the important role of chemical instrumentation in areas such as research and development, manufacturing, defense, and the environment in a technologically advancingworld2.Chromatography is the fastest-growing area, comprising 40%, or $ 1.5billion, in 1987 world sales. Chromatographic methods are used extensively inindustrial labs, which purchase about 70% of the devices made, for separation,purification, and analysis. One of the biggest words in all forms of chromatography is “biocompatibility.” Biocompatible instruments are designed to have chemically inert, corrosion-resistant surfaces in contact with the biological samples.Gas Chromatography sales are growing at about the same rate as the instrument market.Some of the newest innovations in GC technology are the production of more instruments with high-efficiency, high-resolution capillaries and supercritical fluid capability.Despite having only a 3% share of the GC market, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted a great deal of attention since its introduction around 1985 and production of the first commercial instrument around 1986. SFC, which operates using asupercritical fluid as the mobile phase, bridgesthe gap between GC and HPLC. The use ofthese mobile phases allows for higherdiffusion rates and lower viscosities thanliquids, and a greater solvating powerthan gases.Another area showing tremendous growth is ion chromatography (IC). From growth levels of 30% per year in the U.S. and similar levels worldwide, the rate is expected to drop slightly but remain high at 25%. The popularity of IC has been enhanced through extending its applicability from inorganic systems to amino acids and other biological systems by the introduction of biocompatible instruments.Mass spectrometry (MS) sales have been growing about 12% annually. Sales have always been high, especially since MS is the principal detector in a number of hyphenated techniques such as GC-MS, MS-MS, LC-MS, and GC-MS accounts for about 60% of MS sales since it is used widely in drug and environmental testing. Innovations in interface technology such as inductively coupled plasma/MS, SFC/MS, and thermospray or particle beam interfaces for LC-MS have both advanced the technology and expanded the interest in applications. Recent MS instruments with automated sampling and computerized data analysis have added to the attractiveness of the technique for first time users.Spectroscopy accounts for half of all instrument sales and is the largest overall category of instruments, as the Alpert & Suftcliffe study shows. It can be broken down evenly into optical methods and electromagnetic, or nonoptical, spectroscopies. These categories include many individual high-cost items such as MS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, X-ray equipment, and electron microscopy and spectroscopy setups. Sales of spectroscopic instruments that are growing at or above the market rate include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, plasma emission, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers. Others have matured and slowed down in growth, but may still hold a large share of the market.The future of analytical instrumentation does not appear to be without its new stars as there continue to be innovations and developments in existing technology. Among these are the introduction of FT Raman, IR dichroism, IR microscopy, and NMR imaging spectrometers. Hyphenated and automated apparatus are also appearing on the market more frequently. New analytical techniques like capillary electrophoresis, gel capillary electrophoresis, scanning tunneling microscopy for the imaging of conducting systems, atomic force microscopy for the imaging of biological systems, and other techniques for surface and materials analysis are already, or may soon be, appearing as commercialized instruments. And, if the chemical industry continues to do well in the next few years, so too will the sales of analytical instrumentation.The effect of alcohol have both medical and medicolegal implications. The estimationof alcohol in the blood or urine is relevant when the physician needs toknow whether it is responsible for the condition of the patient. From themedicolegal standpoint the alcohol level is relevant in cases of suddendeath, accidents while driving, and in cases when drunkenness is thedefense plea. The various factors in determining the time after ingestion showing maximum concentration and the quality of the alcohol are the weight of the subject,。
化学化工专业英语教学大纲
化学化工专业英语教学大纲1. 课程简介本课程旨在通过英语教学方式，帮助学生掌握化学化工领域的核心知识和专业术语，提升学生英语交流能力。
本课程主要包括：化学化工基础知识、化学化工实验技术、化学化工领域的专业术语以及相关实务技能等。
2. 课程目标1.掌握化学化工领域的基础知识和实验技术；2.提升学生英语听、说、读、写的综合能力；3.培养学生运用英语进行化学化工领域学术交流的能力；4.帮助学生掌握化学化工领域的相关实务技能。
3. 课程内容3.1 化学化工基础知识1.化学元素及其性质2.常用化学反应及其机理3.化学平衡及其应用4.化学物质分析及检验方法5.化学物质物理性质测试方法3.2 化学化工实验技术1.常见化学实验技术及方法2.化学实验器材的使用和保养方法3.化学物质安全储存和处置方法3.3 化学化工领域的专业术语1.化学化工领域的英语专业术语及其简介2.英语科技文献的阅读与翻译方法3.4 相关实务技能1.学术论文写作技巧及格式要求2.化学化工领域的专业演讲技能4. 授课方式本课程采用英语授课方式。
5. 考核方式1.平时成绩40%，主要考核学生的课堂表现、作业完成情况和课程参与度。
包括课堂听讲率、作业提交情况、课堂提问等。
2.期末考试60%，包括笔试和口试，主要考核学生的化学化工基础知识和英语能力。
6. 参考教材1.《化学化工英语》（第二版），彭钢，化学工业出版社，2009年。
2.《化学化工英语实用手册》，王先法，高等教育出版社，2009年。
3.《化学化工术语英译汉手册》，厦门大学出版社，2005年。
7. 学生要求1.具备一定的英语基础，能够较好地进行听、说、读、写；2.具备化学化工基础知识和实验经验，尤其是化学化工实验室实践经验；3.积极参与课程，主动提出问题，积极交流学术观点；4.认真完成老师布置的作业，按时提交。
8. 注意事项本课程的教学内容需严格遵循国家有关规定和本校安全管理规范。
学生在实验过程中必须注意安全，遵守实验室安全规定，认真使用实验器材，确保课程安全顺利进行。
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第二章科技英语构词法词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。
科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。
2.1转化法（Conversion）由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。
例如：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干）slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车）square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)2.2派生法（Derivation）通过加前、后缀构成一新词。
派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。
例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。
若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。
依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。
常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。
下面通过表1举例说明。
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。
此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。
据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。
一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。
这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
2．3合成法（Composition）由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。
有时需加连字符。
如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢rust-resistance 防锈名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的介词+名词by-product 副产物动词+副词makeup 化妆品check-up 检查形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量periodic table 周期表动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外2．4压缩法（Shortening）(1)只取词头字母这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
EST：English for Science and Technology 科技英语EPT：English Proficiency Test 英语水平考试（中国）TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language 非英语国家英语水平考试CET：College English Test 大学英语水平考试CCDOS：Chinese Character Disk Operating System 中文磁盘操作系统CAD：Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计ppm: parts per million 百万分之一P.T.O.: please turn over 请看背面rpm,r/m: revolution per minute 转/分SOS：Save Our Souls 呼救信号（国际通用）（2）将单词删去一些字母flu: influenza 流行性感冒h,hr: hour 小时lab: laboratory 实验室Corp: corporation 股份公司Dec: December 十二月Exam: examination 考试Kilo: kilogram 千克、公斤Yr: year 新年Bldg: Building 大楼Co.Ltd.: Corporation Limited 有限公司CN China 中国2.5混成法（Blending）把两个词的一头一尾连在一起，构成一个新词smog=smoke+fog 烟+雾→烟雾motel=motor＋hotel 发动机＋旅馆→有汽车停车场的旅馆positron=positive＋electron 正的+电子→正电子medicare=medical+care 医学的+照管→医疗保障sultaine=sulfo+betaine 碳基+甜菜碱→磺基甜菜碱modem=modulator+demodulator 调制器＋解调器＝调制解调器aldehyde=alcohol+dehydrogenation 醇＋脱氢＋醛（醛是由醇脱氢制的的因而得名）2.6符号法（Ｓigns）&: and ,和/: and 或or, “和”或“或”Ｍ／Ｎ：Ｍ和Ｎ，或Ｍ或Ｎ，两者并取或取一＃：number,号码，#9=No.l9=number 9$: dollar,元（美、加等国货币单位）Ib: pound, 英镑¥: Yuan,元（人民币）2.7字母象形法（Letter Symbolizing）该构词法所构成词的模式是：“大写字母＋连字符＋名词”，用以表示事物的外形，产品的型号、牌号等。
英译汉时，主要采用形译法，亦可根据具体情况具体翻译。
I-bar: 工字铁T-square: 丁字尺U-pipe: Ｕ形管X-ray: X射线V-belt: Ｖ带U-shaped magnet: 马蹄形磁铁第三章单词单词是构成句子的基本要素之一，因此单词的翻译直接关系到句子的翻译。
限于篇幅，本章仅就单词翻译中的几个重要总是加以论述。
3.1 名词单复数的译法Ｉ可数名词复数前没有数量词时，一般要把复数含义翻译出来，即在名词前加译“一些、这些、许多”等词（见例句①、②）。
但若能通过汉语译文的上下文体会出该复数的含义时，可不必译出该复数含我（见例句③）。
例句：①The teacher may be asked questions.可以向教师提一些问题②Our first electronic computers were made in 1958我国首批电子计算机是1958年制成的③They are students of Beijing University.他们是北京大学的学生。
（前面出现了“他们”，后面“学生”就不必加“们”了。
）II 当名词（可数、不可数）用复数表示泛指或一类时，有时需译出复数含义，此时往往加译“各种、多种”等总括性词语（见例句①～④；有时不需译出复数含义（见例句⑤～⑦）。
具体情况应视上下文而定。
①made of hard-alloy steels(steel: 不可数名词)：由各种各样的硬合金钢制成nutritious foods(food:不可数名词)：营养丰富的食品（各种各样营养丰富的食品）successes(不可数名词)：多方面的成功Cultures(不可数名词)：各种文化②There are Families of hydrocarbon.有好几个烃族。
③Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.煤、石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。
④They will mis freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。
⑤Ｐroperties of non-metals vary widely.非金属的性质差异很大。
⑥Insects hide themselves in winter.昆虫到冬天就躲藏起来。
⑦He has put up a portrait in oils.他挂了一幅油画肖像。
（不言而喻，油画肖像是由各种油性颜料画成，不译成复数“s”，也能理解其复数的含义。
）III “a(an)+名词（可数，不可数）单数”表示一类时，不能译出不定冠词“a(an)”。
例句：①Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from and acid with a metal.盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢获得。
②When a boy is ill, a doctor usually takes his temperature.当孩子生病时，医生通常试他的体温。
③An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solutionand a base as one that would form hydroxide ions (OH-) in the same.人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。
Iv 不可数名词用复数可表示数量之多。
例如：waters 水域sufferings 灾难regards 问候（意即大量的关心）respects 尊敬3.2数词复数词组的译法例句：①These books are packed in tens.这些书每十本装一包②these products are counted by hundreds.这些辨品是成百成百地计数的③They consulted tens of magazines .他们查阅了几十本杂志。
④Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over .自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。
⑤They went out by twos and threes.他们三三两两地出去了当数词复数用of连续相连时，其最终数字范围应是几个数字的乖积。
⑥Tens of thousands of foreign friends visit this factory every year.每年有几万人参观这座工厂。
⑦million billion billion atoms 106×109×109即1024个原子half of a millionth of a billionth of billionth of a pound 0.5×10-30磅注意：对于billion(含billion)以上的数字，英语和美语译法不同，翻译时应视此句用于何种国家的刊物而定。