中华人民共和国反补贴条例
司法考试国法练习题及答案
司法考试国法练习题及答案1、为避免或缓解国际重复征税,纳税人居住国可以采用的方法有哪些?A.免税制B.抵免制C.扣除制D.减税制答案部分【正确答案】 ABCD【答案解析】解析:解决国际重复征税可以由一国单方面采取措施,也可以由两国或多国采取双边或多边措施。
居住国解决国际重复征税的措施主要有以下几种:(1)免税制。
是指居住国对其居民纳税人来源于境外并已向来源国纳税的那部分跨国所得,在一定条件下免于征税的制度。
免税制解决国际重复征税最为彻底,但免税制实际上是居住国放弃了对居民纳税人的境外所得的税收管辖权,现实中采纳的国家较少。
(2)抵免制。
是指居住国允许其居民纳税人用已在来源国缴纳的税额抵免其就世界范围内的所得向居住国缴纳的税额的制度。
抵免制有全额抵免和限额抵免两种方法。
全额抵免是指不管纳税人在收入来源国纳税多少,全部给予抵免;限额抵免是指抵免税额不得超过纳税人的境外所得按照居住国的所得税率计算所应缴纳的税款,该法为绝大多数国家所采用。
由于抵免制通常只对纳税人在来源国已实际缴纳的税额进行抵免,一些来源国为了使其吸引外资的税收优惠政策落到实处,往往要求作为资本输出国的居住国实行税收饶让抵兔,即对因实施税收优惠而未实际缴纳的税额同样给予抵免。
(3)扣除制。
指居住国允许居民纳税人从总应税所得中扣除在来源国已缴纳的税额。
(4)减税制。
指居住国对其居民纳税人来源于境外的.所得予以适当的减征。
据此,正确答案为ABCD.2、某律师在代理一项涉外民事诉讼案件中,需要了解有关司法文书域外送达的规则。
关于司法文书域外送达的规则,下列哪些选项是正确的?A.境外当事人位于《关于向国外送达民事或商事司法文书和司法外文书公约》(《海牙送达公约》)缔约国境内的,除该国与我国之间的双边条约另有规定的,应采用该公约规定的送达方式向该当事人送达B.对不符合前项情形的境外当事人,可以采用外交途径送达C.我国法院需要依《海牙送达公约》向居住在其他缔约国的被告送达司法文书的,应由司法部送交对方国家的中央机关D.若境外当事人为华侨,在其所在国法律允许的情况下,可委托我国驻该国使领馆送达答案部分【正确答案】 ABCD【答案解析】解析:《最高人民法院关于涉外民事或商事案件司法文书送达问题若干规定》第6条规定,人民法院向在中华人民共和国领域内没有住所的受送达人送达司法文书时,若该受送达人所在国与中华人民共和国签订有司法协助协定,可以依照司法协助协定规定的方式送达;若该受送达人所在国是《关于向国外送达民事或商事司法文书和司法外文书公约》的成员国,可以依照该公约规定的方式送达。
谈国际贸易中的出口补贴和反补贴
谈国际贸易中的出口补贴和反补贴随着越来越多国家承认我国的市场经济地位,补贴和反补贴问题越来越受关注。
本文在对补贴和反补贴进行界定的基础上,分析我国补贴和反补贴现状,最后提出解决问题的政策建议。
关键词:补贴反补贴出口补贴长期以来,各国政府为了发展本国经济,在不同的时期对不同的行业或产品实行补贴,已经成了普遍的现象。
同时,随着国际贸易竞争的日趋激烈,一些国家出于保护国内产业的目的,利用WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》和本国的反补贴立法,对进口的补贴产品不断提起反补贴调查并采取反补贴措施。
在当代国际贸易中,补贴与反补贴问题已经成为一个复杂棘手、争议颇多的问题。
据WTO统计,从1995-2004年,在全球发起的176起反补贴调查案件中,美国、欧盟和加拿大三成员共发起调查128起,占全球的73%。
截至2005年10月的统计,美国仍是我国第一大出口市场和第二大贸易伙伴,欧盟则是我国的第一大贸易伙伴。
虽然美国和欧盟还未承认我国的完全市场经济地位,但是美国已经率先修改了其国内反补贴法来适用于非市场经济国家。
2004年以来,加拿大已经对我国发起了三起反补贴调查案件。
可见,我国企业面临着严峻的国际贸易环境,进口国同时具备了反倾销与反补贴两种手段来限制我国的出口产品。
不久将来,反补贴案件有可能会接踵而来,对我国外贸经济产生重大影响。
补贴和反补贴的界定在经济学界,首先将出口补贴问题引入著述始于1776年,著名的经济学家亚当•斯密在其代表作《国富论》第四篇第五章中详细地论述了当时各国允许对出口实行官方奖励的习惯做法。
现在,我们把出口补贴界定如下:出口补贴又称为出口津贴或者出口奖励金,是一国政府或同业公会或国际垄断组织,为了降低出口商的价格或者帮助出口商占有市场份额,以加强在国际市场上的竞争能力,对某种出口商品向出口商或生产者提供的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。
由此可知,做出出口补贴行为的人是出口国政府而不是出口商,政府对国内厂商实行出口补贴的直接和最终目的是为了扩大出口,从而增加外汇或者使出口商在外国市场上取得竞争力。
中国反补贴法律规则解析及完善
中国反补贴法律规则解析及完善作者:韩松来源:《法制与社会》2009年第06期摘要目前国际上通行的反补贴法律制度是世贸组织《补贴与反补贴措施协定》,该制度在我国的表现主要是《反补贴条例》,该条例由国务院颁布实施以来,对于维护我国的对外贸易秩序发挥了积极作用,但与世贸组织反补贴制度相比,仍存在不少差距和问题,需要不断完善。
本文着重探究了其与《补贴与反补贴措施协定》的差异,指出我国《反补贴条例》在立法上的一些缺憾与不足,并提出相应的修改和完善建议,以期对我国的反补贴立法与实践有所帮助。
关键词反补贴条例协定中图分类号:D920.5文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-0592(2009)02-134-02我国在反补贴领域的立法,过去主要体现在《对外贸易法》与《反倾销和反补贴条例》中。
在入世过程中,中国代表就承诺将修改原有的法规和程序,以便按《补贴和反补贴措施协定》(以下简称《协定》)充分履行义务。
本着该承诺,国务院于2001年10月31日在第46次常务会议上通过了《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》(以下简称/《条例》),并于2002年1月1日起正式实施。
由于《反补贴条例》在中国加入世贸组织前夕制定,主要针对中国刚刚加入世贸组织时保护国内产业的需要,再加上经验和认识有限,确实有部分条文已经不能适应当今需要。
因此,2004年3月31日,国务院通过了《关于修改〈中华人民共和国反补贴条例〉的决定》,《反补贴条例》根据该决定作相应修改,并将于2004年6月1日起施行。
修订后的《反补贴条例》共6章58条,比原《反倾销和反补贴条例》对补贴的规定多了近12倍,在补贴的定义!损害的确定调查及措施等各个方面都有较为详细的规定。
但是与《协定》相比,《条例》还存在一定的距离和缺陷。
以下笔者主要分析《条例》中重要的实体规则并提出相应的完善建议。
一、关于补贴定义规则的解析及完善建议《条例》的补贴定义完全是《协定》相关定义的翻版。
前者在措辞上采纳了后者的关键用语:补贴是指出口国、地区、政府或者公共机构,提供的并为接受者带来“利益”的财政资助,以及/任何形式的收入或者价格支持。
反倾销与反补贴法试题
反倾销与反补贴法试题第一小组一、单选题1、在薄壁矩形钢管案终裁中,倾销税率是249。
12%~264.64%,补贴税率是2。
17%~200.58%,请问合并税率是多少()A、251。
29%~266。
81%B、251。
29%~465.22%C、266.81% ~465.22%D、449.7%~465。
22%答案:【B】解析:合并税率就是倾销税率和补贴税率相加.2、下列选项中不属于反倾销措施的是(D)A、临时措施B、价格承诺C、征收反倾销税D、保障措施3、( A )的特征是以低于国内价格或低于成本价格在国外市场销售,达到打击竞争对手、形成垄断的目的。
待击败所有或大部分竞争对手之后,再利用垄断力量抬高价格,以获取高额垄断利润。
A.长期性倾销B。
偶然性倾销C。
间歇性或掠夺性倾销D。
技术性倾销4、根据《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》的规定,下列有关补贴认定的说法中,哪一项是正确的?(C)A。
补贴不具有专向性B.补贴必须由政府提供C.接收者必须获得利益D.必须采取支付货币的形式5、下面哪一项措施不是我国有关反倾销法律规定的反倾销措施?(D)A、临时反倾销措施B、价格承诺C、反倾销税D、进口配额6、应国内化工产业的申请,中国商务部对来自甲国的某化工产品进行了反倾销调查。
依《反倾销条例》,下列哪一选项是正确的?A、商务部的调查只能限于中国境内B、反倾销税税额不应超过终裁确定的倾销幅度C、甲国某化工产品的出口经营者必须接受商务部有关价格承诺的建议D、针对甲国某化工产品的反倾销税征收期限为5年,不得延长答案:B7、反倾销协议规定要采取反倾销措施必须符合一定的条件,下列哪一项不属于协议规定的条件 (C )A. 一国的产品低于正常价值出口B. 进口国同类产品产业严重损害C。
产品低价出口是出口国政府鼓励的D。
损害是由产品低价出口造成8、补贴与反补贴措施协议允许的反补贴措施有 (A )A. 征收反补贴税B. 限制补贴产品进口C. 与提供补贴的外国政府进行蹉商D. 对受到影响的国内产业提供补贴9在反倾销程序规则的调查阶段申请人向主管机关提出应当提出()反倾销申请.A。
反补贴税
反补贴税,是指对进口商品使用的一种超过正常关税的特殊关税,目的在于为了抵消国外竞争者得到奖励和补助产生的影响,从而保护进口国的制造商。
对进口商品使用的一种超过正常关税的特殊关税。
这种关税是对那些得到其政府进口补贴的外国供应商具有的有利经济条件作用的反应,反补贴税的目的在于为了抵消国外竞争者得到奖励和补助产生的影响,从而保护进口国的制造商。
这种奖励和补贴包括对外国制造商直接进行支付以刺激出口;对出口商品进行关税减免,对出口项目提供低成本资金融通或类似的物质补助,美国通过商务部国际贸易管理局进行补贴税的实施。
近年来,这些反补贴税已成为国际贸易谈判中日益难以取得进展的领域,并且这也使国际对等贸易的安排复杂化,因为在对等贸易中要衡量政府补贴是非常困难的。
又称反津贴税或抵销税,对直接或间接接受任何补贴的产品在进口时所征收的一种附加税。
征收的税额应与其所接受的补贴数额相等。
其目的在于抵销进口产品在降低成本方面所获得的额外好处,使它不能在进口国市场上进行低价竞争或倾销,以保护进口国同类商品的生产。
凡进口商品在生产、制造、加工、买卖、输出过程中所接受的直接或间接补贴和优惠,都足以构成进口国征收反补贴税的理由。
关贸总协定把它解释为:“为了抵销商品于制造、生产或输出时所直接或间接接受的任何奖金或贴补而征收的一种特别关税。
”并规定:征收的税额不得超过该商品所接受的补贴额;不得同时对它既征收反倾销税又征收反补贴税;征收反补贴税同样需具有对进口国某项工业造成重大损害或产生重大威胁,或者严重阻碍新建某项工业这样一些条件,否则不得征收。
在东京回合谈判中通过的《补贴与反补贴协议》中,制订了对生产补贴和出口补贴的不同规则。
生产补贴是国家采取的用于促进社会及经济目标的措施,该协议并不限制使用;出口补贴,该协议未下定义,而是列出若干做法作为出口补贴的范例,是限制或禁止使用的,但对发展中国家有较宽松的规定。
现在发达国家的反补贴法规基本上是根据总协定的规定和这项协议修订的。
中国国际贸易法中的反倾销与反补贴调查
中国国际贸易法中的反倾销与反补贴调查在中国国际贸易法中,反倾销与反补贴调查是一项重要的法律措施,用于保护国内产业免受不公平贸易行为的损害。
本文将对中国国际贸易法中的反倾销和反补贴调查进行详细阐述。
一、反倾销调查反倾销调查是指在国际贸易中,当一个国家的出口商品以低于公平价值的价格进入另一个国家市场,对本国产业造成实质性损害时,被进口国采取的一种贸易救济手段。
1.调查程序根据中国国际贸易法第15条和《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》,反倾销调查的程序包括调查启动、立案、调查、裁定等步骤。
首先,有关方可提起申请,启动调查程序。
进口国商务部将会对材料进行审查,并决定是否立案调查。
在调查期间,相关方将被要求提供相关证据和资料。
最终,商务部将发布调查结果和裁定意见。
2.反倾销税的征收当反倾销调查确认存在倾销行为并对国内产业造成实质损害时,进口国可以采取一系列措施,包括征收反倾销税。
反倾销税的征收旨在使进口商品的价格接近公平价值,同时保护国内产业的利益。
二、反补贴调查反补贴调查是指当一个国家的出口商品受到其他国家政府提供的补贴或优惠待遇,导致其价格低于应有的市场价值,对受害国产业造成实质损害时,受害国可采取的一种贸易救济手段。
1.调查程序中国国际贸易法第16条和《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》规定了反补贴调查的程序。
与反倾销调查类似,反补贴调查的程序包括调查启动、立案、调查、裁定等步骤。
进口国商务部将根据受害产业的申请,审核相关材料并决定是否立案调查。
在调查过程中,相关方将被要求提供相关证据和资料。
最终调查结果将由商务部发布,并根据调查结果对补贴措施进行裁定。
2.补贴措施的取消或限制当反补贴调查确认存在补贴行为并对国内产业造成实质损害时,受害国可以采取一系列措施,包括要求补贴措施的取消或限制。
这旨在恢复公平竞争环境,保护国内产业的利益。
三、反倾销与反补贴调查的重要性反倾销和反补贴调查在中国国际贸易法中具有重要作用,以下是其重要性的几个方面:1.保护国内产业倾销和补贴行为可能使国内产业面临不公平竞争,经济受到严重损害。
中国关于反倾销税的相关规定
中国关于反倾销税的相关规定⾸先,根据《对外贸易法》,1997年3⽉25⽇国务院颁布了《中华⼈民共和国反倾销和反补贴条例》,随着中国加⼊世贸组织,2001年11⽉26⽇,中国⼜修改并颁布了《反倾销条例》,并于2002年1⽉1⽇起实施。
接下来,就让店铺⼩编带⼤家具体看⼀下中国关于反倾销税的相关规定吧。
中国关于反倾销税的规定第⼀,关于反倾销税的确定反倾销税是在终裁时在确定进⼝产品存在倾销,损害和因果关系的基础上征收的,其征税的幅度不⾼于确定的倾销幅度,调查主管机关根据最后调查的结论,向国务院关税税则委员会提出征税建议,由国务院税则委做出决定。
调查主管机关在征收反倾税的决定做出后,对外予以公告,由海关具体执⾏。
对此《中华⼈民共和国反倾销条例》第三⼗⼋条规定征收反倾销税,由商务部提出建议,国务院关税税则委员会根据商务部的建议作出决定,向商务部予以公告,海关⾃公告规定实施之⽇起执⾏反倾销税第⼆,关于反倾销税的实施及税率的确定反倾销税适⽤于终裁公告之⽇后的进⼝被调查产品,中国进⼝商或⽤户在终裁公布之⽇后继续进⼝被调查产品的,须向中国海关交纳反倾销税。
反倾销税的税率是根据对不同的应诉公司所确定的不同倾销幅度⽽定的,实⾏分别税率,但特殊的市场情况下也可以采取统⼀税率。
对于未应诉公司或不合作公司,可以实⾏单⼀的针对进⼝来源地的税率。
反倾销税的纳税义务⼈为倾销进⼝产品的进⼝经营者。
对此《中华⼈民共和国反倾销条例》第四⼗条、第四⼗⼀条、第四⼗⼆条做出了相应的规定。
⾸先,反倾销税⼀般不能追溯征收的原则,是法律不溯及既往原则在反倾销税问题上的体现。
如果没有采取临时措施,⽽最终经调查结果是肯定性的,反倾销税可以追溯征收到可以适⽤临时措施时。
为了防⽌在调查期间,出⼝商抢在进⼝⽅当局采取措施之前,⼤量出⼝倾销产品,从中获利并损害进⼝⽅境内相关产业,协议规定了征收反倾销税的溯及⼒。
如果同时存在以下两种紧急情况,进⼝⽅可以对那些在临时措施适⽤之前90天内进⼊消费领域的产品,追溯征收最终反倾销税:(1)存在倾销造成损害事实,或进⼝商已知道或应知道出⼝商在实施倾销;(2)损害是由于在相当短的时间内进⼊⼤量倾销产品造成的。
我国对外贸易中的反补贴法
我国对外贸易中的反补贴法一、国际反补贴的态势反补贴法律制度是调整一国在限制和抵制外国不正当补贴行为过程中形成的社会关系的法律规范的总称。
W T O 提倡公平贸易,主张各国开展公平竞争。
作为对违反公平贸易行为的一种惩罚,反补贴为各国提供了在不公平贸易条件下获取公平的一种合法性的补救手段。
W T O《补贴与反补贴协议》确定了补贴和反补贴的主要规则,要求各成员国在其框架下设计国内的补贴与反补贴立法。
对于给其他成员造成负面影响的补贴措施可以采取两种救济方式:一是通过WTO 的争端解决机制进行多边救济,二是启动征收反补贴税的单边救济,按照国内法在经过规定的调查程序后征收反补贴税。
目前,世界上大多数国家的反补贴国内法,其原则和做法都与《协议》的规定基本一致。
所不同的是有些成员国,主要是发达成员,立法相当完善。
欧盟的反补贴和反倾销立法长期以来包含在一个条例中,1994 年制定了单独的反补贴法,即3284/94 号条例。
美国对反补贴税在1897 年颁布的关税法中就有规定,后于1930 年关税法中对反补贴立法进行了细化,之后又历经了多次演进和修改,1994 年,其又根据乌拉圭回合协议进行了大幅度的修订,进一步完善了反补贴相关立法。
相反,发展中国家成员的反补贴立法则相对原则化,并缺乏配套实施机制。
虽然全球反补贴案件的数量仍然保持在一个较低水平,但反补贴措施仍是目前各国实施多边贸易救济的重要手段,尤其以美国和欧盟为代表的发达国家,为了打击竞争对手,推行经济霸权,一方面加大对国内产业的补贴,尤其是农业补贴的幅度,另一方面又以贸易保护为目的实施反补贴措施。
从反补贴案件发起的国别来看,发达国家明显占据主动和优势地位,在国际反补贴案件中,发展中国家明显处于劣势和被动地位。
二、我国的反补贴立法1. 我国反补贴立法的发展我国反补贴法的有关规定最早出现在1994 年7 月1 日实施的对外贸易法中。
该法第31 条规定:进口的产品直接或间接地接受给予国的任何形式的补贴, 并由此对国内已建立的相关产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害的威胁, 或者对国内建立相关产业造成实质阻碍时, 国家可以采取必要措施,消除或者减轻这种损害或者损害的威胁或者阻碍。
中国对外贸易的法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言对外贸易是指一个国家或地区与其他国家或地区之间进行的商品和服务的交换活动。
中国作为一个世界贸易大国,对外贸易在国民经济中占据着重要地位。
为了规范对外贸易活动,维护国家经济利益,促进对外贸易的健康发展,中国制定了一系列对外贸易的法律规定。
本文将从以下几个方面介绍中国对外贸易的法律规定。
二、对外贸易的基本原则1. 自主经营原则:我国对外贸易实行自主经营原则,企业有权根据市场需求和自身经营能力自主决定进出口商品和服务。
2. 平等互利原则:对外贸易活动中,我国坚持平等互利原则,尊重国际惯例,维护国家主权和经济利益。
3. 诚实信用原则:对外贸易活动中,企业应遵循诚实信用原则,遵守合同约定,履行合同义务。
4. 保护环境原则:在对外贸易活动中,我国积极履行国际义务,保护环境,推动绿色贸易。
三、对外贸易法律法规体系1. 宪法:宪法是国家的根本大法,对外贸易法律法规体系的基础。
宪法规定了对外贸易的基本原则和制度。
2. 法律:对外贸易法律法规体系中的法律主要包括《对外贸易法》、《海关法》、《进出口商品检验法》、《外汇管理条例》等。
3. 行政法规:行政法规是对外贸易法律法规体系中的重要组成部分,如《对外贸易经营者备案登记管理办法》、《进出口商品检验检疫法实施条例》等。
4. 部门规章:部门规章是国务院各部委根据法律、行政法规制定的规范性文件,如《进出口商品检验机构管理办法》、《进出口货物申报规定》等。
5. 国际条约和协定:我国参加的国际条约和协定,如《世界贸易组织协定》、《联合国海洋法公约》等,也是我国对外贸易法律法规体系的重要组成部分。
四、对外贸易经营者管理1. 对外贸易经营者备案登记:根据《对外贸易法》和《对外贸易经营者备案登记管理办法》,从事对外贸易经营活动的企业应当向所在地商务主管部门备案登记。
2. 对外贸易经营者资质管理:对外贸易经营者应当具备一定的资质条件,如注册资本、经营场所、管理人员等。
3. 对外贸易经营者信用管理:商务主管部门建立对外贸易经营者信用档案,对信用良好的企业给予支持,对信用不良的企业实施惩戒。
论我国反补贴法律制度
论我国反补贴法律制度作者:孔庆宇来源:《法制与社会》2014年第06期摘要我国面对反补贴的情况越来越严重。
我国反补贴方面立法层次较低,规定过于原则性、缺乏实际操作性,内容不够完善。
我国应调整补贴政策,完善补贴立法;提高反补贴的立法层次,制定《中华人民共和国反补贴法》,修改具体补贴专向性规定;结合国情、积极借鉴国外经验。
关键词补贴反补贴法律制度作者简介:孔庆宇,山东理工大学法学院。
中图分类号:D99文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-0592(2014)02-034-02补贴与反补贴是国际经济贸易中的一个重要现象,在当今世界经济全球化的情况下,我国面对反补贴的情况越来越严重。
研究补贴与反补贴对于我国更好的融入经济全球化,完善我国的反补贴法律制度,应对反补贴纠纷有着重要的意义。
一、补贴与反补贴的含义及其相互关系(一)补贴的含义从法律角度来看,各国对补贴有着不同的定义标准。
直到乌拉圭回合才给出了补贴一个较为准确的定义。
补贴的英文是“subsidy”,指一成员方政府或任何公共机构向特定的企业(一个或多个)提供的财政资助以及对加工收入的支持,以直接或间接增加从其领土出口某种该产品或减少进口某种产品,或者对其成员方利益形成损害的政府性措施。
补贴根据不同的划分标准可以分为不同的类型。
1.按照补贴的性质,可以将补贴分为禁止性补贴、可诉性补贴、不可诉补贴。
其中,禁止性补贴又被称为“红灯”补贴或“红色补贴”,是指WTO成员不应该维持或授予的补贴,禁止性补贴严重违背了公平竞争原则。
根据《SCM协议》规定的可起诉补贴,又被称“黄灯补贴”,是指那些不是被一律禁止的,但却不能自动免于质疑的补贴。
另外还有不可诉补贴又称绿灯补贴,是指不会引起补贴申诉的补贴。
一类是具有专向性的,像研究补贴、环境方面的补贴都是专向性补贴;另一类是不具有专向性的,不是针对特定的行业、领域的补贴。
2.按照实施补贴的国家是否为WTO成员国,可将补贴分为成员国实施的补贴和非成员国实施的补贴。
中华人民共和国反补贴条例2004(英文版)
烟台大学法学院法律硕士张川方中华人民共和国反补贴条例Regulations of the PRC on Anti-subsidyNo. 402 Decree of the State Council of the PRCThe Decision of the State Council on Revising the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Anti-subsidy is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of June 1st, 2004.Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State CouncilMarch 31st, 2004Regulations of the PRC on Anti-subsidy(Promulgated by Decree No. 329 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on November 26th, 2001Revised according to the Decision of the State Council on Revising the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Anti-subsidy on March 31st, 2004)C-I General ProvisionsArticle 1 2013-1-15 16:59:30These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Foreign Trade Law of the PRC for the purpose of maintain ing the foreign trade order(维护对外贸易秩序) and fair competition.Article 2Where an imported product to which a subsidy is granted(存在补贴) causes material injury(实质损害) or threat of material injury to an established domestic industry, or causes material retardation(实质阻碍) of the establishment of such an industry, an anti-subsidy investigation shall be initiated and anti-subsidy measures applied in accordance with the provisions hereof(本条例的).C-II Subsidy and InjuryArticle 3中英文word版,1490850018@(1) The term “subsidy” means a financial contribution(财政资助), or any form of(任何形式的) income or price support(价格支持) which is provided by the government or any public body(任何公共机构) of an exporting country (region) and which will benefit the recipients(为接受者带来利益). (2) The government or any public body of an exporting country (region) shall be hereinafter collectively referred to as(以下统称) “the government of an exporting country (region)”.(3) The term “financial contribution” in Paragraph (1) of this Article shall include:(a) the government of an exporting country (region) directly provides funds in the form of(以…形式) grants(拨款), loans, or equity infusion(资本注入), etc., or potentially directly transfers funds or liabilities in the form of loan guarantees(贷款担保), etc.;(b) the government of an exporting country (region) forgo es(放弃) or does not collect revenue that is due(应收收入);(c) the government of an exporting country (region) provides goods or services other than general infrastructure(一般基础设施), or purchases goods; and(d) the government of an exporting country (region) carries out the afore-mentioned functions by making payments to a funding mechanism(筹资机构), or entrusts or direct s(指令) a private body(私营机构) to carry out the afore-mentioned(上述的) functions.Article 4(1) A subsidy subject to anti-subsidy investigation and anti-subsidy measures under these Regulations must be specific(具有专向性).(2) A subsidy falling under any of the following circumstances shall be specific:(a) the subsidy received by certain enterprises or industries explicitly specified(明确确定的) by the government of an exporting country (region);(b) the subsidy received by certain enterprises or industries explicitly provided for(明确规定的) by laws or regulations of an exporting country (region);(c) the subsidy received by enterprises or industries located within a designated specific area(指定特定区域);(d) the subsidy contingent upon(视…而定)export performance(出口实绩), including those illustrated in the List of Export Subsidies(出口补贴清单)annexed to these Regulations(本条例所附); and(e) the subsidy contingent upon the use of domestic over imported(本国替代进口的) products.(3) In determining the specificity(专向性) of a subsidy, such factors as the number of subsidized enterprises, and the amount, proportion, time and form(方式) of the subsidy received by enterprises shall also be considered.Article 5The Ministry of Commerce (hereinafter referred to(被称) as “MOFCOM”) shall be responsible for the investigation and confirmation of a subsidy.Article 6(1) The amount of a subsidy to an imported product shall be calculated according to the following methods(下列方式) in light of(区别) different circumstances:(a) where the subsidy is granted(提供补贴) in the form of a grant(无偿拨款), the amount of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the actual amount received by an enterprise;(b) where the subsidy is granted in the form of a loan, the amount of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the amount of interest an enterprise should pay on a loan in the ordinary commercial loan(商业贷款) conditions and the amount of interest the enterprise pay s on this loan;(c) where the subsidy is granted in the form of a loan guarantee(贷款担保), the amount of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the amount of interest an enterprise should pay on a commercial loan in the absence of such guarantee and the amount of interest the enterprise actually pay s(实际支付的)on the guaranteed loan(有担保情况下);(d) where the subsidy is granted in the form of an equity infusion(注入资本), the amount of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the amount of capital an enterprise actually receives; (e) where the subsidy is granted in the form of provision of goods or services, the amount of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the price of the goods or services at the normal market(正常市场价格) and the price that an enterprise actually pays;(f) where the subsidy is granted in the form of purchase of goods, the amount of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the actual price(实际支付价格) the government pays and the normal market price of the goods; or(g) where the subsidy is granted in the form of forgoing or not collecting due revenue, the amountof the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the amount payable under law(依法应缴的) and the actual amount an enterprise pays.(2) The amount of subsidy granted in other forms than those enumerated(所列的) in the preceding paragraph shall be calculated in a fair and reasonable way(按照公平、合理的方式).Article 7(1) The term “injury” means material injury or threat of material injury caused by a subsidy to an established domestic industry(国内产业), or material retardation(阻碍) of the establishment of a domestic industry.(2) MOFCOM shall be responsible for the investigation and determination of injury. The anti-subsidy investigation of injury(损害调查) to a domestic industry involving agricultural products shall be conducted by MOFCOM jointly with(会同) the Ministry of Agriculture.Article 8(1) The following matters shall be examined in the determination of injury(在确定损害时) caused by subsidy to a domestic industry:(a) the effects to trade(对贸易的影响) likely to arise from(产生于) the subsidy;(b) whether the volume of subsidized imports(补贴进口产品), including the volume of subsidized imports in absolute terms(绝对数量) and relative to the production or consumption of a similar domestic product(国内同类产品), has been increasing significantly, or the possibility of a significant increase(大量增加) in subsidized imports;(c) the effects of subsidized imports on prices, including the price cutting(价格削减) of the subsidized imports, or the significant suppressing or depressing(抑制、压低的) effects on the price of a like domestic product(国内同类产品), etc.;(d) the impact of subsidized imports on the relevant economic factors and indices(经济因素和指标) of a domestic industry;(e) the production capacity(生产能力) or export capacity of the exporting country (region) or the country (region) of origin, and the inventory(库存情况) of the product under investigation; and(f) other factors that have caused or may cause(造成) injury to a domestic industry.(2) The determination of threat of material injury shall be based on facts and not merely on(不得仅依据) allegation, conjecture(推测) or remote possibility(极小的可能性).(3) When determining the injury caused by a subsidy to a domestic industry, the determination shall be based on positive evidence(肯定性证据), and the injury caused by factors other than subsidy(非补贴因素) must not be attributed to the subsidy.Article 9(1) Where subsidized imports(补贴进口产品) from more than one country (region) simultaneously satisfy(同时满足) the following requirements, the effects of such subsidized imports on a domestic industry may be cumulatively assessed(进行累积评估):(a) the amount of subsidy established in relation to the subsidized imports from each country (region) is not de minimis(微量的), and the volume of such imports from each country is not negligible(可忽略不计的); or(b) cumulative assessment of the effects of the subsidized imports is appropriate in light of the conditions of competition(竞争条件) between the subsidized imports and that between the subsidized imports and the like domestic product(一个国内同类产品).(2) A subsidy shall be de minimis if the amount of the subsidy is less than(不足) 1% of the valueof a product; but with respect to subsidized imports from developing countries (regions), the subsidy shall be de minimis if the amount of the subsidy is less than 2% of the value of the imports(进口产品的价值,进口额).Article 10The effects of subsidized imports shall be assessed in relation to the separate identification of production(单独确定生产) of the like domestic product. If such separate identification of production is not possible, the effects of the subsidized imports shall be assessed by examination(审查) of the production of the narrowest group or range of products(最窄产品组或者范围), including the like domestic product.Article 11(1) The term “domestic industry” means the domestic producers as a whole(全部) of the like product within the People's Republic of China or those whose collective output(总产量) constitutes a major proportion of the total production(总产量) of the like domestic products, except those who are related to the exporters or importers or are themselves importers(本身为进口经营者) of the subsidized products or like products.(2) Under special circumstances, the producers within a regional domestic market(国内一个区域市场) may be regarded as a separate industry(一个单独产业) if the producers within such market sell all or almost all of the like products in that market, and the demand in that market is not to any substantial degree(主要不是) supplied by domestic producers of the like products located in other domestic regions.Article 12 2013-1-15 21:54:58The term “like product” means the product that is identical to the subsidized product(补贴进口产品), or in the absence of such a product, another product that has characteristics best resembling(最相似的) the subsidized product.C-III Anti-subsidy InvestigationArticle 13 2013-1-16 14:41:22A domestic industry or a natural person, legal person or relevant organization on behalf of the domestic industry (hereinafter collectively referred to as “the applicant”) may make a written application to MOFCOM for an anti-subsidy investigation(反补贴调查) in accordance with the provisions hereof.Article 14The application(申请书) shall contain the following information:(a) the name, address and other relevant information(及有关情况) of the applicant;(b) a complete description of the imported product in question(申请调查的), including the name of the product, the concerned exporting countries (regions) or countries (regions) of origin, the identity of known exporters(已知的出口经营者) or producers, etc.;(c) a description of the volume and value(数量和价值) of domestic production of the like product(国内同类产品生产);(d) the effect of the volume and price of the imported product in question(申请调查进口产品) on the domestic industry; and(e) other information that the applicant considers as necessary to submit(需要说明的).Article 15The application shall be supported by(附具) the following evidence:(a) existence of a subsidy to(对…的补贴) the imported product in question;(b) injury to the domestic industry; and(c) existence of a causal link(因果关系) between the subsidy and the injury;Article 16(1) MOFCOM shall, within 60 days from the date of receipt of an application and the relevant evidence submitted by the applicant, examine whether the application is made by or on behalf of the domestic industry, the content of the application and the evidence attached thereto(所附具的), etc, and shall decide whether or not to initiate an investigation(立案调查). Under special circumstances, the examination period(审查期限) may be extended.(2) Prior to the decision to initiate an investigation, the government of the country (region), the product of which may be subject to such investigation, shall be invited for consultation(向…发出磋商邀请)regarding the subsidy in question(就有关补贴事项).Article 17Where an application is supported by those domestic producers whose collective output constitute s(占) more than 50% of the total production of the like product produced by those producers expressing either support for or opposition to(支持者和反对者) the application, the application shall be considered to have been made by or on behalf of the domestic industry, and an anti-subsidy investigation may be initiated; but no investigation may be initiated when the output of those domestic producers expressly supporting the application account s for(占) less than 25% of the total production of the like domestic product(国内同类产品).Article 18If, in special circumstances, MOFCOM does not receive any written application(书面申请) for an anti-subsidy investigation, but has sufficient evidence(充分证据) of a subsidy, injury and causal link between the two, it may decide to initiate an investigation.Article 19(1) MOFCOM shall publish(公告) the decision to initiate an investigation and notify the applicant, the known exporters and importers, other interested organizations or individuals (hereinafter collectively referred to as the interested party(利害关系方)), and the government of the exporting country (region).(2) As soon as the decision to initiate an investigation has been published, MOFCOM shall provide the text of the application(申请书文本) to the known exporters and the government of the exporting country (region).Article 20(1) MOFCOM may conduct investigation and collect information from the interested party by send ing questionnaires(问卷), using samples, hold ing hearings(听证会) and making on-the-spot verification(现场核查),etc.(2) MOFCOM shall provide opportunities for the relevant interested party and the government of the interested country (region) to present their views(陈述意见) and supporting arguments(论据).(3) MOFCOM may send its staff members(工作人员) to the countries (regions) concerned to carry out investigations(进行调查) if it deems necessary to do so, unless the countries (regions) concerned object to(提出异议) such investigations.Article 21When MOFCOM conducts an investigation, the interested party and the government of the interested country (region) shall provide authentic information (如实反映情况) and relevant data. Where the interested party or the government of the interested country (region) refuses to do so, or fails to provide necessary information within a reasonable time limit(在合理时间内), or significantly impede s(严重妨碍) the investigation by other means(以其他方式), MOFCOM may make determinations(作出裁定) on the basis of the facts available(可获得的事实).Article 22(1) The interested party or the government of the interested country (region) may request MOFCOM to treat the information they provide as confidential(按保密资料处理) if it considers that the disclosure of such information would create significant adverse effect(产生严重不利影响).(2) MOFCOM shall treat the information submitted by the interested party or the government of the interested country (region) as confidential if it considers that the request for confidentiality(保密申请) is justifiable, and shall require the interested party or the government of the interested country (region) to provide a non-confidential summary(一份非保密的概要) thereof.(3) The information treated as confidential(按保密资料处理的) shall not be disclosed without permission of the interested party or the government of the interested country (region) submitting the information.Article 23MOFCOM shall allow the applicant, the interested party and the governments of the interested country (region) to have access to(查阅)the information relevant to the case(本案有关资料), unless the information has been treated as confidential.Article 24During the period of investigation, the government of the country (region), the products of which are subject to investigation, shall be afforded(给予) a reasonable opportunity to continue consultations(继续进行磋商). The consultations shall not prevent(妨碍) MOFCOM from conducting investigations and adopting anti-subsidy measures in accordance with the provisions hereof.Article 25MOFCOM shall, on the basis of its findings(调查结果), make a preliminary determination on whether there exists(是否成立) a subsidy, injury and causal link between the two, and announce the determination publicly.Article 26(1) Where the preliminary determination affirm s(确定成立) a subsidy, injury and causal link between the two, MOFCOM shall conduct further investigations(继续进行调查) on the subsidy and its amount, the injury and its degree and make a final determination(终裁决定) on the basis of its findings, and announce the determination publicly.(2) Prior to the final determination, MOFCOM shall inform all the known interested parties(所有已知的利害关系方) and the government of the interested country (region) of the essential facts(基本事实) on which the final determination is based.Article 27An anti-subsidy investigation shall be concluded within 12 months from the date of publication(公告之日) of the decision to initiate the investigation; such period may be extended in special circumstances, but in no case(无论如何不)the extension period(延长期) shall be more than six months.Article 28(1) In any of the following circumstances, an anti-subsidy investigation shall be terminated and such termination shall be published by MOFCOM:(a) the applicant has withdrawn the application;(b) there is no sufficient evidence of the existence of a subsidy, injury and causal link(因果关系) between the two;(c) the amount of the subsidy is de minimis(微量的);(d) the actual or potential volume of or the injury caused by the subsidized imported products is negligible(可忽略不计的);(e) an agreement has been reached with the government of the country (region) concerned through consultation(通过磋商), and therefore the anti-subsidy investigation is no longer necessary(不需要继续); or(f) other circumstances that MOFCOM considers inappropriate(不适宜的) to continue the anti-subsidy investigation.(2) If the product under investigation(被调查产品) imported from one country (region) or some countries (regions) falls into one of the circumstances set forth in Subparagraph (b), (c), (d) or (e) of the preceding paragraph, the anti-subsidy investigation on such product(针对所涉产品的) shall be terminated.C-IV Anti-subsidy MeasuresSection 1 Provisional MeasuresArticle 29(1) Provisional anti-subsidy measures(临时措施) may be applied if the preliminary determination establish es the existence(确定成立) of a subsidy and the injury caused by the subsidy to a domestic industry.(2) Provisional anti-subsidy measures shall take the form of provisional anti-subsidy duties(反补贴税)guaranteed by deposits or bonds(以保证金或保函作为担保).Article 30The proposal for provisional anti-subsidy measures shall be put forward by MOFCOM, on the basis of which the Tariff Commission(关税税则委员会) under the State Council shall make a decision thereon, which shall be published by MOFCOM. The Customs shall implement the decision from the effective date(实施之日) set forth in the public notice(公告).Article 31(1) The period for(实施期限) provisional anti-subsidy measures shall not exceed 4 months from the effective date set forth in the public notice regarding the decision(决定公告) on provisionalanti-subsidy measures.(2) No provisional anti-subsidy measures may be taken within 60 days from the date of publication(公告之日) of the decision to initiate the anti-subsidy investigation(立案调查决定). Section 2 UndertakingsArticle 32 2013-1-16 18:23:16(1) If the government of an exporting country (region), during the period of an anti-subsidy investigation, proposes an undertaking to eliminate or limit a subsidy(取消、限制补贴) or to take other relevant measures, or if an exporter proposes an undertaking to revise its prices, MOFCOM shall give it full consideration(予以充分考虑).(2) MOFCOM may suggest price undertakings(价格承诺) to the exporter or the government of an exporting country (region).(3) MOFCOM shall not force the exporter to enter into any undertakings(作出承诺).Article 33The fact that the exporters or the government of the exporting country (region) do not offer undertakings (作出承诺), or do not accept any suggestion regarding price undertakings, shall in no way prejudice(不妨碍) the investigation and determination of an anti-subsidy case. MOFCOM shall have the right to determine that a threat of injury(损害威胁) is more likely to be realized if the exporters continue subsidizing the imported products.Article 34(1) If MOFCOM considers that an undertaking is acceptable(能够接受的) and in conformity with the public interests, it may decide to suspend or terminate the anti-subsidy investigation without taking provisional anti-subsidy measures or impos ing anti-subsidy duties(征收反补贴税). The decision to suspend or terminate the anti-subsidy investigation shall be published by MOFCOM. (2) If MOFCOM does not accept an undertaking, it shall explain the reasons(说明理由) therefor to the exporters concerned.(3) Undertakings shall not be sought or accepted(寻求或接受), unless MOFCOM has made the preliminary affirmative determination of a subsidy and the injury caused thereby. Where an exporter enters into an undertaking without consent of the government of the exporting country(其本国) (region), MOFCOM shall not seek or accept such an undertaking.Article 35(1) MOFCOM shall, after suspending or terminating the investigation of a subsidy according to the provisions of Paragraph (1) in Article 34 hereof, continue to investigate(继续进行调查) the subsidy and the injury caused thereby at the request of(应…请求) the government of the exporting country or when it deems necessary.(2) On the basis of the findings of the investigation, an undertaking shall automatically lapse(自动失效) if the determination on the subsidy and the injury caused thereby is negative(否定裁定), or shall remain in force(继续有效) if the determination thereon is affirmative.Article 36Where an undertaking has been accepted, MOFCOM may require the exporters or the government of the exporting country (region) to provide periodically(定期提供) information and data relevant to the fulfillment of the undertaking(履行其承诺) and make verifications(予以核实) onsuch information and data.Article 37In case of violation of an undertaking, MOFCOM may decide immediately to resume(恢复) the anti-subsidy investigation in accordance with the provisions hereof, or on the basis of the best information(最佳信息) available, decide to take provisional anti-subsidy measures and levy an anti-subsidy duty retroactively(追溯征收) on the products imported within 90 days prior to the adoption of such provisional anti-subsidy measures, except the products imported before the violation of the undertaking.Section 3 Anti-subsidy DutiesArticle 38Where the efforts made to complete consultations(完成磋商)produce no positive results(没有取得效果), and the final determination establishes the existence(确定成立) of a subsidy and the injury caused thereby to a domestic industry, an anti-subsidy duty may be imposed. Imposition(征收) of anti-subsidy duties shall be in conformity with the public interests.Article 39The proposal for imposing an anti-subsidy duty shall be put forward by MOFCOM, on the basis of which the Tariff Commission(关税税则委员会) under the State Council shall make a decision thereon, which shall be published by MOFCOM. The Customs shall implement the decision(执行) from the effective date(实施之日) set forth in the public notice.Article 40Anti-subsidy duties shall be imposed on products imported after the date of publication(公告之日) of the final determination, with the exception of(除…以外)circumstances set forth(规定的情形) in Articles 37, 44 and 45 hereof.Article 41Anti-subsidy duties shall be paid by importers of the subsidized imported products(补贴进口产品).Article 42Anti-subsidy duties shall be determined separately on the basis of the amount of subsidy(补贴金额)each exporter(不同出口经营者) has received. Where it is necessary to impose an anti-subsidy duty on the subsidized imported products of an exporter who was not actually investigated, an expedited review(迅速审查) shall be conducted and an anti-subsidy duty applicable to the exporter(对其适用的) shall be determined in a reasonable way.Article 43No anti-subsidy duties shall be levied in excess of(超过) the amount of a subsidy as established in the final determination.Article 44(1) Where a final determination establishes the existence of material injury(实质损害), and provisional anti-subsidy measures have been taken prior to the final determination, anti-subsidyduties may be levied retroactively(追溯征收) for the period for which provisional anti-subsidy measures have been taken.(2) Where a final determination establishes the existence of a threat of material injury(实质损害威胁), and provisional anti-subsidy measures have been taken in the situation that(在…的情况下) the absence of such provisional anti-subsidy measures would have led to a determination of material injury(实质损害裁定), anti-subsidy duties may be levied retroactively for the period for which provisional anti-subsidy measures have been taken.(3) Where the anti-subsidy duty determined in a final determination is higher than the amount guaranteed by the deposit or bond(保证金或者保函), the difference shall not be collected; where the duty is less than the amount guaranteed by the deposit or bond, the excess amount(差额部分) shall be refunded.Article 45Where the following three circumstances exist simultaneously(并存), an anti-subsidy duty may, when necessary, be retroactively levied(追溯征收) on the products imported within 90 days prior to the date of adoption of provisional anti-subsidy measures:(a) the subsidized imported products has increased massively(大量增加) within a short period of time;(b) such an increase has caused irremediable injury(难以补救的损害) to a domestic industry; and(c) such products have benefit ed from(得益于) the subsidy.Article 46 2013-1-16 22:13:19Where a final determination decide s not to levy(确定不征收) an anti-subsidy duty, or does not decide a retroactive levy(未确定追溯征收) of an anti-subsidy duty, the deposits made during the period of taking provisional anti-subsidy measures shall be refunded and the bonds released(解除保函).C-V Duration and Review of Anti-subsidy Duties and UndertakingsArticle 47The duration for the levy of an anti-subsidy duty and the fulfillment of an undertaking shall not exceed five years. However, the duration for the levy of the anti-subsidy duty may be extended appropriately(适当延长) if, as a result of review(经复审), it is determined that the termination of the anti-subsidy duty would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence(继续或再度发生) of the subsidy and injury.Article 48(1) After an anti-subsidy duty has taken effect, MOFCOM may decide, on justifiable grounds, to review the need for the continued imposition(继续征收) of the anti-subsidy duty; such a review may also be conducted at the request of(应…的请求) an interested party after a reasonable period of time and on the basis of examination of the relevant evidence submitted by the interested party.(2) After an undertaking has taken effect, MOFCOM may decide, on justifiable grounds(在有正当理由的情况下), to review the need for the continued fulfillment of the undertaking; such a review may also be conducted at the request of(应…的请求) an interested party after a reasonable period of time and on the basis of examination of the relevant evidence submitted by the interested party.. Article 49。
WT0框架下欧盟、美国、中国补贴与反补贴规则之比较
WT0框架下欧盟、美国、中国补贴与反补贴规则之比较一.前言反补贴作为WTO为维护非歧视和公平竞争的自由贸易而赋予成员国的一项权利,一直是国际贸易制裁的重要措施。
加入WTO的各国纷纷制定了本国的反补贴法律,国际组织也制定了约束其成员国的补贴与反补贴规则。
目前,在国际社会,国际组织在补贴与反补贴方面做出了很大的贡献,这主要体现在世界贸易组织的努力下,各成员国达成一致于1994年在乌拉圭回合中签订了《补贴与反补贴措施协议6》(Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,英文缩写为《SCM协议》),《SCM协议》代表了国际社会在补贴与反补贴理论上的最高水平。
除了国际社会、欧盟、美国等都有一整套比较完备的反补贴法律体系,我国在入世谈判中也做出了补贴与反补贴的承诺。
在加拿大2004年4月28日和10月4日分别对原产于中国的不锈钢紧固件和复合地板发起的反侵销和反补贴调查之后,我国遭受了越来越多的反补贴调查。
随着贸易摩擦的日益增多,我国与其他国家的反补贴摩擦从企业的微观层面向政府政策的宏观层面发展的趋势越来越明显。
通过以欧盟和美国为代表的发达国家和区域关于补贴与反补贴规则的比较,对于我国补贴和反补贴研究和实践有极大的借鉴意义。
国内外对于反补贴法的研究著作、论文较多,但涉及反补贴规则的研究较少。
本文尝试从WTO、欧美、美国与中国的补贴与反补贴实体规则和程序规则进行比较,为我国反补贴立法提供一定的借鉴。
目前我国有关反补贴法的主要专著有:李毅,李晓峰:国际贸易救济措施;单一:WTO框架下补贴与反补贴制度与实务;欧福永等:国际补贴与反补贴立法与实践比较研究;李本:补贴与反补贴制度分析;除了专著外,我参考的国内论文有:吴锦程:WTO框架下我国应对反补贴调查法律问题研究;单一:WTO 框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度研究;娄培阳:论WT0框架下中美补貼与反补貼问题;周荣新:论WTO 中的补贴概念——兼论中国对补贴的入世承诺;李本:WTO研究方向;张琼芳WT0框架下欧盟!美国补贴与反补贴规则之比较等等。
反补贴案例及分析法律(3篇)
第1篇一、案件背景近年来,随着国际贸易摩擦的加剧,反补贴案件在全球范围内日益增多。
我国作为全球最大的钢铁生产国和消费国,在钢铁行业也面临诸多国际贸易争端。
本文将以某钢铁公司反补贴案为例,分析反补贴法律的相关问题。
二、案情简介2019年,我国某钢铁公司(以下简称“原告”)向国家商务部提出反补贴调查申请,指控某国外钢铁企业(以下简称“被告”)对原告进行补贴,损害了我国钢铁市场的公平竞争。
经过调查,国家商务部裁定,被告确实对我国某钢铁公司实施了补贴行为,并对被告实施了反补贴措施。
三、案例分析(一)反补贴法律概述1. 反补贴法律的定义反补贴法律是指旨在规范国际贸易中补贴行为,维护公平竞争秩序,保护国内产业合法权益的法律规范。
2. 反补贴法律的特点(1)涉及国家主权:反补贴法律属于国际经济法范畴,涉及国家主权和国际贸易政策。
(2)程序复杂:反补贴调查程序复杂,包括调查申请、立案、调查、裁定、执行等环节。
(3)处罚严厉:反补贴措施包括征收反补贴税、禁止进口等,处罚严厉。
(二)案件分析1. 补贴行为的认定本案中,被告在出口过程中,通过政府补贴降低了产品价格,损害了原告的合法权益。
根据《反补贴条例》,政府提供的财政资助、贷款补贴、税收优惠等均属于补贴行为。
2. 损害的认定本案中,被告的补贴行为导致原告产品在国内市场竞争力下降,市场份额减少,经济损失明显。
根据《反补贴条例》,损害包括直接损害、间接损害和威胁损害。
3. 因果关系认定本案中,被告的补贴行为与原告的经济损失之间存在直接的因果关系。
被告的补贴行为是原告经济损失的主要原因。
(三)反补贴措施本案中,国家商务部裁定被告实施了补贴行为,并对被告实施了反补贴措施。
反补贴措施包括:1. 征收反补贴税:对进口产品征收与补贴金额相当的税款。
2. 禁止进口:禁止进口涉案产品。
四、法律启示1. 加强反补贴法律宣传企业应加强反补贴法律知识的学习,提高自身应对国际贸易争端的能力。
中华人民共和国反补贴条例
中华人民共和国反补贴条例文章属性•【制定机关】国务院•【公布日期】2001.11.26•【文号】国务院令第329号•【施行日期】2002.01.01•【效力等级】行政法规•【时效性】已被修改•【主题分类】正文*注:本篇法规已被《国务院关于修改<中华人民共和国反补贴条例>的决定》(发布日期:2004年3月31日实施日期:2004年6月1日)修订中华人民共和国国务院令(第329号)《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》已经2001年10月31日国务院第46次常务会议通过,现予公布,自2002年1月1日起施行。
总理朱镕基二00一年十一月二十六日中华人民共和国反补贴条例第一章总则第一条为了维护对外贸易秩序和公平竞争,根据《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》的有关规定,制定本条例。
第二条进口产品存在补贴,并对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁,或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍的,依照本条例的规定进行调查,采取反补贴措施。
第二章补贴与损害第三条补贴,是指出口国(地区)政府或者其任何公共机构提供的并为接受者带来利益的财政资助以及任何形式的收入或者价格支持。
出口国(地区)政府或者其任何公共机构,以下统称出口国(地区)政府。
本条第一款所称财政资助,包括:(一)出口国(地区)政府以拨款、贷款、资本注入等形式直接提供资金,或者以贷款担保等形式潜在地直接转让资金或者债务;(二)出口国(地区)政府放弃或者不收缴应收收入;(三)出口国(地区)政府提供除一般基础设施以外的货物、服务,或者由出口国(地区)政府购买货物;(四)出口国(地区)政府通过向筹资机构付款,或者委托、指令私营机构履行上述职能。
第四条依照本条例进行调查、采取反补贴措施的补贴,必须具有专向性。
具有下列情形之一的补贴,具有专向性:(一)由出口国(地区)政府明确确定的某些企业、产业获得的补贴;(二)由出口国(地区)法律、法规明确规定的某些企业、产业获得的补贴;(三)指定特定区域内的企业、产业获得的补贴;(四)以出口实绩为条件获得的补贴,包括本条例所附出口补贴清单列举的各项补贴;(五)以使用本国(地区)产品替代进口产品为条件获得的补贴。
国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》的决定(2004)
国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》的决定(2004)
【法规类别】商贸物资综合规定
【发文字号】中华人民共和国国务院令第402号
【发布部门】国务院
【发布日期】2004.03.31
【实施日期】2004.06.01
【时效性】现行有效
【效力级别】行政法规
中华人民共和国国务院令
(第402号)
现公布《国务院关于修改〈中华人民共和国反补贴条例〉的决定》,自2004年6月1日
起施行。
总理温家宝
二00四年三月三十一日
国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》的决定
国务院决定对《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》作如下修改:
一、将第五条、第十三条、第十六条、第十八条第一款、第十九条、第二十条第三款、第二十六条第二款、第二十八条、第三十条、第三十二条第一款、第三十二条第二
款、第三十四条第二款、第三十六条、第三十九条、第四十八条第二款、第四十九条、第五十六条中的“对外贸易经济合作部(外经贸部)”修改为“商务部”;同时,将第二十八条第一款第(六)项中的“外经贸部和国家经贸委共同认为”修改为“商务部认为”,删去第十六条、第十八条中的“经商国家经贸委后”及第四十九条中的“商国家经贸委后”。
二、将第七条中的“国家经济贸易委员会(国家经贸委)”修改为“商务部”。
三、删去第十八条第二款。
相应地将第二十条第一款、第二十条第二款、第二十一条、第二十二条、第二十三条、第二十四条、第三十二条。
中华人民共和国反补贴条例
中华人民共和国反补贴条例中华人民共和国反补贴条例中华人民共和国反补贴条例!"##$年$$月"%日国务院令第三百二十九号公布自"##"年$月$日起施行&第一章总则第一条为了维护对外贸易秩序和公平竞争’根据(中华人民共和国对外贸易法)的有关规定’制定本条例*第二条进口产品存在补贴’并对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁’或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍的’依照本条例的规定进行调查’采取反补贴措施*第二章补贴与损害第三条补贴’是指出口国!地区&政府或者其任何公共机构提供的并为接受者带来利益的财政资助以及任何形式的收入或者价格支持*出口国!地区&政府或者其任何公共机构’以下统称出口国!地区&政府*本条第一款所称财政资助’包括+$中华人民共和国反补贴条例(中华人民共和国反补贴条例!一"出口国!地区"政府以拨款#贷款#资本注入等形式直接提供资金$或者以贷款担保等形式潜在地直接转让资金或者债务%!二"出口国!地区"政府放弃或者不收缴应收收入%!三"出口国!地区"政府提供除一般基础设施以外的货物#服务$或者由出口国!地区"政府购买货物%!四"出口国!地区"政府通过向筹资机构付款$或者委托#指令私营机构履行上述职能&第四条依照本条例进行调查#采取反补贴措施的补贴$必须具有专向性&具有下列情形之一的补贴$具有专向性’!一"由出口国!地区"政府明确确定的某些企业#产业获得的补贴%!二"由出口国!地区"法律#法规明确规定的某些企业#产业获得的补贴%!三"指定特定区域内的企业#产业获得的补贴%!四"以出口实绩为条件获得的补贴$包括本条例所附出口补贴清单列举的各项补贴%!五"以使用本国!地区"产品替代进口产品为条件获得的补贴&在确定补贴专向性时$还应当考虑受补贴企业的数量和企业受补贴的数额#比例#时间以及给与补贴的方式等因素&第五条对补贴的调查和确定$由对外贸易经济合作部!以下简称外经贸部"负责&第六条进口产品的补贴金额$应当区别不同情况$按照下列方式计算!"一#以无偿拨款形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以企业实际接受的金额计算%"二#以贷款形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以接受贷款的企业在正常商业贷款条件下应支付的利息与该项贷款的利息差额计算%"三#以贷款担保形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以在没有担保情况下企业应支付的利息与有担保情况下企业实际支付的利息之差计算%"四#以注入资本形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以企业实际接受的资本金额计算%"五#以提供货物或者服务形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以该项货物或者服务的正常市场价格与企业实际支付的价格之差计算%"六#以购买货物形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以政府实际支付价格与该项货物正常市场价格之差计算%"七#以放弃或者不收缴应收收入形式提供补贴的$补贴金额以依法应缴金额与企业实际缴纳金额之差计算&对前款所列形式以外的其他补贴$按照公平’合理的方式确定补贴金额&第七条损害$是指补贴对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁$或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍&对损害的调查和确定$由国家经济贸易委员会"以下简称国家经贸委#负责%其中$涉及农产品的反补贴国内产业损害(中华人民共和国反补贴条例(中华人民共和国反补贴条例调查!由国家经贸委会同农业部进行"第八条在确定补贴对国内产业造成的损害时!应当审查下列事项#$一%补贴可能对贸易造成的影响&$二%补贴进口产品的数量!包括补贴进口产品的绝对数量或者相对于国内同类产品生产或者消费的数量是否大量增加!或者补贴进口产品大量增加的可能性&$三%补贴进口产品的价格!包括补贴进口产品的价格削减或者对国内同类产品的价格产生大幅度抑制’压低等影响& $四%补贴进口产品对国内产业的相关经济因素和指标的影响&$五%补贴进口产品出口国$地区%’原产国$地区%的生产能力’出口能力!被调查产品的库存情况&$六%造成国内产业损害的其他因素"对实质损害威胁的确定!应当依据事实!不得仅依据指控’推测或者极小的可能性"在确定补贴对国内产业造成的损害时!应当依据肯定性证据!不得将造成损害的非补贴因素归因于补贴"第九条补贴进口产品来自两个以上国家$地区%!并且同时满足下列条件的!可以就补贴进口产品对国内产业造成的影响进行累积评估#$一%来自每一国家$地区%的补贴进口产品的补贴金额不属于微量补贴!并且其进口量不属于可忽略不计的& $二%根据补贴进口产品之间的竞争条件以及补贴进口产品与国内同类产品之间的竞争条件!进行累积评估是适当的"微量补贴!是指补贴金额不足产品价值"#的补贴$但是!来自发展中国家%地区&的补贴进口产品的微量补贴!是指补贴金额不足产品价值’#的补贴(第十条评估补贴进口产品的影响!应当对国内同类产品的生产进行单独确定(不能对国内同类产品的生产进行单独确定的!应当审查包括国内同类产品在内的最窄产品组或者范围的生产(第十一条国内产业!是指中华人民共和国国内同类产品的全部生产者!或者其总产量占国内同类产品全部总产量的主要部分的生产者$但是!国内生产者与出口经营者或者进口经营者有关联的!或者其本身为补贴产品或者同类产品的进口经营者的!应当除外(在特殊情形下!国内一个区域市场中的生产者!在该市场中销售其全部或者几乎全部的同类产品!并且该市场中同类产品的需求主要不是由国内其他地方的生产者供给的!可以视为一个单独产业(第十二条同类产品!是指与补贴进口产品相同的产品$没有相同产品的!以与补贴进口产品的特性最相似的产品为同类产品(第三章反补贴调查第十三条国内产业或者代表国内产业的自然人)法人或者有关组织%以下统称申请人&!可以依照本条例的规定向外经贸部提出反补贴调查的书面申请(*中华人民共和国反补贴条例(中华人民共和国反补贴条例第十四条申请书应当包括下列内容!"一#申请人的名称$地址及有关情况%"二#对申请调查的进口产品的完整说明&包括产品名称$所涉及的出口国"地区#或者原产国"地区#$已知的出口经营者或者生产者等%"三#对国内同类产品生产的数量和价值的说明%"四#申请调查进口产品的数量和价格对国内产业的影响%"五#申请人认为需要说明的其他内容’第十五条申请书应当附具下列证据!"一#申请调查的进口产品存在补贴%"二#对国内产业的损害%"三#补贴与损害之间存在因果关系’第十六条外经贸部应当自收到申请人提交的申请书及有关证据之日起()天内&对申请是否由国内产业或者代表国内产业提出$申请书内容及所附具的证据等进行审查&经商国家经贸委后&决定立案调查或者不立案调查’在特殊情形下&可以适当延长审查期限’在决定立案调查前&应当就有关补贴事项向产品可能被调查的国家"地区#政府发出进行磋商的邀请’第十七条在表示支持申请或者反对申请的国内产业中&支持者的产量占支持者和反对者的总产量的*)+以上的&应当认定申请是由国内产业或者代表国内产业提出&可以启动反补贴调查%但是&表示支持申请的国内生产者的产量不足国内同类产品总产量的,*+的&不得启动反补贴调查’第十八条在特殊情形下!外经贸部没有收到反补贴调查的书面申请!但有充分证据认为存在补贴和损害以及二者之间有因果关系的!经商国家经贸委后!可以决定立案调查"外经贸部和国家经贸委!以下统称调查机关"第十九条立案调查的决定!由外经贸部予以公告!并通知申请人#已知的出口经营者#进口经营者以及其他有利害关系的组织#个人$以下统称利害关系方%和出口国$地区%政府"立案调查的决定一经公告!外经贸部应当将申请书文本提供给已知的出口经营者和出口国$地区%政府"第二十条调查机关可以采用问卷#抽样#听证会#现场核查等方式向利害关系方了解情况!进行调查"调查机关应当为有关利害关系方#利害关系国$地区%政府提供陈述意见和论据的机会"外经贸部认为必要时!可以派出工作人员赴有关国家$地区%进行调查&但是!有关国家$地区%提出异议的除外"第二十一条调查机关进行调查时!利害关系方#利害关系国$地区%政府应当如实反映情况!提供有关资料"利害关系方#利害关系国$地区%政府不如实反映情况#提供有关资料的!或者没有在合理时间内提供必要信息的!或者以其他方式严重妨碍调查的!调查机关可以根据可获得的事实作出裁定"第二十二条利害关系方#利害关系国$地区%政府认为其提供的资料泄露后将产生严重不利影响的!可以向调查机关申请对该资料按保密资料处理"调查机关认为保密申请有正当理由的!应当对利害关系方#利害关系国$地区%政府提供的资料按保密资料处理!同时’中华人民共和国反补贴条例+中华人民共和国反补贴条例要求利害关系方!利害关系国"地区#政府提供一份非保密的该资料概要$按保密资料处理的资料%未经提供资料的利害关系方!利害关系国"地区#政府同意%不得泄露$第二十三条调查机关应当允许申请人!利害关系方和利害关系国"地区#政府查阅本案有关资料&但是%属于按保密资料处理的除外$第二十四条在反补贴调查期间%应当给予产品被调查的国家"地区#政府继续进行磋商的合理机会$磋商不妨碍调查机关根据本条例的规定进行调查%并采取反补贴措施$第二十五条外经贸部!国家经贸委根据调查结果%分别就补贴!损害作出初裁决定%并就二者之间的因果关系是否成立作出初裁决定%由外经贸部予以公告$第二十六条初裁决定确定补贴!损害以及二者之间的因果关系成立的%外经贸部!国家经贸委应当对补贴及补贴金额!损害及损害程度继续进行调查%并根据调查结果分别作出终裁决定%由外经贸部予以公告$在作出终裁决定前%应当由外经贸部将终裁决定所依据的基本事实通知所有已知的利害关系方!利害关系国"地区#政府$第二十七条反补贴调查%应当自立案调查决定公告之日起’(个月内结束&特殊情况下可以延长%但延长期不得超过)个月$第二十八条有下列情形之一的%反补贴调查应当终止%并由外经贸部予以公告*!一"申请人撤销申请的#!二"没有足够证据证明存在补贴$损害或者二者之间有因果关系的#!三"补贴金额为微量补贴的#!四"补贴进口产品实际或者潜在的进口量或者损害属于可忽略不计的#!五"通过与有关国家!地区"政府磋商达成协议%不需要继续进行反补贴调查的#!六"外经贸部和国家经贸委共同认为不适宜继续进行反补贴调查的&来自一个或者部分国家!地区"的被调查产品有前款第!二"$!三"$!四"$!五"项所列情形之一的%针对所涉产品的反补贴调查应当终止&第四章反补贴措施第一节临时措施第二十九条初裁决定确定补贴成立%并由此对国内产业造成损害的%可以采取临时反补贴措施&临时反补贴措施采取以现金保证金或者保函作为担保的征收临时反补贴税的形式&第三十条采取临时反补贴措施%由外经贸部提出建议%国务院关税税则委员会根据外经贸部的建议作出决定%由外经贸部予以公告&海关自公告规定实施之日起执行&第三十一条临时反补贴措施实施的期限!自临时反补贴措施决定公告规定实施之日起!不超过"个月#自反补贴立案调查决定公告之日起$%天内!不得采取临时反补贴措施#第二节承诺第三十二条在反补贴调查期间!出口国&地区’政府提出取消(限制补贴或者其他有关措施的承诺!或者出口经营者提出修改价格的承诺的!外经贸部应当予以充分考虑#外经贸部可以向出口经营者或者出口国&地区’政府提出有关价格承诺的建议#调查机关不得强迫出口经营者作出承诺#第三十三条出口经营者(出口国&地区’政府不作出承诺或者不接受有关价格承诺的建议的!不妨碍对反补贴案件的调查和确定#出口经营者继续补贴进口产品的!调查机关有权确定损害威胁更有可能出现#第三十四条外经贸部认为承诺能够接受的!经商国家经贸委后!可以决定中止或者终止反补贴调查!不采取临时反补贴措施或者征收反补贴税#中止或者终止反补贴调查的决定由外经贸部予以公告#外经贸部不接受承诺的!应当向有关出口经营者说明理由#调查机关对补贴以及由补贴造成的损害作出肯定的初裁决定前!不得寻求或者接受承诺#在出口经营者作出承诺的情况下!未经其本国&地区’政府同意的!调查机关不得寻求或者接受承诺!第三十五条依照本条例第三十四条第一款规定中止或者终止调查后"应出口国#地区$政府请求或者调查机关认为有必要"调查机关可以对补贴和损害继续进行调查!根据调查结果"作出补贴或者损害的否定裁定的"承诺自动失效%作出补贴或者损害的肯定裁定的"承诺继续有效!第三十六条外经贸部可以要求承诺已被接受的出口经营者或者出口国#地区$政府定期提供履行其承诺的有关情况&资料"并予以核实!第三十七条对违反承诺的"外经贸部经商国家经贸委后"依照本条例的规定"可以立即决定恢复反补贴调查%根据可获得的最佳信息"可以决定采取临时反补贴措施"并可以对实施临时反补贴措施前’(天内进口的产品追溯征收反补贴税"但违反承诺前进口的产品除外!第三节反补贴税第三十八条在为完成磋商的努力没有取得效果的情况下"终裁决定确定补贴成立"并由此对国内产业造成损害的"可以征收反补贴税!第三十九条征收反补贴税"由外经贸部提出建议"国务院关税税则委员会根据外经贸部的建议作出决定"由外经贸部予以公告!海关自公告规定实施之日起执行!第四十条反补贴税适用于终裁决定公告之日后进口的产品"但属于本条例第三十七条&第四十四条&第四十五条规定的情形除外!第四十一条反补贴税的纳税人为补贴进口产品的进口经营者!第四十二条反补贴税应当根据不同出口经营者的补贴金额"分别确定!对实际上未被调查的出口经营者的补贴进口产品"需要征收反补贴税的"应当迅速审查"按照合理的方式确定对其适用的反补贴税!第四十三条反补贴税税额不得超过终裁决定确定的补贴金额!第四十四条终裁决定确定存在实质损害"并在此前已经采取临时反补贴措施的"反补贴税可以对已经实施临时反补贴措施的期间追溯征收!终裁决定确定存在实质损害威胁"在先前不采取临时反补贴措施将会导致后来作出实质损害裁定的情况下已经采取临时反补贴措施的"反补贴税可以对已经实施临时反补贴措施的期间追溯征收!终裁决定确定的反补贴税"高于现金保证金或者保函所担保的金额的"差额部分不予收取#低于现金保证金或者保函所担保的金额的"差额部分应当予以退还!第四十五条下列三种情形并存的"必要时可以对实施临时反补贴措施之日前$%天内进口的产品追溯征收反补贴税&’一(补贴进口产品在较短的时间内大量增加#’二(此种增加对国内产业造成难以补救的损害#’三(此种产品得益于补贴!第四十六条终裁决定确定不征收反补贴税的"或者终裁决定未确定追溯征收反补贴税的!对实施临时反补贴措施期间已收取的现金保证金应当予以退还!保函应当予以解除"第五章反补贴税和承诺的期限与复审第四十七条反补贴税的征收期限和承诺的履行期限不超过#年$但是!经复审确定终止征收反补贴税有可能导致补贴和损害的继续或者再度发生的!反补贴税的征收期限可以适当延长"第四十八条反补贴税生效后!外经贸部经商国家经贸委!可以在有正当理由的情况下!决定对继续征收反补贴税的必要性进行复审$也可以在经过一段合理时间!应利害关系方的请求并对利害关系方提供的相应证据进行审查后!决定对继续征收反补贴税的必要性进行复审"承诺生效后!外经贸部可以在有正当理由的情况下!决定对继续履行承诺的必要性进行复审$也可以在经过一段合理时间!应利害关系方的请求并对利害关系方提供的相应证据进行审查后!决定对继续履行承诺的必要性进行复审"第四十九条根据复审结果!由外经贸部依照本条例的规定提出保留%修改或者取消反补贴税的建议!国务院关税税则委员会根据外经贸部的建议作出决定!由外经贸部予以公告$或者由外经贸部依照本条例的规定!商国家经贸委后!作出保留%修改或者取消承诺的决定并予以公告"第五十条复审程序参照本条例关于反补贴调查的有关规定执行"复审期限自决定复审开始之日起!不超过"#个月$第五十一条在复审期间!复审程序不妨碍反补贴措施的实施$第六章附则第五十二条对依照本条例第二十六条作出的终裁决定不服的!对依照本条例第四章作出的是否征收反补贴税的决定以及追溯征收的决定不服的!或者对依照本条例第五章作出的复审决定不服的!可以依法申请行政复议!也可以依法向人民法院提起诉讼$第五十三条依照本条例作出的公告!应当载明重要的情况%事实%理由%依据%结果和结论等内容$第五十四条外经贸部%国家经贸委可以采取适当措施!防止规避反补贴措施的行为$第五十五条任何国家&地区’对中华人民共和国的出口产品采取歧视性反补贴措施的!中华人民共和国可以根据实际情况对该国家&地区’采取相应的措施$第五十六条外经贸部负责与反补贴有关的对外磋商%通知和争端解决事宜$第五十七条外经贸部%国家经贸委可以根据本条例制定有关具体实施办法$第五十八条本条例自#((#年"月"日起施行$"))*年+月#,日国务院发布的-中华人民共和国反倾销和反补贴条例.中关于反补贴的规定同时废止$附!出口补贴清单"#出口国$地区%政府根据出口实绩对企业&产业提供的直接补贴’(#与出口奖励有关的外汇留成或者类似做法’)#出口国$地区%政府规定或者经出口国$地区%政府批准对出口货物提供的国内运输或者运费条件优于对国内货物提供的条件’*#出口国$地区%政府直接或者间接地为生产出口产品提供产品或者服务的条件+优于其为生产国内产品提供的相关产品或者服务的条件+但特殊情形除外’,#对企业已付或者应付的与出口产品特别有关的直接税或者社会福利费+实行全部或者部分的减免或者延迟缴纳’-#在计算直接税征税基数时+直接与出口产品或者出口实绩相关的扣除优于国内产品的扣除’.#对与出口产品的生产和流通有关的间接税的减免或者退还+超过对国内同类产品所征收的间接税’/#对用于生产出口产品的货物或者服务所征收的先期累积间接税的减免&退还或者延迟缴纳+优于对用于生产国内同类产品的货物或者服务所征收的先期累积间接税的减免&退还或者延迟缴纳+但特殊情形除外’0#对与生产出口产品有关的进口投入物减免或者退还进口费用+超过对此类投入物在进口时所收取的费用+但特殊情形除外!"#$出口国%地区&政府以不足以弥补长期营业成本和亏损的费率’提供的出口信贷担保或者保险’或者针对出口产品成本增加或者外汇风险提供保险或者担保!""$出口国%地区&政府给予出口信贷的利率低于使用该项资金实际支付的利率’或者为出口商或者其他金融机构支付为获得贷款所产生的全部或者部分费用’使其在出口信贷方面获得优势’但特殊情形除外!"($由公共账户支出的构成出口补贴的其他费用!。
反补贴ppt
6、裁决
调查机关根据调查结果,如果该类产品确实有 补贴的事实,根据本国相关法律和国际法依法作出 裁决,对该产品征收反补贴税。
三、案例分析ຫໍສະໝຸດ 1、案情基本情况:根据《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》规定,商务部应国内产业代 表中国畜牧业协会的申请,于2009年9月27日发布公告,对原产于美 国的进口白羽肉鸡产品进行反补贴立案调查,涉案金额超过7亿美元 ;产品范围界定为白羽肉鸡产品,从美国进口的白羽肉鸡产品数量占 我国总进口量的70%以上。立案后,美国政府、美国禽蛋品出口协会 以及35家美国白羽肉鸡生产商、出口商登记应诉。2010年4月28日, 我国商务部发布了《关于白羽肉鸡产品反补贴调查初裁的公告》。商 务部对被调查产品是否存在补贴和补贴金额、被调查产品是否对中国 国内白羽肉鸡产业造成损害和损害程度以及补贴与损害之间的因果关 系进行了调查。
二、反补贴的程序
申请 → 受理 → 答辩 ↓
裁决 ← 临时措施
←
调查
1、申请 由受补贴影响的产业或产业代表以书面形式 提出发起补贴调查的书面请求。
2、受理
反补贴调查机关根据产业代表提出的书面请 求或基于自己掌握的证据立案。
3、答辩
在发动调查以前,调查机关应邀请 其产品涉及到的成员方参加磋商以澄清 补贴事实,并达成各方所能接受的解决 办法。
(3)调查机关初步认定,美国政府向白羽肉鸡产品的上 游产品即玉米、大豆种植者提供拨款,符合上述规定的条 件,应认定为财政资助。二是补贴具有专向性。关于直接 支付补贴项目,并不是所有的农产品都能从中受益,玉米 和大豆是其中的两大受益产业。美国政府的直接对本案所 涉农产品支付补贴行为具有明显的专项性,符合《中华人 民共和国反补贴条例》的专项性规定。我国调查机关认为 ,美国农业部在实施直接支付计划时,不仅限定了农作物 种类,而且限定了特定农作物的种植户。三是补贴授予了 被补贴者某种利益。通过上述调查,我国调查机关根据现 有证据做出初裁认定,美国政府对玉米、大豆直接支付补 贴,使得本案所涉农产品生产者直接受益。
关于反补贴是什么意思
关于反补贴是什么意思补贴主要是指津补贴和福利主要是国家或者是一些公司给员工提供的一种补贴,那么反之又是什么意思呢?下面给大家分享关于反补贴是什么意思,欢迎阅读!反补贴是什么意思反补贴是指一国反补贴调查机关实施和执行反补贴法律法规的行为和过程。
补贴是指政府或任何公共组织向其生产者或出口商提供的财政或财政优惠的措施,包括现金补贴或其他优惠待遇,使其产品在国际市场上比没有补贴的同类产品处于有利的竞争地位。
发补贴的措施种类有:临时措施、承诺、反补贴征收税。
法律依据:《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》第三条补贴是指出口国(地区)政府或者其任何公共机构提供的并为接受者带来利益的财政资助以及任何形式的收入或者价格支持。
补贴与反补贴是什么意思补贴(allowances)是指津补贴或福利,也即津贴。
中央纪委国家监委网站的相关统计数据显示,“中秋国庆期间违反中央八项规定精神问题监督举报曝光专区”近三年中通报了989起案例。
其中,数量排名第一位的是违规发放津补贴或福利,228起。
反补贴是指一国政府或国际社会为了保护本国经济健康发展,维护公平竞争的秩序,或者为了国际贸易的自由发展,针对补贴行为而采取必要的限制性措施。
包括临时措施、承诺征收反补贴税。
反补贴特点反补贴、反倾销和保障措施是WTO规定的三大贸易救济措施,属于合规性贸易壁垒。
与反倾销和保障措施相比,反补贴作为新型贸易壁垒对一国外贸出口和经济发展具有更大的危害性,其特点如下:1.反补贴的应诉主体为政府。
补贴是政府行为,反补贴的调查对象是政府的政策措施。
反倾销和保障措施的威胁主要针对企业和特定行业,而反补贴则会影响被调查国的贸易和产业政策、宏观经济政策甚至总体经济战略。
2.反补贴的调查范围更广泛。
反倾销和保障措施仅涉及特定企业或产品,而反补贴的涉及面更加广泛,调查范围可能接受政府补贴对象的下游企业甚至整个产业链,危害更大。
3.反补贴的影响时间较长。
相对于反倾销和保障措施,反补贴对一国经济的影响更加广泛和持久。
中华人民共和国反补贴(英文版)
反补贴条例(英文版)Countervailing Regulation of The People’s Republic of ChinaDecree [2001] No.329 of the State CouncilThe Countervailing Regulation of the People’’s Republic of China, which was adopted at the 46th executive meeting of the State Council on October 31, 2001, is hereby promulgated, and shall enter into force on January 1, 2002.Premier of the State Council: Zhu RongjiNovember 26, 2001Countervailing Regulation of the People’’s Republic of ChinaChapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1The present Regulation has been enacted in accordance with the relevant provisions in the Foreign Trade Law of the People’’s Republic of China with a view to maintaining foreign trade order and fair competition.Article 2In case that imported products are subsidized and cause material damage or constitute a threat of material damage to an already established domestic industry, or cause a material impediment to the establishment of a domestic industry, an investigation shall be conducted and countervailing measures shall be taken in accordance with the present Regulation.Chapter II Subsidy and DamageArticle 3The term "subsidy" shall refer to the financial contribution or any form of income or price support which is conferred by the government or any public body of the exporting country (region) and which brings a benefit to the receiver.The government or any public body of the exporting country (region) is hereinafter uniformly referred to as the government of the exporting country (region).The term "financial contribution" as mentioned in Paragraph 1 of thisArticle shall include the following:(1) direct provision by the government of the exporting country (region) of funds in the forms of allocations of money, loans, capital contribution, etc., or potential direct transfer by such government of funds or debts in the forms of loan guarantees, etc.;(2) waiver of or failure to collect by the government of the exporting country (region) the income receivable;(3) provision by the government of the exporting country (region) of goods or services other than general infrastructure, or purchase by the government of the exporting country (region) of goods;(4) payments made by the government of the exporting country (region) to a funding mechanism, or carryout of the above said functions by entrusting or directing a private body.Article 4The subsidy against which the investigation is conducted and the countervailing measures taken in accordance with the present Regulation must have the characteristic of special orientation.Subsidies under any of the following circumstances shall be deemed to have the characteristic of special orientation:(1) subsidies obtained by some enterprises or industries which are clearly determined by the government of the exporting country (region);(2) subsidies obtained by some enterprises or industries which are clearly provided in the laws or regulations of the exporting country (region);(3) subsidies obtained by the enterprises or industries within some specified areas;(4) subsidies obtained on the condition of export achievements, including all items of subsidies enumerated in the illustrative list of export subsidies attached in the present Regulation;(5) subsidies obtained on the condition that the products of a country (region) are used to substitute those imported to this country (region).When the characteristic of special orientation of the subsidy is determined, such factors as the number of enterprises subsidized, the amount, proportion, duration and means, etc. of the subsidy granted to the enterprises shall also be considered.Article 5The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as the MOFTEC) shall be responsible for the investigation on and determination of subsidy.Article 6The amount of subsidy for imported products shall be calculated in the following methods with different circumstances being distinguished:(1) where the subsidy is granted in the form of gratuitous allocation of money, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the amount actually received by the enterprises;(2) where the subsidy is granted in the form of a loan, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the interest to be paid by the enterprise receiving the loan under the condition of normal commercial loan and the interest of the said loan;(3) where the subsidy is granted in the form of a loan guarantee, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the interest to be paid by the enterprise if not being guaranteed and that to be paid by the enterprise if being guaranteed;(4) where the subsidy is granted in the form of a contributed capital, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the capital amount actually received by the enterprise;(5) where the subsidy is granted in the form of provision of goods or services, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the normal market price of the goods or services and the price actually paid by the enterprise;(6) where the subsidy is granted in the form of purchasing goods, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the price actually paid by the government and the normal market price of the goods;(7) where the subsidy is granted in the form of waiver of or failure to collect the income receivable, the amount of subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between the amount to be paid in accordance with the law and that actually paid by the enterprise.For the subsidies other than those enumerated in the preceding paragraph, the amount of subsidy shall be determined in a fair and reasonable method.Article 7The term "damage" shall refer to the fact that subsidy has caused material damage or constitute a threat of material damage to an already established domestic industry or has caused a material impediment to the establishment of a domestic industry.The State Economic and Trade Commission (hereinafter referred to as the SETC) shall be responsible for the investigation on and determination of damage; while the countervailing investigation on the damage to a domestic industry involving agricultural products shall be conducted by the SETC in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture.Article 8When determining the damage caused to a domestic industry by subsidy, the following items shall be examined: (1) the impact of the subsidy which may be caused to the trade;(2) the quantity of the subsidized imports, inclusive of the absolute quantity of the subsidized imports or the massive or non-massive increase of the quantity as compared with the manufacture or consumption of the domestic products of the same category, or the possibility of the massive increase of the subsidized imports;(3) the price of the subsidized imports, inclusive of the price cuts of the subsidized imports or the impacts such as great restraint or reduction, etc. to the price of the domestic products of the same category;(4) the impacts of the subsidized imports upon the relevant economic factors and targets of the domestic industry;(5) the manufacturing capacity, export capability of the exporting country (region) and the country (region) of origin on the subsidized imports as well as the inventory of the products under investigation;(6) other factors which cause damage to the domestic industry.The threat of material damage shall be determined on the basis of the facts instead of only one of the accusation, presumption and minor possibility.The damage caused by subsidy to a domestic industry shall be determined on the basis of affirmative evidence, and no factor other subsidy which causes damage shall be attributed to subsidy. Article 9Where the subsidized imports come from two or more countries (regions), and meanwhile meet the following conditions, a cumulative evaluation may be conducted upon the impacts caused by the subsidized imports to a domestic industry:(1) the amount of subsidy to the imported goods from each country (region) shall not be a minimal subsidy, and the volume of imported products may not be negligible;(2) it is proper to conduct a cumulative evaluation on the basis of the competition conditions between the subsidized imports as well as between the subsidized imports and the domestic products of the same category.The term "minimal subsidy" shall refer to a subsidy with its amount to be less than 1% of the value of the products; however, a minimal subsidy of the subsidized imports from a developing country (region) shall refer to the subsidy with its amount to be less than 2% of the value of the products.Article 10The evaluated impacts on the subsidized imports shall be separately determined with regard to the manufacture of the domestic products of the same category; where they may not be separately determined with regard to the manufacture of the domestic products of the same category, the manufacture of the narrowest product group or scope which includes the products of the same category shall be examined.Article 11The term "domestic industry" shall refer to all the manufacturers within the People’’s Republic of Ch ina of the domestic products of the same category or the manufacturers within the People’’s Republic of China whose total output accounts for the large part of the aggregate output of the domestic products of the same category, except for any of those domestic manufacturers who is associated with an export operator or import operator, or he himself is an import operator of the subsidized products or products of the same category.Where, under particular circumstances, the domestic manufacturers in a regional market sell the whole or nearly the whole of the products of the same category in the said market, and the products of the same category in the said market are not mainly supplied by the domestic manufacturers of other places, they may be regarded as a separate industry.Article 12The term "products of the same category" shall refer to the products identical to the subsidized imports; where there are no identical products, the products which are most similar to the features of the subsidized imports shall be the products of the same category.Chapter III Countervailing InvestigationsArticle 13A domestic industry or a natural person, legal person or relevant organization representing a domestic industry (hereinafter uniformly referred to as the applicant) may file a written application to the MOFTEC in accordance with the present Regulation for countervailing investigation.Article 14The application letter shall contain the following contents:(1) name, address and relevant information of the applicant;(2) an entire statement on the imported products under application for investigation, including product name, involved exporting country (region) or country (region) of origin, the known export operator or manufacturer, etc.;(3) a statement on the quantity and value of the domestic products of the same category;(4) the impacts of the quantity and price of the imported products under application for investigation to the domestic industry;(5) other contents which the applicant considers it necessary to state.Article 15The application letter shall be attached with the following evidence:(1) the existence of subsidy of the imported products under application for investigation;(2) the damage to domestic industry;(3) the causal link between the subsidy and damage.Article 16The MOFTEC shall, within 60 days after receiving the application letter and the relevant evidence submitted by the applicant, examine whether the application is filed by or on behalf of the domestic industry, the contents of the application letter and the evidence attached to it, etc., and shall, upon consultation with the SETC, decide to initiate an investigation or not. The examination period may be properly extended under particular circumstances.The MOFTEC shall, before deciding to initiate an investigation, send out an invitation to the government of the country (region) from which the products under possible investigation come to negotiate about the matter of subsidy. Article 17Where, among the manufacturers in a domestic industry who support or dissent from the application, the output of the supporters accounts for 50% or more of the total output of the supporters and dissenters, it shall be deemed that the application is filed by or on behalf of the domestic industry, and the countervailing investigation may be initiated; however, if the output of the domestic manufacturers who support the application is less than 25% of the total output of the domestic products of the same category, the countervailing investigation shall not be initiated.Article 18Where, under particular circumstances, the MOFTEC does not receive a written application for countervailing investigation, but has sufficient evidence to consider there exist a subsidy and damage and there is a causal link between the subsidy and damage, it may, upon consultation with the SETC, decide to initiate an investigation.The MOFTEC or the SETC is hereinafter uniformly referred to as the investigation organ.Article 19The decisions on initiating an investigation shall be announced by the MOFTEC, and shall be notified to the applicant, the known export operators, import operators and other interested organizations or individuals (hereinafter uniformly referred to as the interested parties) as well as the government of the exporting country (region).Once the decision on initiating an investigation is announced, the MOFTEC shall provide the known export operators and the government of the exporting country (region) with the text of the application letter.Article 20The investigation organ may know information from the interested parties and conduct the investigation by means of issuing questionnaires, taking samplings, holding hearings and conducting on-spot checks, etc..The investigation organ shall offer the relevant interested parties and the government of the interested country (region) with opportunities for stating their viewpoints and grounds of argument.The MOFTEC may, when considering it necessary, send functionaries to the relevant country (region) for conducting the investigation, except where the relevant country (region) concerned objects to the investigation. Article 21When the investigation organ is conducting an investigation, the interested parties and the government of the interested country (region) shall tell the truth and provide relevant materials. Where the interested parties or the government of the interested country (region) fails to tell the truth or to provide relevant materials, or fails to provide necessary information within a reasonable time limit, or seriously hampers the investigation in other forms, the investigation organ may make an adjudication on the basis of the already obtained facts and the obtainable best information.Article 22Where the interested parties or the government of the interested country (region) considers that the divulgence of the materials provided by them will cause seriously bad effects, it may apply to the investigation organ for treating the materials as confidential materials.Where the investigation organ considers the application for confidentiality is justifiable, it shall treat the materials provided by the interested parties or the government of the interested country (region) as confidential materials, and meanwhile require the interested parties or the government of the interested country (region) to provide a copy of non-confidential outline of the materials.The materials treated as confidential materials shall not be divulged without the consent of the interested parties or the government of the interested country (region) who provides them.Article 23The investigation organ shall permit the applicant, the interested parties and the government of the interested country (region) to have access to the relevant materials of the case, except where the materials are treated as confidential ones.Article 24During the period of the countervailing investigation, reasonable opportunities shall be given to the government of the country (region) from where the products under investigation come for negotiations. The consultation shall not hamper the investigation organ from conducting the investigation or taking countervailing measures in accordance with the present Regulation.Article 25 The MOFTEC and the SETC shall, upon the investigation result, make separate initial awards on subsidy and damage as well as on whether the causal link between the subsidy and damage is tenable, with the awards to be announced by the MOFTEC.Article 26Where the initial awards affirm the subsidy and damage as well as the causal link between the subsidy and damage, the MOFTEC and the SETC shall continue the investigation on the subsidy, the amount of subsidy, the damage and its extent, and shall make separate final awards upon the investigation result, which shall be announced by the MOFTEC.Before the final awards are made, the MOFTEC shall notify all the known interested parties and the government of the interested country (region) of the basic facts upon which the final awards are made.Article 27An countervailing investigation shall be ended within 12 months as of the date of announcement of the decisions on initiating the investigation; under particular circumstances, the time limit may be extended, provided that theextension shall not exceed 6 months.Article 28Under any of the following circumstances, the countervailing investigation shall be terminated and be announced by the MOFTEC:(1) the applicant revokes the application;(2) there is not enough evidence to prove the existence of subsidy, damage or the causal link between the subsidy and damage;(3) the amount of subsidy is minimal;(4) the actual or potential import volume of the subsidized imports or the damage is negligible;(5) the countervailing investigation does not need to be continued after an agreement has been reached upon the negotiations with the government of the relevant country (region);(6) the MOFTEC and the SETC both consider it is not appropriate to continue the countervailing investigation.Where the investigated products from one or more countries (regions) are under any of the circumstances enumerated in Items (2), (3), (4) and (5) of the preceding paragraph, the countervailing investigation with regard to the involved products shall be terminated.Chapter IV Countervailing MeasuresSection 1 Provisional MeasuresArticle 29Where the initial awards establish the subsidy and the consequent damage to a domestic industry, provisional countervailing measures may be taken.Provisional countervailing measures may be taken in the form of levying provisional countervailing duty under the guarantee of cash deposits or guarantee letter.Article 30The adoption of provisional countervailing measures shall be proposed by the MOFTEC and be decided on by the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, and shall be announced by the MOFTEC. The customs shall execute such measures as of the date provided in the announcement.Article 31The time limit for the provisional countervailing measures shall not exceed 4 months as of the date of entry into force of the announcement of the decisions on provisional countervailing measures.No provisional countervailing measure may be taken within 60 days as of the date when the decision on initiating a countervailing investigation is announced.Section 2 CommitmentsArticle 32Where, during the period of countervailing investigation, the government of the exporting country (region) proposes commitments on cancellation or limitation of subsidy or other relevant measures, or the export operators propose commitments on changing the price, the MOFTEC shall give sufficient consideration.The MOFTEC may propose suggestions on pricing commitments to the export operators or the government of the exporting country (region).The investigation organ may not force the export operators to make commitments.Article 33The refusal of the export operators or the government of the exporting country (region) to make pricing commitments or to accept the suggestions on pricing commitments shall not hamper the investigation on and determination of the countervailing cases. Where the export operators continue subsidizing the imported products, theinvestigation organ shall have the right to determine that the threat of damage is more likely to arise.Article 34Where the MOFTEC considers the commitments are acceptable, it may, upon consultation with the SETC, decide to suspend or terminate the countervailing investigations, instead of taking any provisional countervailing measure or levying countervailing duty. The decisions on suspending or terminating the countervailing investigation shall be announced by the MOFTEC.Where the MOFTEC does not accept the commitments, it shall state the reason to the relevant export operators.The investigation organ shall not, before making an affirmative initial award on subsidy and damage caused therefrom, seek or accept commitments. In case that an export operator has made commitments, the investigation organ shall not seek or accept commitments without the consent of the government of the country (region) where the export operator comes from.Article 35After suspending or terminating the investigation in accordance with Paragraph 1 ofArticle 34 of the present Regulation, the investigation organ may, upon the request of the government of the exporting country (region) or when considering it necessary, continue investigating the subsidy and damage.Upon the investigation result in the preceding paragraph, if a negative adjudication on subsidy or damage is made, the commitments shall automatically become invalid; while if an affirmative adjudication on subsidy or damage is made, the commitments shall continue to be valid.Article 36The MOFTEC may require the export operators or the government of the exporting country (region), whose commitments have been accepted, to regularly provide the relevant information and materials for implementing the commitments, and may verify such information and materials.Article 37With respect to the violation of commitments, the MOFTEC may, upon consultation with the SETC, immediately decide to resume the countervailing investigation in accordance with the present Regulation; and may, upon the best information available, decide to take the provisional countervailing measures, as well as to retrospectively levy the countervailing duty on the products imported within 90 days before the provisional countervailing measures were taken, except where the products were imported before the commitments are violated.Section 3 Countervailing DutyArticle 38Where the efforts complete negotiation come to no effect, the final awards affirm the subsidy and the consequent damage caused to the domestic industry, countervailing duties may be levied.Article 39The levy of a countervailing duty shall be proposed by the MOFTEC and be decided on by the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, and shall be announced by the MOFTEC. The customs shall execute such levy as of the date provided in the announcement.Article 40The countervailing duty shall be applicable to the products imported after the final awards have been announced, except for those circumstances provided inArticle s 37, 44 and 45 of the present Regulation.Article 41The taxpayers of the countervailing duty shall be the import operators of the subsidized imports.Article 42The countervailing duty shall be separately determined on the basis of the amount of subsidy of different export operators. Where the countervailing duty needs to be levied upon the subsidized imports of the export operators,which are not actually investigated, the applicable countervailing duty shall be determined in a reasonable method. Article 43The amount of countervailing duty shall not exceed the amount of subsidies determined in the final awards.Article 44Where the final awards determine the existence of the material damage, and prior to which a provisional countervailing measure has been taken, the countervailing duty may be levied retrospectively to the period of the provisional countervailing measure.Where the final awards affirm the existence of the threat of material damage, and a provisional countervailing measure has been taken under the circumstance that an award of material damage will be made if no provisional countervailing measure has been taken in advance, the countervailing duty may be levied retrospectively to the period of the provisional countervailing measure.Where the countervailing duty determined in the final awards is higher than the cash caution money or the amount guaranteed in the guarantee letter, the difference shall not be collected; where it is lower than the cash deposits or the amount guaranteed in the guarantee letter, the difference shall be refunded.Article 45Where the following three circumstances coexist, the countervailing duty may be retrospectively levied upon the products imported within 90 days before the provisional countervailing measures were taken:(1) The subsidized imports increase in a large quantity in a short time;(2) Such increase has caused irremediable damages to the domestic industry;(3) Such imports benefit from the subsidy.Article 46Where it is decided in the final awards not to levy the countervailing duty, or it is not decided yet in the final awards to retrospectively levy the countervailing duty, the cash caution money collected during the period of the provisional countervailing measure shall be refunded, and the guarantee letter or other forms of guarantee shall be cancelled. Chapter V Time Limit for and Re-examination of Countervailing Duty and CommitmentsArticle 47Neither the time limit for levying the countervailing duty nor that for implementing the commitments shall exceed 5 years; however, where it is re-examined and determined that the termination of the levy of the countervailing duty is likely to lead to the continuance or re-occurrence of the subsidy or damage, the time limit for levying the countervailing duty may be properly extended.Article 48After the countervailing duty has taken effect, the MOFTEC may, with a justifiable reason and upon consultation with the SETC, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing the levy of countervailing duty; it may also, after a reasonable period of time, upon the request of the interested parties and after having examined the corresponding evidence provided by the interested parties, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing the levy of countervailing duty.After the commitments have taken effect, the MOFTEC may, with a justifiable reason, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing the implementation of the commitments; it may also, after a reasonable period of time, upon the request of the interested parties and after having examined the corresponding evidence provided by the interested parties, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing the implementation of the commitments.Article 49The reservation, amendment or cancellation of the countervailing duty shall be proposed by the MOFTEC upon the re-examination result and in accordance with the present Regulation, shall be decided on by the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, and shall be announced by the MOFTEC.。
我国反补贴规则与SCM规则的差异分析与冲突解决上
我国反补贴规则与SCM规则的差异分析与冲突解决上由于我国没有对进口产品实行反补贴救济的传统,在入世前,WTO的《补贴与反补贴协议》(SCM)对于如何构建中国自己的反补贴制度具有指导意义;在入世后,相关的反补贴制度应符合SCM的要求。
尽管到目前为止中国还没有提起一起反补贴调查,但是通过反补贴措施维护国内产业的可能性和必要性始终存在,在实际采用反补贴措施之前,对相关的反补贴规则进行理论上的梳理,特别是分析中国反补贴制度与SCM的差异具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。
一、中国入世前的反补贴规则(一)1994《对外贸易法》1994年,为配合加入WTO,中国制定了《对外贸易法》,共分为总则、对外贸易经营者、货物进出口和技术进出口、国际服务贸易、对外贸易秩序、对外贸易促进、法律责任以及附则等八章。
其中,在“对外贸易秩序”一章提及反补贴问题。
该法第31条明确规定:“进口的产品直接或者间接地接受出口国给予的任何形式的补贴,并由此对国内已建立的相关产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害的威胁,或者对国内建立相关产业造成实质障碍时,国家可以采取必要措施,消除或者减轻这种损害或者损害的威胁或者阻碍。
”从字面上看,该法第31条的规定与GATT第6.6(a)条的规定如出一辙,表明中国将主要遵从国际规则在国内层面实施反补贴措施。
需要指出的是,尽管SCM规定了详细的反补贴规则,然而,WTO协议规则在我国并没有直接的域内适用效力。
就此,1994《对外贸易法》第32条明确规定,对于第31条所提及之情形,“国务院规定的部门或者机构应当按照法律、行政法规的规定进行调查,作出处理”。
(二)1997《反倾销和反补贴条例》1997年3月25日,根据《对外贸易法》,国务院颁布了《反倾销和反补贴条例》。
共分为总则、倾销和损害、反倾销调查、反倾销措施、反补贴的特别规定以及附则等六章。
从结构和内容上分析,该条例的最大特点在于详细规定了反倾销问题,对于反补贴,特别是补贴造成的损害、反补贴调查和反补贴措施的实施适用反倾销中的“有关规定”。
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中华人民共和国反补贴条例文章属性•【制定机关】国务院•【公布日期】2001.11.26•【文号】国务院令第329号•【施行日期】2002.01.01•【效力等级】行政法规•【时效性】已被修改•【主题分类】正文*注:本篇法规已被《国务院关于修改<中华人民共和国反补贴条例>的决定》(发布日期:2004年3月31日实施日期:2004年6月1日)修订中华人民共和国国务院令(第329号)《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》已经2001年10月31日国务院第46次常务会议通过,现予公布,自2002年1月1日起施行。
总理朱镕基二00一年十一月二十六日中华人民共和国反补贴条例第一章总则第一条为了维护对外贸易秩序和公平竞争,根据《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》的有关规定,制定本条例。
第二条进口产品存在补贴,并对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁,或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍的,依照本条例的规定进行调查,采取反补贴措施。
第二章补贴与损害第三条补贴,是指出口国(地区)政府或者其任何公共机构提供的并为接受者带来利益的财政资助以及任何形式的收入或者价格支持。
出口国(地区)政府或者其任何公共机构,以下统称出口国(地区)政府。
本条第一款所称财政资助,包括:(一)出口国(地区)政府以拨款、贷款、资本注入等形式直接提供资金,或者以贷款担保等形式潜在地直接转让资金或者债务;(二)出口国(地区)政府放弃或者不收缴应收收入;(三)出口国(地区)政府提供除一般基础设施以外的货物、服务,或者由出口国(地区)政府购买货物;(四)出口国(地区)政府通过向筹资机构付款,或者委托、指令私营机构履行上述职能。
第四条依照本条例进行调查、采取反补贴措施的补贴,必须具有专向性。
具有下列情形之一的补贴,具有专向性:(一)由出口国(地区)政府明确确定的某些企业、产业获得的补贴;(二)由出口国(地区)法律、法规明确规定的某些企业、产业获得的补贴;(三)指定特定区域内的企业、产业获得的补贴;(四)以出口实绩为条件获得的补贴,包括本条例所附出口补贴清单列举的各项补贴;(五)以使用本国(地区)产品替代进口产品为条件获得的补贴。
在确定补贴专向性时,还应当考虑受补贴企业的数量和企业受补贴的数额、比例、时间以及给与补贴的方式等因素。
第五条对补贴的调查和确定,由对外贸易经济合作部(以下简称外经贸部)负责。
第六条进口产品的补贴金额,应当区别不同情况,按照下列方式计算:(一)以无偿拨款形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以企业实际接受的金额计算;(二)以贷款形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以接受贷款的企业在正常商业贷款条件下应支付的利息与该项贷款的利息差额计算;(三)以贷款担保形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以在没有担保情况下企业应支付的利息与有担保情况下企业实际支付的利息之差计算;(四)以注入资本形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以企业实际接受的资本金额计算;(五)以提供货物或者服务形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以该项货物或者服务的正常市场价格与企业实际支付的价格之差计算;(六)以购买货物形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以政府实际支付价格与该项货物正常市场价格之差计算;(七)以放弃或者不收缴应收收入形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以依法应缴金额与企业实际缴纳金额之差计算。
对前款所列形式以外的其他补贴,按照公平、合理的方式确定补贴金额。
第七条损害,是指补贴对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁,或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍。
对损害的调查和确定,由国家经济贸易委员会(以下简称国家经贸委)负责;其中,涉及农产品的反补贴国内产业损害调查,由国家经贸委会同农业部进行。
第八条在确定补贴对国内产业造成的损害时,应当审查下列事项:(一)补贴可能对贸易造成的影响;(二)补贴进口产品的数量,包括补贴进口产品的绝对数量或者相对于国内同类产品生产或者消费的数量是否大量增加,或者补贴进口产品大量增加的可能性;(三)补贴进口产品的价格,包括补贴进口产品的价格削减或者对国内同类产品的价格产生大幅度抑制、压低等影响;(四)补贴进口产品对国内产业的相关经济因素和指标的影响;(五)补贴进口产品出口国(地区)、原产国(地区)的生产能力、出口能力,被调查产品的库存情况;(六)造成国内产业损害的其他因素。
对实质损害威胁的确定,应当依据事实,不得仅依据指控、推测或者极小的可能性。
在确定补贴对国内产业造成的损害时,应当依据肯定性证据,不得将造成损害的非补贴因素归因于补贴。
第九条补贴进口产品来自两个以上国家(地区),并且同时满足下列条件的,可以就补贴进口产品对国内产业造成的影响进行累积评估:(一)来自每一国家(地区)的补贴进口产品的补贴金额不属于微量补贴,并且其进口量不属于可忽略不计的;(二)根据补贴进口产品之间的竞争条件以及补贴进口产品与国内同类产品之间的竞争条件,进行累积评估是适当的。
微量补贴,是指补贴金额不足产品价值1%的补贴;但是,来自发展中国家(地区)的补贴进口产品的微量补贴,是指补贴金额不足产品价值2%的补贴。
第十条评估补贴进口产品的影响,应当对国内同类产品的生产进行单独确定。
不能对国内同类产品的生产进行单独确定的,应当审查包括国内同类产品在内的最窄产品组或者范围的生产。
第十一条国内产业,是指中华人民共和国国内同类产品的全部生产者,或者其总产量占国内同类产品全部总产量的主要部分的生产者;但是,国内生产者与出口经营者或者进口经营者有关联的,或者其本身为补贴产品或者同类产品的进口经营者的,应当除外。
在特殊情形下,国内一个区域市场中的生产者,在该市场中销售其全部或者几乎全部的同类产品,并且该市场中同类产品的需求主要不是由国内其他地方的生产者供给的,可以视为一个单独产业。
第十二条同类产品,是指与补贴进口产品相同的产品;没有相同产品的,以与补贴进口产品的特性最相似的产品为同类产品。
第三章反补贴调查第十三条国内产业或者代表国内产业的自然人、法人或者有关组织(以下统称申请人),可以依照本条例的规定向外经贸部提出反补贴调查的书面申请。
第十四条申请书应当包括下列内容:(一)申请人的名称、地址及有关情况;(二)对申请调查的进口产品的完整说明,包括产品名称、所涉及的出口国(地区)或者原产国(地区)、已知的出口经营者或者生产者等;(三)对国内同类产品生产的数量和价值的说明;(四)申请调查进口产品的数量和价格对国内产业的影响;(五)申请人认为需要说明的其他内容。
第十五条申请书应当附具下列证据:(一)申请调查的进口产品存在补贴;(二)对国内产业的损害;(三)补贴与损害之间存在因果关系。
第十六条外经贸部应当自收到申请人提交的申请书及有关证据之日起60天内,对申请是否由国内产业或者代表国内产业提出、申请书内容及所附具的证据等进行审查,经商国家经贸委后,决定立案调查或者不立案调查。
在特殊情形下,可以适当延长审查期限。
在决定立案调查前,应当就有关补贴事项向产品可能被调查的国家(地区)政府发出进行磋商的邀请。
第十七条在表示支持申请或者反对申请的国内产业中,支持者的产量占支持者和反对者的总产量的50%以上的,应当认定申请是由国内产业或者代表国内产业提出,可以启动反补贴调查;但是,表示支持申请的国内生产者的产量不足国内同类产品总产量的25%的,不得启动反补贴调查。
第十八条在特殊情形下,外经贸部没有收到反补贴调查的书面申请,但有充分证据认为存在补贴和损害以及二者之间有因果关系的,经商国家经贸委后,可以决定立案调查。
外经贸部和国家经贸委,以下统称调查机关。
第十九条立案调查的决定,由外经贸部予以公告,并通知申请人、已知的出口经营者、进口经营者以及其他有利害关系的组织、个人(以下统称利害关系方)和出口国(地区)政府。
立案调查的决定一经公告,外经贸部应当将申请书文本提供给已知的出口经营者和出口国(地区)政府。
第二十条调查机关可以采用问卷、抽样、听证会、现场核查等方式向利害关系方了解情况,进行调查。
调查机关应当为有关利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府提供陈述意见和论据的机会。
外经贸部认为必要时,可以派出工作人员赴有关国家(地区)进行调查;但是,有关国家(地区)提出异议的除外。
第二十一条调查机关进行调查时,利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府应当如实反映情况,提供有关资料。
利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府不如实反映情况、提供有关资料的,或者没有在合理时间内提供必要信息的,或者以其他方式严重妨碍调查的,调查机关可以根据可获得的事实作出裁定。
第二十二条利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府认为其提供的资料泄露后将产生严重不利影响的,可以向调查机关申请对该资料按保密资料处理。
调查机关认为保密申请有正当理由的,应当对利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府提供的资料按保密资料处理,同时要求利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府提供一份非保密的该资料概要。
按保密资料处理的资料,未经提供资料的利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府同意,不得泄露。
第二十三条调查机关应当允许申请人、利害关系方和利害关系国(地区)政府查阅本案有关资料;但是,属于按保密资料处理的除外。
第二十四条在反补贴调查期间,应当给予产品被调查的国家(地区)政府继续进行磋商的合理机会。
磋商不妨碍调查机关根据本条例的规定进行调查,并采取反补贴措施。
第二十五条外经贸部、国家经贸委根据调查结果,分别就补贴、损害作出初裁决定,并就二者之间的因果关系是否成立作出初裁决定,由外经贸部予以公告。
第二十六条初裁决定确定补贴、损害以及二者之间的因果关系成立的,外经贸部、国家经贸委应当对补贴及补贴金额、损害及损害程度继续进行调查,并根据调查结果分别作出终裁决定,由外经贸部予以公告。
在作出终裁决定前,应当由外经贸部将终裁决定所依据的基本事实通知所有已知的利害关系方、利害关系国(地区)政府。
第二十七条反补贴调查,应当自立案调查决定公告之日起12个月内结束;特殊情况下可以延长,但延长期不得超过6个月。
第二十八条有下列情形之一的,反补贴调查应当终止,并由外经贸部予以公告:(一)申请人撤销申请的;(二)没有足够证据证明存在补贴、损害或者二者之间有因果关系的;(三)补贴金额为微量补贴的;(四)补贴进口产品实际或者潜在的进口量或者损害属于可忽略不计的;(五)通过与有关国家(地区)政府磋商达成协议,不需要继续进行反补贴调查的;(六)外经贸部和国家经贸委共同认为不适宜继续进行反补贴调查的。
来自一个或者部分国家(地区)的被调查产品有前款第(二)、(三)、(四)、(五)项所列情形之一的,针对所涉产品的反补贴调查应当终止。
第四章反补贴措施第一节临时措施第二十九条初裁决定确定补贴成立,并由此对国内产业造成损害的,可以采取临时反补贴措施。
临时反补贴措施采取以现金保证金或者保函作为担保的征收临时反补贴税的形式。