(完整版)高中英语句法知识汇总--

高中英语句法知识汇总

一、句子成分分析

＊句子概念：句子是语言运用的基本单位，它由词、词组(短语)构成，能表达

一个完整的意思，如描述一件事，提出一个问题，表示要求或者制止，表示某种感慨，表示对一段话的延续或省略。句子和句子中间有较大停顿。它的结尾应该用上句号、问号、省略号、或感叹号。

＊＊＊主干成分：主、谓、宾、表

修饰成分：定、状、补

Ⅰ.主语：一个句子往往用来表达“某人/某个事物怎么样了”，或“某人干什

么了”。其中，某人或某事物，是陈述对象，或动作的执行者，叫主语。（即句子叙说的主体）

例如：Tom is the tallest boy in our class.

They are playing football.

Three million dollars is not enough.

To see is to believe.

Walking on the moon is very difficult.

What he is doing is unknown.

＊＊＊主语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。

Ⅱ.谓语：谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，即“做什么”或“怎么样”。

I went to Paris last summer.

I have been waiting for you all morning.

I hate lies.

＊＊＊谓语由动词或动词短语担任，常位于主语后，具有人称、各种时态及语态变化。

III.宾语:谓语动词的动作的承受者，即动作的对象或内容。

I love you.

I study Chinese.

He wrote many plays.

I taught him a lesson yesterday.

Can you show me your photo?

＊＊＊许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语（双宾语）：直接宾语和间接宾语。

直接宾语表示动作的承受者，通常是物；间接宾语表示动作对谁或为谁

而做，通常是人。

例如：I taught him(间宾)a lesson(直宾) yesterday.

→可以接双宾语的动词有：give, show, send, bring, lend, tell, return, write, pay, teach, make, buy, find等。

→双宾语通常的语序是：间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后。如果要强调直接宾语，也可以至于间接宾语之前。这时，间接宾语之前必须加介词to或for （to强调动作对谁而作，for强调动作为谁而做）。

give me a book = give a book to me

buy Tom a watch = buy a watch for Tom

＊＊＊宾语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。Ⅳ. 表语:语用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。

Be careful!

His job is looking after sheep.

He looks very angry.

Our teacher stays young.

Leaves turn yellow in fall.

＊＊＊一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成句子的谓语。（穿插系动词相关知识）

Ⅴ. 定语:定语是修饰或限定名词或代词的词，表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等。

It’s an interesting story.

Do you have time to help us?

I like the novels written by Lu Xun.

Who is the woman being operated on?

＊＊＊定语通常由形容词、代词、名词、名词所有格、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当,(位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在后)。

Ⅵ.状语:修饰谓语动词的句子成分叫状语，一般用来说明谓语动作所发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等。

We like English very much.

Her uncle lives in Canada.

She was lying in bed reading.

When I was seven,I began to write poems.

United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。

＊＊＊状语一般一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或从句充当，位置灵活。(句首、句末、插入)

Ⅶ. 补语:补语用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征、状态或身份。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语（多见宾补）。

→主补：The goat rolled over, dead.

Abraham Lincoln was elected president again.

The boy is seening playing with his sister in the garden.

→宾补：Please make yourself at home.

He told us to stay.

I’ve never seen her dancing.

I found it difficult to refuse him.

＊＊＊补语通常由形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词、副词、介词短语等补充。

Ⅷ.同位语:对前面的名词或代词做进一步说明或解释。（若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语）。

We students should study hard.

This is my friend Harry.

＊＊＊同位语通常由名词、数词、代词或从句等充当。

Ⅸ. 独立成分:与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、

呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开（区别于分词独立结构）。

感叹语：Here! Don’t cry!

呼语：Lucy， you look tired.

插入语：He may be late for the meeting, I am afraid.

二、句子的分类（1）---按结构

简单句﹠并列句﹠复合句

1.简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。

例句：1. She goes to work every day.

2. Tom and I found her there.

3. We all breathe, eat and work.

2. 并列句：由并列连词（如：and, so, but, or等）把两个或两个以上的简

单句连在一起而构成的句子。

例句：1. I often help her and she helps me, too.

2. Harry likes eggs, but he doesn’t like chicken.

3. 复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子,从句包含名词

性从句（包括主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句），副词性从句即状语从句，和形容词性从句即定语从句。

例句：1. I believe(that） you are right.

2. If he studies harder, he will pass the exam.