中国社会科学院管理学考博试题
中国社科院考博管理学复习整理
中国社科院考博管理学复习整理第一篇绪论第1章管理与组织导论管理角色：明茨伯格认为，管理者做什么可以通过考察管理者在工作场所扮演的10种不同但高度相关的角色来恰当地描述。
管理角色，即特定的管理行为类型。
这10种管理行为可以被进一步组合为三类：人际关系角色（挂名首脑、领导者和联络者）、信息传递角色（监听者、传播者和发言人）、决策制定角色（企业家、混乱驾驭者、资源分配者和谈判者）。
管理技能：罗伯特卡茨：技术技能、人际技能、概念技能第2章管理的昨天和今天科学管理：泰罗：科学管理理论即应用科学方法确定从事工作的最佳方式。
泰罗的四条基本原理原则：对工人工作的每一个要素开发出一种科学方法，用以代替老的经验方法；科学地挑选工人，并对他们进行培训、教育，使之成长；与工人们衷心合作，以保证一切工作都按已形成的科学原则去办；管理当局与工人在工作和职责的划分上几乎是相等的，管理当局把自己比工人更胜任的各种工作都承揽下来。
一般行政管理理论：法约尔：欧洲古典管理理论的创始人，他区分了管理者的五项职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制。
将管理实践描述为有别于会计、财务、生产、分配和其他典型的商业智能的一种活动，普遍存在于所有人类的努力中，包括商业、政府甚至家庭中。
定量管理方法组织行为：霍桑研究结论：行为和情绪是密切相关的，小组对于个人的行为有重要的影响，小组的标准是由单个工人的产出确定的，金钱在决定小组的产出标准上比起小组的情绪和工作保障来说是相对次要的因素。
这一结论导致了在组织管理方面对人的行为因素的新的强调。
系统观点：系统是一组相互关联和相互依赖的组成部分，它们共同构成了一个统一的整体。
存在两种基本系统，即封闭系统和开放系统。
权变理论第二篇定义管理者的领地第3章组织文化与环境：约束力量管理万能论：管理者对组织的成败负有直接责任。
管理者是组织的中流砥柱，能够克服任何障碍去实现组织的目标。
不管什么原因，当组织运行不良时，必须有人承担责任。
01_10中国社会科学院管理学原理考博试题
中国社会科学院管理学原理真题2001年一、简答（10分×4）1．W•爱德华•戴明对于管理理论的贡献是什么？2．谈谈你所了解的CIM、CAD和CAM。
3．简述形形色色的激励理论，它们如何形成当代激励理论的综合？4．预测技术和环境变化的德尔菲法的基本内容是什么？二、论述（30分×2）1．试比较经济学、管理学关于企业组织的基本研究方法和观点。
2．试述企业家精神在战略管理中的特殊地位及现阶段如何培育我国的企业家精神。
2002年论述题（每题限1000字以上）1．论述运用战略管理理论，分析我国加入WTO后企业竞争战略的选择与调整。
（35分）2．从管理道德观谈谈我国企业的责任与信誉。
（35分）3．怎样用博弈论中的报复模型分析反对恐怖主义的策略。
（30分）2003年论述题（每题25分，每题必答800字以上）1．用霍夫斯泰德文化四维理论分析中外合资企业管理中的冲突问题。
2．从生产作业管理（operating management）角度分析如何提高中国制造业的劳动生产率和竞争优势。
3．工业企业选址布点应该考虑哪些因素？并以次分析中国成为世界制造业基地的可能性。
4．综合管理万能论和管理象征论的观点，论述如何建立有效的管理者业绩评价体系。
2004年一、名词解释1．规模经济2．范围经济3．标杆管理标杆管理起源于20世纪70年代末80年代初，在美国学习日本的运动中，首先开辟标杆管理先河的是施乐公司，后经美国生产力与质量中心系统化和规范化。
标杆管理标杆管理的概念可概括为：不断寻找和研究同行一流公司的最佳实践，并以此为基准与本企业进行比较、分析、判断，从而使自己企业得到不断改进，进入或赶超一流公司，创造优秀业绩的良性循环过程。
其核心是向业内或业外的最优秀的企业学习。
通过学习，企业重新思考和改进经营实践，创造自己的最佳实践，这实际上是模仿创新的过程。
标杆管理与企业再造、战略联盟并称为20世纪90年代三大管理方法。
管理学考博真题
管理学考博真题1. 比程序更具体的计划称为_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：方法2. 用来评价计划方案自身质量和可操作性的是_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：结构化程度3. 在管理者的技能中，对于基层管理者更为重要的是_____________。
[填空题] 空1答案：技术技能4. 在管理者的技能中，对于各个层次的管理者都必须具有_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：人际技能5. 根据霍桑实验结果，工人应属于_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：社会人6. 在管理中要根据环境和内外条件随机应变，没有一成不变的、普遍使用的“最好的”管理理论和方法，持这种观点的学派是_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：权变理论学派7. 通过把管理问题抽象成一个模型，求解模型来获得解决问题的最优解，依据最优解和组织的实际情况来制定组织计划的方法，这种方法是_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：运筹学方法8. 当决策问题存在着两种以上的自然状态，而各自然状态发生的概率均能准确知道时，则称为；在决策类型中，根据竞争对手的策略来确定对策的决策过程属于_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：风险型决策；竞争型决策9. 为实现组织长远目标而制定的有广泛意义的计划属于_____________。
[填空题] 空1答案：战略计划10. 在组织战略中，针对公司产品或服务在市场上的竞争问题，在某一行业或某一细分内确定其市场地位和发展态势的战略，这种战略属于_____________。
[填空题]空1答案：经营业务单位竞争战略11. 在狭窄的市场上寻求成本优势或者是差异化优势，这种战略被称为_______________________。
[填空题]空1答案：差异化战略12. 通过提供与众不同的产品来得到顾客的认同，这种战略被称为；积极寻求在生产、营销和其他运营领域中的高效率，制造费用保持在尽可能低的水平上，想办法削减成本，这种竞争战略属于_____________。
社科院技术经济与管理专业考博真题复习资料-育明考研考博
中国社会科学研究院技术经济与管理专业考博复习资料报考分析一、中国社会科学研究院技术经济及管理专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容120204技术经济及管理2016年5人①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3044技术经济学①外国语综合能力测试50分（含口语及听力）②专业综合150分（笔试、面试）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、中国社会科学研究院技术经济及管理专业考博的报录比平均在6:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有12个研究方向：01技术创新与产业经济（01）02技术创新与产业经济（02）03技术创新与循环经济（03）04技术创新与循环经济（04）05区域管理与区域创新（05）06区域管理与区域创新（06）07环境经济政策模拟（07）08环境经济政策模拟（08）09技术创新与经济增长（09）10技术创新与经济增长（10）11产业技术经济评价（11）12产业技术经济评价（12）3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大，要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数，专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。
4、以同等学力资格报考的考生初试时需加试“政治理论”(考试范围：马克思主义经典选读、中国特色社会主义理论)，复试时需加试两门本专业硕士学位主干课程（笔试）。
5、入学考试总成绩=初试成绩*60%+复试成绩*40%。
育明教育考博分校针对中国社会科学研究院技术经济及管理专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
（中国社会科学研究院数量经济与技术经济系考博资料获取、课程咨询育明张老师叩叩：772678537）二、社科院数量经济与技术经济系历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、中国社会科学研究院数量经济与技术经济系共有2个博士招生专业：020209数量经济学120204技年份复试分数线进入复试人数/录取人数（不含硕博连读）2013年英语A 类46分B 类51小语种60分专业课60分20人/13人2014年英语A 类46分B 类51小语种60分专业课60分18人/13人2015年英语A 类46分B 类51小语种60分专业课60分21人/13人术经济及管理，各个专业竞争压力还是比较大的。
中国社会科学院政治学系行政管理方向考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院政治学系政治学理论专业行政管理方向考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目502政治学系(3)030201政治学理论(3)04行政管理贠杰①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语、1004德语、1005法语选一②2016政治学理论③3184行政管理二、导师介绍贠杰,政治学系硕士生导师。
1972年6月出生于河南省三门峡市。
2009年毕业于中国社科院研究生院，获经济学博士学位。
任中国社科院政治学所行政管理研究室主任，研究员；兼任中国行政管理学会理事、中央国家青联委员。
行政管理专业，研究方向及研究领域为行政管理与改革、政府绩效评估等。
主要著作：《公共政策评估：理论与方法》（2006年）、主编《突发事件中的公共管理》（2005年）、《浙江经验与中国发展（政府管理卷）》（2007年）等。
学术论文《有限政府论：思想渊源与现实诉求》（2005年）、《浙江“省管县”财政体制及其对我国行政体制改革的启示》（2008年）、《中国行政管理体制改革的进展与挑战》（2006年）。
承担课题：2002-2006年，国家社科基金项目，“政府政策评估的效率与方法体系研究”；2008-2012年，中国社科院重点课题，“我国行政区划改革与政府层级问题研究”；2013年，中国社科院创新工程项目，“中国地方政府绩效评估体系研究”获奖情况：2011年，获中国社会科学院优秀科研成果奖三等奖（院级）1项；2006年，获中国社科院优秀决策信息奖对策研究类二等奖（院级）2项。
2009年，获中国社科院优秀决策信息奖对策研究类三等奖（院级）2项。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。
育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
三、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
中国社会科学院财经系旅游管理专业考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院财经系旅游管理专业考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目404财经系(13)120203旅游管理(2)01旅游经济与管理王诚庆①1001英语②2002管理学原理③3190旅游管理02旅游与现代服务业夏杰长①1001英语②2002管理学原理③3190旅游管理03旅游业投融资姚战琪①1001英语②2002管理学原理③3190旅游管理二、导师介绍王诚庆，财经系旅游管理专业博士生导师。
1958年8月出生于山东省沂水县。
现任中国社会科学院研究员、财经战略研究院China Finance and Economic Review编辑部主任。
研究兴趣包括流通与市场、城市与房地产、旅游与休闲等。
主要成果有个人专著《流通作用机制与市场经济运行》（1994）；译著China:From Revolution to Reform（1993）；合作专著《中国省际贸易》（1994）；《商业经济学》（中国社会科学院研究生院教材，1999）；《通向公平竞争之路：中国转轨期间市场秩序研究》（2001）。
发表的主要论文有：《商业体制改革目标模式的探索》（1987）；《论第五个现代化--流通现代化》（1995）；《地区比较利益的实现与分配机制》（1996）；《中国房地产周期波动：解释转移与相机政策》，（2002）。
曾参与过福特基金会委托课题、社会科学基金研究课题、中国社会科学院重大课题等多项课题的研究。
夏杰长，财经系博士生导师。
1964年3月出生于湖南省新宁县。
1999年7月毕业于中国社会科学院研究生院，获经济学博士学位。
现任中国社会科学院财经战略研究院院长助理、服务经济研究室主任。
中国社会科学院重点学科---服务经济学科责任人。
主要研究领域服务经济与旅游管理。
享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。
十一届全国人大常委会第二十六次专题讲座《推动我国服务业大发展》的主讲人（2012年2月29日）。
中国社科院旅游管理方向博士生入学考试
社科院旅游管理方向博士生入学考试试题2007年一、简答题（30分）如何促进中国度假权益（分时度假）行业的健康发展？二、论述题（70分）试论旅游目的地竞争力的影响因素及评价方法。
2008年1、简述旅游供给的主要特征（20分）2、简述城市郊区化背景下旅游业的发展趋势（30分）3、按照可持续发展的要求论述旅游发展与资源保护的关系（50分）2009年1、简述旅游供给的主要特征（20分）2、试以城市郊区化为背景展望旅游业的发展趋势（30分）3、按照可持续发展的要求简述旅游发展与资源保护的关系（50分）2010年一、简答题（每题20分，共40分）1、试比较澳门、香港、台湾三地旅游市场的特点并探讨澳门旅游业的发展前景2、学术界有学者根据旅游业的“无边界”特点，提出了旅游产业发展的5C模式，即创意、融合、链条、协同与集群。
试对此观点加以述评。
二、论述题（60分）随旅游企业市场营销观念的普及和更新，企业日益认识到实施客户关系管理（CRM）的重要性。
试述客户关系管理对旅游企业的意义，并论述客户关系管理的实施保障。
2011年一、简述题（共两题，每题25分，共50分）（1）2009年12月国务院关于加快发展旅游业的意见提出了优化旅游消费环境的任务。
试述优化旅游消费环境的必要性及基本内容。
（2）就出境游市场来说，近几年来我国理论界有一种观点认为出境游出现了“超前发展”的现象。
试就我国出境游市场是否“超前发展”及其表现、原因和对策加以论述。
二、论述题（共1题，50分）试论述：为什么以人为本是加快旅游业发展的基本原则之一？旅游业如何实行人本化管理？。
管理博士面试题库及答案
管理博士面试题库及答案1. 请简述您选择攻读管理学博士学位的原因。
答案：选择攻读管理学博士学位是因为我对管理学领域有着浓厚的兴趣，并且希望通过深入研究来提升自己的专业能力和理论水平，为未来的学术或职业生涯打下坚实的基础。
2. 您认为管理学中最重要的概念是什么？为什么？答案：管理学中最重要的概念之一是“战略管理”，因为它涉及到组织如何制定并实施长远计划以实现其目标，这直接影响到组织的成功和可持续发展。
3. 描述一下您在管理实践中遇到的一个挑战，并说明您是如何应对的。
答案：在管理实践中，我曾遇到团队成员间沟通不畅的挑战。
我通过组织定期的团队会议，鼓励开放的沟通和反馈，同时引入了项目管理工具来提高团队协作效率，最终有效解决了这一问题。
4. 您如何看待当前的管理教育与实际管理实践之间的差距？答案：我认为当前的管理教育与实际管理实践之间存在一定的差距，主要体现在教育内容可能过于理论化，而缺乏与现实世界的紧密联系。
为了缩小这一差距，管理教育应当更多地结合案例研究、实习经历以及与行业专家的互动。
5. 请谈谈您对领导力的理解及其在组织中的作用。
答案：领导力是指引导和激励团队或组织成员朝着共同目标前进的能力。
在组织中，领导力对于制定方向、鼓舞人心、实现目标以及推动变革至关重要。
6. 您如何看待技术创新对管理实践的影响？答案：技术创新对管理实践有着深远的影响。
它不仅改变了工作方式，提高了效率，还要求管理者不断学习新技能，适应新的管理工具和方法，以保持组织的竞争力。
7. 在您的研究计划中，您打算如何解决研究中可能遇到的方法论问题？答案：在我的研究计划中，我会采用多种研究方法，包括定性和定量分析，以确保研究结果的可靠性和有效性。
同时，我会与导师和同行进行定期讨论，以识别和解决可能的方法论问题。
8. 请举例说明您如何在过去的工作中应用管理理论。
答案：在过去的工作中，我曾应用变革管理理论来引导团队适应新的工作流程。
通过有效沟通变革的必要性，制定详细的实施计划，并提供必要的培训和支持，我成功地帮助团队顺利过渡到了新的工作模式。
2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析
2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析（一）厂商成本函数为C（Q）=F+0.5a Q21．求厂商的规模报酬区间2．厂商的供给函数3．若市场需求函数为P=A-b Q（A,b均为正数），市场由该厂商唯一供给，且厂商是价格接受者，在什么条件下存在唯一的市场均衡？【育明教育解析】1.AC=C Q=F Q+12aQ当F Q=12Aq，即Q=2F a时，AC取最小值2aF故Q在0，2F a2F a，+∞上规模不经济1.MC=dC dQ=aQ=p∴供给函数为Q=P a，（p≥2aF）0，（p<2aF）2.p=A−bQQ=P a=>p=aA a+b，Q=A a+b唯一均衡存在的条件是：p=aA a+b≥2aF（二）有a，b两人，消费物品1,2。
效用函数分别为，，a，b 的禀赋分别为（9,3）和（12,6）1．求1和2的超额需求函数，并验证瓦尔拉斯法则2．求均衡价格3．若经济禀赋为（21,9），写出契约线方程。
【育明教育解析】1.对a来说，maxx1a,x2a ln x1a+2ln x2a s.t.p1x1a+p2x2a≤9p1+3p2用lagrangean 乘子法，得：1x 1a =λP 12x 2a =λP 2=>2x 1a P 1=2x 2ap 2代入约束式并取等号解得：x 1a =3+P 2p 1，x 2a =2+6P 1p 2同理，对b 来说，解得：x 1b =4+2P 2p 1，x 2b =4+8P 1p 2∴z 1（P 1）=x 1a +x 1b−21=3P 2p 1−14；z 2（P 2）=x 2a +x 2b−9=14P 1p 2−3∴z 1（P 1）∙P 1+z 2（P 2）∙P 2=0，满足walras 法则2.令z 1（P 1）=0，得：P 2p 1=1433.在契约线上，应有两人的边际替代率相等，即∂U a∂x 1a ∂U a∂x 2a =∂U b∂x 1b ∂U b ∂x 2b ∴1x 1a 2x 2a =121−x 1a 19−x 2a =>9x 1a =21x 2a ，或写成x 2a =37x 1a（以a 的坐标轴）（三）三个小国1，2，3，其中1，2为生产国，3为消费国。
中国社会科学院管理学原理2003真题及答案
中国社会科学院研究生院
管理学原理
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）
1.规模报酬
2.公允价格
3.恩格尔定律
4.比较管理学
二、简答题（每题15分，共60分）
1.说明组织的几种类型。
2.通过实践培养管理人员能力的主要方法。
3.现代信息技术发展对企业生产范式带来了哪些变革？
4.说明决策常用的定量方法。
三、论述题（每题35分，共70分）
1.用管理学中的工作激励理论和学理经济学中的委托代理理论分析国有企业经营者的激励问题。
2.从市场结构角度分析我国近几年家电市场的企业价格战行为。
中国社会科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中国社会科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题SAMPLE TESTTHE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelate d when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for th e term “historical synthesis” would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recen tly, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (i n boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. cons idered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run_____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter andwidely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscientarch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosp here.” “You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”。
管理博士面试题库及答案
管理博士面试题库及答案一、简答题1. 请解释管理学中的“SWOT分析”是什么，并举例说明其在企业战略规划中的应用。
答案：SWOT分析是一种战略规划工具，用于评估一个项目或企业的优势（Strengths）、劣势（Weaknesses）、机会（Opportunities）和威胁（Threats）。
通过这种分析，管理者可以更好地理解企业当前的状况，并据此制定相应的战略。
例如，一家科技公司在进行SWOT分析时，可能会发现其优势是强大的研发团队，劣势是市场推广能力不足，机会是新兴市场的扩张，威胁是竞争对手的专利技术。
2. 描述“平衡计分卡”在组织绩效管理中的作用。
答案：平衡计分卡是一种绩效管理工具，它通过财务和非财务指标来衡量组织的绩效。
它包括四个视角：财务、客户、内部流程、学习和成长。
平衡计分卡的作用在于帮助组织不仅关注短期财务指标，也关注长期的战略目标，从而实现全面的绩效管理。
二、案例分析题3. 假设你是一家大型零售企业的管理顾问，该企业面临线上销售增长迅速，但线下门店销售下滑的问题。
请提出你的建议。
答案：首先，企业需要进行市场调研，了解线上销售增长的原因和线下门店销售下滑的具体问题。
其次，企业可以考虑整合线上线下资源，例如提供线上下单线下取货的服务，或者线上线下同步促销活动。
此外，企业还可以通过提升线下门店的购物体验，如增加互动体验区、提供个性化服务等，来吸引顾客。
最后，企业应该利用数据分析来优化库存管理和物流配送，提高效率。
三、论述题4. 请论述“企业社会责任”对企业长期发展的重要性。
答案：企业社会责任（CSR）是指企业在追求经济利益的同时，也要考虑对社会和环境的影响。
一个履行社会责任的企业能够建立良好的公众形象，提高品牌价值。
长期来看，CSR有助于企业获得消费者的信任和忠诚，吸引和保留人才，以及获得政府和社区的支持。
此外，企业通过减少对环境的负面影响，可以降低潜在的法律风险和成本。
因此，CSR对企业的长期发展至关重要。
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中国社会科学院管理学博士入学考试试题
一、名词解释
规模经济
范围经济
标杆管理
帕雷托效率准则
二、简答
1.一个组织的有效控制系统的基本特征有哪些？
2.简述领导魅力领导理论的基本要点
三、论述
1.简述你对计算机一体化制造系统与柔性制造系统的认识
2.试比较经济学的“人力资本理论”与管理学的“人本管理理论”对我国企业制度创新和管理创新的指导意义。
社科院博士入学经济学原理考试题
1、论述实验经济学对传统经济学“理性行为”的挑战；（30分）
2、新制度经济学的政策主张及对当代中国的意义；；（35分）
3、用政治经济学原理解析十六大报告提出的将“劳动、资金、技术与管理参与分配”作为我国“以按劳分配为主体，多种分配方式并存”的一项重要原则。
（35分）
以下是社科院的考博试卷，凡是考经济学任何学科的统一都考，给弟兄们包括考其他学校的，参考一下。
2003年（每题必答1000字以上）
1、评论实验经济学对理性行为假设的挑战（30分）
2、新经济增长理论的政策含义及其对中国实践的启示。
（35分）
3、运用政治经济学原理解析中共十六大报告关于“确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配的原则，完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度”的精神。
（35分）
2004年
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）
1、需求弹性
2、基尼系数
3、汇价
4、垄断
二、简要回答（每题10分，共20分）
1、人力资本投资的边际收益是递增的么？
2、何谓帕累脱效率准则？
三、论述（每题30分，共60分。
每题答案不少于1000字）
1、简论生产要素按贡献分配与商品价值决定的关系。
2、简述宏观调控体系中的财政、货币政策及其作用机理。
2005年
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分，答案每题不能少于30字）
1、环比价格指数（chain price index)
2、萨谬尔森均衡（Samuelson Equilibrium)
3、铸币税（Seigniorage)
4、试验经济学（Experimental economics)
二、简答（每题10分，共20分，答案不少于300字）
1、新古典宏观经济学与新凯恩斯主义经济学的基本理论有哪些主要区别？
2、简述比较优势原理的基本要点。
三、论述（每题30分，共60分。
每题答案不少于1000字）
1、剩余价值的生产过程是劳动过程与价值增值过程的统一。
2、当前我国出现的“民工荒”及其政治经济学涵义。
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