托福背景材料:迷惘的一代

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海明威与迷惘的一代课件

海明威与迷惘的一代课件

3. 弗雷德里克在失去凯瑟 琳后,对生活彻底绝望,
最终选择了自杀。
《丧钟为谁而鸣》
01 02 03 04
总结词:这部作品通过主人公罗伯特的成长经历,展现了年轻人在战 争中的心理变化和成长过程。
详细描述
1. 罗伯特在战争中逐渐认识到战争的残酷和无情,对生活产生了深深 的迷惘。
2. 他经历了心灵的痛苦挣扎,逐渐认识到自己的责任和使命,最终成 长为一个有担当的男子汉。
海明威在当代的价值与意义
文学价值
海明威的作品具有永恒的艺术价值,其主题与情感仍能引起当代 读者的共鸣。
社会意义
他的作品反映了时代的社会现实,对于理解历史背景和人类命运 具有重要意义。
人文价值
他的作品所呈现的人性光辉和生命力量,对于提升人类精神境界 和价值观念具有积极作用。
06
总结与反思
对海明威及其作品的总结
对当代社会的启示与借鉴
勇敢面对困境
海明威的作品启示我们,在面对生活中的困难和挑战时,应该保持勇敢和坚韧,积极面对困境。
真实反映生活
海明威的真实描写对当代社会仍有借鉴意义,我们应该注重对现实生活的观察和理解,以便更好地理解和解决现实问 题。
反思与探索
迷惘的一代的反思精神和对自我价值的探索,对当代社会也有启示作用。在面对社会变革和价值冲突时 ,我们应该保持独立思考和探索精神。
迷惘的一代的影响与意义
迷惘的一代是20世纪初的重要 文化现象,影响了后来的文学
、艺术和社会思潮。
这一代人的作品揭示了战争 对年轻人的心理创伤和对生 命的怀疑,对后来的文学作
品产生了深远影响。
迷惘的一代也反映了当时的社 会和文化背景,为后来的文化 和社会研究提供了重要素材。

迷惘的一代 the lost generation ppt

迷惘的一代 the lost generation ppt

战争——无法医治的创痛
• 在“迷惘的一代”作家笔下,约翰· 多斯· 帕索斯的 《三个士兵》揭露战争怎样摧毁一个音乐爱好者 的前程;爱· 肯明斯(Edward Estlin Cummings, 1894—1962)的《巨大的房间》(1922)描写一 个志愿帮助法国打仗的美国人怎样被当作奸细而 关进法国集中营:威廉· 福克纳在其创作的早期也 属于“迷惘的一代”,他的《士兵的报酬》 (1926)写一个在英国空军服役的美国人头部受 伤,致残回家后悲惨地死去。“迷惘的一代”作 家有一个共同的特征,那就是他们全都厌恶、反 对帝国主义战争,却又找不到正确的出路。
• “爵士乐时代”是美国历史上一个特殊的年代。第一 次世界大战结束了(1918),经济大萧条(1929)还没有 到来,传统的清教徒道德已经土崩瓦解,享乐主义 开始大行其道。用菲茨杰拉德自己的话来说,“这 是一个奇迹的时代,一个艺术的时代,一个挥金如 土的时代,也是一个充满嘲讽的时代。” • 20世纪的第二个十年,年轻人的反叛被另外一些因 素强化了,特别是那场可恶的杀死了近一千万人的 战争。那些在第——次世界大战中幸存下来的人曾 经被迫日睹了毒气杀人、尸横遍野的腐臭,大规模 的破坏、肮脏污秽、空前饥荒等等不幸的遭遇和景 观。美国——一个盛行清教徒价值观和扶轮俱乐部 的国度———片歌舞升平,在战场上的年轻人看来 简直就是虚幻不真。
• “迷惘的一代”作家是时代的产物。他们中许多人参加过第一 次世界大战,亲身经历了战争的残酷场面,战后又目睹欧洲列 强对殖民地的无耻争夺和瓜分,从而使他们怀抱的民主与和平 理想彻底破灭。后来当他们返回祖国,看到的则是物欲流和弥 漫全国的享乐主义情绪。他们怀着对大战后人类社会的迷惘和 怀疑的态度返回欧洲,企图在欧洲文化中心一一巴黎寻找思想 的出路,他们出入于当地的文艺沙龙和大街小巷,精神上的空 虚和对理想追求的失望,使他们只能通过小说创作去诅咒战争、 企盼未来,表现出内心的茫然和无奈。正因为如此,才引出当 时已定居巴黎多年的美国老一辈女作家格特鲁德· 斯泰因对这 批文学青年所说的一句话:“YOU ARE ALL A LOST GENERATION.” (“你们都是迷惘的一代。”)可是,他们面对的都是满目疮 痍和精神文化的倒退。现实生活使他们感到受骗和失望,对前 途丧失信心,思想上产生失落感和幻灭感。他们成为失去精神 家园的流浪者,因迷失了方向而成为“迷惘的一代”。

“迷惘的一代”真正内涵

“迷惘的一代”真正内涵

《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘的一代”摘要:厄内斯特。

海明威在《太阳照常升起》着重描写第一次世界大战后这代人的心理,这是一个内心探索的过程,是一个在现实中挣扎的灵魂的独白。

小说中的人物经历了极大的痛苦和折磨,最终寻找到了精神和感情的出口,坚强地从历史带给他们的伤害中站起来,走向新的生活和希望。

这正是“迷惘的一代”的真正内涵。

“迷惘的一代”(the Lost Generation)泛指第一次世界大战后的一代人,也特指出生在1900年前后并于第一次世界大战后登上文坛的一代美国作家。

他们的作品集中反映了一战后青年厌恶战争同时又因失去方向而痛苦迷惘的心理,是现代主义初期青年文化反叛的一部分。

但他们并没有形成统一的文学流派,而是各自保留自己的独立风格。

这一代人的迷惘是因为他们的传统民主自由的价值观与战后的世界格格不入,加之受美国政府推行的“恢复常态”政策影响,使这些青年感到美国冷酷无情,只重实际利益,从而使这些青年与美国在精神上疏远起来。

海明威从参加第一次世界大战归来后的1919年开始从事文学创作,1926年发表了成名作、第一部长篇小说《太阳照常升起》。

在这部小说的扉页,海明威引用美国“意象派”作家格特鲁德·斯坦因对他说的一句话作为题词:“你们都是迷惘的一代。

” 小说因此被视为“迷惘的一代”——无论是作为文学流派的,还是作为一代战争受害者的宣言书,海明威也因此成为“迷惘的一代”的代言人。

《太阳照常升起》以第一次世界大战为背景,描写了战后一群青年流落在巴黎的生活情景。

表达了当时的青年一代的幻灭感以及对传统道德观念的反叛精神和强烈的反战情绪。

他们都不同程度地在身体上、精神上、道德上、心理上受到战争的损伤和摧残,他们没有精神支柱,没有奋斗的目标,表面上寻欢作乐,内心却隐藏着深刻的悲哀。

他们对战争极端厌恶,对传统价值观念产生怀疑,对生活感到厌倦、迷惘和懊丧,无法在一个信仰失落的时代保持他们在精神上的平衡. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only-eighth of it being above water.但是因为海明威的冰山原则,所以我们只看到那些迷惘、失落、悲观、孤独而无助的灵魂在现实的世界里苦苦挣扎,只看到他们在奢靡的生活中放纵自我、麻醉自我。

简析美国“迷惘的一代”形成的历史原因——对美国精神的执着和战后“美国梦”的破灭

简析美国“迷惘的一代”形成的历史原因——对美国精神的执着和战后“美国梦”的破灭
科 教成 的历 史原 因 形
对 美国精神 的执着和战后“ 美国梦 ’ ’ 灭 的破
李 晓 娜
( 黑龙江大学西语学院, 黑龙江 哈 尔滨 10 8 ) 5 0 0
摘 要: 分析 了美国“ 迷惘的一代” 形成的历史原 因。美 国 人对美 国 精神有着执着的追求, 但是战争击碎 了美国人的梦想。“ 迷惘的一代” 的形成与 战争和战后 的精神危机直接相关, 他们感到 了时代的悲剧感 , 表达出了对未来的迷惘感 , 在作品 中 体现 了 反战和“ 美国梦” 的破灭两大主题 。
一 一 一

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“迷惘的一代”与海明威精品文档5页

“迷惘的一代”与海明威精品文档5页

“迷惘的一代”与海明威“迷惘的一代”是美国文学史上一个重要的文学流派,它产生于二十世纪二十年代,反映了一战后人们尤其是青年一代对战争的愤恨和对现实的不满。

第一次世界大战爆发时,许多青年受到政治口号宣传的影响,把战争看做一种神圣而浪漫的职业,于是纷纷兴致勃勃地报名参军。

在战争期间,他们亲眼目睹了战争的残酷与野蛮,海明威的著名作品《永别了,武器》中的主人公亨利曾有这样一段内心独白:“什么神圣,光荣,牺牲这些空泛的字眼,我一听就害臊,事物也没什么光荣,至于牺牲,那就好比芝加哥的屠宰场,所不同的是把肉拿来埋葬罢了。

”①这时他们方才醒悟到战争并不像他们想象中的那般伟大,于是他们开始反叛,开始愤世嫉俗,战争摧毁了他们的精神支柱,使他们对前途失去了信心,迷失了方向,茫然不知所措,他们通过写作的方式表达这种情绪,宣泄不满,形成了美国文学史上别具一格的“迷惘的一代”。

海明威作为“迷惘的一代”的杰出代表和领军人物,曾经两次参加世界大战,这其中除了人们普遍关注的社会现实因素外,他的性格也是其中一个重要原因。

海明威于1899年7月21日出生于美国芝加哥郊外的一个小镇,父亲是名医生,他非常鼓励海明威参加各种户外活动,经常带儿子去钓鱼和打猎,海明威3岁生日时,父亲便送给他一根钓鱼竿;10岁生日时又送给他一支比他本人高一头的猎枪。

由此,我们不难想象,海明威在这样的培养下会形成什么样的性格。

同时,海明威还参加拳击训练,他的对手是一名职业拳击家,经常被打得鼻青脸肿,尽管这样,他仍然坚持训练,后来有一次,他的左眼被击中,造成了终生残疾。

然而,在这些身体的痛苦面前海明威从不畏惧,他从小就形成了这样坚强、刚毅的性格和铁一般的意志。

海明威这样的性格决定了他不会过平淡无奇的生活,第一次世界大战爆发后,他积极报名参军,由于眼疾而未能如愿,之后,他又参加志愿救援队,在红十字会车队担任司机,有一次他开车在意大利北部和敌人相遇,双方展开战斗,海明威受重伤,以致经过十三次手术也未能痊愈,仍有两百多块弹片留在他身上,成为战争留在他身上永久的纪念,也给他的身体留下了无尽的伤痛。

迷惘的一代作家 名词解释 外国文学

迷惘的一代作家 名词解释 外国文学

迷惘的一代作家名词解释外国文学(原创版)目录一、迷惘的一代作家的背景和定义二、迷惘的一代作家的特点和代表人物三、迷惘的一代作家对美国文学的影响四、结论正文一、迷惘的一代作家的背景和定义迷惘的一代作家,又称迷失的一代,是美国文学评论家格特鲁德·斯坦因提出的第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战期间出现的美国一类作家的总称。

这个时期,美国社会经历了巨大的变革,传统的价值观和信仰受到了挑战和冲击,这使得这一代作家对美国社会发展的一种失望和不满。

他们之所以迷惘,是因为这一代人的传统价值观念完全不再适合战后的世界,可是他们又找不到新的生活准则。

二、迷惘的一代作家的特点和代表人物迷惘的一代作家的特点是反叛和追求真实。

他们认为,只有现实才是真理,可现实是残酷的。

于是他们只能按照自己的本能和感官行事,竭力反叛以前的理想和价值观,用叛逆思想和行为来挑战旧有的道德规范。

这一代作家的代表人物包括欧内斯特·海明威、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德、约翰·多恩·马克斯韦尔等。

他们的作品充满了对现实的揭露和对人性的剖析,展现了这一代人独特的精神风貌。

三、迷惘的一代作家对美国文学的影响迷惘的一代作家对美国文学产生了深远的影响。

他们的作品不仅揭示了战后美国社会的现实面貌,也反映了这一代人的精神困境和价值观的迷失。

他们以一种反叛的姿态挑战了旧有的文学传统和道德观念,为美国文学的发展注入了新的活力。

四、结论总的来说,迷惘的一代作家是美国文学史上一个独特的群体。

他们以反叛和追求真实的精神,揭示了战后美国社会的现实面貌,同时也反映了这一代人的精神困境和价值观的迷失。

外国文学迷惘的一代名词解释

外国文学迷惘的一代名词解释

外国文学迷惘的一代名词解释外国文学是指非本国所创作的文学作品,广泛涉及了全球各地的文学体裁和风格。

迷惘的一代,则是指20世纪初期的西方文学中表达出的一种普遍感觉。

本文将通过解释外国文学和迷惘的一代这两个概念,以及它们之间的关系,来对这一时期的文学现象进行深入探讨。

首先,我们来解释一下外国文学这个概念。

外国文学是指由非本国作者创作的文学作品,其以反映各国的社会、文化、历史和人物为主题。

外国文学以其跨越国界的视野和丰富多样的文化背景而受到广泛关注。

迷惘的一代是20世纪初期西方文学中表现出的一种特殊情绪。

在这个时代,大规模的战争、政治动荡和社会变革使许多作家感到迷惘和失落。

他们对于传统的价值观和信仰感到怀疑,试图通过文学作品来探索和表达这种内心的迷惘。

迷惘的一代作家在作品中常常表现出无力感、孤独感和对于人生意义的质疑。

外国文学迷惘的一代,则是指那些在外国文学中表达出迷惘情绪的作家和作品。

这些作家来自不同的国家和文化背景,但他们在面对相似的社会变革和精神困境时,却产生了相似的情感和思考方式。

这一时期的作品经常揭示了个体在庞大的历史和社会背景下的渺小和无力,同时也反映了探索人生和自身意义的深刻诉求。

卡夫卡是外国文学迷惘的一代中最具代表性的作家之一。

他的作品常常描绘了一个荒诞、无政府的世界,存在一种无法理解和解释的强大力量掌控着个体的命运。

卡夫卡的小说《变形记》中,主人公格列高利·索沙一夜之间变成了一只昆虫,被置于一个完全不能适应的现实中。

这匪夷所思的情节和角色命运的陷入绝望,正是迷惘的一代作家对于生活和存在的无力感的真实反映。

同时,弗朗茨·卡夫卡的作品也常常表达了对于现代社会和机械化工业化进程的恐惧和反抗。

他在《程序表》和《诺勃尔尔镇侦察记录》中,揭示了人与机器之间的冲突和对人类自身价值的质疑。

这种迷惘和不安感正是迷惘的一代作家对于快速变化和现代化进程的回应。

除了卡夫卡之外,弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙也是外国文学迷惘的一代中的重要人物。

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代
迷惘的一代是20世纪50年代末至60年代初的美国青年一代的代名词,他们在这一时期面临着社会、政治和文化的巨大变革。

在这个时期,美国经历了二战的结束和战后重建的时期,经济繁荣和消费主义开始兴起。

然而,这个时代也存在许多问题和困惑。

冷战带来的紧张局势,核威胁,以及社
会不平等和种族歧视等问题,使得许多年轻人开始怀疑并质疑传统的价值观和权威。

迷惘的一代的成员对于自己的身份和目标感到迷茫和困惑。

他们对于现实世界的不满,对于传统的权威和价值观的怀疑,以及对于社会不公正的关注,使得他们成为了政治
和社会变革的重要力量。

文化上,迷惘的一代也展示了他们的独特特点。

他们在音乐、电影、文学等领域中创
造了许多具有影响力的作品,如摇滚乐、反文化运动和嬉皮士文化。

这些文化表达形
式反映了他们对于传统的反叛和对于个人自由和表达的追求。

尽管迷惘的一代的成员经历了许多困惑和挫折,但他们也成为了美国历史上一个重要
的时期的象征。

他们的怀疑和抗议为后来的社会进步和变革奠定了基础,同时也影响
了后续的青年一代和社会的发展。

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响摘要:在1920- 1930年代,世界第一次世界大战之后,美国出现了这样一种社会现象,那就是:在一战爆发前刚刚步入成年的年轻人充满了厌恶战争、悲观和迷茫的情绪。

他们成长的年代是资本主义渐渐的没落的年代。

因为这个时代的特点,他们的思想是复杂而矛盾的。

他们感到迷茫,因此他们被称为“迷惘的一代”。

这种现象广泛而深入地从美国蔓延到整个西方社会,它的影响在历史上是十分罕见的。

本文将简单研究迷惘的一代的历史背景和产生的原因、其主要特点和它对美国文学及文化的影响。

关键词:迷惘的一代;历史渊源;文化价值;影响The Brief Analysis of the Lost Generation and Its Influence onAmerican Literature and CultureAbstract: In the 1920s—1930s, after the world warⅠ, there appears a social phenomenon, that is: The youths who were just becoming adults when the war broke out were feel disappointed and lost. When the youth were growing up, the capitalism was declining. Because of the characteristic of that age, their ideology was intricate and paradoxical. They felt so lost, and they were called the Lost Generation. This phenomenon spread from the United States to the western society widely and deeply, and its influence on western society is rare in history. This paper will briefly study the historical background of the Lost Generation and its forming factors and main characteristics, and will focus on the Lost Generation’s influence on American literature and culture.Key words:lost generation; historical origins; cultural value; influenceContentsIntroduction (1)PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation (2)1.1 The introduction of the lost generation (2)1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation (2)1.2.1 The effects of the First World War (2)1.2.2 The change of people’ ideas (3)1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youth (4)Part Ⅱ Main Characteristics of the Lost Generation (5)2.1 The confusion about war ――against the war (5)2.2 The confusion about life (6)2.3 The confusion about social reality (7)Part Ⅲ The Influence on American Literature and Culture (9)3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature (9)3.1.1 The maturity of American literature (9)3.1.2 Minimalism and Innovation (9)3.2 The lost generation’s influence on American culture (10)3.2.1 Multicultural promotion (10)3.2.2 Effect on American media (11)Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)IntroductionLost generation is a term that has been widely accepted in the field of literary studies,it refers to youth and young writers with disillusionment after the First World War. Their characteristics are weariness,pessimism and disappointment.There are many studies about the lost generation, many scholars and critics were talk about the lost generation which is represented by Hemingway. Most studies are according literature history to analyze Hemingway and the Lost Generation, but the discussion of deep-seated reasons behind Hemingway and the Lost Generation, which leads to the forming of the Lost Generation, the research about this aspect is not much. Therefore, this article will combine the literature and history to analyze the lost generation. This paper analyzes the Lost Generation through the history of the United States and studies its formation factors, characteristics and influence with the help of writers and works of the Lost Generation.Last century, the United States was in a ‘cultural boiling’period: times change and People's thoughts conflicted with traditional culture, which almost reshaped America youth’s cultural attitudes and behaviors, and led to the Lost Generation.Nowadays, China is building a socialist harmonious society at present, and it has to rely on the young generation. Today there is a problem that is after the reform and opening up, under the background of globalization, Young people’s thoughts are under attack. There are many new ideas, some of them are good, and some are bad, which have very deep influence on Chinese youth. In this environment, teenagers are easy to get lost. So how to educate teenagers in ideology, to enable them to develop in a healthy way and to avoid them becoming the new ‘Lost Generation’ are the issues that every educator is facing.This paper will study from the angle of history and literature, according to the previously published monographs and journals to research historical causes of the main characteristics and impact of the Lost Generation. Besides, according to current situation of the Chinese society, it will put forward a bit to prevent Chinese-style ‘Lost G eneration’.PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation1.1 The introduction of the lost generationThe Lost Generation was the generation that came of age during World War I, which was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself. Between the first and second World Wars, writers of the Lost Generation were abroad, many of them went to Europe. Self-exiled to France in the post World War I, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers sought the bohemian lifestyle and rejected the values of American materialism. And its center was in Paris.Poet Gertrude Stein actually pointed the ‘Lost Generation’ out. She said to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway took it as the inscription in his first novel The Sun Also Rises, and the lo st generation gradually became the name of ‘melancholic temperament’ youth after the Word WarⅠ. Then it became a title of an American modernism literature genre---- The Lost Generation Literature. This literary genre has no organization or program, whose theme is lost and helpless; the Lost Generation has since become the title of those writers with the same creative tendency: Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Ernst Hemingway, John Dos Passos and Thomas Wolfe, etc.1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation1.2.1 The effects of the First World WarThe impact of the First World War on the outcome of American is affording much food for thought. The Allied USA supported won the war, and America also got its own economic interests from the war. But encouraging Americans to war’s lofty ideal, such as ‘fight for democracy in the world’, ‘take part in the war to end the war forever’ suffered a serious a serious setback after the war. This setback embodied the failure of the plan that United States want to establish the international union. On the surface this seems to be a failure in foreign policy, but in the eyes of many Americans, it is a symbol that behind the international union imagination, the concept of political democracy under the leadership of the America failed. What is more, this political idea’s disillusionment proclaimed that American traditional Puritanism ideas of which people hold the idea as they perform the sacred duties within the scope of world failed. In fact, it is this concept in 1917 that put tens of thousands of youngAmericans on the away from the United States to fight in Europe. Since this kind of idea is wrong, then the reason of war also is wrong. That is to say, fifty thousand American young men bleed for a lie, their blood is in vain. Young people sacrificed on the battlefield in Europe not only their body, their also suffered spiritual disillusionment. Lost is the mark of European battlefield survivors who suffered a lot. So under such mark they find reasons for their variety of heresy. They thought the values of Puritanism should be abolished. And on behalf of the lost generation were young writers in the forefront.1.2.2 The change of p eople’ ideasIn 20s, youth’s reflection and criticism not only for war, but also for the middle-class v alues. That is to say, the young’s dissatisfaction is largely for culture, which reflects that social cultural contradictions deeply existed in USA. The Norton Anthology of American Literature describes this cultural contradiction: the traditional Americans believed that one should work hard, obey standard, commit themselves and behave decently, they were trying to use Small towns of moral ideal the puritans believed in as a standard to shape American society. The opposite is some gradually clear loud voices, which came from immigrants, minorities, young people and women... who were trying to create a new, more diversified way of life.At the time of the American society, the core of social and economic life has changed from production to consumption after half a century of development. In order to make products can be fully absorbed by market, with media and advertising, a new moral relationship formed. This is ethical consumption. It advocated people to buy, to enjoy and to show their personality. In fact, it is this new fashion in the early 20th century expanded its influence on the United States, and gradually replaced the dominant position that the Puritanism production moral had occupied. The collapse of the old ideas offered space for young people to express their views, and new concepts even pushed the young people to the forefront of cultural wave. That is because the bondage of young generation’s concepts significantly weaker than middle-class’s. They were energetic, and they had strong ability to accept new things. Though their economic ability was limited, but they were more willing to consume, so they get the favor of business. A lot of media such as magazines, newspapers, books and radio advertised to young people's life, which attract young people to spend on one hand, on the other hand, it set up a set of values suitable for young people. In general, the cultural focus to young people because they were adapted to the characteristics of the consumption economy and its values.1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youthIn the 20th century, the western mainstream thought profoundly influenced on American youth. These ideas include cynicism, disillusionment, death and nothingness.In 1914 the international order was broken, and this situation played a leading role for a long time in twentieth Century. Because of the war, a new kind of cynicism emerged as the times require. Therefore, the society was full of cynical thoughts, the faith of the human gone. This disillusionment mood soon appeared in the war, the British writer Herbert Read said that as long as spend a week in the trenches, you will eliminate any remnants of romantic idea to war. With the growth number of war casualties, western society appeared the voice of protest. Finally, those who survived mostly were ashamed of their involvement in the war.The war was very popular in the original, but painful in the end. And this sentiment lasted for a long time, affected the people’s world outlook after war. In the 1920s, pessimistic atmosphere had spread throughout the western world, included the United States,people can feel the strong pessimistic thoughts and subversive ideas. Under the influence of these thoughts, the consciousness of death, pessimism is during the First World War and the postwar in America society. The worst casualties in the battlefield were junior officers who, in general speaking, were the youth received a good education. Under the stimulation of the war, they wrote many works with anti-war, pessimistic and lost emotions. Like Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, and John Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers and many other works have reflected these emotions.Part ⅡMain Characteristics of the Lost GenerationThe so-called lost generation refers to the American writers especially the young writers with a lot of confusion and frustration at that time. They are confused because the traditional concepts of this generation could not suit the postwar world, but they could not find a new rule of life. They think only the reality is the truth, but the reality is cruel. Therefore, they could only act according to their instinct and sense, tried to rebel the ideals and values they held before, used rebellious thoughts and actions to express their dissatisfaction with the reality. The main characteristics of the lost generation are shown in the following three aspects: the confusion of war, the confusion of life and the confusion of social reality.2.1 The confusion about war ――against the warIn 1914, the First World War broke out. With a sacred fanatical passion of justice, many American youth went to Europe, attended the President of the United States called ‘the war to eliminate all wars’, to test their courage and determination. They were not afraid of sacrifices, they had almost consumed their youth and lives. But Versailles contract signed after the war let them find all of this just the history playing with them. Their body suffered great damage and their soul also suffered from shadow. Worse influence of war on America is not proportional to it cost.First of all, people’s abhorrence of war is very common in American. Young people saw countries politicians in Paris Peace Conference bickering and bargaining, were deeply feel betrayed. They are not belligerent, and the interests of the war to them are not direct as to Europeans. It can be said that they are more fight for the faith. So when they were cheated, despite their material losses are less than others, their mental injury is very profound.Secondly, the war caused more mental hurt to the intellectuals, which is also one of the reasons for their anti-war. In this war, they saw the decline of European civilization that they had used to be proud of. War exposed the hypocrisy essence of capitalist civilization, and youth were confused about whether European civilization could make for. For example, Hemingway had been to France, Italy and Spain during the world war one, when he was injured, his view on the war was still ideal. He used to write to his parents, “We are ready to dedicate our lives, but only a few were selected, those who gave their lives also do not need honor, because they are lucky.” (Zeng, 1999:79)This high passion contrasts with the pain that he expressed in A Farewell to Arms. Then he realized that ‘the t ruth of war, I was most need to know when it was utterly ignorant’. Confusion and disappointment were among the whole of the 20s.Therefore, led by Ernest Hemingway, a generation of young Americans writers used their pens, to vent their anti-war thought. Almost every role in their works experienced the hardships of war, so their characters are the mirror of the lost generation. For example, in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Henry saw the truth about war, he is aware of fighting in the war did not save justice or truth; even it doesn't matter with himself. The soldiers he loved, however, also are the accomplice of war makers. He downhearted and was lost. He as well as other young combatants fell into a deep spiritual crisis. Hoping to get peace by drinking, Henry is drown his sorrows in wine and be in the hope of self anesthesia. The war destroyed his political beliefs and ideals, and all of his values were collapsed. Hemingway said, through Henry's inner monologue, “I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.”(Hemingway, 1980:165)Another representative writer Dos Passos in Three soldiers also described the development tendency of the lost generation, in which he revealed how the war destroyed individual hobby and ideal and showed the disappointment of the younger generation. Passos was very discontent about the current situation of America, including they were tricked into Europe. In his mind, the only hope is revolution - politicians, capitalists, warmonger and chauvinist, to kill them all.2.2 The confusion about lifeYoung American’s confusion was associated with social conditions, their families, education and social values. Facing an economic crisis, the depressed market society, young people want to fight again, but after struggle the result was either failure or more empty. Thus, their attitude towards life became more pessimistic.After the war soldiers need to work, but the recession caused great difficulties for them. In particular, military life and cruel war profoundly had a bad effect on their moral character. At that time, War and the so-called peace, made them feel the world was meaningless, they had to escape from reality. Therefore, wild ideas popularized among young people, especially the sexual orgies of ‘carpe diem’. Those young people completely disregard any moral rules or old commandment.These decadent behaviors can be verified from the works of many American writers of the day.In the Sun Also Rises, Hemingway depicts a group of American young people's mental state and outlook on life: they discarded their own misfortune, their values and all social moral standards. In order to ‘live every minute effectively ’, they lived a Bohemian life. The hero in novel lost sexual ability in the war, but he still indulge in debauchery life. However, he didn't get any spiritual solace, he felt more depressed and hopeless.Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s works also showed the same theme. His This Side of Paradise reflects the effects of war on the American ethos, including the oscillation of traditional bourgeois morality and their mood - wild but restless.Through this story we can see that disappointment and confusion is not only on soldiers, but on all this generation.2.3 The confusion about social realityAt the beginning of the 20th century, American society showed a scene of chaos, numerous contradictions fully revealed in the post-war: the growing gap between rich and poor, the depressed market and more and more unemployment men, which made a lot of social problems. In such a society, it is generally felt the injustice of the world. Lost their idea and goal, people felt depressed and helpless. Soldiers returning from the battlefield faced such social scene, they felt misunderstand: their ideas were liberated, but they felt uncertain about real life or perplexed about the future.At the same time, many European countries’ way of life and life attitude was beginning to affect the postwar American youth. Many young Americans went to the European and broaden their horizon. They appreciated the Frenchman's natural and romantic emotional appeal. They began to imitate, the United States has formed a new fashion: young men wearing raccoon leather jacket, carrying travel kettle; Young women perm hair, wear miniskirts, people’s action and clothes are no longer bound by tradition. Estrangement between Americans disappeared, people interaction increased, the new media appeared, you can contacted and communicated at any time.European fashion swept America. Parisians are free to drink, while the United States in 1919 passed the 18th prohibition amendment, young people still ignored it, liquor sales increased and cocktail were opened more. The United States entered a pursuit of material, a new era of easy making money.This phenomenon has been fully embodied in the works of Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby. This novel is exquisit e and accurately describes the ‘jazz age’ of the United States. With the arrival of the United States economic prosperity, the pain and loss of the First World War was soon replaced by blindly optimistic mood in society. To some extent, people were by abandoned the ideal to pursue wealth and to forget the pain of disillusionment. ‘From Rags to Ric hes’ is through personal efforts to achieve success, and it soon became the new target that the people pursue implementation. But people abandoned the past cherished society value, instead, they looked on money as the only standard to measure success in life. Gatsby wants to use extravagant party, luxurious villas and big like ‘monster’ car as a status symbol, and attempts to lure Daisy, his behavior is just the embodiment of the social psychology. But under the surface of prosperous, it is deeper than ever disillusionment, mental decline and moral decay. Gatsby’s tragedy shows lacking of spiritual support; the pursuit of pure material for the content of the ‘America dream’ has become a rotten thing, which is that people think that as long as the satisfaction of material can achieve the life satisfaction. And the pursuit of this dream can only pushed his ideal burst once again. The pursuit of Gatsby is a tragedy, not possible. This is a universal phenomenon in postwar American.Part ⅢThe Influence on American Literature and Culture 3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature3.1.1 The maturity of American literatureThe First World War, American post-war economical changes and development and the western consciousness of death and nihilism popularized in America and many other factors led to The Lost Generation. Although the existence of The Lost Generation is just a short decades, but the impact of it to the United States is vast and profound. The biggest impact is to form the ‘lost generation’ of the 20th century literature. The famous American poet, literary critic Malcolm Cowley compared twenty’s USA literature with The New England literary in Emerson’s age; he called it ‘the second prospe rity of American literature’, and considered that it has a strong impact on European culture and literature. Under this kind of shock, the lost generation writers contributed. The first is the emergence of writers in this period. According to incomplete st atistics in the Malcolm Cowley’s Exiles Return, born in 1891 to 1905 of The Lost Generation youth, in 1942, 236 people have been included in the American culture celebrity dictionary. In The High Tide of American Literature, Malcolm Cowley expanded the list to 385. Second is the quality of the American literature during this period is also recognized as well. In addition to the familiar thing that Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, and Eugene O'Neal (1936), Pearl Buck (1938), Faulkner (1949), Steinbeck (1962), Sol Bellow (1976) and Singer (1978) have won the Nobel Prize for Literature. So many writers and works appeared in this period and so high literary achievements fully show that The Lost Generation is not only the second boom of American literature, it also the mark that the American literary have been freed from the British colonial literature and even the shadow of European literature, it entered the real mature period.3.1.2 Minimalism and InnovationTheir creations in the first were the tendency of literature minimalism and colloquial of language. The second is the form for innovation. These works is not only beneficial to us from the inside to understand the thoughts of The Lost Generation, the principle of life and creation, it also facilitate us to study on a full range of The Lost Generation. And good writers, workvividly appearing also deepens The Lost Generation of Literary legend, it spans the 20’s short time, and continuously affected on American literature in the late. Marc Dolan also thought lost generation can be the 20’s cultural symbol in the United States, because it is rare in American history that a group of writers be representative of an era. As it said before, the lost generation from the moment it appears has the cultural rebellion. The writers took off their uniform after the First World War, and went on writing Road. With their special experience of fighting and exiling in Europe to experience the modern European art enlightenment, their works excellently expressed anti-war sentiments and the modern youth’s disillusionment consciousness. Therefore, Middle-aged writer is difficult to go beyond them. Lost generation writer burst the middle-aged moderates in traditional literary rule and its elegant and polite, hey conquered the editors, publishers, and readers, to become the leading voice of the 20 s American national literature.3.2 The lost g eneration’s influence on American culture3.2.1 Multicultural promotionHowever, the social impact of the Lost Generation has been far beyond the category of literature, in the field of social thoughts and culture, it triggered the revolutionary sensation, affects the young generation of thought and behavior. America writer Marc Dolan in A Cultural Re-reading of the Lost Generation also said ‘the lost generation in the becoming an artist, becoming an American and becoming a personality’.(Dolan, 1996:47).For example, in The Sun Also Rises published shortly after, “young man tried to drink as calmly as the hero of the novel, ladies like the heroine of the novel so sad to Jedi to fall in love one by one, they all talk l ike the characters in Hemingway’s works.” (Cowley, 1986:174) Fitzgerald's novel also accurately record the degenerate, and night revelry of celebrities and fashionable woman, at the same time, It put this way of life deeper and wider promotion to the whole society, which thus lead to the emergence of the Beat Generation in the 50's. This kind of culture, literature movement swept across the United States, at the same time, it also carried hundreds of modernist art and popular lifestyle trends on. It can be said that in the influence of the lost generation ideology, coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, Women’s Rights Movement as well as the rise of various immigrant cultures, the multi-pattern began to form.3.2.2 Effect on American mediaAlso at that time in America society, subject to the influence of the lost generation also performed in other aspects of social life, like music, movies which were in great impact. American writer Arnold Shaw in his work The Jazz Age:Popular Music in the 1920’s says, “Jazz reflects the sluggish economy and the glamorous life. It’s the symbol of the times, in fact, it represented the western society to rethink the value of music, broken the idea of music position possessed and enjoyed by specific class. For the life history of the black Americans, for example, jazz reflected the people hard work and the strong desire to survive.”(Arnold Shaw, 1997:98)At a time when the American film began to be popular, even it was silent film, but there is no doubt that it is also affected by the Lost Generation. The famous writer Steven·J·Ross in Movies and American Society described the impact on film: “The working - class nickelodeon was described on The one hand as a community center and conqueror of The saloon, and on The other hand The AD a school for scandal would adolescent boys to steal and The girls to be promiscuous”(Steven, 2002:85).Such many examples, thus it is easy to come to the conclusion that the impact of the Lost Generation on American society is comprehensive, and it is stunning. Lost generation’s formation was related to the western world of that time. But as educators and leaders in the times of the Lost Generation, USA government inaction can not shirk its responsibility.ConclusionLost Generation’s influence on American and even the whole western society is so profound; the impact of time is so long. This phenomenon is worth our consideration. At that time, t he American society in general is a huge ‘paradox’, ideological, moral, intellective and cultural attitude is full of contradictions: people cared for tradition, but yearn for a freer and more open future. Those 20 years of American literature are dominated by young writers, behind their strong cultural critical attitude, are radical and conservative, rebellious and nostalgic opposite factors, and are also a period of cultural upheavals of the confusion and difficult exploration.Exhaustion of body and mind, the postwar youth could not find a little meaning of life, only the emptiness and confusion. Thus, they had no confidence or belief in their traditional values, the society and even themselves. In fact, the United States and even the whole western mainstream ideas are away from the society and escaped from reality.This phenomenon of moral education is worthy learning from them in China. As we all know, China is trying to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, is in a critical period of building a socialist harmonious society. It is necessary for us to participate in the whole society, especially the young generation. We should note that guiding young people’s thought is a long-term process, we can’t slack off, and educators should attach great importance to ideological changes of teenagers and take effective measures. Therefore, emphasizing on today’s Chinese students to cultivate the humanity is important, as well as to prevent them from becoming ‘lost generation’.。

美国文学名词解释

美国文学名词解释

迷惘的一代(Lost Generation),又称:迷失的一代。

西方现代派文学的一种。

第一次世界大战以后出现于美国的一个文学流派。

第一次世界大战以后,美国有一批青年作家陆续登上文坛。

他们不仅年龄相仿,而且经历相似,思想情绪相近,在创作中表现出许多共同点,逐渐形成一新的文学流派。

代表作家有海明威(1899—1961)、福克纳(1897—1962)、约·多斯·帕索斯(1896—1970)、菲兹杰拉德(1896—1940),和诗人肯明斯(1894—1962)等。

他们曾怀着民主的理想奔赴欧洲战场,目睹人类空前的大屠杀,经历种种苦难,深受“民主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”口号的欺骗,对社会、人生大感失望,故通过创作小说描述战争对他们的残害,表现出一种迷惘、彷徨和失望的情绪。

这一流派也包括没有参加过战争但对前途感到迷惘和迟疑的20年代作家,如菲兹杰拉德、艾略特和沃尔夫(1900~1938)等。

特别是菲兹杰拉德,对战争所暴露的资产阶级精神危机深有感触,通过对他所熟悉的上层社会的描写,表明昔日的梦想成了泡影,“美国梦”根本不存在,他的人物历经了觉醒和破灭感中的坎坷与痛苦。

沃尔夫的作品以一个美国青年的经历贯穿始终,体现了在探索人生的过程中的激动和失望,是一种孤独者的迷惘。

迷惘的一代作家在艺术上各有特点,他们的主要成就闪烁于20年代,之后便分道扬镳了意象派诗歌意象派(Imagists)是1909年至1917年间一些英美诗人发起并付诸实践的文学运动,它是当时盛行于西方世界的象征主义文学运动的一个分支。

其宗旨是要求诗人以鲜明、准确、含蓄和高度凝炼的意象生动及形象地展现事物,并将诗人瞬息间的思想感情溶化在诗行中。

它反对发表议论及感叹。

意象派的产生最初是对当时诗坛文风的一种反拨,代表人物是埃兹拉·庞德。

由于意象派诗人大多经历了象征诗歌创作,所以理论界也有人将意象派看做象征主义的分支,实际上意象派和象征主义诗歌有极大的本质差异。

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代托福背景材料:迷惘的一代第一次世界大战结束几年之后,对这次战争的厌恶情绪开始在文学上有所反映。

“迷惘的一代”的作家大多参加过这次战争,他们普遍有一种被欺骗、被出卖的感受。

他们不再相信虚伪的道德说教,而以玩世不恭的生活态度来表示自己的消极抗议。

“迷惘的一代”的代表作是海明威的《太阳照样升起》(1926)。

有些作家没有赶上参加战争,如“爵士时代的歌手”菲茨杰拉尔德,他的情绪是和“迷惘的一代”相通的。

海明威、菲茨杰拉尔德等作家唱出了幻灭的哀歌。

稍晚的托马斯·沃尔夫(1900-1938)在短短的10年间写出了好几百万字小说,其中的主人公都是他自己,主题是不断寻求连作者自己也不甚清楚的目标。

现实主义文学的发展这个时期传统现实主义的文学作品仍然不断出现,并且有所发展。

德莱塞这个时期的作品,包括《欲望三部曲》(1912,1914,1947)和《美国的悲剧》(1925),对现实的反映和批判越来越深刻。

辛·刘易斯的《大街》(1920)粉碎了“村镇是美好的世外桃源”的神话。

他后来的作品对商业、科技、宗教界的问题都作了揭露,他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗、浮夸、讲求实利的中产阶级的典型人物。

女作家蔽拉·凯瑟(1873-1947)以歌颂拓荒者开始,进而批判金钱势力,后来又从历史中去发掘现代美国所缺乏的精神美。

“哈莱姆文艺复兴”黑人文学20年代也有较大发展。

在当时文艺界推祟“原始主义”的影响下,纽约的黑人区出现了“哈莱姆文艺复兴”。

休斯(1902-1967)、卡伦(1903-1946)等都是当时涌现出来的优秀作家。

他们的作品在描写异族情调的同时,发掘了黑人古老传统,树立了民族自尊心。

到了30年代未,黑人文学的战斗性进一步增长,出现了理查德·赖特的《土生子》(1940)这样的优秀作品。

左翼文学与反法西斯文学1929年,美国出现特大经济危机,各种社会矛盾急剧尖锐化。

工农运动高涨,马克思主义的影响扩大。

“迷惘的一代”的文化之旅

“迷惘的一代”的文化之旅

58“迷惘的一代”的文化之旅“迷惘的一代”是指出现于20世纪20年代的美国文学界的一批作家。

虽然他们活跃的时间不长,但短短的十年里,群星荟萃的“迷惘的一代”作家们佳作频出,为美国文学史书写了灿烂的一页。

著名文学批评理论家特里·伊戈尔顿特别强调过文学的历史性。

历史语境对于解读“迷惘的一代”文学是至关重要的。

20世纪20年代刚从第一次世界大战中艰难走出,又陷入了1929年经济大萧条的泥沼。

这一时期也被公认为是美国进入“现代社会”的第一个十年。

在这期间,美国的文学青年们一方面承受了“一战”带来的严重心理创伤,另一方面,又感受到了“现代社会”带来的“现代意识”的冲击。

“迷惘的一代”处于一个这样的历史转型期,战争的创伤、社会的变化和经济的起落造成了认识上的冲撞和文化上的断裂,但也催生了一批富有反叛意识和改革欲望的新一代文化青年。

他们义无反顾地踏上了批判传统,寻找新的生活目标和价值观念的求索之路。

“迷惘的一代”作家们站在告别过去,面向未来的交汇处,在对陈腐的传统进行评价和思考的同时,也对将来的生活做了展望和尝试。

之所以称他们为“迷惘的一代”,是因为他们共同的两大特征:一是在作品中表现出的失落和迷惘的心绪;二是他们对文学传统的不屑以及对新的艺术表现形式的探求。

在这样一个特定的历史时期和文化语境下,通过“迷惘的一代”作家们的作品,我们能够了解这一时期青年知识分子的思想倾向、生活态度、社会观念和道德意识。

除了在历史语境中研究“迷惘的一代”,还可以从地域的角度来了解“迷惘的一代”的成长过程。

“迷文 宋征 李新瑞菲茨杰拉德T.S.艾略特惘的一代”作家们在冲破迷惘,化茧成蝶的过程中,并不是只坚守一个地方,他们的成长是经过了一个地理上的变迁最终完成的。

笔者就这一有趣的现象进行归纳梳理,力求探索“迷惘的一代”作家们整个文化之旅的前因后果,并试图分析他们是如何随着地域上的不断变迁,在思想、文学、文化方面逐渐走向成熟的。

第二章 海明威与“迷惘的一代 ”

第二章  海明威与“迷惘的一代 ”

(2)现代主义的基本特征:
(a)“迷惘的一代”小说具有题旨的现代性, 即揭示现代人的生存境遇,着力表现战后弥漫在 西方世界的异化感、孤独感和绝望心理,并深刻 反映出现代人的道德困境和信仰危机。 (b)许多作品在结构上打破时间顺序,淡化情 节,采用隐喻、意象和象征等手段表现人的心理 体验,并通常伴以含混的、“开放性”结尾。
——在1954年诺贝尔奖授奖仪式 的书面发言

海明威应该归于那一个流派呢? 英国作家赫.欧.贝茨说,他那简洁 有力的文体引起了一场“文学革命”。 他虽然很难归于哪一个文学流派,却是 “开了一代文风的语言艺术大师。”



海明威的创作具有鲜明、强烈的个性特征, 主要表现在以下几个方面: 第一,“迷惘的一代”——“迷惘”的文学 主题。“迷惘”是海明威创作个性的显著特征, 是笼罩他全部作品的统一风格。 他的许多作品、许多主人公都给人以迷惑、 怅然若失的印象,即使在那些现实性和倾向性很 强的作品里,也涂上了浓重的迷惘色彩。
问题: “迷惘的一代”是指什么? 海明威的代表作有哪些?
“冰山原则”是指什么?由哪四大要素组成
? 《太阳照样升起》的主人公有哪些?为什么 以此为题? 为什么说海明威是一个“硬汉”?
第二章 海明威和《老人与海》
第一节 海明威与迷惘的一代 第二节 《老人与海》
第一节 海明威与“迷惘的一代”

问题: 《老人与海》的主人公有哪些?深刻性表
现在哪里? 小说《老人与海》中老人捕到鱼了吗?最 后发生了什么事情? 你认为《老人与海》中的老人失败了吗? 为什么?
第二节
•ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
《老人与海》
• 《老人与海》(1952)
“我一拿起这本书, 就仿佛觉得终于我到了 我平生所追求的东西。 这本小说是我一生中打 到的最美的狮子。”

gre阅读人文历史:GRE阅读备考背景知识之美国文学及历史事件

gre阅读人文历史:GRE阅读备考背景知识之美国文学及历史事件

gre阅读人文历史:GRE阅读备考背景知识之美国文学及历史事件为了帮助大家备考gre阅读,对gre的阅读文章有一个背景认知,下面小编给大家带来gre 阅读人文历史:GRE阅读备考背景知识之美国文学及历史事件。

早期美国文学1620-1820年,这段时期的主要历史事件(包括历史学家普遍达成共识)1)早期定居:1607年第一个殖民地詹姆斯敦(Jamestown)建立;1607年,英国人来到北美大西洋沿岸,开始建立第一个殖民地弗吉尼亚经过不断的发展,到18世纪30年代,英国人已在北美大西洋沿岸建立了13个殖民地。

在此期间大批移民移居北美,其中大多数是英国人,所以直到今天,英国和美国都有着千丝万缕的各种联系,美国和英国的地名也有着惊人的重复率,当然也有不少来自欧洲其他国家,此外还有不少从非洲贩运过来的黑奴。

他们为北美的开发做出了重要贡献。

2)1620年“五月花号”(”May Flower”),该事件不光出现在GRE阅读中,托福里也出现过。

3)1775-1781年,北美爆发独立战争,1776年7月4日大陆会议通过了由托马斯·杰斐逊执笔起草的《独立宣言》,宣告了美国的诞生。

1783年9月3日,英王代表与殖民地代表于凡尔赛宫签订巴黎条约,英国正式承认美利坚合众国成立。

在这一时期,美国的主要文学代表人物有:安妮·布雷兹特里特(Anne Bradstreet, 1612-1672),美国文学中第一位重要的女诗人,《沉思》(“Contemplations”, 1678),本杰明· 富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790),代表作《自传》(The Auto biography, 1771-1790),菲利斯· 惠特利(Phillis Wheatley 1754-1784),黑人女诗人,代表作《不同题材的诗歌,宗教的与道德的》(Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773)。

浅谈迷惘的一代与垮掉的一代

浅谈迷惘的一代与垮掉的一代

浅谈“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”本质的异同定义(摘自:维基百科)迷惘的一代(Lost Generation),又称迷失的一代、失落的一代,通常指在第一次世界大战期间成年的一代人。

海明威在其创作的小说太阳照常升起中使用了“迷惘的一代”作为题词,从而使这一名称广为人知。

“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓.所谓“迷惘”,是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。

“迷惘的一代"尽管是一个短暂的潮流,但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。

垮掉的一代(Beat Generation),第二次世界大战后风行于美国的文学流派。

该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁的男女青年,他们生活简单、不修边幅,喜穿奇装异服,厌弃工作和学业,拒绝承担任何社会义务,以浪迹天涯为乐,蔑视社会的法纪秩序,反对一切世俗陈规和垄断资本统治,抵制对外侵略和种族隔离,讨厌机器文明,他们永远寻求新的刺激,寻求绝对自由,纵欲、吸毒、沉沦,以此向体面的传统价值标准进行挑战,因此被称作垮掉的一代.相同点“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”,分别产生于20世纪的两次世界大战之后。

尽管两个流派产生于不同的历史时期、文化背景之下,甚至是文学评论界的反应也完全不同,但是当将两个流派分别放在各自特定的历史时期,通过对时代背景、现实处境、思想基础、发展历程的比较分析,发现两者具有共同的反叛主旨,即反叛主流价值观,宣泄个人感受,用另类的方法引起社会的关注.同时,对两者的比较放在美国文学的纵向发展中,又可以清晰地梳理出两者一脉的相承精神实质,即追求自由、独立的美国精神。

“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代"在创作手法上无疑属于创新一代,他们都把生活方式与艺术风格相结合,把自己的经历、对时代的感受体现在作品中。

以海明威为代表的“迷惘的一代’.在现实主义的基础上。

借鉴了现代主义写作手法,独树一帜,以凯替亚为代表的“垮掉的一代”融合了现代主义或自然主义和现代主义.创作手法上也进行了大胆的尝试,他们在艺术上敢于冲破一切传统的羁绊.大胆创新这两代作家在创作手法上的共同点就是都或多或少地采用了现代主义的写作技巧来体现他们作品的主题。

英语论文关于“迷惘的一代”的学习心得

英语论文关于“迷惘的一代”的学习心得

关于“迷惘的一代”的学习心得“迷惘的一代”是第一次世界大战的产物,这一创作群体厌恶战争,对未来感到迷惘彷徨,其作品融入了反战和对资产阶级失望的情怀,形成了风格独特的一派,体现了现代主义文学的艺术特色。

迷惘的一代;现代主义;美国文学“迷惘的一代”是由20 世纪20 年代以后成长起来的一代美国青年作家组成的文学流派。

其成员大都经历过第一次世界大战,身心留下了战争造成的创伤,对传统的一切———上帝、道德、价值观等都产生怀疑,完全陷入迷惘、痛苦之中。

“迷惘的一代”小说所植根的时代具有两大特征:一度的美国资本主义经济繁荣和美国国民的精神空虚与道德堕落。

当然,以欧内斯特·海明威、斯科特·菲茨杰拉德等为代表的美国作家虽然将自己称做“迷惘的一代”,却并没有彻底消沉下去。

他们虽流落他乡,但仍自愿回国;他们虽抨击市侩作风,但仍热爱祖国。

正是他们在这一过程中为美国奉献了文学史上最有生气、最激动人心的作品。

“迷惘的一代”作家在艺术形式上借鉴了欧洲尤其是法国的现代主义手法,在思想意识上受到欧洲存在主义等哲学思潮的影响,同时继承了马克·吐温、惠特曼和豪威尔斯的民主主义传统和美国人独有的探索精神,拓展了小说创作题材的范围,对小说的语言与形式进行各种大胆创新与实验,形成了独特的风格,表现出一种“现代派的现实主义”精神,从“迷惘的一代”小说中可以看到作家同作品之间有着更直接的联系,海明威和菲茨杰拉德的作品都直接或间接地反映了作家自己的生活和思想,带有明显的自传性倾向。

与19 世纪现实主义小说不同的是“, 迷惘的一代”小说不再把反映和摹写外部世界的现实作为自己的任务,而转向了对人的主观世界或精神状态的探索与挖掘。

然而尽管他们反映的是主观,却极力用客观的形式去表达。

小说的叙述者也不再无所不知,而往往是故事的主要人物,如《了不起的盖茨比》中的尼克·凯洛威、《太阳照样升起》中的杰克·巴恩斯等。

海明威与迷惘的一代

海明威与迷惘的一代
海明威在酒吧狂饮
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书名的寓意:
“一代过去,一代又来,地却永远长存。日头 出来,日头落下,急归所出之地。风往南刮 ,又往北转,不住地旋转,而且返回转行原 道。江河都往海里流,海却不满。江河从何 处流,仍归还何处。”
——《圣经》
“迷惘的一代”不过是历史舞台上的匆匆过客 终将消逝,他们惟一的选择只能是强忍伤痛 接受失败、面对严酷的现实继续生活下去。
1900-1938)
《天使,望故乡》(Look Homeward
Angel):
“我们中的哪一位不永远是陌生人并孑然一
身呢?”
——沃尔夫
“啊,迷惘,风声揪人心,鬼魂啊,归来
吧!”
——尤金
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海明威《太阳照样升起》
(The Sun Also Rises, 1926):
在这场灾难中,孤独的人 无能为力,就象“着了火 的木头上的蚂蚁”,最终 被烧死在火里。
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二、海明威小说的常见题材:战争以及战 争对人的戕害。亲身经历的两次世界大战 成为他观察社会人生的视点,与战争戕害 同时俱来的死亡意识与悲剧意识逐渐成为 其主要创作题材。他作品的魅力正来自于 在暴力与死亡威胁之下人性的痛苦、迷惘、 绝望、抗争等形成的巨大张力。
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“迷惘的一代”与海明威
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解读“迷惘的一代”
指第一次世界大战之后精神幻灭的青年 一代及作为他们代言人的青年作家。
这一名词来源于侨居巴黎的美国女作家 斯泰因(Gertrude Stein,1876-1964) 对海明威说的一句话“你们都是迷惘的 一代”(You are all the lost generation)。
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托福背景材料:迷惘的一代
托福阅读题量大,*长,题材广,话题面涵盖各类学科领域。

虽然托福考试官方并不要求考生对这些学科知识很了解,下面就和大家分享托福背景材料:迷惘的一代,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。

托福背景材料:迷惘的一代
第一次世界大战结束几年之后,对这次战争的厌恶情绪开始在文学上有所反映。

“迷惘的一代”的作家大多参加过这次战争,他们普遍有一种被欺骗、被出卖的感受。

他们不再相信虚伪的道德说教,而以玩世不恭的生活态度来表示自己的消极抗议。

“迷惘的一代”的代表作是海明威的《太阳照样升起》(1926)。

有些作家没有赶上参加战争,如“爵士时代的歌手”菲茨杰拉尔德,他的情绪是和“迷惘的一代”相通的。

海明威、菲茨杰拉尔德等作家唱出了幻灭的哀歌。

稍晚的托马斯·沃尔夫(1900-1938)在短短的10年间写出了好几百万字小说,其中的主人公都是他自己,主题是不断寻求连作者自己也不甚清楚的目标。

现实主义文学的发展
这个时期传统现实主义的文学作品仍然不断出现,并且有所发展。

德莱塞这个时期的作品,包括《欲望三部曲》(1912,1914,
1947)和《美国的悲剧》(1925),对现实的反映和批判越来越深刻。

辛·刘易斯的《大街》(1920)粉碎了“村镇是美好的世外桃源”的神话。

他后来的作品对商业、科技、宗教界的问题都作了揭露,他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗、浮夸、讲求实利的中产阶级的典型人物。

女作家蔽拉·凯瑟(1873-1947)以歌颂拓荒者开始,进而批判金钱势力,后来又从历史中去发掘现代美国所缺乏的精神美。

“哈莱姆文艺复兴”
黑人文学20年代也有较大发展。

在当时文艺界推祟“原始主义”的影响下,纽约的黑人区出现了“哈莱姆文艺复兴”。

休斯(1902-1967)、卡伦(1903-1946)等都是当时涌现出来的优秀作家。

他们的作品在描写异族情调的同时,发掘了黑人古老传统,树立了民族自尊心。

到了30年代未,黑人文学的战斗性进一步增长,出现了理查德·赖特的《土生子》(1940)这样的优秀作品。

左翼文学与反法西斯文学
1929年,美国出现特大经济危机,各种社会矛盾急剧尖锐化。

工农运动高涨,马克思主义的影响扩大。

约翰·里德(1887-1920)是左翼文学的创始者。

30年代起,左翼作家队伍迅速扩大,成立了许多左翼文学团体与组织,创办了各种文学刊物,并在美共领导下举行了多次会议。

在作品方面,左翼作家写出了一批坚实的作品。

在文坛上已确立了地位的名作家,如多斯·帕索斯、斯坦贝克等,在这股思潮的影响下也创作出一些优秀的社会抗议小
说,如《美国》三部曲(1930,1932,1936)和《愤怒的葡萄》(1939)。

30年代后期,国内外形势发生变化,左翼文学队伍开始分化。

海明威、海尔曼等作家参
加了反法西斯斗争,他们的作品提醒人民要警惕新的威胁。

托福阅读长难句:食物产量增加
The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. (TPO33, 53)
inhabitant /?nh?b?t?nt/ n. 居民,住户
hostile /h?sta?l/ adj. 含敌意的,极不友好的;
provoke /pr?v??k/ vt. 激怒(某人);使(某事物)产生,引起
on a large scale 大规模
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
The increase (in food production in these regions) led to a significant growth (in population),while efforts ( to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas) and (to
protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community) provoked the first steps (toward cooperative activities on alarge scale.)(TPO33, 53)
分析:
这个句子的主干就是:
The increase led to a significant growth while efforts provoked the first steps.
修饰一:(in food production in these regions),介词短语
中文:这些地区的事物产量
修饰二:(in population),介词短语
中文:在人口方面
修饰三:(to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas),非谓语动词,相当于形容词就是efforts
其中还有一个非谓语to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas
中文:控制水流以最大化灌溉种植区
修饰四:(to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community),非谓语动词,相当于形容词就是efforts 其中还有介词短语from hostile forces outside the community 中文:保护当地居民免受部落外部敌对力量的侵略
修饰五:(toward cooperative activities on a large scale),介词短语
中文:大规模合作活动
参考翻译:
这些地区食物产量的增加导致了人口的大量增长,然而,努力控制水流以最大化灌溉种植区以及努力保护当地居民免受部落外部敌对力量的侵略,这样的努力引发了大规模合作活动的第一步。

托福阅读长难句:政府如何形成
How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. (TPO33, 53)
anthropologist /??nθr?p?l?d??st/ n. 考古学家
分析:
这个句子主干是:
从句is not certain, but anthropologists have discovered 从句修饰一:(How the first governments took shape in these areas),从句
中文:第一个政府在这些地区如何形成
修饰二:(studying the evolution of human communities),非谓语动词,相当于形容词,修饰anthropologists
中文:研究人类群体进化
修饰三:(in various parts of the world),介词短语,相当于形容词,修饰humancommunities
中文:在世界不同地区
修饰四:(that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.),从句
在这个从句中,还有两个介词短语:
of what are called “big men” ,称之为“ big man”
within a single village or a collection ofvillages.在单个或一些村落中
中文:在这个过程中的一个共有阶段就是单个或一些村落中被称之为“ big man”的出现
参考翻译:
第一个政府在这些地区如何形成还无法确定,但研究世界不同地区人类群体进化的人类学家发现在这个过程中的一个共有阶段,就是单个或一些村落中被称之为“ big man”的出现。

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