内罗毕市政厅规划开发指南
肯尼亚内罗毕南火车站钢结构设计-水规院-曲军彪
内罗毕南火车站结构设计曲军彪1任振杰 1(1.中交水运规划设计院有限公司，北京100101)摘要：介绍了内罗毕南火车站结构设计方案，采用了多种计算软件对火车站结构进行计算分析，计算中考虑了恒载、活载、风载、温度作用、地震作用等，对结构进行了静力分析、反应谱分析、时程分析、动力弹塑性分析、楼板舒适度分析、阶段施工分析和关键节点有限元分析。
计算分析结果表明：工程设计符合规范要求，结构安全可靠。
关键词：内罗毕南火车站；温度作用；动力弹塑性；舒适度分析文章编号：xxxStructure Design of Nairobi South Railway StationQu Junbiao1Ren Zhenjie 1(1. CCCC Water Transportation Consultants Co. Ltd, Beijing 100101, China)Abstract : The structure design scheme of Nairobi South Railway Station is introduced, and a variety of software are used to calculate and analysis the structure. In the calculation progress, dead load, live load, wind load and temperature action, earthquake etc. have be considered. The static performance analysis, response spectrum analysis, time history analysis, dynamic elastic plastic analysis, floor comfort analysis, construction phase analysis and finite element analysis of key nodes are introduced. The analysis results show that the engineering design meets the requirements of the code, and the structure is safe and reliable.Keywords : Nairobi South Railway Station；temperature action；dynamic elastic plastic analysis; floor comfort analysis1 工程概况内罗毕南火车站位于肯尼亚首都内罗毕A109路西南侧，项目用地紧邻Old Mombasa路，南侧邻近国家公园；距老城区约11公里，距Jomo Kenyatta国际机场约3公里，距Syokimau火车站约1公里。
法国城市规划建设和土地利用的成功经验及启示
法国城市规划建设和土地利用的成功经验及启示宗仁;姚明霞【摘要】法国在城市规划上,强调人的社会融合,充分体现以人为本、人与自然和谐共处的理念,重视人口的发展和就业的平衡,强调社会的联系和融合;在城市发展模式上,采用多极发展和外围城镇的模式,用新城建设、卫星城镇的发展来疏散巴黎市中心人口;在土地利用上,注重立体利用土地空间,充分挖掘土地潜力,尊重经济规律,以地价来引导和实施规划.法国在城市建设方面的人文主义、环保主义和可持续发展等理念,在城市发展模式、城市边界控制、城市土地利用和城市开发建设模式等方面的成功经验,对中国的城市建设和发展有很多启示和值得借鉴之处.【期刊名称】《上海城市管理》【年(卷),期】2018(027)003【总页数】7页(P4-10)【关键词】法国;城市规划;土地利用;经验;启示【作者】宗仁;姚明霞【作者单位】北京大学光华管理学院;南京农业大学工会办公室【正文语种】中文法国本土面积553 965平方公里，2016年人口约6 689.6万，是老牌的发达资本主义国家，有美丽的自然和人文环境，丰富的世界文化遗产，居民生活富足，社会福利较完善。
首都巴黎是法国第一大城市及欧洲第二大城市，是四大国际化都市之一。
从城市建设者的角度观察法国，总体印象是法国气候宜人，降水量充足；每天看到的是蓝天白云，空气湿润清新；城市绿树成荫，花草秀美；建筑宏伟气派，各具特色，文化艺术氛围浓厚；城市市容整洁，环境卫生。
结合实地考察，深入剖析法国在市规划建设和土地利用方面的成功经验，对中国有很多启示和值得借鉴之处。
一、法国城市建设与规划的理念（一）人文主义理念首先体现在以人为本上。
法国在规划的理念上可以归为社会学派的代表。
以人为本、人与自然和谐共处充分体现在每一个规划细节中，其中特别重要的一点是非常强调人的社会融合。
法国在其城市规划纲要的总方针中明确提出，为防止居民分化，要进行社会融合。
2000年颁布的《社会团结与城市更新法》对各市镇社会住房建设比重做强制性规定，标志着这一规定已上升为一项国家政策，被普遍运用于法国城市住房规划与建设中。
内罗毕宪章 建议 1976
RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING THE SAFEGUARDING ANDCONTEMPORARY ROLE OF HISTORIC AREASThe General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, meeting in Nairobi at its nineteenth session, from 26 October to 30 November 1976,Considering that historic areas are part of the daily environment of human beings everywhere, that they represent the living presence of the past which formed them, that they provide the variety in life's background needed to match the diversity of society, and that by so doing they gain in value and acquire an additional human dimension,Considering that historic areas afford down the ages the most tangible evidence of the wealth and diversity of cultural, religious and social activities and that their safeguarding and their integration into the life of contemporary society is a basic factor in town-planning and land development,Considering that in face of the dangers of stereotyping and depersonalization, this living evidence of days gone by is of vital importance for humanity and for nations who find in it both the expression of their way of life and one of the corner-stones of their identity,Noting that throughout the world, under the pretext of expansion or modernization, demolition ignorant of what it is demolishing and irrational and inappropriate reconstruction work is causing serious damage to this historic heritage,Considering that historic areas are an immovable heritage whose destruction may often lead to social disturbance, even where it does not lead to economic loss,Considering that this situation entails responsibilities for every citizen and lays on public authorities obligations which they alone are capable of fulfilling,Considering that in order to save these irreplaceable assets from the dangers of deterioration or even total destruction to which they are thus exposed, it is for each State to adopt, as a matter of urgency, comprehensive and energetic policies for the protection and revitalization of historic areas and their surroundings as part of national, regional or local planning,Noting the absence in many cases of a legislation effective and flexible enough concerning the architectural heritage and its interconnexion with town- planning, territorial, regional or local planning,Noting that the General Conference has already adopted international instruments for the protection of the cultural and natural heritage such as the Recommendation on International Principles Applicable to Archaeological Excavations (1956), the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites (1962), the Recommendation Concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private Works (1968), and the Recommendation Concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972),Desiring to supplement and extend the application of the standards and principles laid down in theseinternational instruments,Having before it proposals concerning the safeguarding and contemporary role of historic areas, which question appears on the agenda of the session as item 27,Having decided at its eighteenth session that this question should take the form of a Recommendation to Member States,Adopts, this twenty-sixth day of November 1976, the present Recommendation.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The General Conference recommends that Member States apply the above provisions by adopting, as a national law or in some other form, measures with a view to giving effect to the principles and norms set out in this Recommendation in the territories under their jurisdiction.The General Conference recommends that Member States bring this Recommendation to the attention of the national, regional and local authorities and of institutions, services or bodies and associations concerned with the safeguarding of historic areas and their environment.The General Conference recommends that Member States report to it, at the dates and in the form determined by it, on action taken by them on this Recommendation.I. DEFINITIONS1. For the purposes of the present recommendation:(a) "Historic and architectural (including vernacular) areas" shall be taken to mean any groups of buildings, structures and open spaces including archaeological and palaeontological sites, constituting human settlements in an urban or rural environment, the cohesion and value of which, from the archaeological, architectural, prehistoric, historic, aesthetic or socio-cultural point of view are recognized.Among these "areas", which are very varied in nature, it is possible to distinguish the following in particular: prehistoric sites, historic towns, old urban quarters, villages and hamlets as well as homogeneous monumental groups, it being understood that the latter should as a rule be carefully preserved unchanged.(b) The "environment" shall be taken to mean the natural or man-made setting which influences the static or dynamic way these areas are perceived or which is directly linked to them in space or by social, economic or cultural ties.(c) "Safeguarding" shall be taken to mean the identification, protection, conservation, restoration, renovation, maintenance and revitalization of historic or traditional areas and their environment.II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES2. Historic areas and their surroundings should be regarded as forming an irreplaceable universal heritage. The governments and the citizens of the States in whose territory they are situated should deem it their duty to safeguard this heritage and integrate it into the social life of our times. The national, regional or local authorities should be answerable for their performance of this duty in the interests of all citizens and of the international community, in accordance with the conditions of each Member State as regards the allocation of powers.3. Every historic area and its surroundings should be considered in their totality as a coherent whole whose balance and specific nature depend on the fusion of the parts of which it is composed and which include human activities as much as the buildings, the spatial organization and the surroundings. All valid elements, including human activities, however modest, thus have a significance in relation to the whole which must not be disregarded.4. Historic areas and their surroundings should be actively protected against damage of all kinds, particularly that resulting from unsuitable use, unnecessary additions and misguided or insensitive changes such as will impair their authenticity, and from damage due to any form of pollution. Any restoration work undertaken should be based on scientific principles. Similarly, great attention should be paid to the harmony and aesthetic feeling produced by the linking or the contrasting of the various parts which make up the groups of buildings and which give to each group its particular character.5. In the conditions of modern urbanization, which leads to a considerable increase in the scale and density of buildings, apart from the danger of direct destruction of historic areas, there is a real danger that newly developed areas can ruin the environment and character of adjoining historic areas. Architects and town-planners should be careful to ensure that views from and to monuments and historic areas are not spoilt and that historic areas are integrated harmoniously into contemporary life.6. At a time when there is a danger that a growing universality of building techniques and architectural forms may create a uniform environment throughout the world, the preservation of historic areas can make an outstanding contribution to maintaining and developing the cultural and social values of each nation. This can contribute to the architectural enrichment of the cultural heritage of the world.III. NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL POLICY7. In each Member State a national, regional and local policy should be drawn up, in conformity with the conditions of each State as regards the allocation of powers, so that legal, technical, economic and social measures may be taken by the national, regional or local authorities with a view to safeguarding historic areas and their surroundings and adapting them to the requirements of modern life. The policy thus laid down should influence planning at national, regional or local level and provide guidelines for town-planning and regional and rural development planning at all levels, the activities stemming from it forming an essential component in the formulation of aims and programmes, the assignment of responsibilities and the conduct of operations. The co-operation of individuals and private associationsshould be sought in implementing the safeguarding policy.IV. SAFEGUARDING MEASURES8. Historic areas and their surroundings should be safeguarded in conformity with the principles stated above and with the methods set out below, the specific measures being determined according to the legislative and constitutional competence and the organizational and economic structure of each State.Legal and administrative measures9. The application of an overall policy for safeguarding historic areas and their surroundings should be based on principles which are valid for the whole of each country. Member States should adapt the existing provisions, or, where necessary, enact new laws and regulations, so as to secure the protection of historic areas and their surroundings taking into account the provisions contained in this chapter and in the following chapters. They should encourage the adaptation or the adoption of regional or local measures to ensure such protection. Laws concerning town and regional planning and housing policy should also be reviewed so as to co-ordinate and bring them into line with the laws concerning the safeguarding of the architectural heritage.10. The provisions establishing a system for safeguarding historic areas should set out the general principles relating to the establishment of the necessary plans and documents and, in particular:the general conditions and restrictions applicable to the protected areas and their surroundings;a statement as to the programmes and operations to be planned for the purpose of conservation and provision of public services;maintenance to be carried out and the designation of those to be responsible for it;the fields to which town-planning, redevelopment and rural land management are applicable;the designation of the body responsible for authorizing any restoration, modification, new construction or demolition within the protected perimeter;the means by which the safeguarding programmes are to be financed and carried out.11. Safeguarding plans and documents should define:the areas and items to be protected;the specific conditions and restrictions applicable to them;the standards to be observed in the work of maintenance, restoration and improvements;the general conditions governing the establishment of the supply systems and services needed in urban or rural life;the conditions governing new constructions.12. These laws should also in principle include provisions designed to prevent any infringement of the preservation laws, as well as any speculative rise in property values within the protected areas which could compromise protection and restoration planned in the interests of the community as a whole. These provisions could involve town-planning measures affording a means of influencing the price of building land, such as the establishment of neighborhood or smaller development plans, granting the right of pre-emption to a public body, compulsory purchase in the interests of safeguarding or rehabilitation or automatic intervention in the case of failure to act on the part of the owners, and could provide for effective penalties such as the suspension of operations, compulsory restoration and/or a suitable fine.13. Public authorities as well as individuals must be obliged to comply with the measures for safeguarding. However, machinery for appeal against arbitrary or unjust decisions should be provided.14. The provisions concerning the setting up of public and private bodies and concerning public and private work projects should be adapted to the regulations governing the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings.15. In particular, provisions concerning slum property and blocks and the construction of subsidized housing should be planned or amended both to fit in with the safeguarding policy and to contribute to it. The schedule of any subsidies paid should be drawn up and adjusted accordingly, in particular in order to facilitate the development of subsidized housing and public construction by rehabilitating old buildings. All demolition should in any case only concern building with no historic or architectural value and the subsidies involved should be carefully controlled. Further, a proportion of the funds earmarked for the construction of subsidized housing should be allocated to the rehabilitation of old buildings.16. The legal consequences of the protection measures as far as buildings and land are concerned should be made public and should be recorded by a competent official body.17. Making due allowance for the conditions specific to each country and the allocation of responsibilities within the various national, regional and local authorities, the following principles should underlie the operation of the safeguarding machinery:(a) there should be an authority responsible for ensuring the permanent co-ordination of all those concerned, e. g. national, regional and local public services or groups of individuals;(b) safeguarding plans and documents should be drawn up, once all the necessary advance scientific studies have been carried out, by multidisciplinary teams composed, in particular, of specialists in conservation and restoration, including art historians; architects and town-planners; sociologists andeconomists; ecologists and landscape architects; specialists in public health and social welfare; and, more generally, all specialists in disciplines involved in the protection and enhancement of historic areas;(c) the authorities should take the lead in sounding the opinions and organizing the participation of the public concerned;(d) the safeguarding plans and documents should be approved by the body designated by law;(e) the public authorities responsible for giving effect to the safeguarding provisions and regulations at all levels, national, regional and local, should be provided with the necessary staff and given adequate technical, administrative and financial resources.Technical, economic and social measures18. A list of historic areas and their surroundings to be protected should be drawn up at national, regional or local level. It should indicate priorities so that the limited resources available for protection may be allocated judiciously. Any protection measures, of whatever nature, that need to be taken as a matter of urgency should be taken without waiting for the safeguarding plans and documents to be prepared.19. A survey of the area as a whole, including an analysis of its spatial evolution, should be made. It should cover archaeological, historical, architectural, technical and economic data. An analytical document should be drawn up so as to determine which buildings or groups of buildings are to be protected with great care, conserved under certain conditions, or, in quite exceptional and thoroughly documented circumstances, destroyed. This would enable the authorities to call a halt to any work incompatible with this recommendation. Additionally, an inventory of public and private open spaces and their vegetation should be drawn up for the same purposes.20. In addition to this architectural survey, thorough surveys of social, economic, cultural and technical data and structures and of the wider urban or regional context are necessary. Studies should include, if possible, demographic data and an analysis of economic, social and cultural activities, ways of life and social relationships, land-tenure problems, the urban infrastructure, the state of the road system, communication networks and the reciprocal links between protected areas and surrounding zones. The authorities concerned should attach the greatest importance to these studies and should bear in mind that valid safeguarding plans cannot be prepared without them.21. After the survey described above has been completed and before the safeguarding plans and specifications are drawn up, there should in principle be a programming operation in which due account is taken both of town-planning, architectural, economic and social considerations and of the ability of the urban and rural fabric to assimilate functions that are compatible with its specific character. The programming operation should aim at bringing the density of settlement to the desired level and should provide for the work to be carried out in stages as well as for the temporary accommodation needed while it is proceeding, and premises for the permanent rehousing of thoseinhabitants who cannot return to their previous dwellings. This programming operation should be undertaken with the closest possible participation of the communities and groups of people concerned. Because the social, economic and physical context of historic areas and their surroundings may be expected to change over time, survey and analysis should be a continuing process. It is accordingly essential that the preparation of safeguarding plans and their execution be undertaken on the basis of studies available, rather than being postponed while the planning process is refined.22. Once the safeguarding plans and specifications have been drawn up and approved by the competent public authority, it would be desirable for them to be executed either by their authors or under their authority.23. In historic areas containing features from several different periods, preservation should be carried out taking into account the manifestations of all such periods.24. Where safeguarding plans exist urban development or slum clearance programmes consisting of the demolition of buildings of no architectural or historic interest and which are structurally too unsound to be kept, the removal of extensions and additional storeys of no value, and sometimes even the demolition of recent buildings which break the unity of the area, may only be authorized in conformity with the plan.25. Urban development or slum clearance programmes for areas not covered by safeguarding plans should respect buildings and other elements of architectural or historic value as well as accompanying buildings. If such elements are likely to be adversely affected by the programme safeguarding plans as indicated above should be drawn up in advance of demolition.26. Constant supervision is necessary to ensure that these operations are not conducive to excessive profits nor serve other purposes contrary to the objectives of the plan.27. The usual security standards applicable to fire and natural catastrophes should be observed in any urban development or slum clearance programme affecting a historic area, provided that this be compatible with the criteria applicable to the preservation of the cultural heritage. If conflict does occur, special solutions should be sought, with the collaboration of all the services concerned, so as to provide the maximum security, while not impairing the cultural heritage.28. Particular care should be devoted to regulations for and control over new buildings so as to ensure that their architecture adapts harmoniously to the spatial organization and setting of the groups of historic buildings. To this end, an analysis of the urban context should precede any new construction not only so as to define the general character of the group of buildings but also to analyse its dominant features, e. g. the harmony of heights, colours, materials and forms, constants in the way the fa嘺des and roofs are built, the relationship between the volume of buildings and the spatial volume, as well as their average proportions and their position. Particular attention should be given to the size of the lots since there is a danger that any reorganization of the lots may cause a change of mass which could be deleterious to the harmony of the whole.29. The isolation of a monument through the demolition of its surroundings should not generally be authorized, neither should a monument be moved unless in exceptional circumstances and for unavoidable reasons.30. Historic areas and their surroundings should be protected from the disfigurement caused by the erection of poles, pylons and electricity or telephone cables and the placing of television aerials and large-scale advertising signs. Where these already exist appropriate measures should be taken for their removal. Bill-posting, neon signs and other kinds of advertisement, commercial signs, street pavements and furniture, should be planned with the greatest care and controlled so that they fit harmoniously into the whole. Special efforts should be made to prevent all forms of vandalism.31. Member States and groups concerned should protect historic areas and their surroundings against the increasingly serious environmental damage caused by certain technological developments - in particular the various forms of pollution - by banning harmful industries in the proximity of these areas and by taking preventive measures to counter the destructive effects of noise, shocks and vibrations caused by machines and vehicles. Provision should further be made for measures to counter the harm resulting from over-exploitation by tourism.32. Member States should encourage and assist local authorities to seek solutions to the conflict existing in most historic groupings between motor traffic on the one hand and the scale of the buildings and their architectural qualities on the other. To solve the conflict and to encourage pedestrian traffic, careful attention should be paid to the placing of, and access to, peripheral and even central car parks and routing systems established which will facilitate pedestrian traffic, service access and public transport alike. Many rehabilitation operations such as putting electricity and other cables underground, too expensive if carried out singly, could then be co-ordinated easily and economically with the development of the road system.33. Protection and restoration should be accompanied by revitalization activities. It would thus be essential to maintain appropriate existing functions, in particular trades and crafts, and establish new ones, which, if they are to be viable, in the long term, should be compatible with the economic and social context of the town, region or country where they are introduced. The cost of safeguarding operations should be evaluated not only in terms of the cultural value of the buildings but also in relation to the value they acquire through the use made of them. The social problems of safeguarding cannot be seen correctly unless reference is made to both these value scales. These functions should answer the social, cultural and economic needs of the inhabitants without harming the specific nature of the area concerned. A cultural revitalization policy should make historic areas centres of culturaL activities and give them a central role to play in the cultural development of the communities around them.34. In rural areas all works which cause disturbances and all changes of economic and social structure should be carefully controlled so as to preserve the integrity of historic rural communities within their natural setting.35. Safeguarding activities should couple the public authorities' contribution with the contributionmade by the individual or collective owners and the inhabitants and users, separately or together, who should be encouraged to put forward suggestions and generally play an active part. Constant co-operation between the community and the individual should thus be established at all levels particularly through methods such as information adapted to the types of persons concerned; surveys adapted to the persons questioned; establishment of advisory groups attached to planning teams; representation of owners, inhabitants and users in an advisory function on bodies responsible for decision-making, management and the organization of operations connected with plans for safeguarding, or the creation of public corporations to play a part in the plan's implementation.36. The formation of voluntary conservation groups and non-profit-making associations and the establishment of honorary or financial rewards should be encouraged so that specially meritorious work in all aspects of safeguarding may be recognized.37. Availability of the necessary funds for the level of public investment provided for in the plans for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings should be ensured by including adequate appropriations in the budgets of the central, regional and local authorities. All these funds should be centrally managed by public, private or semi-public bodies entrusted with the co-ordination of all forms of financial aid at national, regional or local level and with the channelling of them according to an overall plan of action.38. Public assistance in the forms described below should be based on the principle that, wherever this is appropriate and necessary, the measures taken by the authorities concerned should take into account the "extra cost" of restoration, i. e. the additional cost imposed on the owner as compared with the new market or rental value of the building.39. In general, such public funds should be used primarily to conserve existing buildings including especially buildings for low rental housing and should not be allocated to the construction of new buildings unless the latter do not prejudice the use and functions of existing buildings.40. Grants, subsidies, loans at favourable rates, or tax concessions should be made available to private owners and to users carrying out work provided for by the safeguarding plans and in conformity with the standards laid down in those plans. These tax concessions, grants and loans could be made first and foremost to groups of owners or users of living accommodation and commercial property, since joint operations are more economical than individual action. The financial concessions granted to private owners and users should, where appropriate, be dependent on covenants requiring the observance of certain conditions laid down in the public interest, and ensuring the integrity of the buildings such as allowing the buildings to be visited and allowing access to parks, gardens or sites, the taking of photographs, etc.41. Special funds should be set aside in the budgets of public and private bodies for the protection of groups of historic buildings endangered by large-scale public works and pollution. Public authorities should also set aside special funds for the repair of damage caused by natural disasters.42. In addition, all government departments and agencies active in the field of public works shouldarrange their programmes and budgets so as to contribute to the rehabilitation of groups of historic buildings by financing work which is both in conformity with their own aims and the aims of the safeguarding plan,43. To increase the financial resources available to them, Member States should encourage the setting up of public and/or private financing agencies for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings. These agencies should have corporate status and be empowered to receive gifts from individuals, foundations and industrial and commercial concerns. Special tax concessions may be granted to donors.44. The financing of work of any description carried out for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings by setting up a loans corporation, could be facilitated by public institutions and private credit establishments, which would be responsible for making loans to owners at reduced rates of interest with repayment spread out over a long period.45. Member States and other levels of government concerned could facilitate the creation of non-profit-making associations responsible for buying and, where appropriate after restoration, selling buildings by using revolving funds established for the special purpose of enabling owners of historic buildings who wish to safeguard them and preserve their character to continue to reside there.46. It is most important that safeguarding measures should not lead to a break in the social fabric. To avoid hardship to the poorest inhabitants consequent on their having to move from buildings or groups of buildings due for renovation, compensation for rises in rent could enable them to keep their homes, commercial premises and workshops and their traditional living patterns and occupations, especially rural crafts, small-scale agriculture, fishing, etc. This compensation, which would be income-related, would help those concerned to pay the increased rentals resulting from the work carried out.V. RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND INFORMATION47. In order to raise the standard of work of the skilled workers and craftsmen required and to encourage the whole population to realize the need for safeguarding and to take part in it, the following measures should be taken by Member States, in accordance with their legal and constitutional competence.48. Member States and groups concerned should encourage the systematic study of, and research on town-planning aspects of historic areas and their environment; the interconnexions between safeguarding and planning at all levels: methods of conservation applicable to historic areas; the alteration of materials; the application of modern techniques to conservation work; the crafts techniques indispensable for safeguarding.49. Specific education concerning the above questions and including practical training periods should be introduced and developed. In addition, it is essential to encourage the training of skilled workers and craftsmen specializing in the safeguarding of historic areas, including any open spaces surrounding them. Furthermore, it is necessary to encourage the crafts themselves, which are jeopardized by the。
南部非洲地区的办公区景观规划设计解析
ｃ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｐ ｔ ａ ｎ ｄｍｅ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｄｏ ｆ ａ ｂ ｒ ｏ ａ ｄ ， ｉ ｎｏ ｒ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｏｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｉ ｄ ｅａ ｃ ｅ ｒ ｔ ａ ｉ ｎｒ ｅ ｆ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅｆ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｌ ａ ｎ ｄ ｓ ｃ ａ ｐ ｅ ｐ ｌ ａ ｎ ｎ ｉ ｎ ｇａ ｎ ｄｄ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｇ ｎａ ｎ ｄｃ ｏ ｎｓ ｔ ｒ ｕ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎｏ ｆ ｏ ｕ ｒ ｃ ｏ ｕ ｎ ｔ ｒ ｙ ．
【 关键 词 】 景观设计； 总体规划理念 ； 景观植物 配置设计
【 Ｋ ｅ ｙ ｗ ｏ ｒ ｄ ｓ 】 Ｌ ａ ｎ ｄ ｓ ｃ ａ ｐ ｅ ｄ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｎ； ｇ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｒ ａ ｌ ｌ ｐ ｌ ａ ｎ ｎ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｐ ｔ ； ｃ ｏ ｎ ｉ ｆ ｇ ｕ ｒ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｎｏ ｇ ｆ Ｌ ａ ｎ ｄ ｓ ｃ ａ ｐ ｅ ｐ ｌ ａ ｎ ｔ ｓ
张建 业
（ 中铁 建 中非 建 设 有 限公 司 ， 北京 １ ０ ０ ０ ３ ８ ）
ＺＨＡＮ Ｇ Ｊ ｉ ａ ｎ— ｙ ｅ
（ Ｃ ｒ ｃ ｃ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ — Ａｆ ｒ ｉ ｃ ａ Ｃ ｏ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｒ ｕ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ Ｌ ｉ ｍｉ ｔ ｅ ｄ， Ｂ ｅ ｉ ｊ ｉ ｎ ｇ １ ０ ０ ０ ３ ８ ， Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ ）
态区 ， 包 括 草地 （ ｇ ｒ ａ ｓ ｓ ｌ ａ ｎ ｄ ） 、 灌木丛生地 区（ ｂ ｕ ｓ ｈ ｖ ｅ ｌ ｄ ） 、 南非干 旱 台地高 原 （ ｋ ａ ｒ ｏ ｏ ） 、稀 树 大 草 原 （ ｓ ａ ｖ ａ ｎ ｎ ａ ）和河 岸 区域 （ ｒ ｉ ｐ ａ ｒ ｉ ａ ｎ ｚ ｏ ｎ ｅ ｓ ） 等。 本 文 以 作 者所 参 与 的规 划 区 域 位 于 南 部 非 洲地 区 某 国家 的 某 乡村 行政 管 理 中 心 项 目景观 设计 与施 工 的 具体 实例 为 背
国外旧改成功案例分析
国外旧改成功案例分析目录1. 欧州成功案例 (3)1.1 英国伦敦里维尔城改造案例分析 (3)1.1.1 背景概述 (4)1.1.2 改造方案设计 (5)1.1.3 改造成果及影响 (7)1.2 瑞士苏黎世旧城改造案例分析 (8)1.2.1 背景概述 (9)1.2.2 改造方案设计 (10)1.2.3 改造成果及影响 (11)1.3 法国巴黎马雷区改造案例分析 (13)1.3.1 背景概述 (14)1.3.2 改造方案设计 (15)1.3.3 改造成果及影响 (17)2. 美洲成功案例 (18)2.1 美国纽约下城酒吧街改造案例分析 (19)2.1.1 背景概述 (21)2.1.2 改造方案设计 (21)2.1.3 改造成果及影响 (23)2.2 巴西里约热内卢老城改造案例分析 (24)2.2.1 背景概述 (26)2.2.2 改造方案设计 (27)2.2.3 改造成果及影响 (28)2.3 墨西哥墨西哥城历史城中心改造案例分析 (29)2.3.1 背景概述 (30)2.3.2 改造方案设计 (32)2.3.3 改造成果及影响 (33)3. 亚洲成功案例 (34)3.1 韩国首尔兴京地区改造案例分析 (36)3.1.1 背景概述 (38)3.1.2 改造方案设计 (39)3.1.3 改造成果及影响 (40)3.2 新加坡莱佛士初创区改造案例分析 (41)3.2.1 背景概述 (43)3.2.2 改造方案设计 (44)3.2.3 改造成果及影响 (45)3.3 日本东京神田地区改造案例分析 (46)3.3.1 背景概述 (48)3.3.2 改造方案设计 (49)3.3.3 改造成果及影响 (50)4. 总结与展望 (52)4.1 国外旧改成功经验总结 (53)4.2 对中国旧改的启示 (54)4.3 未来发展展望 (55)1. 欧州成功案例汉堡市位于德国北部，是德国第二大城市和最重要的海港和最大的外贸中心、德国第二金融中心，同时是德国北部的经济和文化大都市，有着“世界桥城”的美称。
埃及SADAT城的总体规划和住宅规划及节能规划
太阳能
太阳能比其他能源拥有更强大的优
势，而且新城有合适的条件使太阳能在技
术和经济上都有可行性。太阳能是免费
的，也是取之不尽的，当矿物燃料都用完
以后可以常重要的
意义，因为大型工业威胁主要的农业用
地。太阳能可以节约国家大量的矿物资
源，它既可应用于价值高的非燃料产品，
埃及 Ｓ Ａ Ｄ Ａ Ｔ 城的
总体规划和住宅规划及节能规划
匡形国际规划设计有限公司 ＳＣＯＴＴ ＫＩＬＬＩＮＧＥＲ 斯科特 凯林哲（美）
ＳＡＤＡＴ 城的总体规划和住宅规划 总平面是环境保护与利用的典范，涵 盖太阳能、风向、地下水资源以及污水控 制。以转变为主导思想的设计是中央干 道、市中心和次干道的主要设计要素。行 人流通体系将邻里和住宅开发结合在一 起，提供购物、学校、公共服务和清真寺 等场所，娱乐休闲设施设计成该体系内部 的结点，与提供社会服务的地点紧密结 合。沿西北和西南边界建设的绿化带，使 新城免受夏季沙尘暴的袭击。目前３５万以 上的人，称Ｓａｄａｔ城为他们的家园。
片灌溉后的土地。这片 １５０米宽的防风林 高度限制在四到五层，从而为室内建筑
带，建议作为Ｓａｄａｔ城的第一个施工项目。 提供充足的太阳能集热面积。
污水 建议在城市外围的六个地点进行污水 处理，以适应城市的发展，用灵活的设计 来满足今后发展的变化。这些污水处理厂 要服务于城市和两个工业区的四大排水 池。为了给将来不断变化和发展的城市提 供灵活的运营，污水处理必须可靠、有效 而经济。因此，选择有氧 —厌氧废物稳 定池用于污水处理厂从第 １ 到第 ４ 步的处 理程序。这些池子的投资较低，容易运做 维护。 工业污水处理厂是为流入的污水特殊 设计的，从处理厂流出的水可用来灌溉防 风林和果园，同时充满地下含水层。污水 在到达地下水位前要通过土壤层过滤，然 后进一步由土被处理。从稳定池出来的淤 泥可以用做土壤调节器，来开垦农业用的 沙漠土地。
城市垂直社区--肯尼亚内罗毕内城贫民窟的再生途径的开题报告
城市垂直社区--肯尼亚内罗毕内城贫民窟的再生途径的开题报告一、选题背景城市化是当今世界发展的趋势，而城市化过程所带来的问题亦是不可忽视的。
针对内罗毕等发展中国家城市里贫民窟的问题，一直是一个较为严峻的问题。
相对于传统的城市扩张方式，垂直社区的模式逐渐被越来越多的城市采取，这种模式在内罗毕构建以身体力行。
二、选题意义从垂直社区模式到城市再生，本文从具体的案例来探讨垂直社区可以作为一种城市再生途径，旨在探究垂直社区在城市再生中的优势和发挥的作用，并且从中发现对于内罗毕的城市再生有何启示，有利于更好地重建城市，提高城市可持续性。
三、研究路径1. 垂直社区的新型城市化模式概括和解析垂直社区的特点、优势以及它是如何促进城市化进程的。
2. 垂直社区在城市再生中的作用探究垂直社区对于城市再生的贡献，可以从经济角度、社会角度、生态角度来具体分析。
3. 垂直社区在内罗毕的实践结合内罗毕实际情况，解析其建设垂直社区的具体过程以及实际效果。
4. 城市再生中的启示总结垂直社区在提高城市可持续性以及城市再生中所带来的改变以及特点，探究垂直社区模式对于内罗毕的城市再生有哪些启示。
四、论文框架第一章绪论选题背景、选题意义、研究路径、research question和论文框架第二章垂直社区的新型城市化模式概括和解析垂直社区的特点、优势以及它是如何促进城市化进程的。
第三章垂直社区在城市再生中的作用探究垂直社区对于城市再生的贡献，可以从经济角度、社会角度、生态角度来具体分析。
第四章垂直社区在内罗毕的实践结合内罗毕实际情况，解析其建设垂直社区的具体过程以及实际效果。
第五章城市再生中的启示总结垂直社区在提高城市可持续性以及城市再生中所带来的改变以及特点，探究垂直社区模式对于内罗毕的城市再生有哪些启示。
第六章结语根据本文的研究发现，结合垂直社区的特点，对城市再生的改善提出一些建议。
五、预期结果1. 分析垂直社区的特点和优势2. 探究城市内罗毕的具体情况，剖析其建设垂直社区的实际效果3. 关注垂直社区模式在城市再生中的优势和应用4. 对于内罗毕城市再生提出一些建议。
拉丁美洲和加勒比区域方案及工发组织提
IDB .34/6Distr.: General1 April 2008ChineseOriginal: EnglishV.08-52341 GH*0852341*联合国工业发展组织工业发展理事会第三十四届会议2008年5月14日至16日，维也纳临时议程项目42008-2011年中期方案纲要的执行情况2008-2011年中期方案纲要的执行情况，包括南南合作、拉丁美洲和加勒比区域方案及工发组织提用全球环境基金情况总干事的报告目录段次页次 导言 ..............................................................13一. 方案背景.............................................................2-33二. 技术合作方案....................................................... 4-283A. 通过生产性活动缓减贫困...........................................4-143B. 贸易能力建设................................................... 15-205C. 环境和能源..................................................... 21-286三. 其他方案活动.........................................................29-418A. 新技术和新兴技术.................................................29-308B. 人的安全.........................................................31-358C. 全球论坛职能.....................................................36-409D. 与私营部门和民间团体的伙伴关系...................................419四. 方案协调和区域方面...................................................42-5310IDB.34/6A. 国家一级和区域的一致性...........................................42-5010B. 南南合作.........................................................51-5311五.资源调动.............................................................54-5612六.方案支助和管理服务...................................................57-6412七.需请理事会采取的行动 (6513)简称表 (14)2IDB.34/6导言1. 本文件审查2008-2011年中期方案纲要（中期纲要）的执行情况。
内毕罗
（一）内罗毕大致情况肯尼亚位于非洲东部，赤道横贯国家中部，东非大裂谷纵贯南北。
东邻索马里，南接坦桑尼亚，西连乌干达，北与埃塞俄比亚、苏丹交界，东南濒临印度洋，海岸线长度536公里。
全国面积为582650平方公里，其中陆地面积569250平方公里，水域面积13400平方公里。
内罗毕，肯尼亚首都。
现以制造业包括烟、加工食品饮料等为主要工业，近年观光也成为该市主要收入之一。
联合国环境规划署和人类住区规划署均设在此。
市中心肯雅塔国际会议中心是内罗毕标志性建筑。
内罗毕在当地马赛语的意思是“冰凉的水”（ColdWater），从城市凉爽的气候（年均温摄氏17.7度）看来，并不难理解。
内罗毕的治安状况比较差，上街要尽量结伴而行，夜间最好不要出门。
贵重物品应寄存在酒店前台，去市场购买纪念品时不要携带大量现金。
在内罗毕打的出门，应事先讲好价格。
肯尼亚对邻国索马里的军事行动，导致近期在内罗毕发生一些爆炸等恶性的恐怖事件，造成部分人员的死伤。
肯尼亚首都内罗毕是一个美丽的城市，建筑物多为浅色，并有许多现代化的高层建筑。
内罗毕人的服装色彩鲜艳，民族服装宽大凉爽。
内罗毕人的主食有玉米、面粉。
副食有肉类、鱼类、禽蛋、各种蔬菜、水果。
内罗毕盛产茶叶、咖啡，这也是内罗毕人喜欢的饮料。
禁忌和礼仪内罗毕人很讲礼貌，朋友见面必须打招呼，点头致意或行握手礼，还要加一连串的问候语。
内罗毕人非常好客，亲朋好友到家，主人总是热情招待，拿出最好的东西让客人吃。
如果客人对主人的东西不动一下，则被认为是一种失礼的行为。
在内罗毕，不同的地区和部族，有不同的宗教信仰和风俗习惯，由此而产生了许多不同的禁忌。
带有普遍性的禁忌有：忌用左手与他人握手、行礼、抓饭或递物接物。
（二）搜索到的相关项目资料。
1、中国企业联合会中非投资促进委员会非洲项目肯尼亚铁路局地产项目（1）项目概况肯尼亚铁路局地产项目位于肯尼亚首都内罗毕市CBD地区，项目由三个地块组成。
地块原属于肯尼亚铁路局和肯铁退休基金，肯铁希望将这三个地块打包出售/出租进行开发。
沙迦桥隧项目总体规划
[ UED ] 146 | 12 | 2023 214THE SHARQ CROSSING沙迦桥隧项目总体规划[ TOPIC ] 主题／圣地亚哥·卡拉特拉瓦：着迷于自然，为建筑插上翅膀 SANTIAGO CALATRAVA: FASCINATED BY NATURE, GIVING WINGS TO ARCHITECTURE项目地点：卡塔尔，多哈委托客户：市政规划部建筑设计：圣地亚哥·卡拉特拉瓦建筑事务所项目时间：2013年至今Location: Doha, QatarClient: Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning (MMUP)Architect: Santiago CalatravaYear: 2013– Current215[ UED ] 146 | 12 | 2023216沙迦桥（前身为多哈湾大桥）总体规划是应多哈市政规划部（MMUP）的要求由圣地亚哥·卡拉特拉瓦建筑事务所设计的，其特点是高效的土木工程方案和极具标志性的设计的独特结合。
总体规划以连接机场区、西湾金融区和文化城的主要交通枢纽为特色。
圣地亚哥·卡拉特拉瓦取代了之前仅限隧道系统的提议，提出一种新的解决方案——在隧道系统三端各建一座桥梁。
桥梁与之前提出的交通系统的连接在所有三个位置都遵循相同的原则——一条短隧道在沿海地区下方穿过，使桥梁在下降到海底连接回主公路隧道之前能够在海上出现。
通过这种方式，每座桥都呈现为一件具有独特特征的雕塑作品，适应了邻近城市环境的限制。
海湾大桥的概念设计遵循以下一系列设想：•将康沃尔区开发为“康沃尔公园”•将“十字桥”岛作为一种娱乐设施、旅游景点和“地下道路交会处”•将西湾大桥作为“康沃尔公园”的景观延伸•建设具有国际差异化的桥梁•通过尽可能减少桥梁支撑柱，最大限度地降低对海湾环境的影响•找到一个安全合理的解决方案，以解决穿越具有大量淹没隧道部分的广阔水域的问题桥梁设计显然是一个宏大的视觉奇观，但事实上，这些都是卡拉特拉瓦对海湾穿越愿景的次要主题。
肯尼亚内罗毕议会大厦非洲现代建筑的象征
肯尼亚内罗毕议会大厦非洲现代建筑的象征肯尼亚内罗毕议会大厦是肯尼亚政府的象征，也是非洲现代建筑的代表之一。
作为肯尼亚主权国家的标志性建筑物，内罗毕议会大厦在建筑设计和文化意义上都具有重要价值。
本文将深入探讨这座建筑物如何成为非洲现代建筑的象征。
1. 地理位置和背景内罗毕议会大厦坐落在肯尼亚首都内罗毕的城市中心，占地面积庞大，十分引人注目。
建于1964年，该大厦旨在为肯尼亚独立后的议会提供新的办公和会议空间。
它的巨大规模、现代化设计以及战略位置，使得内罗毕议会大厦成为肯尼亚政治权力的象征。
2. 建筑设计内罗毕议会大厦的建筑设计以现代主义为基础，融合了肯尼亚本土文化的元素。
建筑师使用当地材料和传统工艺，如红土砖和木材，来呈现肯尼亚的文化特色。
大厦的外观充满了动感和创新，同时与周围环境和谐相融。
这种设计方式既展示了肯尼亚人的自豪感，又体现了当地建筑风格的独特之处。
3. 文化符号内罗毕议会大厦是肯尼亚多元文化的象征。
该建筑的设计灵感来自肯尼亚土著民族的文化艺术，其中包括壁画、雕塑和图案元素。
这些艺术作品通过建筑的不同空间和角落，将肯尼亚的多样性和独特性展示给全世界。
此外，在议会大厦的庭院中，肯尼亚国旗高高飘扬，象征着国家的主权和独立。
4. 政治象征内罗毕议会大厦作为政治权力的象征，是肯尼亚议会及相关机构的工作场所。
这座建筑物不仅仅是一个办公楼，更是民主决策的中心。
议会大厦内举行的会议和辩论都对塑造肯尼亚政治的发展产生重要影响。
它见证了肯尼亚独立以来的重要决策和发展，成为国家政治历史的见证者。
5. 国际影响力内罗毕议会大厦作为非洲现代建筑的象征，对国际社会具有重要意义。
该建筑不仅吸引了观光游客的目光，同时也是许多国际会议和高级别会谈的举办地。
许多国家元首和外交使节在这里进行会晤，进一步突显了肯尼亚作为非洲地区政治和经济重要角色的地位。
6. 建筑的可持续性内罗毕议会大厦也是可持续建筑的典范之一。
它利用可再生能源供电，拥有高效的节能装置和先进的水资源管理系统。
非洲可持续发展建筑的新里程碑
非洲可持续发展建筑的新里程碑作者：暂无来源：《世界环境》 2016年第5期■文、图/邓佳“曲径通幽处，禅房花木深”，联合国环境规划署（环境署）和联合国人类住区规划署（人居署）节能环保型办公楼正位于这样的环境中——参天大树围绕，花朵芬芳绽放。
肯尼亚首都内罗毕有赤道旁的“春城”之称，肯尼亚1/4的人口都集中在首都内罗毕。
联合国环境规划署和人居署总部就设在内罗毕北郊，是全球仅有的两个将总部设在发展中国家的联合国机构。
建筑部门是全球温室气体排放最大的贡献者，其中办公楼和家庭用能导致的排放量就占其中的三分之一。
此外，据预测，建筑物相关的CO2排放量将从2004年的86亿吨增长到2020年的111亿吨。
考虑到这些挑战，联合国2011年为环境署和人居署建设的新总部办公大楼，最大限度地保证可持续性，从太阳能光板到办公楼墙壁粉刷的环保涂料，体现了众多的环保理念。
办公楼最大的特点就是充分利用内罗毕得天独厚的自然条件，将太阳能、循环水、自然光利用最大化。
步入办公楼内部，简单朴实的石磨小砖铺就花园小径般的办公楼主通道，主题分明的微型肯尼亚生态系统展示在通道两旁延伸，半敞开式的楼顶结构使东非高原的强烈阳光经过缓冲散射入楼梯内部，对流通畅的建筑结构设计让人一进入办公楼就感到气温瞬间降了几度。
整栋大楼没有安装任何空调设备，完全通过自然风流通调节温度。
办公楼内部设施安排旨在达到“环保最优化”。
统计显示，照明在新办公大楼中的能耗占该大楼总能耗的20％，自然光利用最大化是这座大楼的主要特点之一，大面积可调节角度的窗户、贯穿３层楼的玻璃天井、感应式节能灯以及中控型照明能耗监控体系的运用，使整栋办公楼与常规条件相比全年可节省照明能耗70％。
这座“绿色”建筑从全年雨水收集量平均达750万升，电脑机房户外化可使其空调制冷成本节约95％。
走上楼顶，4200块、共6500平方米的太阳能板如鱼鳞般将楼顶覆盖，错落有致地将东非阳光充分吸收并即刻转化为绿色能源，日均峰值发电量达515千瓦小时。
FMR LLC生活大事件规划指南说明书
Planning for life’s big moments Not FDIC Insured •May Lose Value •No Bank GuaranteeFor illustrative purposes only.Planning for life’s big momentsRelationships Making a largepurchaseEducationplanningRetirement Change in healthAging andcaregivingLegacyFinancial confidence means being prepared for dreams and detours alikeWork with trusted professionalsMake a plan Proceed withconfidence Get organizedFor illustrative purposes only.RelationshipsCONSIDERATIONS AS YOU COMBINEHow will you share expenses and assets? • Have you discussed sharing debt? • What are the tax implications? • Whose health care plans will you use? • Have you updated your beneficiary designations? • Should you change your health care proxy?of all married persons have been married before1couples who divorceper year223%680k+Divorce and remarriage1Source: PEW Research Center, “8 facts about love and marriage in America,” 2019.2Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021.SEPARATING ASSETSGet organized•Legal advice is different than financial advice.Make a plan•Work together with trusted professionals, friends, and family.•Understand implications to dividing retirement accounts and Social Security benefits.Making a large purchaseIs a large purchase on the horizon?PossibleYour financialgoalslarge purchasesFor illustrative purposes only.PURCHASING A SECOND HOMEHow will you pay for taxes, maintenance, and insurance costs? • Have you considered the real estate market should you decide to sell later? • How far are you willing to travel? • What is your time frame? Do you plan to finance all or part of the purchase?PLAN YOUR FUTURE TOGETHERGet organized•Carefully review your existing assets, check your credit score,and make a list of the pros and cons of borrowing.Make a plan•Identify any trade-offs that may be necessary in order to makethe purchase possible.•Ensure that the purchase doesn’t upset other key goals, suchas saving for your retirement.Education planningSENDING A CHILD TO COLLEGEHow will you pay for college expenses? • Have you discussed what you expect your child to contribute? • How much should you save? • When should you start saving? • How does a 529 plan work? • What are the tax implications?Of parents haven’t talkedto their children about saving and paying for collegeOf parentsplan to pay for all of their children's college costs45%38%Critical conversationsSources: 2022 Fidelity College Savings Indicator Study. See Important Information slide for methodology.Comparing college savings optionsHow do college savings compare?There are many investment accounts you can use to help save for a child’s education, which differ in features and benefits. Here are three types of accounts that many families consider:529College Savings PlanThese tax-advantaged accounts are designed to pay for qualified education expenses. They can be used for a student of any age.UGMA/UTMAUniform Gifts to MinorsAct/Uniform Transfers toMinors Act AccountsInvested in the child’s name,custodial accounts can be usedfor any expense for thebenefit of the child.The CoverdellEducationSavings AccountInvested in the child’s name,custodial accounts can be usedfor any expense for thebenefit of the child.Units of the Portfolios are municipal securities and may be subject to market volatility and fluctuation.If you or the designated beneficiary is not a resident of the state sponsoring the 529 college savings plan, you may want to consider, before investing, whether your state or the designated beneficiary's home state offers its residents a plan with alternate state tax advantages or other state benefits, such as financial aid, scholarship funds, and protection from creditors.GET COLLEGE SA VINGS ON TRACKGet organized•Start conversations and talk about expectations with your family early on.•Work with a financial representative to explore college savings accountoptions such as a 529 plan.Make a plan•Treat college savings like paying a bill, making automatic monthly depositsinto a dedicated college savings account.•Don’t neglect other financial goals like saving for retirement.Dollar cost averaging does not ensure a profit or guarantee against a loss.RetirementASSERT CONTROLWhat are your expenses? • How will you pay for health care? • What other income sources do you have? • Has your risk tolerance changed?Source: Data illustrates the percentage of total income the average household (age 65–74) spends on food, housing (including utilities), transportation, and health care. Data are based on the 2021 Consumer Expenditure Survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). See Important Information slide for methodology.Know your expensesHousing Transportation Food 34%16%12%8%Health CareRETIRING WITH CONFIDENCEGet organized•Identify your lifestyle goals.•Understand your guaranteed income sources, assets, and expenses.Make a plan•Work with a financial representative to connect your dreams with your means.Change in healthSource: Fidelity Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate, 2023. See Important Information slide for methodology.Can you afford to be healthy in retirement?Approximate savings neededto cover health care expenses$315,000Navigating MedicareSource: Fidelity Benefits Consulting. 2022.Other medical expenses, including: co-payments, coinsurance, and deductibles for doctor and hospital visits Medicare Part B and Part D premiums:doctor appointments and hospital visitsGenerics, branded drugs, specialty drugs 44%39%17%Where does retiree health care money go?Your team of professionalsFor illustrative purposes only.DoctorsAccountantFinancialRepresentativeAttorneyKNOW THE COST OF HEALTHY LIVINGWhat are your health needs? • Do you still have health care coverage from an employer? • Is there a gap to Medicare? • Can you utilize an HSA?Is long-term care appropriate for you?You want to be concerned about the treatment, not the payment.THE REALITIES OF HEALTH CAREGet organized•Identify your current health benefits.•Know your long-term care options.•Recognize that the perception of health care costs may be different than the reality.•Gather key documents, including health care proxy.Make a plan•Work with your trusted team to live a healthy lifestyle.•Don’t lose sight of your own financial goals.Aging and caregivingCARING FOR A LOVED ONEWho will be the financial caregiver? • What is the potential impact to your income and savings? Will care responsibilities be shared with other family members? • Does your loved one have important documents accessible? • What are the housing options?Caring for an aging loved one?70%of caregivers admit to being so focused on caregiving duties they put off addressing their own needsSource: 2022 Fidelity Investments®American Caregivers Study.Among caregivers for adults:•33% permanently lost or reduced their source of work income•44% took on their care responsibilities by default •26% report personal burnoutAs a caregiver, you can provide help in many waysTaking stock of available resources.Review existing resources, such as Medicare, other insurance, and income from pensions, Social Security, and savings. Consult your local Area Agencyon Aging for information on other potential resources.Becoming a healthcare advocate.The health care systemcan be confusing at best.Having one person keepingtrack of everything canhelp ensure nothing fallsthrough the cracks.Exploringcare options.From independentliving communities tohome health care tomemory care, you canhelp your loved ones findthe support they need.But self-care is equally importantAccept that you’re human Set boundaries Identify yourown needsFind helpMAKE A PLAN TOGETHERGet organized•Encourage your loved ones to complete key documents, including a living will,HIPPA authorization, and a health care proxy or durable power of attorney.Make a plan•Talk with your family about goals for care, management of household duties,and other needs of aging parents.LegacyAre you prepared?92%Say it’s important to discuss their end-of-lifecare 32%Have had a conversation withtheir loved onesSource: The Conversation Project, 2018.CONVERSATIONS TO HA VEIs there a current will? • Are account beneficiaries current? • Who is your personal representative? • Does your family know where key documents can be found?INHERITANCE BASICSGet organized•Settling investment accounts, trusts, life insurance, and forms of guaranteed incomecan be complicated.•Understanding what to expect when transferring different asset types is vital.Make a plan•Family meetings can facilitate dialogue.Life is a journeyHaving trusted support elevates many of life’s moments and makesgetting through the difficult ones a bit easier.Give yourself the gift of financial confidence.Make an appointment with your financial representative today.Important InformationSlide 15The2022 Fidelity College Savings Indicator Study was calculated by Fidelity Personal and Workplace Advisors LLC in collaboration with Fidelity Investments Research and Analysis. Boston Research Technologies, an independent research firm, conducted the online study on behalf of Fidelity Investments from April 18 to May 30, 2022, among a sample of 1,858 families nationwide with children aged 18 and younger who are expected to attend college. The survey respondents had household incomes of at least $30,000 a year or more and were the financial decision-makers in their household.Slide 20This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Slide 23The2023 Retiree Health Care Cost estimate is based on a single person retiring in 2023, 65 years old, with life expectancies that align with Society of Actuaries' RP-2014 Healthy Annuitant rates projected with the Mortality Improvements Scale MP-2020 as of 2022. Actual assets needed may be more or less depending on actual health status, area of residence, and longevity. Estimate is net of taxes. The Fidelity Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate assumes individuals do not have employer-provided retiree health care coverage, but do qualify for the federal government’s insurance program, original Medicare. The calculation takes into account Medicare Part B base premiums and cost-sharing provisions (such as deductibles and coinsurance) associated with Medicare Part A and Part B (inpatient and outpatient medical insurance). It also considers Medicare Part D (prescription drug coverage) premiums and out-of-pocket costs, as well as certain services excluded by original Medicare. The estimate does not include other health-related expenses, such as over-the-counter medications, most dental services, and long-term care.Slide 30The 2022 Fidelity Investments®American Caregivers Study presents findings from a nationwide survey of 766 U.S. adults ages 18+ who have current caregiving responsibilities for a family member or loved one with special health care needs or expect to in the future. Interviewing for this survey was conducted May 20-30, 2022, by Engine Insights, Inc., which is not affiliated with Fidelity Investments. The results of this survey may not be representative of all adults meeting the same criteria as those surveyed for this study.Information provided in, and presentation of, this document are for informational and educational purposes only and are not a recommendation to take any particular action, or any action at all, nor an offer or solicitation to buy or sell any securities or services presented. It is not investment advice. Fidelity does not provide legal or tax advice.Before making any investment decisions, you should consult with your own professional advisers and take into account all of the particular facts and circumstances of your individual situation. Fidelity and its representatives may have a conflict of interest in the products or services mentioned in these materials because they have a financial interest in them, and receive compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with the management, distribution, and/or servicing of these products or services, including Fidelity funds, certain third-party funds and products, and certain investment services.Not NCUA or NCUSIF insured. May lose value. No credit union guarantee.For investor use.Fidelity Investments and [Firm Name] are not affiliated.Third-party trademarks and service marks are the property of their respective owners. All other trademarks and service marks are the property of FMR LLC or an affiliated company. Fidelity Investments® provides investment products through Fidelity Distributors Company LLC; clearing, custody, or other brokerage services through National Financial Services LLC or Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC (Members NYSE, SIPC); and institutional advisory services through Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC.Personal and workplace investment products are provided by Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC, Member NYSE, SIPC.Institutional asset management is provided by FIAM LLC and Fidelity Institutional Asset Management Trust Company© 2023 FMR LLC. All rights reserved。
肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心建筑与非洲现代化的象征
肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心建筑与非洲现代化的象征肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心是非洲现代化的象征之一。
作为东非地区最大的会议中心，其建筑风格独特，兼具现代化与非洲文化的特色。
本文将介绍肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心的建筑特点以及其对非洲现代化的象征意义。
肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心坐落在内罗毕市中心，是一座现代化的建筑，由著名建筑师设计。
该建筑采用了创新的建筑材料和技术，展现出现代建筑的风格和精神。
外立面采用了玻璃幕墙，使建筑透明明亮，与周围的环境和谐统一。
同时，建筑还融入了非洲传统建筑的元素，如采用了非洲传统图案的装饰和非洲原木的雕刻，使建筑更具非洲文化的特色。
会议中心的大厅是整个建筑的核心，宽敞明亮，空间充裕。
大厅内部采用了大量的植物和水景，营造出绿意盎然的氛围，使人们感到亲近大自然。
大厅内设有先进的音响和投影设备，以满足举办各种规模的会议和活动的需求。
此外，会议中心还设有多个大小不同的会议室和展览厅，供各种用途的会议和展览活动使用。
肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心不仅仅是一个建筑，更是非洲现代化的象征。
首先，作为一个国际级的会议中心，它吸引了许多国际大型会议和活动的举办。
这些会议和活动不仅促进了内罗毕和肯尼亚的经济发展，还增加了非洲各国之间的交流和合作，推动了非洲的现代化进程。
其次，会议中心的建筑风格展示了非洲的文化底蕴和创新能力。
尽管采用了现代建筑的技术和材料，但建筑师巧妙地融入了非洲传统建筑的元素，使建筑更加贴近非洲人民的文化和生活方式。
这种融合体现了非洲人民深厚的文化底蕴和对现代化的追求，体现了非洲人民具有创新和包容精神。
最后，会议中心作为一个公共建筑，为内罗毕市民提供了一个重要的场所。
市民可以在这里举办各种活动，参加文化展览和演出，与国际友人进行交流。
这些活动丰富了内罗毕市民的文化生活，增强了市民对现代化的认同感和自豪感。
综上所述，肯尼亚内罗毕的会议中心是非洲现代化的象征。
其建筑风格独特，既展现了现代建筑的特点，又体现了非洲传统文化的元素。
非洲肯尼亚内罗毕地区城市垃圾处理挑战与可持续方案
非洲肯尼亚内罗毕地区城市垃圾处理挑战与可持续方案垃圾处理一直以来都是城市管理中的一大难题。
在非洲肯尼亚内罗毕地区，由于人口不断增长和快速城市化进程，垃圾处理问题变得日益严重。
本文将讨论该地区在垃圾处理方面所面临的挑战，并提出可持续发展的方案。
挑战一：人口增长内罗毕地区的人口增长迅猛，这导致了庞大的废物产生量。
大量的垃圾对环境和公共卫生造成了重大影响。
由于人口密度高，城市空间有限，垃圾处理设施的建设和使用变得更加困难。
挑战二：垃圾倾倒场问题内罗毕地区的垃圾倾倒场数量有限，而且很多倾倒场已经超负荷运行。
这导致垃圾倾倒场的可持续性和健康风险问题日益突出。
需要采取措施来寻找更多的倾倒场或者改善目前倾倒场的管理。
挑战三：废物分类和回收废物分类和回收系统在内罗毕地区尚未得到有效实施。
垃圾回收行业的发展缓慢，导致大部分可回收的废物最终被焚烧或填埋。
这造成了巨大浪费，并加剧了环境问题。
可持续方案一：建设垃圾处理设施内罗毕地区应该加大垃圾处理设施的建设力度。
这些设施可以是垃圾焚烧厂、垃圾填埋场、生物处理设备等。
通过增加垃圾处理能力，可以减少对倾倒场的过度依赖，同时减少垃圾对环境的污染。
可持续方案二：推广废物分类和回收内罗毕地区需要推广废物分类和回收的意识和行动。
政府可以与社区合作，制定并执行相关政策，建立废物分类和回收系统。
此外，可以鼓励民众参与废物回收行业，通过提供经济激励和创造就业机会来增加社会参与度。
可持续方案三：教育和宣传教育和宣传是实施可持续垃圾处理方案的关键。
政府和非政府组织可以开展宣传活动，提高民众对垃圾处理问题的认识和重视程度。
此外，可以在学校和社区中开展废物分类和回收的培训，增强公众的意识和能力。
结论非洲肯尼亚内罗毕地区面临着日益严重的垃圾处理问题，但同时也存在着许多可持续发展的解决方案。
通过建设垃圾处理设施、推广废物分类和回收、加强教育和宣传，我们可以更好地管理和处理垃圾，实现城市可持续发展的目标。
谈穆尔西亚市政厅扩建设计
谈穆尔西亚市政厅扩建设计
刘晶晶
【期刊名称】《山西建筑》
【年(卷),期】2008(034)022
【摘要】指出建筑师拉菲尔·莫内欧在穆尔西亚市政厅扩建设计中体现了对城市文脉传承的理解,从设计定位与城市关系、立面设计和建筑材料几方面进行了分析,探讨了在创新与传承之间寻求平衡的方法.
【总页数】2页(P45-46)
【作者】刘晶晶
【作者单位】同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,上海,200092
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TU243
【相关文献】
1.龙柏酒店整修扩建设计，槟城，马来西亚 [J],
2.建筑与城市空间的对话--细读穆尔西亚市政厅 [J], 张涛
3.从伦敦市政厅谈建筑的形态仿生设计 [J], 钊守丽;杨莉
4.谈高速公路隧道改扩建设计施工要点 [J], 杨宝锋
5.南京中华中等专业学校改扩建项目设计札记——兼谈职业学校规划设计 [J], 何其刚; 蔡春
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
内罗毕建议
内罗毕建议关于保护历史的或传统的建筑群及它们在现代生活中的地位的建议(联合国教科文组织第19次全体大会通过)技术的、经济的和社会的措施必须编制国家的、区域的和地方的各级所要保护的历史的或传统的建筑群及它们的环境的名单。
名单中要分注主次缓急，以便正确地分配有限的保护经费。
紧急情况下的各种性质的抢救措施不要等待制定保护的计划和文件。
必须对建筑群的整体，包括它的空间演变以及它的考古的、历史的、建筑的、技术的诸资料进行分析。
必须拟出一份分析性文件，确定必须绝对严格地完全保护的建筑物和建筑群，要在一定的条件下保存的或者要在特定的并且有严格的档案记录的环境中保存的，和要拆除的，这有助于政府阻止一切不符合本建议的工程。
此外，为同一目的，还应有一份公共的和私人的空地及绿化的调查登记表。
在上述分析研究之后，制定保护计划之前，原则上应该采取的程序是既考虑到尊重城市规划的、建筑的、经济的和社会的情况，也考虑到尊重城市和乡村现状的实现与它的特点相适合的功能的能力。
（略……）历史建筑群和它的环境是不断演变的，那些调查研究要定期举行。
因此，编制保护计划和付诸实施都要在无拘无束的研究的基础上进行而不要拖延着却去研究改善计划手续。
当历史的或传统的建筑群有分属于不同历史时期的要素时，保护工作必须要考虑把这些时期都显示出来。
在尚未制定保护计划的区域内实施城市整治和颓败地区拆除工程时，必须尊重有建筑价值和历史价值的建筑物和其他要素以及与它们共生的要素。
如果工程会危及这些房屋和要素，就应该并必须抢先制定保护计划。
在历史的或传统的建筑群中进行城市整治工程时，也要考虑到有关防火和防自然灾害的一般规范。
如果二者发生矛盾，则应在有关各方合作之下研究特殊的办法，旨在既要保证文化遗产最大限度的安全，又要不使它受到损害。
必须特别重视制定规章来管理新的建筑，以保证它与它插进去的那个建筑群的气氛和空间结构完全协调。
决不能批准拆清文物建筑的邻接地段以致把它孤立起来；同样，只有非常万不得已的理由，方能搬迁文物建筑。
内罗毕文案介绍
内罗毕文案介绍
【实用版】
目录
1.内罗毕简介
2.内罗毕的旅游资源
3.内罗毕的经济发展
4.内罗毕的文化特色
5.内罗毕的未来规划
正文
内罗毕是肯尼亚的首都，也是该国最大的城市之一。
这座城市位于肯尼亚高原上，海拔约为 1600 米，因此气候温和，四季如春，非常适合居住和旅游。
内罗毕拥有丰富的旅游资源。
其中最著名的是内罗毕国家公园，这是世界上唯一一个位于城市内的国家公园。
公园内有各种野生动物，如狮子、大象、长颈鹿等，吸引了众多游客前来观赏。
此外，内罗毕还有许多博物馆和文化遗址，如肯尼亚博物馆、内罗毕堡等，展示了肯尼亚丰富的历史文化。
内罗毕的经济发展也非常迅速。
作为肯尼亚的政治和经济中心，内罗毕吸引了许多国内外投资。
城市的基础设施建设也在不断完善，如新建的高速公路、购物中心等。
内罗毕的工业主要包括纺织、食品加工等，同时也有许多大型跨国公司在内罗毕设立了分支机构。
内罗毕的文化特色也非常鲜明。
作为肯尼亚的多民族国家，内罗毕拥有丰富的民族文化。
在城市中，你可以看到各种不同风格的建筑、音乐、舞蹈和美食。
内罗毕的民族工艺品也非常有名，如木雕、珠宝等，是旅游者必买的纪念品。
内罗毕的未来规划也非常宏大。
肯尼亚政府正在积极推进内罗毕的城市发展计划，计划在未来几年内将内罗毕打造成为东非地区的经济和文化中心。
为此，政府正在进行一系列的基础设施建设和城市改造工程，以提升内罗毕的国际竞争力。
中华人民共和国政府和肯尼亚共和国政府关于建设内罗毕体育综合设施的议定书
中华人民共和国政府和肯尼亚共和国政府关于建设内罗毕体育综合设施的议定书文章属性•【缔约国】肯尼亚•【条约领域】文化教育•【公布日期】1980.09.16•【条约类别】议定书•【签订地点】北京正文中华人民共和国政府和肯尼亚共和国政府关于建设内罗毕体育综合设施的议定书（签订日期１９８０年９月１６日生效日期１９８０年９月１６日）中华人民共和国政府和肯尼亚共和国政府，根据两国政府一九八０年九月十六日在北京签订的经济技术合作协定，就在内罗毕建设体育综合设施进行了友好商谈，签订本议定书，条文如下：第一条根据肯尼亚共和国政府发展体育事业的需要，中华人民共和国政府同意帮助肯尼亚共和国政府在内罗毕建设一座体育综合设施，该项目包括六万座位体育场、五千座位体育馆、二千座位露天游泳池和二百床位运动员宿舍。
第二条本项目的设计和施工，由中国成套设备出口公司组织实施。
实施本项目的有关事宜，由中国成套设备出口公司同肯尼亚政府指定的机构商签合同规定。
第三条实施本项目所需的设计费、设备材料费（包括水泥、钢材）和施工机械耗损费，在两国政府一九八０年九月十六日于北京签订的经济技术合作协定规定的贷款项下支付。
实施本项目所需的当地费用，由肯尼亚政府自理。
当地费用为当地设备材料购置费（包括木材）、当地运杂费、当地工人工资和中国技术人员费用等。
中方为本项目提供的设备材料和施工机械，肯尼亚政府免除进出口关税和其他税金。
第四条本项目按宿舍、体育场、体育馆、游泳池顺序，依次施工。
第五条为实施本项目前往肯尼亚工作的中国技术人员的专业、人数、工作和生活条件等，将在合同中规定。
第六条本议定书自签字之日起生效，有效期至双方履行完毕本议定书规定的有关义务之日止。
本议定书于一九八０年九月十六日在北京签订，共两份，每份都用中文和英文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。
中华人民共和国政府肯尼亚共和国政府代表代表陈慕华Ｒ·Ｊ·奥科（签字）（签字）M2304--010921xxj。
内罗毕宣言
内罗毕宣言内罗毕宣言：为纪念斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境会议十周年，国际社会成员国于1982年5月10日至18日聚会于内罗毕，审议了为执行会议通过的宣言和行动计划而采取的各种措施，并郑重要求各国政府和人民巩固与发展迄今已取得的进展，同时对全世界环境的现状表示严重关注，指出迫切需要在全球、地区与国家为保护和改善环境而加紧努力。
主要内容：1、斯德哥尔摩会议是加深公众对人类环境脆弱性的认识和理解的强大力量。
自那时以来的这些年里，环境科学取得了重大进展；教育、宣传和训练得到了很大发展。
几乎所有国家都通过了环境方面的立法，不少国家已在宪法中写入了保护环境的条款。
除成立了联合国环境规划署外，还设立了一些政府和非政府组织，缔结了一些有关环境合作的重要国际协定。
斯德哥尔摩宣言的原则在今天仍和1972年时一样有效。
这些原则为今后的岁月提供了一套改善和保护环境的基本守则。
2、然而应当指出，行动计划仅是部分地得到了执行，而且其结果也不能认为是令人满意的。
这主要是由于对环境保护的长远利益缺乏足够的预见和理解，在方法和努力方面没有进行充分的协调，以及由于资源的缺乏和，分配的不平均。
因此，行动计划还未对整个国际社会产生足够的影响。
人类的一些无控制的或无计划的活动使环境日趋恶化。
森林的砍伐、土壤与水质的恶化和沙漠化已达到惊人的程度，并严重地危及世界大片土地的生活条件。
有害的环境状况引起的疾病继续造成人类的痛苦。
大气变化（例如臭氧层的变化、二氧化碳含量的日益增加和酸雨）、海洋和内陆水域的污染、滥用和随便处置有害物质以及动植物物种的灭绝，进一步严重威胁人类的环境。
3、过去十年中出现了一些新的看法：进行环境管理和评价的必要性。
环境、发展、人口和资源之间的紧密而复杂的相互关系，以及人口的不断增加，特别在城市地区内对环境所造成的压力已为人们所广泛认识。
只有采取一种综合的并在区域内做到统一的办法，并强调这种相互关系，才能使环境无害化和社会经济持续发展。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENTDEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS AWARENESS GUIDEJanuary 20101. What is Development?Development is a very broad term that encompasses activities that result in a change of density, construction or addition to or alteration to a building or to the subdivision of a parcel of land. The information that the city council of Nairobi requires in a development application varies with the intended development.2. Why Should I Make A Development Application?Planning Laws require that any person intending to undertake any form of development must first obtain approval from the local Authority. It is therefore lawful to make an application. Penalties for non compliance are immense.Secondly, making an application will ensure the orderly, secure and healthy development of our neighbourhoods.Thirdly, development applications are a source of revenue continued giving services to the residents.3. About The Development Application GuideThis guide informs you in simple language how to prepare the plans and other supporting documents for your development application.Use the guide as a checklist. This will help you provide all the required information to support your application so we can deal with your application without delay.The City Council cannot accept applications which do not include all the require plans and supporting documents.4. How to Find Out MoreMost questions about making a development application can be answered simply by referring to this guide.However, if you still have questions that are not answered by this guide, do not hesitate to contact city council’s City Planning Department. You can phone us or call in personally or simply email your enquiry.We recommend that you discuss your development proposal with one of our technical officers before submitting a development application. We are always happy to arrange interviews; but please phone (020) 224281 extension 4013 for an appointment.5. Do I Need To Make A Development Application?Most types of development require a development application. However, there are several exceptions. Enquire about Council’s requirements for exempt and complying development.Types of development that need a development application include:buildings;i. Newii. Alterations and additions to existing buildings;iii. Most types of change-of-use of existing building or premises;iv. Demolition of dwellings,v. Subdivision of landvi. Outdoor Advertising and signage;filling and clearing; andvii. Earthworks,viii. Regularization of existing developmentsIf you are taking over an existing business, it’s a good idea to check with us to see if the business has a valid development application and occupation certificate; it may be possible to regularize an existing unauthorized development.If you are unsure whether you need to make a development application purposes, please contact Council’s City Planning Department.6. What Documents Do I NeedThe council’s checklists will assist you in providing accurate, detailed information to ensure a development application is processed as quickly and smoothly as possible. To find the checklist which relates to your proposed development, simply choose the most relevant category and the most appropriate checklist in that section will be availed to you. The following are the checklist categories to choose from.buildings;i. Newa) Residential class;b) Public class;c) Warehouse class;ii. Alterations and additions;iii. Regularization of existing developments.iv. Demolitions;v. subdivision / amalgamations;andvi. change/extensions-of-use;vii. Outdoor advertising and signage.The following are common requirements in all applications:i. The proposed development;ii. A survey plan from Survey of Kenya (in the absence of an approved survey a beacon certificate duly signed by a Licensed Surveyor);iii. Ownership documents; andiv. Up-to-date rates payment receipts.7. How Do I Make A Development Application?To make a development application, follow these 5 steps:STEP 1: Enquire with the City Planning Department about Council’s LocalPhysical Development Plans (LPDP), planning policies and zoningrequirements, and by-laws (see separate document titled “A guide OfNairobi City Development Ordinances and Zones”)STEP 2: Consider all the design issues. (From the check list on page 4items (i) to (iv) are submitted by a registered and practising architect whileitems (v) to (vii) are submitted by a registered and practising physicalplanner.STEP 3: (Architect/Planner) to prepare plans and drawingsSTEP 4: (Architect/Planner) to compile drawings/briefs and supportdocuments for submission;STEP 5: Follow the submission procedures as advised.7.1. STEP 1: Familiarise Yourself with Policies By-Laws andZoning RequirementsFinding out about the Council’s requirements is the first step inpreparing your application. You need to know about:i. Development Control Zones;ii. Design Principles and Guidelines;iii. Relevant building regulations;iv. Planning council policies; andv. Likely conditions of approval.You will save time and expense by downloading “A guide Of NairobiCity Development Ordinances and Zones”. For further clarification ourstaff can answer most enquiries over the counter or over the phone. Ifyou would like us to respond to a specific proposal, we suggest thatyou phone (020) 224281 extension 4013 for an appointment. We willarrange a meeting with the technical officer/s responsible for yourlocality. Please send us a sketch plan in advance to illustrate yourideas. This will focus the discussion and allow us to give a moredetailed response.7.1.1. Need Other Approvals?You may also need to be aware that your proposal may require anapproval from other government agencies. There are agencies thathave additional approval requirements. Please ascertain which otherapprovals are required. Some Agencies from which you may need toobtain approvals include:i. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA);ii. Kenya Airports Authority (KAA);iii. Ministry of Sanitation and Public Health;iv. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS);v. Kenya Railways (KR); andvi. Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company (NCWSC).It is recommended that you consult with relevant approval bodies asearly as possible.Certain types of proposals may also require separate approval underother Acts of Parliament.Such approvals include proposals that mayneed additional approvals that may include:i. Structure or places of public entertainment;ii. Water supply, sewerage and storm water drainage work;land;iii. Communityiv. Public roads; andv. Other public space activities7.2. STEP 2: Consider All the Design IssuesBy making careful analysis of all the design issues, you will certainlyget a better development proposal. Here are just some of the thingsto consider:7.2.1. Council’s requirementsThe Council aims to guide development in the interests of the wholecommunity/neighbourhood. This is done through implementing thelocal physical development plans (LPDPs), by-laws and related policydocuments. Each policy document contains requirements in the formof guidelines and/or objectives. These are geared to minimizeadverse impacts and maximize positive benefits for the community. 7.2.2. The site and neighbouring propertiesThe site of your development proposal has inherent constraints andopportunities. Always consider the likely impact on neighbours! It’spossible to avoid unnecessary conflicts and delays by consulting withneighbours before finalizing your design. It is council policy to notifyaffected neighbours about development applications.7.2.3. ConsultantsThe Council encourages applicants to consider using a suitabledesign professional such as architect (for building plans), physicalplanner (for change of use, subdivisions, extension of lease, outdooradvertisement etc), engineer or environmental expert (forenvironmental impact assessment, audit etc). In all thesesubmissions no consent will be given where professionals are notinvolved.7.3. STEP 3: Your Plans and DrawingsDiscuss your plan with your consultant. The type of plans required willvary depending on the type of development. To find out which plansare required for your proposal, simply refer to the plans matrix below.If your proposal is not covered by any of the development types at theleft of the Plans Matrix, ask at the Planning Department.THE PLAN MATRIX7.4. STEP 4: Making Development SubmissionsAll submissions either by a planner or architect must be accompaniedby supporting documents that include copy of ownership documents(certificate of lease, title deed, registered sale agreement etc). Thereare specific application forms for every type of submission (BuildingsSubmission form for Architects and form PPA1 for Planners)To help you prepare your development submission, use the followingchecklist. Include all the listed matters that are relevant to yourproposal.7.4.1. New Building PlansThese plans document the proposed development. Draw the detailsat a standard scale such as 1:100, 1: 200 or 1:500. Plans anddrawings describing the proposed development must indicate (whererelevant);9The location of proposed new buildings or works (includingextensions or additions to existing buildings or works) inrelation to the land’s boundaries and adjoining development;9Floor plans of proposed buildings showing layout, partitioning, room sizes and intended uses of each part of the building;9Elevations and sections showing the proposed externalfinishes and heights;9Proposed finished levels of the land in relation to building and roads;9Proposed parking arrangements, entry and exit points forvehicles, and provision for movement of vehicles within the site(including dimensions);9Proposed methods of draining the land;9The height and external configuration of proposed buildings in relation to the site on which it is to be erected’9Site and location plan to include: The location, boundarydimensions, uses of existing buildings site area and north pointof land;For major proposals, sites with special significance, prepare aperspective drawing, artist’s impression or architectural model tosupplement the elevations.7.4.2. Regularisation of Existing BuildingsThese plans document the existing development. The format ofsubmission is similar to new building plans but have to beaccompanied by:9Architect’s report; and9 Structural Engineer’s report on workmanship.7.4.3. Occupation CertificateThis certificate is issued to completed developments that havecomplied to all approval conditions and have undergone the regularinspections at the required stages. The application has to beaccompanied by:9Copy of approved building plans;9Copy of approved structural plans;9 Structural Engineer’s indemnity form;9Architect’s report;9Plumbers certificate; and9Kenya Bureau of Statistics form duly filled.7.4.4. Hoarding ApplicationHoarding is the temporary protection walling around a constructionsite usually mounted using corrugated iron sheets. The application –accompanied with a simple sketch showing plan, section andelevations is lodged after the building plans are approved.7.4.5. Structural DrawingsAll drawings submitted with a condition to submit structural drawingshave to comply by submitting the following:9 Two copies of structural drawings;9 A schedule of calculations; and9One copy of the approved architectural drawings.7.4.6. Subdivision PlansThis plan illustrates the proposed subdivision layout. Draw the plan toa standard scale such as 1:200 or 1:500, or a higher scale for largecomprehensive schemes and show the following details.9Existing boundaries and the dimensions;9Proposed subplots and their dimensions (meters);9Proposed subplot areas (hectares);9Proposed roads and footpaths (indicate respective width);9Relationship to existing roads and neighbouring parcels;9Proposed easement and rights of way (way leaves for power lines, sewer mains, railway lines, water/fuel pipe lines etc);9Proposed public utility parcels;9Topography/terrain by way of contours9 Location plan7.4.7. Change/extension of UserThe process for change/extension of user requires the followingprocesses:9 Advertisement notice of intention to change user in two localdailies and at the development site. This is given a 14-dayresponse/no objection period.9 After the 14-day lapse, submission of the planning briefoutlining the following:•general location setting;• Infrastructure services and scope of future developments;•Traffic generation and management;•Research on development trends;•General environmental impact and implications (Note aseparate and independent Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) report will also be required)•Justification and efficacy of proposal7.4.8. Outdoor AdvertisementsOutdoor advertising is largely associated with large billboardsadvertising products and services. However, in its broadestinterpretation, outdoor advertising includes all signs erected anddisplayed out of doors for the purpose of providing information.The process for outdoor advertising application requires the following:• A planning brief giving a broad framework of the proposalin line with the approved control guidelines (these areavailable in the Urban Design and Development section);• A photographic simulation of the proposal illustrating theanticipated visual impact and appearance in terms ofsurrounding character and function;• A site plan showing every building on the site and theposition with dimensions of the sign or advertising inrelation to the boundaries of the site and the location of thestreets and buildings on properties abutting the site;•Consent or legal agreement between the structure ownerand registered land owner;7.4.9. SignageSignage in its strict interpretation is limited to signs that make knownplace names, notice of events, public safety notices, trafficcontrol/warning signs and directional information.The process for outdoor advertising application requires the following:9 a drawing sufficient to enable the Council to consider theappearance of the signage and all relevant construction detail;9If a sign is to be attached to or displayed on the facade of a building, the submission of an additional drawing showing anelevation of the building;9 A photograph of the site or building showing the location of theproposed sign; adjacent sites or buildings showing therelationship of the proposed sign to existing signs.8. Where to Lodge Your Application9. How to Pay Your Application FeesCash: Only for applications lodged in person over the counter. You can payby cash between 8.30am to 4pm Monday to Friday (excluding publicholidays).in the Council’s banking Hall.Cheque: Make Banker’s cheque payable to Nairobi City Council for the fullfees.A schedule of the current approved fees and charges is attached to thisguide. What Happens After I Lodge My Application?Acknowledgement9.1.Council will acknowledge receipt of your application. You will receive a receipt specifying the amount of fees paid and the registered plan or application number.9.2. If Council needs more detailsCouncil may need further details about your application. If so, we will request this by writing comments or by telephone, or e-mail as soon as possible after receiving your application. A letter will be sent confirming any request made by telephone.9.3. Public Notification and dispute resolutionMost development applications are publicly notified to enable interested persons to submit comments to the Council. The notification period is 14 days.Council officers will seek to resolve any conflicts between the applicant and the objectors before the application is determined by Council.9.4. Enquiring about your applicationIf you would like to find out how your application is progressing, you can telephone Council for details and discuss with the officer who is dealing with your application. Council will advise you of that officers name and direct phone number when your application is acknowledged. You can assist staff by quoting the plan number in all enquiries.9.5. If there is a delayThe planning laws give you certain rights if there is undue delay (more than thirty days) in the determination of your development application contact the officer dealing with your application for further information.9.6. Notice of Council’s DeterminationAfter your application has been you will receive a notice of Determination of Development Application. The notice will tell you whether your application has been approved unconditionally, approved with conditions or refused.9.7. Your DevelopmentIf your development application is approved, then you must ensure that the development is carried out in accordance with any relevant consent conditions. PLEASE READ ALL CONDITIONS CAREFULLY AND SEEK CLARIFICATION IF NECESSARY.In general, you cannot alter or vary the development, unless you seek and obtain approval for amendments.9.8. Other approvalsIn many instances, development requires an approval or license from another government agency. It is your responsibility to obtain these approvals before you commence the development.。