英语定语从句的汉译及其方法分析
浅析英语定语的汉译技1
浅谈英语定语的汉译技巧摘要一般来说,一个句子主要由主语和谓语两大部分所组成,定语在句子中不是主要部分。
但作为名词词组中心语的修饰语,定语在准确理解句子的意义上确实起着非常重要的作用。
英汉两种语言中的定语同世界上大多数其他语言一样,虽然有许多共同之处,但也确实又各有其独特之处。
在翻译的实践中,很多人常常苦于那些较长的定语,特别是比较复杂的定语从句和多项定语的顺序排列,觉得无从下手,有时甚至完全脱离了原句的意义,违背了翻译工作中“信为第一”的基本原则。
因此对英汉定语进行一些对比以及讨论一些翻译技巧是很有必要的。
前置定语以及后置定语翻译时侧重点不同;定语从句是英语定语的一大特色,翻译时必须符合汉语的表达习惯。
在此从定语的多种形式和用法方面出发,进行探讨,从而归纳出一些定语翻译的技巧。
关键词:定语;中心语;翻译AbstractGenerally speaking, a sentence can be divided into two main parts: subject and predicate. Therefore, the attribute is not the main part of a sentence. However, as the modifier of the headword of a noun phrase, the attribute actually plays an important role in the accurate understanding of the meaning of a sentence. English and Chinese have many things in common, however, like lots of other languages, each one has its special features. In translation practice, people are frightened by long and complicated attributes, especially by the complex attributive clauses and the order of multi-attributes. What’s worse, somet imes the translation is totally different from the meaning of the original text, thus breaks the basic translation principle --- “faithfulness comes first”. So it is essential to make contrasts between Chinese and English attributes and discuss their translation skills. Pre-attributes and post-attributes emphasize different aspects in the translation. The attributive clause is one of the main features in English; its translation should conform to the idiomatic Chinese expression. With a study of different forms and usages of the attributes, this article explores skills of translating English attributes into Chinese.Key words: attribute;headword;translation英美国家与中国地理位置相隔遥远,历史文化传统不同、风土人情各异。
试析英语定语从句的汉译方法
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试析英语定语从句的汉译方法
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定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句是英语中常见的一种从句,用于修饰名词或代词,进一步说明其所指的人或事物。
在英语语法中,定语从句可以使用不同的关系代词或关系副词来引导,如that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where等。
在将定语从句翻译成中文时,有一些常见的方法和技巧可以帮助我们更准确地理解和翻译定语从句。
1. 寻找关系词
首先,我们需要确定定语从句中的关系词,即引导从句的关系代词或关系副词。
这个关系词通常用来引导从句并确定其与先行词的关系。
2. 确定先行词
在翻译定语从句时,我们还需要确定定语从句中所修饰的先行词,即被从句中的关系词所代表的人或物。
这一步非常重要,因为只有确定了先行词,我们才能正确理解定语从句的含义。
3. 翻译定语从句
根据关系词和先行词的特点,我们可以选择不同的翻译方式来表达定语从句的意思。
例如,当关系词为who或which时,我们可以将其翻译为“……的人”或“……的物品”等;当关系词为that时,我们可以将其翻译为“……的”或“……这个”。
4. 注意语序
在翻译定语从句时,我们还需要注意语序的问题。
由于英语和中文的语序有所不同,因此我们需要根据语境和语法规则来灵活调整语序,以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
总之,翻译定语从句需要我们掌握一定的语法知识和翻译技巧,并且需要我们根据具体情况进行灵活运用。
只有在不断练习中积累经验和技巧,我们才能更好地理解和翻译英语中的定语从句。
定语从句翻译技巧
定语从句翻译技巧 Document number:WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT定语从句翻译技巧在英语中, 定语从句很常见, 翻译时如不进行仔细分析就会出现误译。
通过实例对定语从句的翻译技巧做一探讨, 并将这些翻译技巧赋予理论概念, 即定语从句定语化, 定语从句谓语化, 定语从句状语化。
在把汉语翻译成带有定语从句的英语时,中国学生常常会受到母语的影响会出现误译。
因此我们要对比英汉两种语言,以便避免汉语的负迁移。
一英译汉时定语从句翻译中的易错点英语中的定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的结构, 通常分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
进行英译汉翻译时如不进行仔细分析,就会造成误译。
比如,下面两个句子仅有一个逗号之差,含义却不同:His brother who is a soldier is eighteen years old now.His brother, who is a soldier, is eighteen years old now.第一句应译为:他那个当兵的哥哥今年十八岁了。
(含义为:他不止一个哥哥。
句中的限制性定语从句起到限定的作用。
)第二句应译为:他的哥哥今年十八岁了,他在当兵。
(含义为:他只有一个哥哥。
句中的非限制性定语从句起到补充说明的作用。
)定语从句在英语中大量出现, 它有长有短, 结构有简有繁, 对先行词的限制有强有弱, 定语从句有时起着补充说明和分层叙述的作用, 或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件, 让步和结果等意义。
在语序上, 英文定语从句置于先行词之后.。
所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念, 合理安排译文的语序。
二英译汉时定语从句的翻译方法英语定语从句虽然种类繁多, 变化复杂, 但一般均可以用以下三种方法翻译。
1 定语从句定语化限制性定语从句往往要译成前置定语结构, 翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 这是因为它与所修饰的词关系甚密, 若分开译会影响主句意思的完整。
英语从句翻译技巧
英语从句翻译技巧一、前置法当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单,或是较为简短时,我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带"的'的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前,将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。
二、单独成句当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂,意义较为繁杂的时候,如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的后面的话,会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂,而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚,明明白白。
所以这个时候我们要把定语从句单独翻译出来,放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面当定语。
同时当定语从句是一个非限定性定语从句的时候,往往也要单独成句。
三、融合法把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句,定语从句译成谓语。
这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句,尤其是"there be'句型中。
There is a girl downstairswho wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。
There are many people whoare interested in the new invention.很多人对这项发明感兴趣。
这种定语从句在已经考过的试卷中还没有出现,所以,大家先掌握了具体的方法就好了!四、状译法英语中有些定语从句,不仅仅起到一个定语修饰的作用,而且在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系,表示原因、让步、转折等等关系。
所以广大考生在翻译的时候,应尽量从英语句子的意义上发现这些逻辑上的关系,然后翻译成汉语中相对应的逻辑关系来。
2英语翻译学习技巧一. 翻译的技巧没有技巧,只有一个熟字。
华罗庚说过,"苦干猛干埋头干,熟能生出百巧来'。
语法根基深厚,词汇量大,对专业词汇掌握得熟,自然就能驾轻就熟,怎么玩儿怎么转。
简单地说,基本功扎实就是技巧。
二. 翻译中最重要的项目语法、词汇和专业知识。
语法是最重要的,初中和高中学到的核心的东西其实就是语法。
如果语法不好,和老外交流可能会很顺畅,但是做翻译不行,翻译不仅要求能让读者明白意思,而且要专业,英孚英语这个必不可少。
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句是英语语法中的一个重要部分,它用于修饰和描述名词或代词。
定语从句的形式是通过引导词(如that、which、who、whom、whose等)与主句相连,形成一个子句来修饰名词或代词。
在汉语中,它通常使用的是“的”字结构来表达。
在翻译定语从句的时候,需要注意以下几个方面:
1. 找到引导词
首先,需要找到定语从句中的引导词,它是连接主句和从句的桥梁。
在翻译过程中,需要根据引导词的不同来选择不同的翻译方式。
2. 确定从句成分
其次,需要确定定语从句中的主语、谓语、宾语等成分,以便正确翻译。
在汉语中,需要根据上下文和语境来确定从句成分的位置和顺序。
3. 注意语序和连词
在翻译定语从句时,需要注意语序和连词的使用。
汉语和英语的语序存在差异,需要根据语言习惯和表达习惯来决定翻译方式。
同时,连词的使用也需要符合语法和表达的要求,不能随意更改。
4. 确定修饰内容
定语从句的作用是修饰和描述名词或代词,在翻译时需要准确表达修饰内容,保证句子的意思清晰明了。
总之,翻译定语从句需要根据具体情况进行灵活处理,遵循语言规范和表达习惯,保证翻译的准确性和流畅性。
定语从句英译汉之不同译
• 定语从句后置,省略关系词所代表的含义: • After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night。 • 饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会 谈, 一直谈到深夜。
用定语从句翻译各句
• 1. 学生们对学校饭堂的饭菜抱怨很多,他们在里面发现 过头发。 • 2. 他们和校长谈了,校长向他们保证会认真考虑他们的 建议。 • 3. 以前我数学不好,我朋友每天都花时间帮助我。 • 4. 尽管他在车祸中失去了一条腿,可他并没有气馁,而 是以常人想象不到的毅力,在奥运会上夺得了金牌。 • 5. 以前人们都认为地球是平的,而不是圆的,现在证明 是错误的。 • 6. 在学校住宿既可以节省时间来学习,又能有时间跟同 学分享集体生活的快乐。 • 7. 政府比个人更能够有效地阻止公共场所吸烟,应当尽 快采取措施为市民营造干净、和谐的生活环境。
• 在定语复合句中,将英语主句压缩成汉 语词组做主语,而把定语从句译成谓语, 溶合成一个句子: • This is a nation that must beg to stay alive。 • 这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。
• 二、非限制性定语从句 • 前置法 • 一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限 制性定语从句,可译成带“的”的前置 定语: • The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendour。 • 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在 又光芒四射地露面了。
• 4。译成表“目的”的分句 • I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable me to visit that country。 • 我没有放弃努力来争取一张护照, 以便到那个国家去访问。
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法定语从句是英语语法中的重要部分,可以用来描述和限定名词或代词。
在翻译时,正确理解和使用定语从句是非常重要的。
以下是一些方法和技巧,可以帮助你正确翻译定语从句。
1. 理解定语从句的结构定语从句由引导词和从句组成。
引导词包括关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that)和关系副词(when, where, why)。
从句是一个完整的句子,包含主语、谓语和宾语等要素。
在翻译时,需要理解定语从句的结构,并将其翻译成符合汉语语法规则的句子。
2. 熟悉定语从句的用法定语从句可以用来描述或限定名词或代词。
在翻译时,需要根据上下文理解定语从句的用法,并将其翻译成对应的汉语表达方式。
例如:- The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(我从图书馆借来的那本书非常有趣。
)- The man who is standing over there is my boss.(站在那边的那个人是我的老板。
)3. 注意定语从句的位置定语从句可以出现在句首、句中或句末。
在翻译时,需要根据定语从句的位置进行适当的调整。
例如:- The book, which I borrowed from the library, is very interesting.(我从图书馆借来的那本书非常有趣。
)- The man is my boss, who is standing over there.(那个站在那边的人是我的老板。
)- The book is very interesting that I borrowed from the library.(我从图书馆借来的那本书非常有趣。
)4. 注意关系代词的用法关系代词在定语从句中起到连接作用,可以替代先行词。
在翻译时,需要根据关系代词的用法进行适当的翻译。
例如:- The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.(穿红色裙子的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
定语从句的翻译方法
另外,有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语,而将定语从句译成谓语,融合为一个句子。
另外,在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首,而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译成后置型的并列分句,以求在形式上突出主句的内容。
例1: She suddenly thought of her husband, who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of. 译文:他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信,现在她突然想起了他。
2.译成谓语 当定语从句是存在句,尤其是在“there be结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“it be +主语+定语从句”的结构中,定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语,因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。
例1:There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.译文:在那群人中,有的人每天都站在那里,站了一个月。
例1:He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly.译文:他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。
例2: We will send the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education.译文:我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。
《定语从句》的翻译方法
《定语从句》的翻译方法一:中、英文定语差异:1.中文:一个词修饰另一个词时,如:清香的茶叶、有趣的书籍。
可见在中文中,一个词修饰另一个词时,定语部分是前置的。
(清香的、有趣的)一个句子修饰另一个词时,如:趴在门口的猫、昨晚睡得很晚的茶茶。
可见在中文中,一个短语、一个句子甚至多个句子修饰一个词时,定语也是前置的。
(趴在门口的、昨晚睡得很晚的)当然也有特例,如中国古代汉语:中国疆域之辽阔,“之辽阔”就是后置定语,翻译时要翻译成China has a vast territory.2.英文:一个词修饰另一个词时,如:a beautiful girl,a child adopted.可见在英文中,一个词修饰另一个词时,定语可以前置也可以后置。
(beautiful,adopted)一个句子修饰另一个词时,如:a boy standing under the tree.可见英文中,所有的词组和句子在修饰一个单词时一定是后置的。
(which may help you pass the exam,standing under the tree.)看到这里,问题来了:因为英文中所有的定语从句都是放在被修饰词后面的,而中文是放在前面的,所以英译中时,一般需要将定语从句放到被修饰词前面翻译。
(前置译法)如:a book which may help you pass the exam.一本能帮助你通过考试的书。
当然也有将定语从句放到被修饰词后的译法(后置译法),之后再讨论。
二:中英文语序差异:先看一段话:中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
翻译1:China is a major developing country and attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.翻译2:As a major developing country,China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.这两种翻译看上去都是对的,因为两种都不影响理解。
定语从句和状语从句翻译方法
四、让步状语从句
英语中,表示让步关系的连接词常常有:
三、翻译成状语从句
eg3: it was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scale process. 直到60年前人们才找到开采铝矿的方法, 从而使低成本、大规模冶炼金属铝成为可能。
二、后 置 法
当定语从句较长时, 如果翻译成前置的定 语, 就会不符合汉语的表达习惯, 在这种情况 下, 往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句, 放
置于原来它所修词的后面。翻译时可以用两
种方法来处理。
二、后 置 法
(一)重复先行词。
由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句
中充当句子成分,如果单独把定语从句翻译
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句
和非限制性定语从句两种,两类定语从句在
翻译方法上基本类似, 因此我们把它们放在 一起介绍。在翻译定语从句时,我们经常采
用下列的翻译方法:
一、前 置 法
把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”
的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语
原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句, 这种方法
四、融合法
融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融
合成一句简单句,其中的定语从句译成单句 中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句 关系较紧密,所以,融合法多用于翻译限制 性定语从句,尤其是“there be ”结构带有 定语从句的句型。
英语定语从句的汉译及其方法分析
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[全]英语语法-定语从句的翻译方法详解
[全]英语语法-定语从句的翻译方法详解定语从句的翻译中文的定语从句:1、前置定语(1)一个词修饰另一个词,一般是前置:例如:一个漂亮的女孩清香的茶叶著名的诗人(2)一个短语或是一个句子或是多个句子修饰一个词,一般是前置:例如:坐在门口的孩子拿着手机的小姑娘昨天晚上趴在房上的小白猫2、后置定语古代汉语中存在定语后置的情况:例如:中国疆域之辽阔,人口之众多,资源之丰富。
“之”引起的定语后置的情况。
China has a vast territory, a large population and plentiful resources.territory: n. 领土;地盘;范围英文的定语从句:一个单词修饰另一个单词,1、一般是前置:e.g: a pretty girla famous poet2、后置:(1)过去分词修饰名词,可以是后置定语,但不等同于所有的过去分词在修饰名词时都后置e.g.: a child adopted(2)以a-开头的形容词(也称为表语形容词)修饰名词时,一定要后置,基本上所有a-开头的形容词做定语时都要后置e.g.: a physician alive所有词组和句子修饰一个单词时都是后置,没有前置——定语从句。
英文中的定语翻译成中文时,一定是前置e.g: a boy standing under the treetwo women waiting for youa kind of knowledge which can enlighten the whole worlda book which may help you pass this exam英译汉的步骤:第一步:断句第二步:翻译第三部:重读e.g: On the whole, /such a conclusion can be drawn /with a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude /towards the test /as the others /with whom he is being compared, /and only if he was not punished /by lack of relevant information /which they possessed.第一步断句第二步翻译:字对字翻译译:总体上来说1,得出这样一种结论2需要3一定程度的把握,只要假设这个孩子对于测试的态度,和与之相比较的其他孩子的4态度相同5,也只要他没有因为缺少别的孩子所拥有6的相关信息而受到惩罚7。
英语翻译训练方法之谈谈英语定语从句的汉译
英语翻译训练方法之——谈谈英语定语从句的汉译英语和汉语分属两种不同的语系,其差别很大,翻译起来有诸多困难,英语定语从句的汉译便是困难之一。
由于定语从句在英语中应用十分广泛,因此,我们必须想办法、找方法、寻规律,从而很好地解决它。
一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项起限制作用,在意义上与先行项密切不可分。
如被省去,主句的意思就含糊不清,甚至变得毫无意义。
关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。
(一)定语词组①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided.我只有一盏指路明灯。
②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river.火车站广大的场地,河里鳞次梯比的船只,她也同样不能理解。
③Before following her in her round of seeking,let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie.我们暂且把她找寻工作的事搁下来不谈,先看一看她的前途所寄托的这个世界。
④…and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝,不得不就此断绝了。
翻译这类从句,常常是将关系词省去,在句未加“的”字,放在被修饰项之前。
当然,也可视其情况不用“的”字,如①和②。
这种译法用得普遍,尤其适用于译简短的定语从句。
(二)并列从句1)省略英语的先行项①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.肺易受几种疾病的侵袭,但均可经手术治疗。
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句英译汉的方法
定语从句是英语中一个非常重要的语法结构。
它能够让我们在句子中描述或限定一个特定的人或物。
在英译汉中,正确理解和使用定语从句是非常关键的。
下面介绍一些定语从句英译汉的方法。
一、理解定语从句的构成
在英语中,定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,例如:who, whom, whose, that, which, where, when等。
在翻译定语从句时,需要理解关系代词或关系副词在句子中的作用以及其所代表的含义。
二、理解定语从句的作用
定语从句的作用是为主句中的名词或代词进行修饰或限定。
因此,在翻译定语从句时,需要根据主句中的名词或代词来判断定语从句的作用和意义。
三、注意定语从句和主句的顺序
在英语中,定语从句通常出现在主句之后。
但在中文中,定语从句通常出现在主句之前。
因此,在翻译定语从句时,需要注意调整定语从句和主句的顺序,以保证翻译的正确性和流畅性。
四、注意翻译定语从句的语序
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词通常在从句中起到重要的作用。
因此,在翻译定语从句时,需要保留关系代词或关系副词的位置和作用。
同时,需要注意翻译定语从句的语序,以保证其与主句的语序相符。
总之,在英译汉中,正确理解和使用定语从句是非常重要的。
需要注意定语从句的构成、作用以及语序,以保证翻译的准确性和流畅性。
试析英语定语从句的汉译方法
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试析英语定语从句的汉译方法
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英汉翻译之定语从句
译法的灵活性: 译法的灵活性: The New York Stock Exchange simply serves as a place where brokers buy and sell for their clients. 纽约证券交易所只提供一个场所,让股票经纪人替 客户买卖股票。 The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”, because many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all the world to make their homes in the new land. 美国历来以“民族熔炉”著称,因为许多美国人是 移民的后裔,当年这些移民从世界各地来到这块 新土地上安家落户。
A man who does not know foreign languages is ignorant of his own. It is the place where America invests its money. Students of these schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition, but the states schools are much less expensive than private ones, particularly for students who are residents of the state. He who is jealous and cannot achieve anything great himself tries every means to devaluate and belittle others’ greatness to his status. 有嫉妒心,且什么大事自己也干不成的人常常千方百计地 去低估并贬低他人的伟大,使之与他本人地位相等。
英语定语从句的翻译(原创)
定语从句的翻译一、前置法二、省略法三、重复法四、融合法五、定语状语转换法一、前置法1. The fine would serve as a warning toother motorists who drove without due care.罚款对于驾车不够小心的司机可以起到警告作用。
2. The era of globalization has begun withnew communication and informationtechnologies, and capital could flow freely to those regions, industries and companies that promise the bestreturns.随着通信和信息技术的发展,全球化时代已经到来,资本可以自由地流向有望获得最大收益的地区、产业和公司。
二、省略法3. One of the features of London is thenumber of big stores, most of which are to be found in or near the West End.伦敦的一大特色是大商店多,大多数位于西区及周边地区。
4. Like the press in most other countries,American newspapers range from thesensational, which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis ofworld events.美国报纸和其他国家一样,既有耸人听闻的小报,报道犯罪、色情和小道消息,也有严肃报刊,聚焦实事新闻,分析国际时事。
5. Scientists have been devoted todeveloping high-yield rice varieties that sparked the green revolution in the 1970s.科学家致力于开发高产水稻品种,从而引发了20世纪70年代的绿色革命。
英 译 汉 定语从句的译法
英译汉定语从句的译法定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种,两类定语从句在翻译方法上基本类似, 因此我们把它们放在一起介绍。
在翻译定语从句时,我们经常采用下列的翻译方法:一、前置法把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句, 这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句比较短的情况。
一些较短的具有描述性的非限制性定语从句也可采用前置法, 但没有限制性定语从句使用得普遍。
例如:例1.For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold.例如, 友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象, 并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。
例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考题)如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素必须是一样的。
例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for countenance, nervousness for anxiety.第一种方法是同义词法, 即给出一个与需要释义的词在意义上几乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (90年考题)相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。
浅析英语定于从句翻译
浅议英语定语从句的翻译摘要:英语定语从句的翻译方法一直受到翻译界的广泛关注,也是英译汉的难点之一,刘重德把定语从句的汉译看成是三种英语复合句(即定语从句;名词性从句;状语从句)汉译的最大难点。
本篇论文通过分析三种英语定语从句的特点及其各自的翻译方法来探索英语定语从句的汉译方法,以期帮助英语学习者提高翻译能力和翻译水平,达到英语翻译“译文准确,表达清楚”的基本要求。
根据定语从句与其先行词关系的紧密程度和逻辑语义关系,英语定语从句大致可分为限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句和兼有状语功能的定语从句。
三种定语从句各有其特点,其具体的翻译方法也不相同。
论文分别对限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句和兼有状语功能的定语从句的翻译方法进行了详细讨论,介绍了一系列翻译方法。
无论采取哪种翻译方法,都应使译文准确流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。
关键词:限制性; 非限制性; 特点; 翻译方法; 先行词; 状语从句How to Translate English Attribute ClauseAbstractTranslation of English attributive clauses has long been receiving intensive attention from the scholars in the translation circle. The translation of English attributive clauses is one of the difficulties in the English-Chinese translation. According to Liu Zhongde, among the three types of complex English sentences (i.e. sentences containing attributive clauses, sentence containing subject, object, predicative or appositional clauses and sentences containing adverbial clauses), the first type is the most difficult to translate. This thesis focuses on translation methods of English attributive clauses by analyzing the characteristics of the three types of attributive clauses and their respective translation methods. It is hoped that this thesis will help EFL (English Foreign Language) enhance their translation capability and proficiency so as to make their Chinese translation accurate and clearly expressive. In view of the closeness and logic-semantic relationship between the attributive clause and its antecedent, English attributive clauses can be roughly classified into restrictive attributive clauses, non-restrictive attributive clauses and attributive clauses with adverbial implication. The three types of attributive clauses differ in their translation, which results from their different characteristics. In this thesis, the translation methods of restrictive attributive clauses, non-restrictive attributive clauses and attributive clauses with adverbial implication are discussed respectively in details; a series of translation methods are introduced. Every translation method is required to make the translation accurate, smooth and conform to the usage of Chinese language.Key words:restrictive; non-restrictive; characteristic; antecedent; adverbial clauseAcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Teacher assistant Zhang Xiaoxiao, both for her intellectual guidance and for her warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, she labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, I owe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to her, though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in the Department of English Translation whose interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years. The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future life and career.I am also very grateful to my classmates, who have given me a lot of help and courage during my four years in the University and throughout the process of writing this thesis.Last but not the least, big thanks to my family who have shared with my worries, frustrations, and hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually finishing this thesis.Contents中文摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)Acknowledgements (iii)Introduction (1)I. The Classification and Characteristics of English Attributive Clauses (1)A. The Classification of English Attributive Clauses (1)B. The Characteristics of English Attributive Clauses (2)1. The Characteristics of Restrictive Attributive Clauses (2)2. The Characteristics of Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses (4)3. The Characteristics of Semi-adverbial Clauses (4)II. The Translation Methods of English Attributive Clauses (6)A. The Translation Methods of Restrictive Attributive Clauses (6)1. To Translate an Attributive Clause into a Modifier before a Noun (6)2. To Translate a Restrictive Attributive Clause into a Post-positionedCompound Clause (7)3. To Translate a Restrictive Attributive Clause into a Predicate (9)B. The Translation Methods of Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses (11)1. To Translate a Non-restrictive Attributive Clause into a Post-positionCompound Clause (11)2. To Translate a Non-restrictive Attributive Clause into an IndependentClause (12)3. To Translate a Non-restrictive Attributive Clause into a Modifierbefore a Noun (13)4. To Translate Special Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses in UnusualWays (14)C. The Translation Methods of Semi-adverbial Clauses (16)Conclusion (21)Notes (22)Bibliography (23)How to Translate English Attributive ClausesIntroductionLiu Zhongde once wrote, in English, there are three kinds of complex sentences: sentences containing attributive clauses, sentence containing subject, object, predicative or appositional clauses and sentences containing adverbial clauses. Among them, the first kind is the most difficult to translate. Moreover, in Chinese, there is not such a terminology “attributive clause”; and there are differences between English attributive clauses and Chinese attributives. But when an English attributive clause is translated into Chinese, the EFL (English Foreign Language) tend to mistakenly treat them equally. Consequently, it is necessary to research the translation of English attributive clauses. Translation of English attributive clauses has long been discussed by many researchers such as Zhang Peiji, Liu Zhongde and so on. Previous researchers have prescribed some rules and strategies for the translation of attributive clauses. However, much of the previous studies‟effort was exerted on the adjective function of attributive clauses, leaving the adverbial function little studied. This thesis attempts to pay more attention to the adverbial function of attributive clauses in order to probe overall translation methods of English attributive clauses. An overall study of Chinese translation methods of English attributive clauses is of help to Chinese EFL learners in the English-Chinese translation capability and proficiency.This thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter is the present introduction of the research to be carried out in this thesis. The second chapter mainly focuses on the classification of English attributive clauses and their respective characteristics. Detailed discussion of translation methods of the three types of English attributive clauses is presented in Chapter Three. Some implications and limitations are covered in Chapter Four.I. The Classification and Characteristics of English AttributiveClausesA.The Classification of English Attributive ClausesAccording to many grammar books, English attributive clauses are mostly classified into two categories: restrictive attributive clause and non- restrictive clause. This classification is mainly based on the closeness and logico-semantic relationship between the attributive clause and its antecedent.According to Quirk, “the head can be viewed as a member of a class which can be linguistically identified only through the modification that has been supplied (restrictive). Or the head can be viewed as unique or as a member of a class that has been independently identified; any modification given to such a head is additional information which is not essential for identifying the head, and we call it non-restrictive”.1M.A.K. Halliday, the founder of the Systematic Functional Grammar (henceforth SFG) also takes interest in the research about restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses. In his work, An Introduction to Function Grammar, Halliday regards a restrictive attributive clause as an embedded clause in a nominal group, which stands as a group unit in the rank scale while a non-restrictive attributive clause is treated as dependent clause in a clause complex, which is located at a higher rank than the group rank.In this thesis, we will add another type of English attributive clause: semi-adverbial clause. Liu Zhongde once wrote: “Grammatically, attributive clauses are divided into two classes: restrictive and non-restrictive. But in translation, we must add another class, namely, semi-adverbial clause as the author of A Handbook of English Grammar R. W. Zandvoort calls it”.2 Attributive clauses of this kind have adverbially logico-seantic relationship with their antecedents. In some grammar books, semi-adverbial clause is also calledattributive clauses with adverbial function or adverbialized clause. For the purpose of convenience, we call the attributive clauses with adverbial implications semi-adverbial clause in the following discussion.B. The Characteristics of English Attributive Clauses1. The Characteristics of Restrictive Attributive ClausesThe restrictive attributive clause has restrictive function to the antecedent that it modifies, that is to say, it is used to restrictive the meaning of the antecedent it modifies. So, it has very close relationship with its antecedent. It combines with the antecedent in the main clause and forms as an indispensable part of the sentence it belongs to.In his book Ten Lectures on Literary Translation Liu Zhongde once wrote:The restrictive attributive clause has three characteristics: It isplaced after the antecedent; Generally speaking, there is nocomma to separate the clause from the antecedent it modifies;The clause forms an indispensable part of the sentence itbelongs to in meaning.3So it can‟t be removed from the complex sentence or the sentence might change its meaning or even become senseless.Look at the following two examples, (1) This is a book (that) I like best; (2) This is the book (that) I like best.Without the attributive clause, the first sentence can still stand as an independent simple sentence, but there is a great change in meaning. Asfor the second, it will no more make sense, for none could understand whatyou mean by saying …This is the book‟without any proper context or conversational situation. So the attributive clause can‟t be dropped fromthe complex sentence or it will be meaningless.2. The Characteristics of Non-restrictive Attributive ClausesA non-restrictive clause is also called a non-identifying relative clause, it is not an indispensable part of the sentence.4It is used to give further or supplementary explanations to the words it modifies. The relationship between the antecedent and the non-restrictive attributive is loose.As far as the expression is concerned, non-restrictive attributive clauses are clearly signaled both in speech and writing. In written English, they are often marked off by commas, but sometimes dashes or parentheses. In spoken English, a non-restrictive attributive clause forms a separate ton group. As far as the meaning is concerned, a non-restrictive attributive clause does not define the referent of the antecedent, it adds a further characterization of something that is taken to be already fully specific. The domain of a non-restrictive attributive clause is not necessarily just a noun. It may be a whole clause or any of its constituents, such as a verbal group, an adverbial group, etc. The relative pronouns in the non-restrictive attributive clauses can only be wh-words.3. The Characteristics of Semi-adverbial ClausesSemi-adverbial clauses are attributive clause in form, but in fact they function as adverbial clauses. They are used to offer some additional information. Chen Dezhang wrote: “The relative clause-usually called …attributive clause‟, which , however doesn‟t often function as the attributive but in most cases offers some additional information, especially seen from semantic view, has a very high frequency in both spoken and written English.”5. YaoShanyou calls such clauses as “formally attributive clauses functioning as adverbial ones in sense” in his English Grammar. The adverbialized functions of attributive clauses can be further classified into six categories according to the logical relations between attributive clause and their antecedents:cause, result, purpose, concession, condition and time.II. The Translation Methods of English Attributive Clauses A.The Translation Methods of Restrictive Attributive ClausesNot all restrictive clauses use the same translation methods. Every restrictive attributive clause has its own characteristics. They are long or short, complicated or simple. In translating a restrictive attributive clause into Chinese, a series of methods are available, to translate it into a modifier before a noun, to translate it into a post-positioned compound clause, and to translate it into a predicate. We will discuss every translation method in details in this chapter.1. To Translate a Restrictive Attributive Clause into a ModifierBefore a NounThough in Chinese grammar, there is not such a terminology as “attributive clause”, English attributive clauses have similar functions with Chinese attributives taking the form of “的”. So when English attributive clauses are translated into Chinese, they are frequently translated into a pre-positioned attributives characterized by “的”. It should be noted that when we translate a restrictive attributive clause with this method, the complex English sentence is translated into a simple Chinese simple sentence.Generally speaking, when the attributive clause is simple and short, we should place the attributives before the words they modify in Chinese. Here, attributives are simply what are corresponding to attributive clauses in English, for in Chinese, such modifiers are not necessary in the form of clauses all the time. By using this translation method, the English attributive clause is translated into a modifier before a noun which functions as the antecedent in the English original. As a result, the complex English sentence is translated into asimple Chinese sentence. Look at the following example: (3)The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.(在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
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◇职业教育◇科技圈向导2011年第33期英语定语从句的汉译及其方法分析刘治选(河南化工职业学院河南郑州450042)【摘要】定语从句的汉译是英汉翻译的难点之一。
原因之一就是定语从句在英语中应用广泛,用法复杂多样,且在表达上与汉语有较大的差异.因此,翻译时要灵活处理。
【关键词】定语从句;翻译;方法分析在英语的语法现象中.非限制性定语从句是特殊句型之一,它不1.译为先行词定语从句同时也兼具一定状语的功能,也可以用来表示时定语从句是一种形容词性的关系从句。
按定语从句与先行词的关仅起到定语的作用.地点、原因等关系。
系,可将其分为限定性和非限定性两种。
一般的定语从句可译成“的”间、3.1表示时间字结构,放在所修饰的名词即先行词之前。
例如:(1)Thepersonwhosmokesoueortwopacksofcigarettesfldaylosesonaveragesixtoeightpercentofhisbloodsoxygen-carryingcapacity.一(1)Hehasneverbeenbacktohishometown,wherehe.1eft20yearsago.他自20年前离开故乡以来。
一直没回去过。
(2)Theremightbefoundinhiscareeranenterpriser,thenalawyer,天吸两包烟的人平均要丧失百分之六到八的血液携氧能力。
henamarineofifcerwhotumedtobeap0litfcalpfiferer.从他一生的经(2)Theequalpaylegislationwhichca/neintoforceattheendoft可以看出他曾经先后做过企业家、律师、海军军官,最后变成一1975appearstohavehelpedtonalTOWthegapbetweenwomen"sand历中,men,sbasicrates.1975年实施生效的同工同酬的立法.似乎有助于缩个政治扒手3.2表示条件小这一基本差距(1)Inadisputebetweentwostateswithwhichoneisfirendly,trynot1960s,hasfocusedoneconomicrightssuchas“equalpayforequalwork”.t0getinvolved.当两个国家之间产生了摩擦,如果和两国均为友好关(3)Thewomen"sLiberationmovement,whichdevelopedduringthe就要避免卷入其中。
2O世纪6O年代期间发展起来的妇女解放运动焦点是争取“同工同系,酬”等经济权利(2)Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeeplalvetheirfamily.人们开始变得越来越需要工作.无论什么样2.译为并列从句的工作.只要能养活家人就好。
2.1省略先行词3_3表示原因(1)Awillhadbeenmadewhichdividedthesmalltaxeatenpropertyequallyamongtheremainingfour,sothatitwasreallyofnointerestto(1)Theambassadorwasgivingadinnerforafewpeoplewhomheshedespecjallvtotalktoorhearfrom.大使只宴请几个人.因为他特anyofthem.遗嘱上说明.将这块税后已经所剩无几的薄田平分给四个wi想和这几个人谈谈,听听他们的意见。
儿子.所以大家对此都不感兴趣。
(2)Weknowthataeat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysof(2)Thelungsaresubjectedtoseveraldiseaseswhicharetreatablebylightthanoureye8。
canseeclearlvinthenight.我们知道由于猫的眼睛surgery.肺部容易感染几种疾病.但均可采用手术治愈。
所以猫在黑夜也能看的清楚。
(3)Afterdinner,thefourkeynegotiatorsresumedtheirtalks,which比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,continuedwellintothenight.饭后4个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈.一直到深夜3.4表示让步(1)Heinsistdonbuiledinganotherhouse.whichhehadnousefeL但他仍坚持要盖那栋房子(4)AlittleWayoushesawagreatdoorwhich,forsomereason,尽管无用,attractedherattention.走了一会儿,不知为什么,她被一个大门吸引了。
(2)Myassistant,whohadcarefullyreadthroughtheinstructionbeforedoinghisexperiment,couldnotobtainsatisfactoryresults,because2.2重复英语的先行词:followedthemmechaniclaly.我的助手在做实验前已经熟读了使用f1)Theuniversityhasenrolled4Ostudentsfrompoverty—strickenhe但因为他只会机械的照搬,所以的到的结果并不理想。
areaswhomtheyhopewillmakecontributionsfortheirhometown.这所大说明书,3.5表示目的学从贫困地区招收了4O名学生,希望他们将来为家乡做贡献(1)Oneofthehi—QmarksofRodin'sworkisthe“unfinished”stateerehepreferstoleavesomethingtotheimnation.罗丹作品的一个drabgirlwhoseemedevenyoungerthantheothers.吃饭的时候.我坐在德wh高质量标志就是他宁愿使它们处于“未竞”之状态.以便让观赏者有想雷太太和一个不苟言笑害羞的女孩中间:她是众人中最年轻的一位表示目的)(3)Manpossessesanexpressivefacultythatgoesfarbeyondgestures象的余地fthatallowsandevenexpresshisthoughts,feelings,dreams,andin—(2)ChinesetradedelegationshavebeensenttoEuropeancountries。
lnegotiatetradeagreementwiththerespectivegovernment.中国tuitions.人类所掌握的表达能力远远超过手势这种表达方式.这种能whowil(2]AtdinnerIfoundmyselfplacedbetweenMrs.Bradlyandashy力甚至可以让人们可以把思想、感情、幻梦、直觉表达出来。
(4)KissingerandhissmallgroupofaidstouredtheForbiddenCity,wheretheChineseemperorshadoncelivedinloftysplendor.基辛格一商贸团前往欧洲洽谈,并与各国政府签订商贸协议3.6表示结果(1)Copper,whichisusedsowidelyforcarryingelectircity,offersverylittleersistance.铜因其电阻较小.所以被广泛用来输电行参观了故宫,这个曾经的中国君王过着奢华生活的地方对于以上句型中所出现的先行词重复现象.我们在翻译实践中.(2)Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedlalofthem.此方案由于其新颖、独立的特点受到大家经常会采用汉语中也重复的办法.以保证翻译的句子在忠实于原文的广泛的认可基础上.j薛思也能连贯通顺3.7表示转折3.译为状语作者简介:刘 ̄(1979-.),男,河南洛阳人,主要从事英语写作,变化中的英语英语报刊选读等专业课程的教学任务。
,1632011年第33期科技置向导◇职业教育◇Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusband6.译为动宾结构seldomwas.她对孩子们很有耐心.而她丈夫却很少这样3.8表示伴随一英语里某些定语从旬的谓语与先行词具有支配与被支配的关系.因此先行词可译为该谓语的宾语.这样.原文的限定结构就转换成了(1)Theyareusedtotakingnotesofanybookstheyread.他们习惯于译文的动宾结构。
如:边看书,一边做笔记(1)Diana,awedbythetumultuousriver,whichhehadseenonly(2)Healwaysmakesfunofanyonewithwhomhechats.他总爱边和once,wasreluctant.戴安娜只见过那条河一次.对那汹涌的河流有点胆人聊天.边开玩笑怯,因此不想去。
(2)HemarkedthedateonthecalendarthathekeptinhisbackpackJune,f1)Thereareprincipleswhichweallbelievein.有的原则是大家公5,l971他背包里有本日记,在‘‘1971年6月5日”上面池划了个记号。
认的。
综上举例可以看出,翻译定语从句时,可将其译为定语词组,并列4.译成主谓结构状语从句、复合宾语等。
在我们具体的翻译过程中.译者应根据(2)Theparentswhotakecareofthemselveswillbeabletotakecare分句、oftheirchildren.做父母的照顾好自己才能照顾好孩子。
文章语句的特色和具体情况,灵活的处理,不可死板硬套。
5.译为复合宾语如果主旬中的谓语动词表示的是感觉、想法、意愿等感官动词,那【参考文献】么句中多使用复合宾语做定语。
[1]闫书广.素质教育实施的路径之一——行为习惯养成教育lJ1l教育理论与实(1)Ialsofoundonthegroundnearthetracksofthecamel,groupsof践.2011,(06):31—32.antswhichwerepullinggrainsofCOYII.我也发现在骆驼走过的足迹旁.[2]连超锋.独立学院大学语文教学存在的问题与对策『JI_铜陵职业技术学院学有一群蚂蚁在搬运谷粒。