翻译2
新视野英语第二册课文翻译（2）
新视野英语第二册课文翻译（2）新视野英语第二册课文翻译5 It's been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American will have seen 600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million. Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions, from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for our vacation. There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! Now, of course, we don't remember exactly what the products were, but the essential message is cemented into our consciousness, "It's good to satisfy your desires. You should have what you want. You deserve the best. So, you should buy it — now!" A famous advertisement said it perfectly, "I love me. I'm a good friend to myself. I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice things and feel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I'll buy new ski equipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I've always wanted. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow."6 What happens as we take in these contradictory but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequences of this campaign to control our spending habits? On one hand, we want more things because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves. On the other hand, a little voice inside us echoes those upright messages: "Watch out, take stock of your life, don't let your attention get scattered. Postpone your desires. Don't fall into debt. Wait! Retain control over your own life. It will make you stronger."7 Anyway, many of the skills you need as a successful studentcan be applied to your finances. Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of your university education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on your prime objective: successfully completing your education.8 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools, community organizations, and even some banks offer financial literacy classes. Consider consulting with your school's financial aid office or seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget. An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs. Most importantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, don't let your ego get in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before it spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles.9 All this will help you become an educated consumer and saver. As you learn to balance spending and saving, you will become the captain of your own ship, steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.Translation花钱还是存钱，学生进退维谷1 你是不是跟我一样对“我应该花钱还是存钱”这个问题感到困惑，且有被别人操纵的感觉？我觉得我们从生活的环境里所获得的信息似乎是有违常识、互相矛盾的。
英汉翻译2加注释义增词
口外挂某种东西作为该店经营某种商品的标志， 挂常春藤ivybush标志的常为酒店。）
Exercises of annotation
1. New York was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。
4. Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday.
他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如 今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五 *。 *星期五(Friday)是《鲁滨逊漂流记》故事中 Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。
5. While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke's excellent article.
我想给阿利斯太尔·库克先生ome to Big Apple City Tour! 欢迎参加 大苹果市观光之旅！（大苹果市为纽约市的别 称。）
2.1.2 直译加注
(literal translation +annotation)
2. But I am short-tempered, frazzled from all responsibilities. I am the ‘ sandwich generation ’, caught between kids and parents.
5 句子翻译(2)
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关 词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严 谨。 Partridge (1954:9)认为“英语句子十句有九句是 按主谓宾配列的”。
英语的句法特征是：主语突出、易于识别，且只 能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语 的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致， 有时态、语态和语气的变化。
使用一系列表示时间或地点的状语时，汉语中 的顺序通常是由大到小、由远及近，而英语 大 体与汉语相反。
A. 他①一九九零年②八月③二十二日④早晨⑤ 六点三十分诞生在⑥湖南的⑦一个小县城。 He was born ⑦ in a small town of ⑥ Hunan Province ⑤ at six thirty ④ on the morning of ② August ③ 22nd, ① 1990.
谓语的确定
汉语句子中谓语成分种类繁多，非常复杂 英语句子中的谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词 短语承担 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 1. 准确传达原意，表达贴近 A. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of HKSAR. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
B. 颐和园在1900年遭遇八国联军的破坏。 The Summer Palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. The Summer Palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
英语翻译完整版2
1.How did the war,which brought terrible disasters to mankind,impact on such a poet?这场给人类带来巨大灾难的战争对这样一个诗人产生了什么影响呢？2.Mothers are sometimes blind to the faults of their beloved children,which will cause the chidren to make the same mistake again.做母亲的时候不能察觉她们所宠爱的孩子们的过错，这样做的结果会使孩子们再次犯同样的过错。
3.As a new immigrant in this completely strange country,she always felt isolated.作为一个在这个完全陌生国度的新移民，她总是感觉到孤立无援。
4.Acting before thinking often results in failre,so we should think before we leap.做事不先考虑周全常会导致失败，因此我们应该三思而后行。
5.The time for talking is past,we must take a positive action to protect our environment.奢谈的时候已经过去了，我们必须积极行动起来保护我们的环境。
1.Take two pills each time and three times day and you will be well in a few days.每次服两片药，每天三次，你的病几天就会好了。
2.He is not impatient,he is just too tired.他不是没有耐心，他只是太累了。
3.Once water shortage reaches the point of no return,there will be nothing left to be done but abandon the city.一旦水源短缺到了无可挽回的地步，只得放弃这座城市。
商务翻译 英译汉 Unit 2
• 一、 要熟悉外族文化，了解异域人民审美心理；否 则的话，就会在出口商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。
• 首先应深入地了解所译广告及商品的特点。这 包括：第一，掌握商品的特征 ，即品质和品位； 第二，了解原广告策划的6M，即围绕具体的广 告目标，在策划中应该考虑以下六个方面（简 称6M）：Market市场、Message信息、 Media媒体、Motion活动、Measurement评估、 Money金钱。
Unit 2 Ugly Is Only Skin-deep
《商务英语翻译》 （英译汉）
【Translation】
• It may not be much to look at. But beneath that humble exterior beats an air-cooled engine. It won’t boil and ruin your piston rings. It won’t freeze over and ruin your life. It’s in the back of the car for better traction in snow and sand. And it will give you about 29 miles to a gallon of gas. • After a while you get to like so much about the VW②, you even get to like what it looks like. • You find that there’s enough legroom for almost anybody’s legs. Enough headroom for almost anybody’s head. With a hat on it. Snugfitting bucket seats. Doors that close so well you can hardly close them. They’re so airtight, it’s better to open the window a crack first! • Those plain, unglamorous wheels are much suspended independently. So when a bump makes one wheel bounce, the bounce doesn’t make the other wheel bump. It’s things like that you pay $1585 for, when you buy a VW. The ugliness doesn’t add a thing to the cost of the car. • That’s the beauty of it.
英语翻译二
As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.
第二单元
1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的
你该懂得不能为了你自己的娱乐而妨碍别人
You should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.”
结果乔治拿CD跟同学换了电脑游戏软件
In the end George traded his CD’s for computer games software from his classmates.
第健康上的好处
Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.
2) 互联网连接速度慢真让人心烦
A slow Internet connection speed is really annoying.
The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.
2)每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴
Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.
3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学
(5)如果这些数据统计是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题
汉英互译2
B:Let’s go out for a meal / Let’s eat out . (我们出去吃顿饭吧。)
15.A: John didn’t come to the party yesterday. Where did he go?
B:SaladLeabharlann for me, please/ I’d like a salad, please(我要份沙拉。).
19. A: Where is Jack?
B: He is over there.He is in blue jeans . (穿蓝色牛仔裤的。)
20.A: We have plenty of time before the film. We could have something to eat (可以吃点儿东西) after the film or go to a pub.
第四部分 翻译
1.A: Did you use to get on (well) with your brother? (你曾经和你哥哥/弟弟关系处得好吗？)
B:Not too well. We used to fight a lot.
2.A: Do you ever do any exercise?
他指出她需要一把更好点儿的提琴。
13. They walked slowly along the road.
他们沿着那条路慢慢地走着。
我要份沙拉。 I'd like a salad, please.) O. n. ?,
他穿着一件红色的T恤衫。He wears a red T-shirt.1
英语翻译2
英语翻译（15-22）Unit15武术是中国典型的传统文化之一。
它的理论基于中国古典哲学，而技巧则包括不同形式的较量：武器较量和徒手较量。
练习武术不仅可以强身健体，还能锻炼意志，修身养性。
武术也可以用于治疗疾病，或用于自卫。
它是人体文化的一种综合表现形式。
武术在中国有着悠久的历史，很受人们的欢迎。
今天，武术受到了其他国家越来越多的人的关注。
Martial artsare one of the typical Chinese traditional cultures. The theory of martial arts is based on the classical Chinese philosophy while the skills of martial arts consist of different forms of fighting: weapon fights and unarmed combats. Practicing martial arts can build fitness as well as increase people’s willpower and cultivate their moral character.Practicing martial arts can be used to cure illness as well as for self-defense. Martial arts are a comprehensive form of human body culture. Practicing martial arts enjoys a long history and great popularity in China. Today, Chinese martial artsare drawing the attention of more and more people in other countries.Unit17围棋是一种两人棋类游戏，起源于中国。
九年级英语unit2翻译
九年级英语unit2 翻译unit2 I think that mooncakes are delicious !2d克拉拉：你猜怎么着？这两个星期我要到清迈去。
苯：哇，听起来挺好玩的！但我觉得四月是那里一年中最炎热的月份。
克拉拉：是的，没错。
但4月13号到15号那里有个泼水节。
苯：我在想这与云南傣族的泼水节是否相似。
克拉拉：是的，我想是的。
这个时候是泰国的新年，人们走上街头互相泼水。
苯：爽啊！不过他们为什么这么做呢？克拉拉：因为新年是清扫和洗去晦气的时候。
然后在新的一年里，你会交好运。
3a慢慢的月亮慢慢的情思千百年来中华儿女一直过中秋、吃月饼。
月饼有着中秋夜满月的外形、它寄托着人们对所热爱、所思念的家人的美好祝愿。
关于这个节日有着许许多多的传统的民间故事，但大多数人认为，嫦娥的故事最为感人。
嫦娥是后羿的美丽妻子。
当后羿射下九个太阳之后，一位女神仙送给他一种仙药作为答谢，无论谁喝下这种仙药便可长生不老。
于是后羿计划于嫦娥一起分享。
然而，歹人降蒙企图在后羿外出之际抢夺仙药。
嫦娥拒绝把药给他，便将它全部喝下，她变得那么轻盈，然后飞到月宫。
后羿伤心至极，每夜面对月亮呼喊着嫦娥的名字。
一天夜里，他发现月亮又圆又亮，他看见了自己的妻子。
于是他很快在院子里摆下了嫦娥最喜欢吃的果品、蛋糕。
他是多么希望嫦娥能够回到他身边啊！从此，人们开始了赏月和与家人共享月饼的传统习俗。
Section B圣诞节的意义许多人会赞同（这个看法），每当我们想起圣诞节，极有可能想到的是礼物、圣诞树和圣诞老人。
但在所有这些事物的背后隐藏着圣诞节的真正含义———重要的是把爱和欢乐带给周边的人们，并和他们一同分享。
《圣诞欢歌》这个故事可能就是最好的例子。
《圣诞欢歌》是查尔斯.狄更斯所写的一部著名短篇小说，它讲的是一个名叫斯科鲁奇的老头的故事。
斯科鲁奇从无笑容，他十分吝啬，只想着自己。
他对待其他人也不友善。
他只关心自己能否赚到更多的钱财，而且他还讨厌圣诞节。
《高级英语》课文逐句翻译（2）
青年⼈的四种选择 Lesson 2 Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福⼤学四年级主席吉姆？宾司给我写了⼀封信，信中谈及他的⼀些不安。
Shortly before his graduation， Jim Binns， president of the senior class at Stanford University， wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何⼀代⼈相⽐，我们这⼀代⼈在看待成⼈世界时抱有更⼤的疑虑……同时越来越倾向于全盘否定成⼈世界。
” “More than any other generation，” he said， “our generation views the adult world with great skepticism… there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world.” 很明显，他的话代表了许多同龄⼈的看法。
Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的⼏年⾥，我倾听过许多年轻⼈的谈话，他们有的还在⼤学读书，有的已经毕业，他们对于成⼈的世界同样感到不安。
During the last few years， I have listened to scores of young people， in college and out， who were just as nervous about the grown world. ⼤致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。
对此该负责的⼤概应是那些管理这个世界的成年⼈吧。
如果他们不能做得⽐这些更好，他们⼜能拿什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。
翻译 2
Translation
中华民族所以能在五千多年的历史进程中生生不息、发展壮大， 历经挫折而不屈， 屡遭坎坷而不馁， 靠的就是这样一种发愤图强、坚忍不拔、与时俱进的精神。
Throughout its 5,000-year history, it is thanks to their perseverance, determination, stamina(精力，耐力) and innovation that the Chinese nation has grown after surviving numerous setbacks and adversity.
Translation
中国人民把维护民族团结作为自己义不容辞的职 责，把维护国家主权和领土完整作为自己至高无 上的使命。 The Chinese people take the maintenance of ethnic unity and harmony as their duty and the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity as their sacred mission.
Translation
一班：程佳，刘亚非 二班：杨萌，向方禹
Translation
中华文明历来注重自强不息，不断革故鼎新。 天行健君子以自强不息。这是中国的一句千 年传世格言。中华民族所以能在5000多年的 历史进程中生生不息，发展壮大，历经挫折 而不屈，屡遭坎坷而不馁，靠的就是这样一 种发愤图强，坚韧不拔的精神。中国人民在 改革开放中表现出来的开阔进取的精神，在 建设国家中焕发出来的创造热情，在克服前 进道路上的各种困难中表现出来的顽强毅力， 正是这种自强不息精神的生动写照。
英语翻译句子2
一1 作为市场营销经理，他的重要位置影响着市场营销计划。
As a marketing manager, he is in a strategic position for influencing the marketing plans.2他认为我们不应该再在这个问题上多花时间了。
He doesn't think we should devote any more time to this issue.3在决定前，没有人愿提出肯定的答案。
Nobody wanted to commit himself to a definite answer before the decision.4盖茨的梦想是让每一个家庭和每一张办公桌上都有一台电脑，所以微软的方向是要让个人电脑易学易用。
Gate's dream is a computer for every family and on every office desk, Microsoft's goal is to make the personal computer easy to master and convenient to use.5 盖茨承认，在30岁以前，他几乎没有过休息日。
Gates acknowledged that he had hardly had a day off before he was thirty.6 盖茨和他领导的微软公司所创造的业绩是信息业的一大传奇。
二1明年今日，我当老师就满10年了。
At this time of next year, I shall have been a teacher for ten years.2明天半夜客轮会抵达上海。
The passenger boat will have arrived at Shanghai by the midnight of tomorrow.3他肯定会按与您的约定交上论文。
大学英语第三册课文翻译unit2
不愿告发的女人“我从不憎恨过北方佬。
我所恨的是战争……“我的姨婆贝蒂总是这样讲述她的故事。
我小时候就多次听过她的故事。
那时，她住在维吉尼亚利威尔的一所老房子里，每当我们一家人去看望她时，她总是要讲这个故事。
他当时已近八十岁了，但我能想像出她在故事中的样子-------刚满二十岁，年轻漂亮，还有一双清澈漂亮的蓝眼睛。
贝蒂.范..米特有充分的理由憎恨那场内战，她的一个兄弟在葛底斯堡阵亡，另一个做了俘虏。
接着他年轻的丈夫詹姆斯----南部联邦的一名军官------也被俘虏，关到一个不为人知的俘虏营里了。
九月下旬的一天，天气炎热，贝蒂家以前的奴隶迪克朗纳来向她讲述一件奇怪的事情。
他在查看离范。
米特家半英里处的一所农舍时本以为农舍房子是空的，但是却传来农舍里传来低低的呻吟声，他循着声音到了顶楼，发现了一个受伤的联邦政府士兵，身边还放着一支步枪。
贝蒂婆姨向我讲述她第一眼看到那个满脸胡须，穿着血迹斑斑的蓝制服的人时，她总是说：“就像人走入了一场噩梦：可怕的绷带，令人恶心的气味。
孩子，那是战争真正的面目：没有军号没有战旗。
有的只是痛苦和污秽，徒劳和死亡。
”在贝蒂.范.米特的眼里，这个人不是敌人，而是遭难的同胞。
她为他水喝，并尽力擦净他那可怕的伤口。
然后走出农舍，到外面呼吸一下新鲜的空气，他依靠着农舍想到所看到的情景------那只打烂的右手，失掉了的左腿-----尽量控制着自己不呕吐出来。
贝蒂在顶楼上发现了这个人的证件，证实了他的身份：第十一费蒙特志愿军连中尉亨利.比德尔，三十岁。
她知道应向南部联邦军队报告这个联邦政府军官的情况，但她也知道她不会那样做的。
她是这样向我解释的：我不断地想他是不是在什么地方有一个妻子，正等着他，期盼他归去，却又一直杳无音信----就像我一样。
对我来说，唯一重要的是使他的丈夫回到她的身边”詹姆斯.范.米特的妻子慢慢的，耐心的，巧妙地点燃了亨利比德尔身上奄奄一息的生命的火花。
她几乎没有任何药物，又不愿意从南部联邦医院那极少的供给中去拿。
人教版英语必修2课文翻译(Unit2)
In order to save this species from extinction, the Chinese government placed it under national protection. Zhaxi and other volunteers watched over the antelopes day and night to keep them safe from attacks. Bridges and gates were added to let the antelopes move easily and keep them safe from cars and trains.
人教版英语必修2课文翻译（Unit2）
A DAY IN THE CLOUD
在云间度过的一天
The air is thin and we have to rest several times on the short hike from camp. To our left, snow-covered mountains disappear into clouds that seem almost close enough to touch. On the plain in front of us, we can just make out a herd of graceful animals. This is why we’re here—to observe Tibetan antelopes.
为了使这个物种免遭灭绝，中国政府将其置于国家保护之下。扎西和其他志愿者昼夜守卫着藏羚羊，保护它们免受攻击。新增的桥梁和涵洞，便于藏羚羊自由穿行，防止它们撞上汽车和火车。
抱朴子卷二论仙的翻译 2
有人问：“神仙能长生不死，这真的可能做到吗？”抱朴子回答说：就算视力最好的人，也不能把有形的事物全部看见；就算听力最好的人也不能把所有的声音一一听见；就算拥有大章、竖亥那样的捷足，所走过的地方，也还是不如没走过的多；就算拥有大禹、伯益、章谐那样的智慧，所见识的，也还是没有见识过的多。
宇宙万物纷杂，什么没有呢？况且成仙的人已随处见于各种记载，不死之道，怎么会没有呢？”于是问话的人大笑说：“有始则必有终，有存则必有亡。
所以像三皇五帝、孔丘、周公那样的圣人，后稷、樗里子、张良、陈平那样的智者，端木赐、晏婴、随何、郦食其那样的辩才，孟贲、夏育、五丁那样的勇士，也都死了，这是人生事理的必然规律，是一定会来临的最后归宿。
人们只听说过在霜降之前就枯萎，正值盛夏便落青，含孕着穗儿却不开花，没有结果实就凋零的事，还没有听说过有谁享受万年之寿，长生久视而不死。
所以古人做学问不求成仙之术，言谈话语不涉及怪异的东西，杜绝那些不合正道的学说，遵守这种自然法则，把乌龟仙鹤排斥归为人以外的类别，把生死看作如朝暮一般短暂。
若苦心约束自己，去做些没有益处的事，有如刻镂冰块，雕琢朽木一样，到头来也不会有任何成效的，不如施展出匡世济时的高明策略，得至毕生的宏福，使紫青绶带重新系在身上，用黑色公畜祝祭王朝的兴起，用华美的车子替代步行，用鼎中的美食取代田间的农耕，不也很好吗？每当想起诗人做《甫田》讽刺国君，再深思孔子关于人‘皆死’的论断，就不去做那些如同把握不具形态之风，捕捉难以捉摸之影，索求不可得到之物，行走不达目的之路，放弃荣华富贵而去涉足困苦，丢下唾手可得而去谋求艰难的事。
这些就像‘桑者之逐游女’的故事中说的那样，必然会两头受损而后悔；又好像单豹、张毅那样，固执偏信，必然会招致身内外的灾祸。
即使是公输班、墨翟，也不能把瓦石削成针尖；欧冶子也不能把铅锡铸成宝剑，所以说，做不到的事，即使鬼神也做不到；做不成的事，哪怕天地也做不成。
世间哪里能得到奇方，能使年老的人变回少年，本该死的人反而复生呢？而先生却想延长蟪蛄的寿命，让它活上一年；想保养朝菌的荣华，让它能活上一个月，这不是太荒谬了吗？希望你能多加思考，迷途知返，不要走得太远。
英译汉Translation2
(1) It was not long before he died.译文过了不久，他就死了。
(2) It has been one year since I last smoked.译文一年前，我戒了烟。
/ 我戒烟已经一年了。
(3) This is well out of the line of traffic and it was three years before any ship sighted the castaways.译文这里远离航线，过了三年，过往船只才发现这群流落荒岛的人。
(4) You have to ask for his consultation before you make any decision.必须咨询他之后才能做出决定。
/做决定前，一定要咨询他的意见。
(1) Office area, staff only.译文办公区域，闲人免进。
(2) The villagers found themselves vulnerable（['vʌln(ə)rəb(ə)l]易受攻击的）to the process of industrialization.译文村民们发现自己无力抵挡工业化的进程。
(3) This problem is quite above me.译文这个问题难住了我。
/ 这个问题我不懂。
(1) By the time I reached Stanislau, all the people were gone, too.我抵达斯丹尼斯劳时，此地已经成为空城了。
(2) The new century is upon us.我们即将迎来新世纪。
(3)After three sips it was gone, but I could still feel its warmth and energy. 我啜吸三口就喝光了，不过咖啡的香浓温暖我却至今难忘。
(4)Being a writer had been far from my expectations; being a best-selling author was almost unfathomable（深不可测的；无底的；莫测高深的）.我根本没有料到过自己能成为一名作家，更不敢想象自己能成为一位畅销书作者。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit2
Individuals and massesA man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways:as a member of some familial,professional or religious group ,or as a member of a crowd.groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them;a crowd is chaotic ,has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking.Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice.Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgement or will of their own.they become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility,they are subject to sudden excesses of rage ,enthusiasm and panic.in a word,a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant .He is a victim of what I ave called ‘herd-poisoning’.Like alcohol,herd-poison is an active,extravagant drug.The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility,intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic,animal mindlesssness.一个人通过两种渠道和社会进行直接接触：一种是作为家庭的、职业的或者宗教的组织中的一员，一种仅仅是作为一群人中的一个。
7__新标准6课文翻译 2
Book 6MODULE 1模块一Unit 1 She's very nice.第一单元她非常友好。
1.listen,point and find “nice, shy, clever, quiet”.听一听，指一指并找到“nice，shy，quiet，clever”。
2.Listen and say. 听，说3.Pracise. 练习Look, ask and answer.Unit 2. I'm going to help her.第二单元我打算去帮助她1.Listen and repeat. 听一听并重复。
Parrot:My name's Parrot. I'm helpful.This little girl can't do her Maths.鹦鹉：我的名字是鹦鹉。
我乐于助人。
这女孩不会做数学题了。
I'm going to help her.我打算去帮助她。
Girl: What's ten plus eleven?女孩：10加11等于几。
Parrot: What's ten plus eleven?鹦鹉：10加11等于几？Girl: Twenty.女孩：20。
Parrot: And one more?鹦鹉：再加一呢？Girl: It's twenty-one.Thank you,Parrot.女孩：是21。
谢谢你，鹦鹉。
1. Look and say. 看一看，说一说。
A: This little boy can't do his science. I’m going to help him. It’sthis!A:这个男孩不会做自然科学了。
我要去帮助他。
是这个！ B:It's a ball. Thank you, Parrot.B:这是球。
谢谢你，鹦鹉。
2. Listen and say. Then say the poem. 听说。
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+ Author for correspondence.
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helper applications stand-alone applications
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ28
l
W. Broll and T. Koop
integrated applications.
A helperapplication can only be usedin combination with another application.The helperapplicationthen provides additional functionality. In the caseof a VRML viewer, the viewer itself would be the helper application started by a Web browser such as Netscape Navigator. In contrast a stand-alone application doesnot needany support from another application. A stand-aloneVRML viewer is able to display VRML files without the assistance a Web of browser.Theseviewerscan not only interpret VRML syntax but are also fully capable of the network protocol (seePlate 1). In both cases is necessary it to configure the Web browserso that the VRML viewer is launched.The integratedapplication approachhas the advantagethat the VRML viewer is completely embedded within the main application (e.g. the Web browser). In this caseno additional configuration of the Web browser by the useris necessary. Meanwhile a large number of VRML viewers supporting most hardware and software platforms are available. These viewers provide different user interfaces for browsing and navigation through the
file format. Thus a subset Open Inventor extended of with network functionality became main basisof the VRML 1.0. After the fall conferencePaul Strauss and Gavin Bell extracted the VRML parser library &Lib [3] from the Open Inventor sourcecode,which enabledeverybody to develop a VRML viewer. In spring 1995 at the third WWW conference in Darmstadt, Germany, the specification of VRML 1.0 [4] was presentedand SGI introduced a first browser Webspace.
e.mail:
koop@igd.fhg.de
Abstract-VRML
(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) has already established itself as standard the a for exchange 3-Ddescriptions theInternet. thispaper wantto giveanoverview thecurrentstate of on In we of of VRML andshowseveral areas, whichVRML will develop the nearfuture.A largenumber in in of people involvedin thedevelopment thefutureVRML standard. will givea general are of We overview of the futurecapabilities VRML withoutrelyingon anyparticular of proposal. Copyright0 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
2. VRML 1.0
VRML is intended by its designersto be the standard language for exchanging virtual worlds (3-D scenes) including interaction possibilitiesand multi-userabilitiesvia the Internet [5]. Therefore the main efforts were laid on the development of a platform independent, extensible and over low bandwidth connections transferrabledescriptionlanguage.The first versionof VRML, VRML 1.O,meets only a subset thesedemands hasthe capacity of but to be extendedto full capability in the near future. VRML 1.0 allows the creation of a static 3-D scene with limited interaction possibilities. Using a VRML viewer, it is possible navigate freely through the to scene and to follow hyperlinks to new 3-D worlds, HTML documentsor other valid MIME types by selecting linked objectswithin the 3-D scene. 2.1. Viewers To make 3-D worlds described VRML visible, by an additional application,the viewer or browser,that interprets the VRML data, is necessary. VRML is currently transferred over a network, using the HTTP protocol. VRML pagesare usually accessed from World Wide Web pages. There are three different approaches how this can be realized: to
Comput. 4 Graphics, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 427-434, 1996 Copyright 0 1996 Elswier ScienceLtd Printed in Great Britain. All rights n.wved 0097-8493/96 $15.00+0.00
1. INTRODUCTION
Already a few monthsafter the first Internet browsers were released,Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML) is established the standard 3-D format as for the distribution of virtual worlds on the Internet. In its initial versionit is still closelyrelatedto existing products. On the one hand the World Wide Web (WWW), which uses same the protocol (H’ITP [I]) to transmit data. On the other hand Open Inventor [2], since the initial draft specification was almost a subsetof it. However, the developmentof VRML has rapidly becomeindependent from its foundations.Currently, VRML is still a static scenedescription language, which doesnot includeinteractive behavior. The aim of this paper is to showthe current state of VRML and to introduce some of the key concepts for extendingVRML in the future. The ideaof a virtual reality interface to the WWW was born and first discussed the first WWW at conference in Geneva, Switzerland, Spring 1994. There the term VRML was coined for the 3-D extensionof the WWW because the relationshipto of HTML. Since VRML enablesthe reproduction of work from an existing solution of 3-D scenes, the term was changed to Virtual Reality Modeling Language. After the conference a mailing list on VRML wasestablished, which had an overwhelming number of participants in a short time. Mark Pesce announced a draft specification of VRML at the WWW fall conference. The VRML community decidedto proceedfrom an alreadyexisting solution dueto time pressures. vote on the future featuresof A VRML and the appropriate basiswasheld, wherea majority voted for Silicon Graphics Open Inventor