康德的道德理论PPT课件

2.按照义务“according to duty” (do what is right)
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What is the right thing to do?
• 假言命令Hypothetical imperative
( if (or because ) I want X, then I ought to do Y. )
(or foundations) of the metaphysics of morals (1785)
实践理性批判Critique of practical
reason(1788)
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什么使一个行为具有道德价值
What gives an act moral worth?
• 反对后果主义Object to consequentialist: 1.我们并不总是能够控制我们行为的后果，事情并
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Historical background: Immanuel Kant
• 我能知道什么What can I know?
a new Copernican revolution
• 我应该做什么What ought I do?
moral philosophy
道德形而上学基础Fundamental principles
2. 从试验中得到了有用的信息
3. because useful information had been gained from the experiment.
• 反对者：Critics: 1.The volunteers were not informed 志愿者不知情
2.They had been used by the researchers for an experiment for which they had not consented.
不总是如我们所愿地发生发展
The consequences of our acts are not always in our control and things do not always turn out as we want. 2.将道德作为产生某种事态（情形），例如快乐的 经验，的手段，是本末倒置。似乎幸福是目的， 道德是工具，人是手段。事实上，人是目的，人 具有最高的内在的价值。To make morality a matter of producing certain states of affairs ,such as happy experience ,puts matters backward.
他们在没有同意的情形下被研究者利用
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• 历史背景Historical background: Immanuel Kant • 什么使行为具有道德价值What gives an act moral worth? • 绝对命令The categorical imperative • 对康德道德理论的评价Evaluating Kant’s moral theory • 完全和不完全义务Perfect and imperfect duties • 康德道德理论的变体Variations on Kantian moral theory
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• 自利 • 天性 • 义务
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What is the right thing to do?
• Motive
act
consequences
动机——行为——后果
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What is the right thing to do?
行为不错的标准：
1.出于义务“out of duty” (have the right motive)
• 行动出于义务To act “out of duty” ,out of a concern and respect for the moral law .
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What is the right motive?
• To explain his views on the importance of a right motive（动机） or intention（意 图）, Kant provides the example of a shopkeeper who does the right thing, who charges the customers a fair price and charges the same to all . But what is her motive? Kant discusses three possible motives:
• tive
( moral obligation: unconditional or necessary )
2. 行为的动机Motive to do what is right. (what gives an act moral worth)
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What is the right motive?
• 善良意志“good will”: only such a will is good unconditionally . Everything else needs a good will to make it good.
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What gives an act moral worth?
1.人不是工具People ought not to be used, but ought to be regarded as having the highest intrinsic value. ( it is central to Kant’s ethics)
Kant’s Moral Theory 康德的道德理论
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A case
• The “learning experiment”:
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A case
• 支持者：它是正当的Supporters: It was justifiable
1. 因为受试者没有被强迫参加试验，而是自愿的 because their subjects had not been coerced but had volunteered and