国际会计学第六版chapter_4
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《国际会计学第六》PPT课件_OK
• To accomplish this, revenues are expressed in end of period purchasing power by multiplying $1,50 0 by 121/110 (110 is used as an expedient to reflect the fact that revenues are received uniformly ov er the year).
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• Revenues would be $1,500 received uniforml y over the period, expenses would be $1,000, and net income would be $500.
• Net income of $500 represents the amount t hat could be withdrawn from the firm and le ave the owners with their original investment intact.
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Why are Financial Statement Potentially Misle ading
During Periods of Changing Prices?
• During periods of inflation, revenues are based on the general purchasing power of the current period.
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• Deducting expenses based on historical purchasing power from revenues that expressed i n currency of current purchasing power yields a nonsensical index of performance.
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• Revenues would be $1,500 received uniforml y over the period, expenses would be $1,000, and net income would be $500.
• Net income of $500 represents the amount t hat could be withdrawn from the firm and le ave the owners with their original investment intact.
2021/9/2
6
Why are Financial Statement Potentially Misle ading
During Periods of Changing Prices?
• During periods of inflation, revenues are based on the general purchasing power of the current period.
2021/9/2
7
• Deducting expenses based on historical purchasing power from revenues that expressed i n currency of current purchasing power yields a nonsensical index of performance.
国际会计学第六版
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
Development (contin)
Legal system
Code law
Laws are all-embracing. Accounting tends to be prescriptive and
Example: the Netherlands
Independent discipline approach
Accounting derived from business practices, judgment, and trial-and-error.
Examples: U.K. and U.S.
sector professional organizations.
Development (contin)
Taxation
Must companies record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes?
Development (contin)
Level of economic development
Affects the types of transactions and which ones are most prevalent in the economy which, in turn,
Accounting values (Gray)
Professionalism vs. statutory control Uniformity vs. flexibility Conservatism vs. optimism Secrecy vs. transparency
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
Development (contin)
Legal system
Code law
Laws are all-embracing. Accounting tends to be prescriptive and
Example: the Netherlands
Independent discipline approach
Accounting derived from business practices, judgment, and trial-and-error.
Examples: U.K. and U.S.
sector professional organizations.
Development (contin)
Taxation
Must companies record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes?
Development (contin)
Level of economic development
Affects the types of transactions and which ones are most prevalent in the economy which, in turn,
Accounting values (Gray)
Professionalism vs. statutory control Uniformity vs. flexibility Conservatism vs. optimism Secrecy vs. transparency
国际会计学第六版chapter课件
Have a basic understanding of the following selected corporate financialdisclosure practices: (a) disclosures of forward-looking information, (b) segment disclosures, (c) social responsibility reporting, (d) special disclosures for nondomestic financial statement users, and (e) corporate governance disclosures.
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
International Accounti. Meek
Chapter 5: Reporting and Disclosure
1
Learning Objectives
Distinguish voluntary and mandatory disclosure and the applicable regulatory measures.
Disclosure regulations and third party certification can improve the functioning of capital markets.
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
International Accounti. Meek
Chapter 5: Reporting and Disclosure
1
Learning Objectives
Distinguish voluntary and mandatory disclosure and the applicable regulatory measures.
Disclosure regulations and third party certification can improve the functioning of capital markets.
国际会计学第六版cha(1)
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Have a basic working knowledge of accounting classifications and how they compare with one another.
Explain the difference between the “fair presentation” and “legal compliance” orientations of accounting and identify nations in which each is prevalent.
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Development
Sources of finance – who, how many, how close? Equity markets
Profits measure how well managers have run the company.
Accounting is used to assess cash flows, risks, and to value the firm.
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9
Political and economic ties
Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and other forces.
Inflation
Extensive disclosures.
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
国际会计_第4章-2瑞典等
而在成文法国家，会计准则和惯例直接以法律为 基础，往往以官方为主（吸收民间机构参与）制 定，并以法规的形式发布，或者由民间机构制定 的准则，只能是相关会计法规的“解释”和“操 作细则”，不具备法定效力。 相应地，美、英会计职业界具有强大的威望和势 力，而在法德等欧洲大陆国家，会计职业界不够 强大。 由于在成文法系国家，会计规定的变革必须通过 立法程序，这就缺乏不成文法国家那样宽松的环 境，使其反应不能及时，变革也比较缓慢。
也可以看出，当一国的资本市场逐步发达时，财务报告 的目标就会转向主要是保护社会公众投资者的利益，对 财务报告的充分披露要求就会提高，法国和德国会计的 近期发展表现出这种趋向。 （4） 利润分配中是否提留公积 在利润分配中预先提留公积制度，是欧洲大陆国家会计 实务体系通常的做法，而且在世界范围内还有着重大的 影响；在英美会计模式中，企业对于因特定目的而需要 保存一部分留存收益不作分配时，只能是暂时的，不能 提留永久性的公积。这种留存收益的暂时分拔，在特定 目的达到或不再需要时，应立即转回留存收益，供利润 分配之用，这种做法当然也是立足于维护公众投资者利 益的。
第4章
比较会计模式（下）
4.1 日本会计实务体系的特征 4.2 荷兰会计实务体系的特征 4.3 瑞典会计实务体系的特征 4.4 发达国家会计实务体系综述 4.5 捷克会计实务体系 4.6 墨西哥会计实务体系 4.7 发展中国家会计实务体系的一般特征
统一会计趋向
在统一会计趋向下，会计被标准化并用作中央政府管 理控制工具。 一般说来，统一趋向常见于政府强烈干预经济计划的 国家，解体前的苏联和当时实行集中计划经济的其他 社会主义国家，可称为典型的代表。 在这些国家里，会计被用来计量业绩、配置资源、征 收税款、控制价格等。 拥有统一会计方案的法国则是统一会计趋向最明显的 西方国家。
国际会计学第六版chapter4-资料.ppt
2020/12/30
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United States (contin)
• Unusual features of U.S. financial reporting – No federal law for preparing financial statements or having them audited, except for listed companies – LIFO – Rules-based GAAP versus principles-based GAAP
• Principles-based
– Sets forth broad objectives and fundamentals – Requires professional judgment for implementation – More flexible – May result in more divergence in practice
• Explain the difference between principles-based and rules-based accounting standards.2/30
3
United States
• Overview
– Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
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Learning Objectives
• Understand how financial reporting is regulated and enforced in five countries of the Americas and Asia: the U.S., Mexico, Japan, China, and India.
国际会计第六版教学设计
国际会计第六版教学设计一. 教学目标本课程的目标是：1.让学生了解国际财务报告的背景与作用；2.帮助学生掌握财务会计部分的相关知识；3.告诉学生如何比较与分析财务报告；4.让学生掌握财务报告的编制与解读方法。
二. 教学内容本课程的教学内容如下：1. 国际财务报告背景与作用•国际财务报告的定义和要求•国际财务报告标准体系2. 财务会计部分•资产负债表•利润表•现金流量表3. 比较与分析财务报告•财务比率分析•财务趋势分析•财务结构分析4. 财务报告的编制与解读方法•财务报告编制准则•财务报告解读技巧三. 教学方法1.讲课：通过PPT等教案，向学生阐述相关概念和知识点。
2.分组讨论：将学生分成小组，让每组讨论财务报告相关的案例和问题，提高学生的思考和沟通能力。
3.实践操作：让学生通过财务报告解读实践操作，加深其对财务报告理解。
四. 文献资料•Deegan, C. M. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory.4th ed. United States: Mcgraw-hill.•Kieso, D. E., Weygandt, J. J., & Warfield, T. D.(2016). Intermediate Accounting.16th ed. United States: John Wiley & Sons.•IFRS2018).IFRS Standards - Consolidated without early application. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).五. 评价方法1.学生平时表现（40%）：包括参与度、思考问题能力、作业完成情况等各方面表现。
2.期末论文（60%）：学生需撰写一篇不少于3000字的论文，探讨财务报告某一方面的问题，如财务比率分析等。
六. 教学日程时间教学内容第1周国际财务报告背景与作用第2-4周财务会计部分第5-6周比较与分析财务报告第7周财务报告的编制与解读方法第8-9周学生小组讨论及实践操作第10周学生期末论文答辩七. 总结思考本课程是国际会计领域的入门课程，涉及到了财务报告的方方面面，因此，在教学设计中增加了分组讨论及实践操作环节，使得学生不仅能够掌握相关理论知识，还能够在实践中不断提高自己的分析与解读财务报告的能力。
国际会计学第六版chapter_6-42页文档资料
Is similar to a translation gain or loss as it results from a restatement process.
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Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
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How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
16
Choi/Meek, 6/e
17
Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
国际会计学第六版chapter_5
Must reconcile net income and stockholders’ equity to U.S. GAAP if the registrant uses another GAAP.
Do SEC requirements deter foreign companies from listing their securities in the U.S.?
12
The measurement and communication of information about a company’s effects on employee welfare, the local community, and the environment
A way to demonstrate corporate citizenship “Sustainability” reports integrate economic,
▪ Management development ▪ Compensation ▪ Diversity ▪ Human rights
14
Environmental reporting ▪ Impact of production processes, products, and services on
▪ Forecasts are inherently unreliable. ▪ Legal repercussions if forecasts aren’t met.
9
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Segment disclosures
Corporate governance disclosures Governance means the responsibilities, accountability, and relationships among shareholders, board members, and managers to meet corporate objectives.
Do SEC requirements deter foreign companies from listing their securities in the U.S.?
12
The measurement and communication of information about a company’s effects on employee welfare, the local community, and the environment
A way to demonstrate corporate citizenship “Sustainability” reports integrate economic,
▪ Management development ▪ Compensation ▪ Diversity ▪ Human rights
14
Environmental reporting ▪ Impact of production processes, products, and services on
▪ Forecasts are inherently unreliable. ▪ Legal repercussions if forecasts aren’t met.
9
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Segment disclosures
Corporate governance disclosures Governance means the responsibilities, accountability, and relationships among shareholders, board members, and managers to meet corporate objectives.
国际会计学第六版chapter_1-24页精品文档
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Contributing Factors (contin)
Reporting issues associated with internationalization of capital markets
How to analyze and interpret foreign accounts? How to report to foreign readers? How to harmonize reporting standards
E.g., the e in p/e valuation multiples.
Internationalization of capital markets
Raising external finance abroad means that financial reports must increasingly travel internationally.
internationally?
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Other Chapter Exhibits
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Chapter Exhibits (contin)
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Chapter Exhibits (contin)
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What does international accounting diversity entail?
Does international accounting have a history?
What factors are contributing to the importance of international accounting as a field of study?
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• Explain the difference between principles-based and rules-based accounting standards.
2020/7/8
2
2020/7/8
3
United States
• Overview
– Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
2020/7/8
1
Learning Objectives
• Understand how financial reporting is regulated and enforced in five countries of the Americas and Asia: the U.S., Mexico, Japan, China, and India.
– Financial Accounting Standards Board
• Conceptual Framework is a significant feature of accounting standard setting • Standard setting in the U.S. is both political and technical • Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are voluminous and detailed • Committed to converging U.S. GAAP with IFRS
from th Public Accountants (AICPA)
– Financial statements “present fairly”
• Compliance with GAAP is the test for fair presentation
• Rules-based
– More specific requirements – More detailed implementation guidance – May result in more comparability – May foster “check-the-box” mentality
– Sets standards for auditors – Oversees and inspects audit firms – Sanctions auditors for defective work
• CEO and CFO must certify financial statements • Management must assess internal controls • Auditors express an opinion on internal controls
• Principles-based
– Sets forth broad objectives and fundamentals – Requires professional judgment for implementation – More flexible – May result in more divergence in practice
2020/7/8
4
United States (contin)
• Accounting regulation and enforcement
– Securities and Exchange Commission
• Has jurisdiction over listed companies • Relies on private sector (FASB) to set accounting standards • Pressures FASB on the direction of accounting standards
• Private-sector organization that determines accounting standards • The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) – a governmental
agency – underpins FASB’s authority
2020/7/8
5
United States (contin)
• Unusual features of U.S. financial reporting – No federal law for preparing financial statements or having them audited, except for listed companies – LIFO – Rules-based GAAP versus principles-based GAAP
– Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2019)
• Expanded requirements on corporate governance, disclosure and reporting, and the regulation of the audit profession
• Established PCAOB
– Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
• Private organization overseen by the SEC • Regulates audits and auditors of public companies • In 2019, took over the responsibility for setting auditing standards
• Describe the key similarities and differences among the accounting systems of these five countries.
• Describe the auditor-oversight mechanisms in these five countries.
2020/7/8
2
2020/7/8
3
United States
• Overview
– Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
2020/7/8
1
Learning Objectives
• Understand how financial reporting is regulated and enforced in five countries of the Americas and Asia: the U.S., Mexico, Japan, China, and India.
– Financial Accounting Standards Board
• Conceptual Framework is a significant feature of accounting standard setting • Standard setting in the U.S. is both political and technical • Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are voluminous and detailed • Committed to converging U.S. GAAP with IFRS
from th Public Accountants (AICPA)
– Financial statements “present fairly”
• Compliance with GAAP is the test for fair presentation
• Rules-based
– More specific requirements – More detailed implementation guidance – May result in more comparability – May foster “check-the-box” mentality
– Sets standards for auditors – Oversees and inspects audit firms – Sanctions auditors for defective work
• CEO and CFO must certify financial statements • Management must assess internal controls • Auditors express an opinion on internal controls
• Principles-based
– Sets forth broad objectives and fundamentals – Requires professional judgment for implementation – More flexible – May result in more divergence in practice
2020/7/8
4
United States (contin)
• Accounting regulation and enforcement
– Securities and Exchange Commission
• Has jurisdiction over listed companies • Relies on private sector (FASB) to set accounting standards • Pressures FASB on the direction of accounting standards
• Private-sector organization that determines accounting standards • The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) – a governmental
agency – underpins FASB’s authority
2020/7/8
5
United States (contin)
• Unusual features of U.S. financial reporting – No federal law for preparing financial statements or having them audited, except for listed companies – LIFO – Rules-based GAAP versus principles-based GAAP
– Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2019)
• Expanded requirements on corporate governance, disclosure and reporting, and the regulation of the audit profession
• Established PCAOB
– Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
• Private organization overseen by the SEC • Regulates audits and auditors of public companies • In 2019, took over the responsibility for setting auditing standards
• Describe the key similarities and differences among the accounting systems of these five countries.
• Describe the auditor-oversight mechanisms in these five countries.