科技英语阅读摘要

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The article introduces the Russell's paradox in detail.The paradox was discovered in 1901 by Russell.It is based on a very interesting baber paradox.Russell…s paradox dealt a blow to Frege‟s a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. In 1903,Russell's paradox revealed a fundamental limitation of Frege's set system which is contradiction in the set.In the last century,lots of mathematicians attempted to make an answer to the paradox,but they failed.Russell's own answer to the puzzle came in the form of a "theory of types".So Russell in- troduced a hierarchy of objects:numbers,sets of numbers,sets of sets of numbers ,etc.Then Zermelo used new axioms to solve Russell's paradox.Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory can be used to l ogical mathematics. Correspondence between Russell and Frege about the paradox can be found i n From Frege to Godel, a Source Book in Mathematical Logic.

Dark energy is an unexplained force.It is drawing galaxies away from each other,against the pull of gravity,at an accelerated pace.Though the existence of dark energy has not been proved up to now,it is many scientists’best guess to explain the confusing observation that the universe’s explansion is speeding up.Experts still don’t know what’s driving this force,but the quest to learn more about dark energy is one of cosmologists’ top priorities.The discovery of dark energy is a case of science confounding expectations.

In the mid-1990s, experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of expansion. But in fact expansion was speeding up, which caused much nervous laughter.In 1998, Dark energy was discovered.the cosmological constant is its theoretical basis.

Dark energy can sometimes be confused with the equally mysterious dark matter, even though the -y are two different things.Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter.Taken together,dark matter and dark energy seem to make up most of the mass of universe.

The discovery of dark energy caused a lot of other issues as well.

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世界是否有规律？对于古代人来说，他们对灾难、疾病毫无预兆或者明显的原因。他们把这些自然现象归因于众神反复无常却又无法预测的的意志，并希望是通过礼物或行动赢得众神的欢心。现在有很多科学家扔相信这个观点。随着科学的发展，人们逐渐注意到某些现象和行为的规律性。效仿天文学,结果发现其他自然现象也遵循一定的科学规律。这些规律是最明显的，天空中的天体运动。拉普拉斯说过，如果在同一时间，我们知道宇宙中所有粒子的位置和速度，那么我们可以计算出在任何其他时间他们的行为，无论是过去或未来。他的意思也就是说宇宙在一个时候的状态决定了所有其他时间的状态。但进入20世纪，2个重大的科学发现最终证明了拉普拉斯关于确切预测未来的猜想是不可实现的。其中一个发现是量子力学。从量子力学的观点来看，如果拉普拉斯的观点是对的，那么我们都将死皮肤癌，但我们没有。这也表明设辐射不是连续的，而是一个一个的量子化的。而物理学家却开始寻找其他可以解释量子是离散和量子化的而非连续变化的原因的现象。

Is the world disciplinary？ For ancient people,disaster such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning,or apparent reason.They attributed such natural phenomena,to a pantheon of gods and goddesses,who behaved in a capricious and whimsical way.A lot of scientists still partially subscribe to this belief.The French scientist,Laplace,said that if at one time,we knew the positions and