湖北大学2018年博士研究生招生考试(初试)试题样本
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试湖北师范大学自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：普通心理学科目代码：905 ）一、考查目标要求考生理解和掌握普通心理学的基本理论、基本概念、基本原理和基本方法，具备分析问题和解决问题的基本能力。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷内容结构（四）试卷题型结构选择题、名词解释、判断改错题、简答题、论述题。
三、考查范围(一)心理学的研究对象、研究方法和发展历史1．心理学的研究对象心理现象心理学的研究领域心理学与其它学科的关系心理学的研究方法心理学研究原则具体的研究方法心理学的发展历史心理学产生的历史背景西方主要的心理学派别心理学的研究取向和发展方向(二) 心理的神经生理机制神经元神经元和神经胶质细胞神经冲动的传递2.神经系统周围神经系统中枢神经系统3.大脑的结构与机能(三)感觉1. 感觉的一般概念什么是感觉近刺激和远刺激感觉的编码2.刺激强度与感觉大小的关系-感受性与感觉阈限3.视觉基本现象(四)知觉1.知觉的一般概念什么是知觉知觉中的自下而上和自上而下的加工知觉的生理机制知觉的种类2. 知觉的特性知觉的对象与背景知觉中整体与部分的关系理解在知觉中的作用知觉的恒常性3.空间知觉形状知觉大小知觉深度知觉和距离知觉4. 时间知觉与运动知觉时间知觉运动知觉(五)注意1. 注意的一般概述注意的基本概念不随意注意随意注意随意后注意选择性注意持续性注意分配性注意2. 注意的生理机制及认知理论注意的生理机制注意的认知理论(六)记忆1.记忆的一般概念什么是记忆记忆的作用记忆的分类记忆的结构及其加工过程2.感觉记忆感觉记忆的编码感觉记忆的保持感觉记忆向短时记忆的转化3.短时记忆短时记忆的编码短时记忆信息的存储和遗忘短时记忆的信息提取4.长时记忆什么是长时记忆长时记忆的编码长时记忆的信息存储长时记忆的信息提取长时记忆中信息的遗忘5.内隐记忆内隐记忆的一般概念内隐记忆与外显记忆的关系(七)思维1.思维的一般概念思维的概念及特征思维的过程思维的种类2.表象与想象表象及特征想象及分类3.问题解决问题解决的概念问题解决的策略知识在问题解决中的作用－专家与新手的区别影响问题解决的心理因素(八) 动机1. 动机的概念什么是动机动机与需要动机与行为效率动机2.动机的理论本能论驱力理论唤醒理论诱因理论认知理论2.动机的种类动机的一般分类生理性动机社会性动机(九)情绪和情感1.情绪情感概述情绪情感的性质与功能情绪的维度和两极性情绪情感的分类2.表情面部表情姿态表情语调表情3. 情绪的理论早期的理论认知理论动机—分化理论4. 情绪调节与心理健康情绪调节的个体差异情绪调节与身心健康(十)能力1. 能力的概念什么是能力能力与知识、技能的关系2. 能力的种类和结构能力的种类能力的结构3. 能力的测量一般能力测量特殊能力和创造力测量4.能力发展与个体差异能力发展的一般趋势能力发展的个体差异能力形成的原因和条件 (十一)人格1.人格的概念一、什么是人格二、人格的结构2.人格理论特质理论类型理论结构理论3.认知风格场独立性—场依存性冲动—沉思同时性—继时性4.人格测验自陈量表投射测验情境测验自我概念测验5.人格形成的影响因素生物遗传因素社会文化因素家庭环境因素早期经验四、参考书目【使用教材】《普通心理学》由彭聃龄主编，北京师范大学出版社2001年版. 【参考书目】1.叶浩生主编（1998）：西方心理学的历史与体系。
2005年湖北大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2005年湖北大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionToday, a high-level finance manager is just as likely to be a casual-looking 21-year-old as a balding executive. They have all either started their own companies or head a division within an existing firm. Most are under 30. Many of them share a tendency to think, speak and act fast. A detailed psychological study carried out recently on young business start-uppers aged over 25 revealed some common characteristics. The head psychologist at the University of Northumbria, Dr. Martyn Dyer-Smith, says “We found that they are opportunists. They have that entrepreneurial ability to take whatever is in front of them and turn it to their advantage. Any fool can make US $ 2 if they are in the right place at the right time, what is much harder is to actually plan their business. Originally I had a hypothesis that they planned a long time ahead, but I was wrong. What came across was a surprisingly short planning time. They took the opportunities as and when they came up.”What cannot be underestimated, though, is self-confidence. “There is an amazing, almost abnormal, belief in themselves and (they) go very much on intuition.”Says Dyer-Smith. While there is no typical pattern to what puts someone in the fast lane, there are some common threads: living up to the expectations of parents, channeling excessive amounts of energy into business, or finding a way to overcome personal barriers such as dyslexia (a reading disability) or learning difficulties, for example. The biggest surprise was the lack of young women. This was particularly unexpected, given the recent publicity about how girls are performing better than boys at school and becoming more confident and ambitious. But young women are opting for more secure careers rather than gambling with their future. With only a handful of female role models, some girls are not even considering being their own boss, let alone working on a concept fresh out of school, according to Dr Susan Vinnicombe, director of the center for the Development of Women Business Leader. “Women are going more into the corporate structure and doing well there. But perhaps the reason that they are not doing business for themselves at an earlier age is because women’s attitudes are different. They perceive risk in a different way to men, who are not worried about borrowing huge amounts of money if it’s going to help their business in the long term. Women are more cautious and more hesitant ,”she says. Vinnicombe sees the lack of female entrepreneurs as part of a larger problem about women and the IT industry. Given that the computer world is one of the key areas for growth, where youth is an asset, it is “remarkable” that so many women are missing out on it. “The number of women in IT has actually dropped in the past 10 years. There is a real problem with attracting them to the IT industry, as girls don’t seem to want to do it at university. It’s become such a worrying issue that I know thegovernment is looking into ways to attract them.”1．What is the passage mainly about?A．Lack of young managers all over the world.B．Features of high-level finance managers.C．Origins of the decline in female-dominated industry.D．Aims of a young woman fresh out of school.正确答案：B解析：本文主要涉及高层金融管理人员的特征。
武汉大学分子生物学2004,2008,2013--2014年考博真题
四，简答题：16分 1.为什么rRNA分子和tRNA分子比mRNA分子更为稳定？ 2.试比较一下原核和真核热休克基因转录起始机制有何异同点？
第1页 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้1页
3．请叙述一下你的硕士论文的情况，具体方法，结果和意义等等 4.用限制性内切酶切割DNA后，经电泳检查，发现有脱尾现象，其可能的原因 是什么呢？ 五，问答题：33分 1.请叙述原核生物当中从核酸指导到蛋白？ 3.请叙述一种从接受信号到调控基因表达的信号转导途径
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6.分裂间期的早期，DNA处于（ ）状态 A.单体连续的线性双螺旋分子 B.半保留复制的双螺旋结构 C.保留复制的双螺旋结构 D.单链DNA E.以上都不正确 7、能够证明DNA是遗传物质的2个关键性实验是：肺炎链球菌在老鼠体内的毒 性和T2噬菌体感染大肠杆菌。这两个实验主要的论点证据是： (A)从被感染的生物体内重新分离得到DNA，作为疾病的致病剂 (B)DNA突变导致毒性丧失 (C)生物体吸收的外源DNA（而并非蛋白质）改变了其遗传潜能 (D)DNA是不能在生物体间转移的，因此它一定是一种非常保守的分子 8.沉默基因座 A.因为沉默子区域的存在与MAT基因座不同 B.在SIR基因产物的作用下，保持转录失活 C.存在几个DNase I超敏位点 D.与DNA复制起点结合在一起 E.因为染色质结构保持转录失活 9.基因组是 A．一个生物体内所有基因的分子总量 B.一个二倍体细胞中的染色体数 C.遗传单位 D.生物体的一个特定细胞内所有基因的分子总量 10、原核细胞mRNA含有几个功能所必需的特征区段，它们是 （A）启动子，SD序列，起始密码子，终止密码子，茎环结构 （B）启动子，转录起始位点，前导序列，由顺反子间区序列隔开的SD序列和OR F，尾部序列，茎环结构 （C）转录起始位点，尾部序列，由顺反子间区序列隔开的SD序列和ORF，茎环 结构
2018年宁波大学考博试题2611医学分子生物学(A卷)
二、选择题（每题 1 分，共 20 分）
1. 最早提出基因(gene)名词的学者是 A. Mendel B. Johannsen C. Morgen D. Sanger E. Watson
2. 人类基因组的特点不包括 A. 含有许多高度重复性序列 D. 较为复杂 3. 以下哪个不是顺式作用元件 A. 启动子 B. 增强子 C. 操纵子 D. 沉默子 E. 绝缘子 B. 具有断裂性 E. 有核外基因 C. 高度不稳定性
12. 可能引起基因治疗风险的基因导入的方法是 A. 脂质体法 B. 直接注射 C. 慢病毒 D. 受体介导基因转移 E. 以上全部
13. 以下有关基因组复制的说法，不正确的是： A. 真核 DNA 复制酶常见的有 5 种，分别是 Polα，Polβ，Polγ，Polδ，Polε B. Pol α 和引发酶复合物合成 RNA-DNA 引物 C. Pol δ 负责 DNA 随从链的复制和 DNA 损伤修复 D. 真核生物 DNA 链延伸不需要 Pol α E．Pol α、Pol β、Pol γ、Pol δ 和 Pol ε 等较为常见 14．真核 DNA 复制调节相关的因子不包括： A. Cyclin B. CDK C. tRNA D. 端粒 E. rRNA
20. 著名美籍华裔科学家简悦威在 1978 年首次应用 DNA 重组技术对实现了对哪种遗传性疾病的 产前基因诊断 A.镰刀形细胞贫血 B.苯丙酮尿症 C.血友病 D. Fanconi 贫血 E.白血病
三、论述题（每题 10 分，共 30 分）
1．试述 PCR 的基本原理及用途。 2. 什么是细胞凋亡？ 细胞凋亡有哪些基本特征？简述线粒体在介导细胞凋亡中的作用。 3. 什么是基因诊断？与其它诊断方法相比，基因诊断的特点有哪些？
武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Earth?
A) The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B) The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C) The moon, as a ciose neighbor. is easier to observ-e. l)) The moon's surface is heaviiy cratereei as the Earth's.
Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it
2018年博士研究生招生报名登记表
3.考生提供的报考材料应真实准确，如有失实，将取消考试、录取资格。 4.本表的推荐意见由考生学习所在学院（在校生）或工作所在部门（毕业生）填写并盖章，报考意见由考生
湖北大学
20 年招收攻读博士学位研究生报名登记表
姓名 身份证号 学习工作单位 报考学院 报考专业代码及名称 研究方向代码及名称 报考导师 初试科目：1.外国语科目代码、名称：
2.业务课一代码、名称： 3.业务课二代码、名称：
填表说明：
1.本表存入考生个人档案，请用钢笔填写，字迹清楚。如栏内填写不下，可另加附页。 姓名、出生日期，必须与身份证上的姓名、出生日期一致。
学习所在学校的研究生处（在校生）或工作所在的部门/人事部门（往届生）填写并盖章。 年 月 日 填写
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姓名 籍贯 最后学历
民族 本人通讯地址、邮编
性别
出生日期
年月日
本人 成份
政治面貌
最后学历证编号
职务 职称
年龄
婚否
工作或学习单位
档案所在单位 通讯地址、邮编
学士学位获得学 校和专业
硕士学位获得学 校和专业
入学年月 获学士年月 入学年月 获硕士年月
学起 经 历
)
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起止年月
学习或工作单位
照 片
职务
与本人
姓
名
关系
家庭主要成员 在何单位工作、任何职务
联系电话
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硕士学 位 论文题目
硕士论文 指导教师
硕士论文
硕士学位
是否在职人员以同等
2018年三峡大学水利与环境学院博士研究生入学考试真题 2202数值分析
三峡大学
2018年博士研究生入学考试试题(A卷)
科目代码：2202科目名称：数值分析
考试时间为3小时，卷面总分为100分
答案必须写在答题纸上
一、(10分)设
证明： ；并设计一种数值稳定的算法及证明算法的稳定性.
二、（10分）用列主元高斯消元法解下列方程组：
三、（10分）求以下列数出该方程的Newton迭代公式（5分）.
六、(10分)设函数 ，试写出它在插值节点组 上的插值多项式，并用它计算 处的近似值.
七、(共10分)数值积分公式形如
(1)确定求积公式中的参数 使其代数精度尽量高,并指出求积公式具有几次代数精度（5分）；
(2)设 推导余项表达式 （5分）.
八、（10分）用梯形公式解初值问题
四、（共15分）已知方程组
(1)证明用Jacobi迭代法和Gauss-Seidel迭代法求解均收敛(5分)；
(2)写出Jacobi迭代法的计算公式(5分)；
(3)写出Gauss-Seidel迭代法的计算公式(5分).
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五、（共15分）对方程 用迭代法求 上的根，
(1)若方程化成 ，问建立的迭代格式是否收敛？并说明理由（10分）；
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取步长 ，计算结果至少保留小数点后5位.
九、（10分）求线性代数方程组 的数值解法主要有矩阵的直接分解法(如LU分解法、Crout分解法、Cholesky分解法等)和迭代法（如Jacobi迭代法、Gauss-Seidel迭代法）.请你简述求解线性代数方程组 的直接分解法和迭代法这两类方法的不同点和相同点.
【精品】2018年 2019年华中科技大学考博 护理考博真题
2018年华中科技大学考博护理学综合（护理理论、护理管理、护理教育）一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释，每个5分）Organizational designSelf-concept modeControl processRole playNursingprocess二、简答题（每个题5分，共20分）1病人的权利有哪些？2请说出King的达标理论的基本观点？3护理专业教师的素养是什么？4请简述护理专业教自我调控能力的构成？三、试述护士长的理艺术在临床中的应用？（15分）四、Orem将护理系芬为哪三种，这三种护理系统的差别在哪里，试举例说明这三种护理系统适合何种病的护理。
（20分）五、论述社会学习的特点过程，影响因素，并结合实际举一例，社会学习理论在护理教育的应用。
（20分）2018年华中科技大学考博护理学研究方法真题一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释）Scientific misconductRCTSnowing ball samplingQ-sort methodEthnographicresearch二、简答题1简述护理研究中应值的伦理原则的具体内容。
2理论框架的概义、作用。
3简述研究信父度的概念及测定方法。
4实验性研究会验研究、非实验性研究的优点、缺点及局限性。
5系统评价与传统综述的区别。
三、论述题（30分）科研申请书（1500-2000字）包括研究背景（立题依据），研究目的、研究方法等。
4英文论文节选，根据该论文回答几个问题。
（20分）英文论文是一篇科研论文，包括研究背景，研究目的，实施方法，结局评价指标。
根据该短文，回答5个问题，例如列举该研究的研究目的，说明该研究的设计类型，统计方法，结局评价指标等。
可在原文中找答案。
湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年.doc
湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child's individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easy-going, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easy-going, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is some relationship between age and children's charateristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be distributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8. and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls' adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male agression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self- control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents' fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers. （分数：8.00）(1).It is hard for temperamental, irritable kids to adapt to parental divorce because ______. （分数：2.00）A.they are too much disrupted by the life changeB.the family breakup makes them feel very sensitiveC.the great stress of their families diminishes their abilityD.they encounter more parents' fights than the easy-going children(2).The following statements are true EXCEPT ______. （分数：2.00）A.a six-year-old boy may feel being deserted by his parentsB.divorce is usually caused by more than one reasonC.a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older boyD.as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorce(3).Why does parental divorce have greater effects on boys than on girls according to the author? （分数：2.00）A.Because all cultures tolerate male agression and noncompliance.B.Because boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls.C.Because males are usually viewed as the models in self-controlD.Because boys are always involved in their parents' fights.(4).What does the passage mainly convey to the readers? （分数：2.00）A.Kids of different ages behave differntly facing parental divorce.B.The impact of divorce on kids varies in personality, age and gender.C.Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families.D.Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their lives.Government is an institution resulting from man's group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos. In a small, homogeneous, simple society, these social controls can be imposed and enforced by the family or clan. But in a large, heterogeneous complex society, the institution of government takes over this function. For purposes of analysis, social control may be divided into moral control and political control. Moral control derives from the internalized beliefs and values of a society and regulations, each individual's behavior without the use of outside enforcement. Political control does involve enforcement from the outside since the individual is not always certain that the rule he is following is just and right. He follows it to conform, to avoid punishment, or to receive social rewards. Political control is an outgrowth of moral control, and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the government's authority as just and right. A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive long. In addition, a wide discrepancy between moral and political control will result in a condition of general lawlessness. Such a condition has occurred in the United States on several occasions and is now evident among some groups of society according to "The Roots of Lawlessness" by historian Henry Steele Commangaer. Government, a major social institution, may be viewed as a set of procedures by which a society realizes a good portion of its goals. Government is further unique as an institution because it serves to reinforce the function of other institutions. Thus, individuals violating the rules and regulation of the economic, educational, or family institutions must ultimately face the punitive power of government. （分数：8.00）(1).A condition characterized by the absence of social organization and social control, and by the belief that political authority is unnecessary is ______. （分数：2.00）A.moral controlB.political powerC.anachyD.authority(2).The internalized form of social control is ______. （分数：2.00）mitmentB.powerC.authorityernment(3).Legitimate power rightfully excercised is called ______. （分数：2.00）A.authorityB.charismaC.legitimacyD.morality(4).Which statement is NOT correct? （分数：2.00）A.Political control must occasionally be controlled by an outside force.B.Political control can exist without moral control in a society.C.Political control reinforce moral controlD.Political control emanates from within.In England along a stretch of the northeast coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the estuary of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea coal wascollected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder, clean and brilliant. It seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, filthy lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometer long for the local community to gather up. The gear needed for sea-coaling expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven assortment which never varied from community to community along the entire northeast coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it is full. A wooden rake was used to scrape the coal from the beach. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand. A flat, board shovel to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware. But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty striped- down model which was the symbol of the sea-coaling craft. A lady's bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar, and that was an essential element in transporting sea coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular frame of a man's bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. The beauty of the metal bar against the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snail-track of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks. （分数：8.00）(1).It can be inferred that between the two types of coal, sea coal ______.（分数：2.00）A.could burn betterB.might be cheaperC.was more finely-grainedD.came in big pieces(2).According to the passage, certain equipment was used because ______. （分数：2.00）A.it had proved to be practicalB.it could be made by communitiesC.people there were very traditionalD.the communities had curious habits(3).To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle, it was necessary to ______. （分数：2.00）A.put one of them on the saddleB.balance them all on the crossbarC.remove the excess liquidD.balance two on the crossbar(4).By using the bicycle, ______. （分数：2.00）A.coal could be moved easily over the sandB.the collectors could sell more coalC.excess liquid could be removedD.the collectors could ride homeWhen we think of creative people, the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso, i.e. great artists, inventors and scientists—a select and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive province of a lucky few disregard the creative and imaginative aspects inherent in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to face—the discovery and development of new methods and techniques, the improvement of old methods, existing inventions and products. Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posing oneself a problem and then finding a solution along new and unconventional lines. It involves drawing new comparisons, discovering new combinations, and/or new applications of things that are already known. It follows, then, that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information which he will be able to sort out and combine, in the solution of problems. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventioal ideas and will be less interested infacts than in their implications. Most important of all, he will be able to communicate freely and will not be too concerned about other people's reaction to his apparently "crazy" ideas. People called the Wright brothers mad but it did not stop them from becoming the first men to construct and fly a heavier-than-air craft. （分数：8.00）(1).The author believes that creative thinking ______. （分数：2.00）A.is only possessed by great artistsB.requires rare talent and geniusC.is needed in solving many problemsD.belongs to a few lucky people(2).Creative thinking involves ______. （分数：2.00）A.facing the problem and finding a solutionB.observing the actions of great peopleC.drawing new pictures of old thingsD.discovering new emotions(3).A creative person must look at facts ______. （分数：2.00）A.for their face valueB.for what they implyC.and remember themD.which are less interesting(4).In order to solve scientific problems, people should ______. （分数：2.00）A.not be afraid of others'opinionsB.be as crazy as possibleC.possess strange notionsD.have more freedomWe have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be "beyond dispute". We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definitions of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierachical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the "place" appropriate to each. Women's place, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i. e. , workshops, factories and business firms, belong to men. This sex-based division of the world(private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, "cared, nurtured and conserved". To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today,many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. （分数：8.00）(1).We did not recognize until recently that ______. （分数：2.00）A.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuousB.the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of cultureC.the biological evolution does little help in recognizing the identity of the sexesD.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes(2).It can be inferred from the first paragragh that it is now possible for women to embark ona career because ______. （分数：2.00）A.women's liberation movement has been going on for many yearsB.ideas about the roles of women have been changingC.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women's rolesD.the change in sex roles is out of the question(3).According to the fourth paragraph, the author seems to think that ______. （分数：2.00）A.female passivity and male aggression are born innatelyB.men and women are identical physically and emotionallyC.some different identity is based on the roles suitable to eachD.men are the only labor power in the modern competition world(4).Which of the following does the author think is the most important reason for women to go to work? （分数：2.00）A.Wish to claim their rights and freedom.B.Desire for their success in career.C.Establishing more relationships.D.Getting more financial benefits.二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a(an) (21) for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it (22) a variety of functions in human life. The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the (23) of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. (24) by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly (25) themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the (26) of violence in the media and its (27) harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media (28) , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, (29) television, (30) public concern and research attention. Another large societal concern on our younger generation (31) by the media, is the body image. (32) forces can influence body image positively or negatively. (33) one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing (34) our concept of beauty. In the mass media, the images of (35) beauty fill magazines and newspapers, (36) from our televisions and entertain us (37) the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media (38) on accepted cultural values of thinnesss and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a (39) defined standard of attractiveness, a(n) (40) that carries unrealistic physical expectations. （分数：20.00）A.representativeB.substituteC.preferenceD.alternativeB.sufficesC.accomplishesD.providesA.heightB.expenseC.mercyD.riskA.AttractedB.AbsorbedC.AddictedD.ArousedA.unifyB.equateC.identifyD.recognizeA.prevalenceB.recurrenceC.abundanceD.incidenceA.hiddenB.disposedC.potentialD.implicitA.immergedB.mergedC.submergedD.emergedA.much asB.apart fromC.along withD.but forA.propelB.prosperC.promoteD.promptA.contributedB.inspiredC.imposedD.deliveredA.ExposedB.ExplicitC.ExteriorD.ExternalA.AtB.ForC.AsD.InA.effectC.markD.impactA.standardizedB.categorizedC.generalizedD.regularizedA.brimB.beamC.bottomD.boomA.onB.atC.overD.withA.takeB.resortC.playD.profitA.subjectivelyB.narrowlyC.carefullyD.barelyA.idealB.stereotypeC.criterionD.image三、Part Ⅲ English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that ideas easily become objects of dislike in his eyes, and thinkers, miscreants, because practice is everything, a free play of the mind is nothing. The notion of the free play of mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself, being an object of desire, being an essential provider of elements without which a nation's spirit, whatever compensations it may have for them, must in the long run, die of emptiness, hardly enters into an Englishman's thoughts. It is noticeable that the word curiosity, which in other languages is used in a good sense, to mean, as a high and fine quality of man's nature, just this disinterested love of a play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sake—it is noticeable, I say, that this word has in our language no sense of the kind, no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one. But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality. It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice, politics, and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best, without the intrusion of any other considerations whatsoever. This is an instinct for which there is, I think, little original sympathy in the practical English nature, and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism. It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule of its course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it, and to produce fruit for the future, it ought to take, which may be summed up in one word—disinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness? By keeping aloof from what is called "the practical view of things"; by resolutely following the law of its own nature, which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects it touches. By steadilyrefusing to lend itself to any of those concealed, political, practical considerations about ideas, which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them, but which criticism has nothing to do with. Its business is, as I have said, simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas. Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty, with due ability; but its business is to do no more. （分数：15.00）(1).The notion of the free play of mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself, being an object of desire, being an essential provider of elements without which a nation's spirit, whatever compensations it may have for them, must in the long run, die of emptiness, hardly enters into an Englishman's thoughts.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice, politics, and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best, without the intrusion of any other considerations whatsoever. （分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule of its course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it, and to produce fruit for the future, it ought to take, which may be summed up in one word—disinterestedness.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、Part Ⅳ Chinese-Engli(总题数：1，分数：5.00)1.工作使人忙碌，让人不会感到寂寞、孤独。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试湖北师范大学自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：社会工作实务科目代码:437）一、考查目标《社会工作实务》科目考试内容包括个案工作、小组工作和社区工作传统三大工作方法，要求考生系统掌握三大工作方法的基本知识、基础理论、基本方法与基本过程，并能运用相关理论和方法分析、设计社会工作方案，解决社会实际问题。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷内容结构各部分内容所占分值为：个案工作约50分小组工作约50分社区工作约50分（四）试卷题型结构名词解释题：6小题，每小题5分，共30分简答题：5小题，每小题10分，共50分论述题：2小题，每小题15分，共30分案例分析题：2小题，每小题20分，共40分(五)主要参考书目隋玉杰主编：《个案工作》，中国人民大学出版社2007年。
刘梦主编：《小组工作》，高等教育出版社2003年。
徐永祥主编：《社区工作》，高等教育出版社2004年。
三、考查范围个案工作（一）考查目标系统掌握个案工作的原理、基本原则、技巧和主要理论派别等，能运用所学的理论知识从事实际个案的分析。
（二）考试内容1.个案工作原理个案工作概念、个案工作的基石、个案工作应用领域。
2.个案工作的基本原则人在情境中概念，人面临的情境，问题、个人与环境之间的关系，接纳与非评判，当事人的自决，保密。
3.个案工作者成功个案工作者的人格特质、工作员的自我了解，工作员的文化理解力，工作员的个人成长。
4、个案工作的技巧个案工作技巧的概念、会谈的技巧、记录的技巧。
5、个案工作过程初步结束与建立关系、收集资料与问题评估、确定目标和制定工作方案、执行计划、结案与评估。
6、个案工作的主要理论派别行为派治疗理论与方法、危机干预、家庭治疗。
7、儿童辅导儿童辅导的主要问题与应对方法，儿童辅导的注意事项。
8、青少年辅导青春期的社会适应问题，青少年辅导的主要问题，青少年辅导的常用方法，注意事项。
宁波大学2602概率论与数理统计18-20年真题
宁波大学2018年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码: 2602 科目名称：概率论与数理统计第 1 页共1 页宁波大学2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)第1页共1页科目代码：2602总分值：100科目名称：概率论与数理统计计算题（共7题，共100分）1.(15分)有两种花籽，发芽率分别是0.5,0.8，从中各取一颗，设各花籽是否发芽相互独立，求（1）这两颗花籽都发芽的概率（5分）（2）至少有一颗能发芽的概率（5分）（3）恰有一颗能发芽的概率（5分）2.(15分)设X 的概率密度为/8,04()0,X x x f x <<⎧=⎨⎩其它，求Y ＝2X ＋8的概率密度3.(15分)对球的直径作测量，设其值均匀分布在[a,b]内。
求体积的密度函数4.(15分)设(X,Y)的概率密度是:(1),01,0(,)0,Ay x x y xf x y -≤≤≤≤=⎧⎨⎩其它()f x y 求5.(15分)设X 的概率密度为1(),,2x f x e x -=-∞<<+∞，求随机变量X 的数学期望和方差6.(15分)设活塞的直径X~N(22.40,0.032),气缸的直径Y~N （22.50，0.042），X ，Y 相互独立，任取一个活塞，任取一只气缸，求活塞能装入气缸的概率。
Ф(2)=0.9772.7.(10分)随机地从一批零件中抽取16个，测得长度为：2.14，2.10，2.13，2.15，2.13，2.12，2.13，2.10，2.15，2.12，2.14，2.10，2.13，2.11，2.14，2.11，设零件长度分布为正态分布，若σ未知，试求总体μ的90％的置信区间。
已知：0.05(15) 1.7531t =。
武汉大学神经病学2012--2013年考博真题
第1页 共1页
武汉大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1、DTI（与影像学有关的名词）（写出英文全称及中文） 2、NIHSS（写出英文全称及中文） 3、MRC（写出英文全称及中文） 4、EMG（写出英文全称及中文） 5、TIA（写出英文全称及中文） 二、简答题 1、神经系统查体时判断肌张力增高或降低的指征有哪两项？ 2、何为“from bench to bedside”？ 3、那些检查有助于确诊重症肌无力？ 4、简述神经结构介导的晕厥包括哪几方面？ 5、何为Fisher综合征？主要表现是什么？ 三、问答题 1、什么是运动单位？包括那些解剖结构？ 2、上/下运动神经元瘫的区别 3、改良Rainkin量表（mRS）评分的内容 4、如何理解神经系统定性诊断的“MIDNIGHTS”原则？
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博 历年真题试卷
武汉大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页 共1页ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
一、名词解释 1.NIHSS（英文全写和中文意思） 2.IVIG（英文全写和中文意思） 3.EDX（英文全写和中文意思） 4.脑分水岭梗死 5.多系统萎缩 二、简答题 1.诊断帕金森病所需要的8项特征有哪些？必须具备哪几项？ 2.周围神经损伤的病理变化过程有哪几种？ 3.Kernig征如何检查？何为阳性？见于哪两种疾病？ 4.什么是ABCD2评分？临床意义？ 5.如何进行改良Rankin量表（mRs）评分？ 三、问答题 1.中国急性缺血性卒中诊治指南2010中，静脉溶栓适应征有哪些？ 2.ALS的E1 Escorial诊断标准（1998年修订版）是什么？ 3.格拉斯哥昏迷评分量表（GCS）包括哪几个方面？总分多少？临床意义？ 4.根据INTERSTROKE研究（Lancet 2010）90%的卒中风险与哪10种危险因素有关？
武汉大学局部解剖学2012--2014年考博真题
武汉大学中南医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：局部解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 共5个问答题，每个20分 1.冠状动脉的分支，分布，心的神经支配，生理意义。 2.头颅顶浅筋膜血管，神经分布。 3.肝外胆道的组成，胆总管的分段，第一段的解剖比邻，梗阻性黄疸的解剖基 础。 4.肾脏的解剖比邻，肾角，脊肋角，肾脏病变时为什么会出现脊肋角处压痛，叩 击痛？ 5.腹股沟管解剖
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博 历年真题试卷
武汉大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：局部解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释(5*5分，共25分) 1、桡神经沟 2、肋膈隐窝 3、卵圆窝 4、听骨链 5、蛛网膜下隙 二、简答题（5*7分，共35分） 1、简述大腿肌前、后群的肌肉组成及其神经支配 2、简述输尿管的分段、狭窄名称、位置及其临床意义 3、何为“面部危险三角”？简述其临床意义解剖学基础 4、简述胸神经壁支在胸腹壁皮肤上的分布特点及主要平面标志 5、（1）躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉通路的3级神经元位于何处？（2）此通路最 终在大脑皮质的投射区域？（3）此通路受伤后将出现什么症状？ 三、问答题（4*10分，共40分） 1、试述股三角的构成（顶、底和边界）以及其中主要的神经和血管？ 2、试述阑尾的常见位置，临床上经麦氏切口行阑尾切除术时切口皮肤后还要 依次切开哪些组织后才能暴露阑尾？ 3、试述髂内动脉壁支的主要分支？其脏支子宫动脉的主要分支？行子宫动脉 结扎时一般在何处结扎，应注意损伤什么结构？ 4、何为动脉韧带？为动脉导管未闭症患者行动脉导管结扎术时一般在某一三 角区域内寻找动脉导管，请问该三角的名称及其构成？
2018华中师范大学、华中科技大学考研真题汇总
2018华中师范大学、华中科技大学考研真题汇总华中师范大学翻译硕士 (MTI ) 基础科目英汉互译部分真题1 IMF 国际货币基金组织2 ILO 国际劳工组织3 IAEA 国际原子能机构4 FAO 联合国粮食及农业组织5 UNCTAD 联合国贸易和发展会议6 the Union of Myanmar 缅甸联邦7 Indian Rupee 印度卢比8 the BRIC Countries 金砖国家9 Good Year 丰收年10 Business Week 商业周刊11 The Woman Warrior 《女勇士》12 Hewlett-Packard惠普科技,惠普公司13 The Other Guys《别的家伙》(美国动作喜剧片)14 Secretary of State 国务卿15 Group 20 20国集团(一个国际经济合作论坛)汉译英1 新华社 Xin Hua News Agency2 发改委 National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC3 审计署 National Audit Office of the PRC4 东航 China Eastern Airlines5 国家馆日 National Pavilion Day6 上海世博会 Shanghai World Expo7 环幕电影 circular-screen movie8 低碳经济 Low carbon economy9 节能减排 energy-saving and emission-reduction10 商品房 commercial residential building11 市场营销 marketing management12 节约能源法 energy-saving act13 原生态 ecosystem14 应对气候变化国家方案national program on addressing climate change15 全球财富论坛 fortune global forum华中师范333教育真题一、名词解释1.学制2.修养3.产婆术4.稷下学宫5.五育并举6.学习策略二、简答1.简述教育的政治功能2.孔子认为教师应该具备的基本特点3.文艺复兴时期，人文主义教育的主要特征4.简述赫尔巴特教学形式阶段论的内容三、论述1.论述文化知识的育人价值2.论黄炎培的职业教育思想3.举例论证教学过程中的直观性原则及要求4.论创造性的内涵及培养途径2018华中科技大学社会工作考研真题社会工作原理一、名词解释（40分）1、危机（指危机干预模式里的危机）2、剩余性福利或残补性社会福利3、简单随机抽样4、社会互动5、社会流动6、叙事治疗模式7、操作化8、封闭小组二、简答（60分）1、简述社会行政的功能2、儿童社会工作的功能3、女性主义对社会工作的意义4、简述小组治疗模式5、行为治疗模式的主要治疗方法三、论述（60分）1、试说明“解释者”社会工作理论范式的特点，包括主要理论，对人和社会关系的看法和社会工作过程理论，结合实务经验进行说明。
华中科技大学内科学(消化内科)2018年考博真题考博试卷
消化内科（60 分） 一、名词解释 （4*5 分） 1. 卓-艾综合征 2. 副肿瘤综合征 3. NAFLD 4. IBS 二、简答题 （4*10 分） 1. 特殊类型消化性溃疡有哪些？简述其特点 2. 简述肝硬化的常见并发症 3. 哪些征象提示上消化道出血继续或未停止 4. 溃疡性结肠炎与结肠型克罗恩病的鉴别
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究Байду номын сангаас入学考试试题
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考试科目：内科学（消化内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分（40 分） 一、名词解释（5*4 分） 1. hepotic encepholopathy 2. contrast-induced nephropathy 3. hyponatremia 4. leckemoid reaction 二、简答题（10*2 分） 1. 急性左心衰的治疗。 2. 简述慢性肺源性心脏病的治疗原则。