语言学第四章课后练习

8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases.

a. rich in minerals

AP

Rich in minerals

b. often read detective stories

VP

Qual V NP

A N

Often read detective stories

c. the argument against the proposals

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

the argument against the proposals

PP

Qual P NP

Det N

already above the window

9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.

Infl P(S)

NP Infl VP

V NP PP

Det AP N None pst

Det N P NP

A

AP N

A

A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution

b. A huge moon hung in the black sky.

Infl P (s)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N V PP

P NP

A

Det AP N

A

A huge moon hung in the black sky

C. The man examined his car carefully yesterday.

Infl P（S）

NP infl VP

Det N pst V NP Adv Adv

Det N

The man examined his car carefully yesterday

d. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.

Infl P (S)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N PP V PP

P NP P NP

Det N Det N

A wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm

10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the

NP ＶＰ

Aux V NP

N

Det A NP

N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

or

InflP(=S)

NP ＶＰ

Aux V NP

N

Det A NP

N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b. Helen put on her clothes and went out.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

pst

VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

VP CON VP

N

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR

InflP(=S)

Infl

NP VP

nonpst

VP CON VP

N

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a.You know that I hate war.

S

NP VP

N V CP

C S

NP VP

N

V NP

N

You know that I hate wat

Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

S

NP VP

N VP NP

NP CP

V C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

Gerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam

b.Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

S

NP VP

N V A CP