词汇学6

A good example is pain, whose original meaning was ‘ penalty or punishment’, and now this meaning is preserved only in such phrases as ‘pains and penalty’ and ‘upon/under pain of (death)’. The derived meanings ‘suffering’, ‘great discomfort of the body or mind’ have become prevalent.
Chapter 6
Sense Relations
Contents
1 2
polysemy homonymy synonymy
3
4 5 6
antonymy
hyponymy
semantic field
General Introduction
Semantically, lexemes are all related in one way or another. A lexeme which is related to other lexemes is related to them in sense, hence sense relations. The field of sense relations are polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy. Semantic field is commonly felt to be an integral part of sense relations.
2.1 Types of homonyms
Perfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音异 义词 Homographs 同形异义词 ['hɔməuɡrɑ:f] Homophones 同音异义词 ['hɔməufəun] Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
(1) Diachronic approach 历时研究方法
Example: face 1. The front of the head 脸 2. The expression of the countenance 表情 3. A surface of a thing 表面 4. The appearance, outward aspect 外表, 外貌 5. Dignity, self-respect, prestige, as in lose /save face 面子, 威信 6. The topography of an area 地形 7. Effrontery, audacity 厚颜
(2) Concatenation连锁型 For example: board：木板→餐桌→会议桌→董事会 candidate：穿白袍的人→身着白袍申请职位 的人→候选人
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(2) Concatenation连锁型
Radiation and concatenation are closely related, but are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.
1.2 Two processes of development
The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation and concatenation. (1) Radiation辐射型 Semantically, radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. 从语义学上讲，辐射型是这样一 种过程，在此过程中，本义（也称中心意义）处在中 心位置，次要意义从此处象光线一样朝各个方向辐射。 All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.这 些次要词义之间相互独立，但均可追溯到中心意义。
Perfect homonyms (完全同形同音异义词)
She can’t bear children so she never talks about them.
1）她不能生小孩，所以也从不谈论孩子。 2）她不能忍受孩子，所以也从不谈论这个话题。 Try our sweet corn. You’ll smile from ear to ear. （甜 玉米广告） 短语“from ear to ear‖（笑得合不拢嘴）中的“ear‖（耳朵） 与这里的“玉米穗”同音同形不同义。这则广告利用ear表达 了双重的意思：“你一尝就会吃一穗又一穗，高兴得合不拢 嘴”。 --Why are movie stars so cool? 为什么电影明星那么酷 /凉快呢？ --Because they have so many fans. 因为他们有那么多 影迷/扇子。 这里的cool和fan都具有两个含义，这个双关不但有趣，还非 常巧妙。
1.1 Two approaches to polysemy
(1) Diachronic approach历时研究方法
It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. 一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史发展的结果。
(2) Synchronic Approach共时研究方法
There are cases where the central meaning has gradually diminished in currency, and one of the derived meanings has become dominant. Example: gay 1. Joyous and lively, merry 快乐的 2. Bright, brilliant 鲜明的 3. Given to social life and pleasure 寻欢作乐的 4. Wanton, licentious 放荡的 5. Homosexual 同性恋的 The last one is now the most frequently use meaning.
(1) Diachronic approach 历时研究方法
There are also many instances in which the primary meaning gave birth to new meanings, and as a result the primary meaning became obsolete or disappeared altogether.
PART 02
Homonymy同形同音异义关系
Definition:
Homonyms ['hɒmənɪm]are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 同形同音异义词是意义不同、而发音与拼写皆相同 或只有拼写或只有发音相同的词。
(1) Radiation辐射型
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(2) Concatenation连锁型 Concatenation [kɔnkæ tɪneɪʃɵn] is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning. 连锁型是一种语义过程，在此过程中，一个 词的意义象链条一样，通过连续的改变，逐 渐从本义移开，直至最后发展出来的意义和 本义没有了任何关系。
Perfect Homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)
Words identical both in sound and spelling.
bank ① 银行（financial institution）。 “A bank can hold the investments in an account in the client’s name.” ② 倾斜的堤岸（sloping mound）。 “As the agriculture development on the east bank, the river will shrink even more.” Bank和bank在意义上没有联系。在词源上，bank来自意 大利语，而bank来自斯堪底纳维亚语。 fray ① fray做“冲突”时，是由15世纪开始出现的，并延续至 今。其词根可追溯到14世纪古英语词affray，指“吓唬某人； 使不得安宁”。 ②fray做“磨损”源自希腊词fricare（磨擦）。