词汇学第六章Culturally-loaded words分析
文化负载词翻译
文化负载词翻译四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。
最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。
关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded WordsAbstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer, but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chineseculture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe r elation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult ratherthan the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its develop ment.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainlyused as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an examp le. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless,Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisitionmarks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can never disappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s nat ive language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way oflife and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. Th e mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his ownunderstanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively k nown as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical g ap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as achurch mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult p osition. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use“mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the r ecipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and theauspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky”a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in lite ral meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect C hina’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” w hich will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said theexcellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken fro m Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form”with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclu sive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed。
翻译概论--文化负载词翻译方法Cultural Loaded Words
文化负载词的英译汉的翻译方法【摘要】翻译就是从一种语言到另一种语言的转换，语言是文化的一部分，所以它又是文化的载体。
一种语言它不单为表达它词句半身的字面意义而存在，它与文化和国情是紧密联系的。
所以如何在翻译中更好地体现源语言的文化魅力，则是译者需要不断探索解决的。
【关键词】语言，文化负载词，翻译，归化与异化人类的语言大约有六千余种，若加上各类方言估计上万种。
而每一类语言又有专属于自己的文化背景，无论时代如何变迁，语言如何多变，表达同一类文化的语言总是大致保持不变。
归属于文化的一部分，语言的表述就是文化的表达；不同语言之间交流就文化间的碰撞。
如何将特殊文化词准确的翻译成另一种语言则是本文研究的重点。
1.文化负载词的概念1.1文化负载词的定义语言是文化的载体，不同民族的生活习惯、思维方式决定了语言的表达方式有所不同。
语言与文化的关系正如语言学中的重要理论“萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说”的强势和弱势的论断，“强势即强调语言在塑造人类思维方式过程中所起的决定性作用；弱势之说，则是对于初始假说的修正，认为语言、文化和思维之间有相关性，但是地位方式的跨文化差异是相对的，不是绝对的。
”（胡壮麟，2009，p.163）由此可见，语言与文化是存在决定与相关的联系的。
在一种文化的语言形成定型，而语言就会在文化对人思维的影响中气决定性作用。
所以到后期语言不是用来表达一种文化，而是成为文化的载体，直接成为负载文化的语言。
文化负载词的定义是：“在语言系统中，最能直接体现语言承载的文化信息，反应人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。
”所以并非所有的词语都有文化负载功能。
例如，“苹果”和“apple”；“书”和“book”；“足球”和“football”；“跳跃”和“jump"；“美丽的”和“beautiful”等等这些对等的单纯的词，它们所表达的内在的涵义就是其字面意义，并没有什么文化负载功能。
但是不排除把这些单词放在一些语境中，它便背上了文化的重量。
认知图式理论视角下文化负载词的翻译
认知图式理论视角下文化负载词的翻译摘要图式作为人们从自身的经历中获得的一种背景知识,在翻译的理解与表达过程中起着重要的作用。
文化负载词是特定文化中地理环境、生活习惯、思想观念、民族心理等因素在语言上的集中反映。
本文结合认知图式理论,从图式重合、图式冲突、图式互缺3个方面浅谈文化负载词的翻译。
关键词图式理论;文化负载词;翻译0 引言图式是人们通过自身经历获得的经过抽象和概括了的背景知识。
文化图式是人们头脑中通过先前经验建立的一种关于文化知识的组织模块。
翻译是一种语际间的信息传递,它是将原语所承载的信息输入到目的语的过程,但它并不是一个简单的解码——重组过程,更重要的还是一个文化交流的行为。
在翻译过程中,译者只有尽可能多的储存文化背景知识并充分激活内化在大脑中的文化图式,才能准确地把握语言的主旨,再现原文的风采。
词汇是语言中最活跃、最有弹性、是文化载荷量最大的成分。
在各民族文化的积淀中,与其文化对应,具有鲜明文化特质的词汇——文化负载词(culture—loaded words)便应运而生了。
在跨文化的转换中,我们如何去处理这些具有特定文化内涵的词语而达到信息保真就显得相当重要。
本文从认知图式理论视角来探讨文化负载词的翻译。
1 图式理论图式(schema)一词来自希腊语,最早出现在古希腊哲学和心理学著作中。
18世纪,康德曾论述图式的哲学意义,他认为人大脑中存在纯概念的东西,图式是连接概念和感知对象的纽带,后来完形心理学将这一理论用于实验人的视觉感知,最有影响的是伍尔夫对人记忆几何形状的实验。
英国心理学家Barlett认为,图式是指“过去反应或过去经验的一种积极组织,这种组织必然对具有良好适应性的机体反应产生影响”。
20 世纪70、80 年代,人工智能的发展促成了现代图式理论的发展。
许多学者从不同角度给图式下了定义并对其进行分类。
瑞士心理学家Piaqet将图式这概念引入到认知心理学,并逐渐形成了描绘和研究人们认知过程的图式理论(schemata theory)。
文化负载词在四级考试汉译英中的翻译
文化负载词在四级考试汉译英中的翻译1. 引言1.1 文化负载词在四级考试汉译英中的翻译Culture-loaded words refer to words that are deeply rooted in a specific culture and may carry unique cultural connotations. In the context of the Chinese-English translation in the CET-4 exam, understanding and accurately translating culture-loaded words is crucial for achieving a high score.2. 正文2.1 文化负载词的定义Culture-loaded words refer to words and phrases that carry specific cultural meanings and connotations, making them difficult to translate directly into another language. These words often reflect the values, beliefs, and social norms of a particular culture, and may not have direct equivalents in other languages.2.2 文化负载词在四级考试的重要性文化负载词在四级考试中扮演着非常重要的角色。
它们既是考察考生英语翻译能力的一个重要方面，同时也是考察考生对外语文化的理解和掌握程度的表现。
由于文化在语言中起到了至关重要的作用，因此在考试中对文化负载词的翻译是不可或缺的。
文化负载词的准确翻译能够帮助考生更好地理解和把握文章的内容。
英汉颜色词的国俗语义对比
英汉颜色词的国俗语义对比吴燕琼(福州大学外国语学院,福建福州350002)摘 要 语言既是文化的载体,又是文化的写照。
各民族语言中拥有大量的文化限定词(culturally -loaded w ords )。
英汉语中拥有丰富多彩的颜色词,而且大多数颜色词包含丰富的文化内涵。
从文化的角度来看,英汉颜色词在国俗语义上具有重合性和差异性,以及其差异性是由各民族不同的历史传统、风俗习惯、价值观念、生活方式、地理环境等因素造成的。
关键词 颜色词 国俗语义 文化 对比中图分类号:H03 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-5963(2006)01-0116-03A Semantic Contrast on Chinese and E nglish Color -w ordWU Y anqiong(F oreign Languages School ,Fuzhou University ,Fuzhou ,Fujian 350002)Abstract Language is the carrier of culture ,and it als o reflects culture.Culturally -loaded w ords are comm on in each language.Quite a number of color terms from Chinese and English languages have their special cultural implication.The paper dis 2cusses the similarities and differences of cultural meanings of color terms in Chinese and English and points out that histo 2ry ,customs and traditions ,value systems ,ways of life ,and geographic locations are all the essential factors to cause the different cultural connotation.K ey w ords color -w ord cultural meaning culture contrast 随着现代语言学研究的发展,人们对语言的认识也在不断深化,已从过去单纯描写语言现象,转变为强调语言的人文性,即把语言作为一种社会现象和文化现象来研究。
词汇学第六章Culturally-loaded-words分析讲解学习
Narcissus 水仙
▪ In Chinese: ▪ 清雅，高洁：
▪ In English:
▪ Narcissism（自恋）: Narcissus who is so handsome falls in love with his own shadow in the river and eventually he became into a narcissus.
Culturallyloaded words
Definition
In the language system ,culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.
May（五月） According to the goddess Maia's name.
June（六月） According to the God Jupiter's wife, the name of the goddess Juno
4. Astronomical Name
▪ 天河、银河(Milk Way) It is the road leading to the Temple of Zeus, is the ideal way to heaven, is said to be paved with milk.
Red bean 红豆
▪ In Chinese:
▪ 相思豆，象征爱情和思念 ：
红豆生南国，春来发几枝。 愿君多采集，此物最相思。
culturally-loaded words
Lets take a piece of plant words for example to show you what is culturally-loaded words and a comparative study of culturally-loaded words in
Chinese and American Engluck and rich have the same pronouce with “福” bat and deer “福禄” “蝠鹿”
In English:
negative：ugly and vicious associated with crime and terrorism “as blind as bat”(有眼无珠) “to have bats in the belfry”(精神 失常)
月光
纯洁
moonlight
illusion hypocritical
· a big fish ·black sheep
·大人物
·害群之马
·paint the lily
·diamond cut diamond
·画蛇添足
·棋逢对手
THANK YOU!
Narcissus
· In Chinese:
· 清雅 高洁
水仙
·In English：
·Narcissism（自恋） Narcissus :who is so
handsome falls in love
with his own shadow in
the river and eventually
he became a narcissus
goat : bad guy or bad thing “play the goat”(瞎胡闹) is saying that a man like to play a
英汉文化负载词互译探析
英汉文化负载词互译探析作者：王卓来源：《校园英语·下旬》2015年第10期【摘要】本文以英汉语中的文化负载词及其互译为研究对象，将文化负载词的翻译策略简要分为：音译、音译加解释性翻译和直译，并论证了文化负载词的翻译在跨文化交际中的重要作用。
【关键词】文化负载词翻译跨文化交际一、引言语言与文化息息相关，而词汇在语言诸要素中是最能反映文化的物质层面，所以受文化的影响也最大。
通过研究一个民族文化内涵词可以了解到该民族的价值观、思维方式、风土人情及宗教信仰等。
那些只为某一个民族语言所特有，具有独特的文化信息内涵，在其他民族的语言中没有包含这样的文化信息的词就叫做文化负载词（cultural-loaded terms），它们既可以是在漫漫的历史长河中逐渐形成的，也可以是这个民族独创的词。
由于负载着特殊的民族文化内涵，文化负载词往往成为跨文化交际和翻译中的难点，甚至成为信息传递的障碍。
孙致礼（2000：359）曾指出：“翻译的最大困难往往不是语言本身，而是语言所承载的文化意蕴。
”刘守华（1992：150）也认为：“不同文化世界的人们有着不同的对现实世界的观察方式，因而也就使得自己的语言在形成发展过程中表现出独特的风貌和民族特性”。
文化负载词就是这一特定文化现象的具体体现。
二、文化负载词的翻译策略从词汇翻译的角度看，语义可分为表层意义，即词的指称意义，和深层意义，即内涵意义。
文化负载词的文化内涵意义就是指在文化词汇的实体指称意义的基础上，添加的反映某一特定民族文化的语义，即文化附加义。
由于民族文化存在个性差异，文化负载词翻译中的文化信息对等往往很难达到指称意义和文化内涵意义的完全传达。
为使译文和原文最大限度的等值，传递较完整的文化意义，翻译策略的运用就尤其重要。
文化负载词的翻译策略简要分类如下：1.音译。
就英译中而言，音译主要是指用汉语中谐音的字或字的组合翻译英语的词语，而这些字或字的组合并不是汉语现成的有意义的词。
文化含义词的翻译
ON TRANSLATION OF CULTURALLY-LOADEDWORDSByDing ZhenJune, 2010Xiaogan UniversityAbstractTranslation is the communication between two different cultures as well as between English and Chinese language. Culturally-loaded words reflect the history, political system, geographical location, religious belief, social customs and value system of certain culture. It is hard to achieve complete equivalence in terms of culturally-loaded words, which thus become the main obstacle in intercultural communication. It is significant to translate culturally-loaded words. The paper aims to explore translating strategies of culture-loaded words on the basis of the classification of such words by Zhou Zhipei and the Functional Equivalence raised by Eugeue A. Nida. By shifting the focus of translation theory from the traditional dispute about the form versus content and literal versus free to the issue of receptors‟response, Functional Equivalence make contributions to the theory and practice of translating, which essentially applies to culturally-loaded words translation. It puts emphasis on the spirit and meaning of the original in the receptor language as well as preservation of the form as possible as the translator can, thus reproducing in the receptor language in the closest natural equivalence of the source-language message. The rendering is not merely understandable and acceptable and it retains the cultural characteristics as much as possible but also achieves the substantially the same readers‟response in target-language text as original receptors. So the translation of culturally-loaded words will convey the cultural elements and varied expressions and in turn enrich the target language, realizing the true culture communication. With no exception, functional equivalence has its limitations and deficiency. For the length of the paper, here it will be not discussed further.Key words: Culturally-loaded words;Translation; Functional Equivalence文化含义词的翻译摘要翻译不仅是语言的转换，更是文化之间的交流。
文化负载词与现代汉语英语教学
文化负载词与现代汉语英语教学The Role of Culture-Loaded Words in Modern Chinese English Teaching.In the realm of language education, the integration of culture-loaded words presents a unique challenge and opportunity, especially when it comes to teaching English as a foreign language in a Chinese context. These words, often rich in historical, social, and contextual nuances, are the living embodiments of a culture's heritage and identity. Their effective teaching and learning, therefore, go beyond mere linguistic proficiency; they contribute to a deeper understanding of the target culture, essential for true cross-cultural communication.1. Defining Culture-Loaded Words.Culture-loaded words, also known as culturally-specific items or culturally-bound words, refer to those vocabulary items that are unique to a particular culture. These wordsoften reflect the traditions, values, beliefs, and ways of life that are endemic to a specific society or civilization. In Chinese, for instance, terms like "风水" (feng shui), "饺子" (jiaozi), or "春节" (Chunjie) carry significant cultural implications that might not translate directly or fully into other languages.2. Importance in Modern Chinese English Teaching.In modern Chinese English teaching, the integration of culture-loaded words is crucial. It serves to bridge the cultural gap that often exists between the student and the target language. By understanding these words, students can gain insights into the values, beliefs, and behaviors that shape the target culture, enabling them to communicate more effectively and avoid misunderstandings.Moreover, with the increasing globalization ofeducation and business, the need for cross-cultural communication skills has become paramount. By incorporating culture-loaded words into their English vocabulary, Chinese students can enhance their overall proficiency in thelanguage, making them more competitive in the global job market.3. Challenges in Teaching Culture-Loaded Words.Teaching culture-loaded words, however, presents its own set of challenges. Firstly, the translation of these words into English can be problematic, as their literal meanings often fail to capture their deeper cultural significance. This requires teachers to adopt innovative teaching methods that go beyond traditional translation exercises.Secondly, the integration of culture-loaded words requires teachers to have a deep understanding of both the source and target cultures. This calls for continuous professional development and cultural sensitivity training for teachers.4. Strategies for Effective Teaching.To address these challenges, teachers can adopt avariety of strategies. One effective approach is to use contextualized learning, where culture-loaded words are introduced within a cultural or historical context, helping students make sense of their meanings and usages. For instance, by discussing the historical background of the Spring Festival or the significance of feng shui in Chinese culture, students can gain a deeper understanding of these terms.Additionally, teachers can leverage modern technology, such as multimedia and the internet, to bring these words to life. Videos, images, and interactive exercises can help students visualize and experience the cultural context of these words, making them more memorable and relevant.5. The Role of Students.Students also play a crucial role in the effective learning of culture-loaded words. They need to be proactive in seeking out and exploring the cultural backgrounds of these words, beyond what is taught in the classroom. Reading, watching, and interacting with materials andpeople from the target culture can help them develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of these words.6. Conclusion.In conclusion, the integration of culture-loaded words into modern Chinese English teaching is not only beneficial but also necessary. It helps students bridge the cultural gap, enhance their language proficiency, and develop cross-cultural communication skills. However, to achieve this, teachers and students alike need to embrace innovative teaching methods, leverage modern technology, and be proactive in seeking out and exploring the rich cultural backgrounds of these words.。
大学英语词汇教学中的文化现象
大学英语词汇教学中的文化现象语言是文化的载体，词汇较能反映语言的文化差异。
大学英语教学中，从词汇角度入手进行文化导入，有利于学生在阅读文章时加深对文化差异的理解。
标签：词汇教学；文化差异；文化导入。
一、语言与文化语言是言语又是文字，是人类用以互相交际的结构规则系统和因文化而异的社会行为规范系统。
学习一种语言不仅要知道其语法、词汇、语篇结构，还要熟悉其文化的使用规则，这四点共同决定在具体场合中如何使用才算得体。
语言词汇是最明显的承载文化信息、反映人类社会文化生活的工具，各种语言除一部分核心词汇外，许多词汇都带有特定的文化信息，即所谓文化内涵词(culturally -loaded words)。
文化的含义有广义和狭义之分:从广义上说，文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质文明和精神财富的总和;从狭义上说，文化是人类文化价值观念所构成的知识体系。
每一种语言都与特定的文化相对应，其语言结构、语言交际模式等，受到作为该语言上层文化观念的影响甚至制约。
从外语教学的角度而言，一般把文化导入项目简单地分为词语文化和话语文化两大类。
文化对语言的影响和制约主要表现在对词语的意义结构的影响和对话语的组织结构的影响两个方面。
词语包括两大类，一类是单个的词，另一类是词组，包括习语和成语等。
词语是文化信息的载体，各种文化特征都在该语言的词汇中留下它们的印记。
概括来说，词语文化中最重要的内容可以包括:一个民族文化中特有的事物与概念在词汇及语义上的呈现;不同语言中指称意义或语面意义相同的词语在文化上可能有不同的内涵意义;词语在文化涵义上的不等值性;不同文化对相同的现象所作的观念划分的差别在词语及语义上的显示;体现一定文化内容的定型的惯用语，如熟语、成语等。
话语受文化的影响和制约表现在:话题的选择，如谈论天气、问候健康、年龄、收入、个人隐私等在不同的文化中有不同的社会含义;语码的选择.如用什么方言、什么风格来谈论某个话题也受文化因素影响;话语的组织，如话轮、连贯叙述方式、顺序等，各种文化都有一定的模式。
Culture-loaded expressions
Translating Culturally Loaded Words
3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（语用规范不同） substitution（替代） eg. 吃了吗？/上哪儿去？ eg. How are you?/ How do you do? eg. 司马昭之心，路人皆知 Si-Ma-Zhao‟s heart? notorious? as plain as the nose on face? an open secret?
11
Exercise: Try Translating Them
尊重，干部，态度，国家，意义， 关心，情况，宣传，统一，传统 讲，搞，化 个体经济，社会主义精神文明， 乱收费，基本实现小康，街道妇 女，三高农业
12
Examples Analysis
处理国与国关系的时候，我们应该尊重 现实。 When dealing with inter-state relations, we should face reality.
23
Examples Analysis
我们说话算数，不搞小动作。 We mean what we say. We do not play pretty tricks/games. 他到北京工作了两个月，搞得很好。 He worked in Beijing for two months and did a good job there. 我们必须一心一意搞建设。 We must concentrate on economic development. 搞经济协作区，这个路子是对的。 It is the right thing to establish economic cooperation between developed and less 24 developed areas.
culture-loaded_words
其中的“东施效颦”。译为
"If so, she's Tung Shih imitating His Shih..." His Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient Kingdom of Yueh. Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her way.
(五)意译
意译法即着眼于传达原文意义的翻译(诠释),它舍去源语的语 言形式和字面含义,在译语中,用跨文化的“语用对等”词来表 达出原语的文化信息。 例如: the Renaissance (文艺复兴)； “辛亥革命”(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty)； 《过把隐》(Eat, Drink and Be Merry)等。
翻译：Being
a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breath .
译文:当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸。
根据《圣经》之说,人是由上帝用泥土做成的,当上帝把生命 给泥人时,这个泥人就完成了被创造的过程,成为活生生的真 人。这里作者把教师的工作比作是上帝的工作,暗示教师帮 助学生成为一个有血有肉有灵魂的人,使学生有了真正的生 命。
(六)替换
替换指在保留原文交际意义的基础上,用译语中某个概念意 义不同但文化意义相近的词语代换原文词语的方法,即用译 入语中带有文化色彩的词语取代源语中带有文化色彩的词 词。
文化负载词
文化负载词的常用翻译方法
Different cultures,thinking mode,beliefs and values result in obstacles in translation, such as lexical gap, semantic gap and cultural-loaded words. Different approaches shall be adopted to solve this culture barrier. They are literal translation,adaptation and adjustment and liberal translation. 由于不同文化的渊源、思维方式、信仰、价值观造成中西文化词汇冲突、 语义冲突、文化负载词语词义冲 突等翻译障碍。 解决这一问题可用直译、变通法和意译三种翻译方法。
文化负载词是最能体现语言中 浓厚的民族色彩和鲜明的文化个性。
Classification:
语言与文化的研究包含着极其丰富的内容,它涉及 到一种语言所代表的心理意识,文化形成过程，历 史习俗传统和地域风貌特区特征等一系列复杂的 互变因素。New mark(2001)在Nida对文化负载 词分类的基础上略作了改动,将其分为以下几类:
文化词语英译
content：
1、文化负载词的含义 2、文化负载词分类 3、文化负载词的常用翻 译方法——结合案例分 析《红楼梦》Βιβλιοθήκη ulture loaded words
Definitions：
In the language system，the words which can best embody the language carring cultural information and reflecting the social life of human is culture-loaded words 在语言系统中，最能体现语言承载的文化信息、 反映人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词
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Siren莎琳
她是海洋里的半人半鸟的仙女，常用甜美 的歌喉引诱水手。使其葬身大海：因此， 英语中 siren 被用来指“任何妖艳、勾引人 的女人”。这类词汇可以归类到喻意词汇。 “喻意词汇”往往是将希腊神话的人名不 作任何改变或稍加改变来使用。
Echo厄科 她是神话中的一个小仙女，但由于太多话 而被天后赫拉剥夺了自主说话的能力，她 所能说的唯一的一句话是别人对她说的最 后几个字，英语中 echo 便有了“回声”的 意思。
Let’s take a piece of plants words for example to show you what is cultureloaded words and a comparative study of culture-loaded words in Chinese and American English.
Red bean 红豆
In Chinese: In English:
相思豆，象征爱情和思念： 见利忘义，为了眼前的微 红豆生南国，春来发几枝。 小利益而出卖原则：sell
愿君多采集，此物最相思。 —王维《相思》
one’s birthright for some red-bean stew
Culturallyloaded words
Definition
In the language system ,culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.
Same words, similar cultural associations
草 glass 橡树 Oak 默默无闻 勇敢、坚强者 草民、草头百 Grass roots 姓 《致橡树》舒婷 The heart of oak
月桂树 Laurel
橄榄枝 olive branch 桃 peach
荣耀、胜利
和平、友好
蟾宫折桂
Gain one’s laurel
橄榄绿色，爱 Hold out the olive branch 好和平 面似桃花，桃 Peach cheeks 腮
美貌（女子）
1.Place Name
Athens雅典 源于希腊神话中的智慧女神雅典娜 (Athena) ，希腊神话中最有威力的女神之 一。传说她与海神渡寒冬 (Poseidon) 竞争 希腊南端的一块土地，海神劈山驱石以显 示自己的威力，而雅典娜种出了第一棵橄 榄树以示和平安宁，当地居民爱好和平， 拥护她为庇护神，从此该地命名为雅典。
3.Month
January（一月） Janus is The Roman gods, guarded gate of heaven. March（三月） According to the Roman god Mars ’ s name. The Romans took him and thunder, electricity together. March was a month of storms. May（五月） According to the goddess Maia's name. June（六月） According to the God Jupiter's wife, the name of the goddess Juno
Same literal meaning, different cultural connotations.
In Chinese
菊 chrysanthemum
In English
高雅，坚毅，淡泊； wealth 长寿；君子，佳友。
牡丹 peony 柏树 cypress
荣华富贵
lonely
如松树般象征坚贞， mourning 长寿
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Culturally- loaded words refer to those words or phrases which convey a certain kind of cultural connotations or associations which may or may not be found in other languages or cultures. 在语言系统中，最能体现语言承载的文化信息、反映 人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。
Apple 苹果
In Chinese:
平平安安 （“苹”与 “平”同音所 致） In English （蛇果） 掌上明珠，宝贝： the apple of one’s eyes 纽约：the big apple 棒球运动：He likes to play apple. 同伴，家伙：a bed apple （坏蛋） a good apple （张扬的年轻人）
（圣经中以扫为了一碗红豆 汤而出卖长子权的故事）
Willow 柳
In Chinese:
In English:
悲哀与忧愁，有失落和死 离愁别恨引起的忧伤 亡的象征意义： （留）：“奏楼月， 年年柳色，霸陵伤别” Wear the willow：失恋， 悲悼心爱者的去世 女子身段、姿色：柳 （莎士比亚《奥赛罗》） 眉，柳腰 风尘女子：寻花问柳
4. Astronomical Name
天河、银河(Milk Way) It is the road leading to the Temple of Zeus, is the ideal way to heaven, is said to be paved with milk. 水星（Mercury):Messenger of the gods Mercury 金星（Venus):Venus is the goddess of love and beauty. 火星（Mars):Mars is the god of war 木星（Jupiter):the name of the Roman god Zeus 土星（Saturn):the Roman god of agriculture 海王星（Neptune):Poseidon 冥王星（Pluto):God Hades
Narcissus 水仙
In Chinese: 清雅，高洁：
In English: Narcissism（自恋）: Narcissus who is so handsome falls in love with his own shadow in the river and eventually he became into a narcissus.