句子结构及类型

英语句子的两种分法

按句子的用途可以分为四种：

1. 陈述句（肯定、否定）He is six years old.

2. 疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反义）Do they like skating? How old is he?

Marry can swim, can she?

3. 祈使句Be careful, boys. Don’t speak in class.

4. 感叹句How clever the boy is!

按句子结构可分为3种：简单句、并列句、复合句

简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词或介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语等修饰，以使整个句子更加丰富和充实，但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。

He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句子中做状语，修饰worked)

He is a school student in NO.1 middle school. (划线部分在句子中做定语，修饰名词student) 简单句的五个基本句型：

主语+不及物动词Water flows.

主语+谓语动词+宾语She likes English.

主语+系动词+主语补语She is happy.

主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语I’ll tell her the news. I’ll buy a book for you./ I’ll buy you a book

主语+ 动词+宾语+宾语补语The teacher asked me to read the passage. She makes her mother angry.

主语：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east.(名词) He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.（数词）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree（It做形式主语，主语从句是真正的主语）

谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. Where are you going to stay?

表语：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher.（名词）my watch is missing. （形容词化的分词）Five plus five is ten. （数词）The picture is on the wall. （介词短语）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）常见的系动词有：be, sound, look, feel(摸起来、感觉), smell, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持、仍是）, The sound sounds strange. Soon they all became interested in the subject

宾语：1）表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或介词之后。I like China(名词) Hoe many do you need? We need two（数词）I enjoy working with you.（现在分词）I hope to see you again.（不定式）Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）2）介宾——介词后的名词、代词和动名词Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3)双宾语，间接宾语（指人）和直接宾语（指物）Give the poor man some money. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 宾语补语：对宾语的补充We elected him monitor. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. We will make them happy. His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. I’ll have my bike repaired. Don’t keep the light burning. Please make yourself at home.

定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的词、词组或句子Yang Ling is a chemistry teacher. He is our fiend He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. The man over there is my friend. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. The boys playing football are in class 2. The trees planted last year are growing well now, I have an idea to do it well You should do everything that I do.

状语：用来修饰v.,adj. .adv. ,或句子，表示时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、结果、程度、条件、和让步。I’ll go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn’t study well so that he failed in the exam. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. Though he is young, he can do it well.

独立成分：句子中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他成分没有语法关系。Oh! What is that! He has, alas, failed again.

省略成分：句子中的省略成分，虽然没有说出来，却在句子中表示一定的意思。（I wish you ）Good luck. Some gave him praises, but others (gave him) rotten eggs. ( I ) hope you like it.

连接成分：连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或分句，这种词叫——并列连词。另一种连接成分是用来连接两个句子，且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）连词。这类连词叫——从属连词。一个完整的句子必须包含2个以上的句子成分，此外如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其它的句子成分。

并列句：由两个或以上的简单句连接而成，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句

并列句的分类：

表示连接两个同等概念的连词有and，not only…but also, neither…nor,then

表示选择常用的连词有or, either…or... ,otherwise

表示转折but，yet，while，

表示因果so，for August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so everyday I work from drawn till dark.

复合句：含有两个或以上主谓结构的句子，其中一个句子是主句，另一个句子是从句。句型：主句+连词+从句；从句+连词+主句The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. Where there is a will, there is a way.

从句分类：形容词性从句（主、宾、表、同位），名词性从句（定从），副词性从句（状从）