GIS专业英语01
地信专业英语
Vector (矢量) Raster (栅格)
Image(影像)：Reflects pictures or photographs of the
landscape, very similar to raster data, however typically lacks the internal formats(格式) required for analysis and modeling(建模) of the data.
Professional English for Geographical Information System
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Part Ⅰ The Basic Concept of GIS
• 1. What is GIS? (L.1)
• 2. What kinds of functions does a GIS have? (L.2)
preprocesses spatial data from various sources.
2）A data storage and retrieval (/ri‟tri:vəl/)
subsystem that organizes the spatial data in a
manner that allows retrieval, updating, and editing.
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Part Ⅱ——1. GIS data models
3）Vector data formats
Vector storage implies the use of vectors (directional lines) to represent a geographic feature.
地理信息系统专业英语
资源配置 (Resource Configuration)
city utilities
disaster relief materials distribution
energy security ……
In this type of application , GIS is to guarantee the most reasonable allocation of resources and to maximize the efficiency.
find the best locate place for a plant
return
On the consumer level
GIS applications combined with Global Positioning System as well as remote sensing technologies enable us
to
***Find the nearest Starbucks ***Get turn-by-turn directions to the closest gas station. ***Find the best locate place
consumer
Resource management
Mainly applied in agriculture and forestry fields, solve the agriculture and forestry resources questions (such as land area, forests and grasslands) classification, statistical ,distribution, etc. Main answering "localization" and "mode" two kinds of problems.
地理信息系统专业词汇[1]
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地理信息系统专业词汇[1]地理信息系统（GIS）词汇表Accreditation, 委派Accuracy, 准确度Acquisition, 获取activity patterns, 活动模式added value, 附加值adjacency,邻接Aeolian,风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery, 发现的年代Aggregation,聚合ambiguity ,不明确analytical cartography, 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs), 应用编程接口Association of Geographic Information (AGI) ,地理信息协会attribute data, 属性数据attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brian best fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码buffering 缓冲区分析business drivers 业务驱动Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图data 数据automation 自动化capture costs 获取代价capture project 获取工程collection workflow 采集工作流compression 压缩conversion 转换definition 定义geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质GIS 地理信息系统industry 产业integration 集成mining 挖掘transfer 迁移translation 转化data model 数据模型definition 定义levels of abstraction 提取等级in practice 实际上types 类型database 数据库definition 定义design 设计generalization 综合global 全球的index 索引multi-user editing 多用户编辑structuring 结构database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统capabilities 能力data storage 数据存储geographic extensions 地理扩展types 类型Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DA YTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家decision support 决策支持deductive reasoning 演绎推理definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义degrees of freedom 自由度density estimation 密度估算dependence in space 空间依赖desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统desktop paradigms 桌面范例Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图digital divide 数字鸿沟Digital Earth 数字地球Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图Digital representation 数字表现Digital terrain models 数字地形模型Digitizing 数字化DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统Discrete objects 离散对象Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准Dynamic segmentation 动态分割Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型Easting 朝东方Ecological fallacy 生态谬误e-commerce 电子商业editing 编辑education 教育electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪of rotation 旋转的emergency evacuation 应急撤退encapsulation 封装environmental applications 环境应用environmental impact 环境影响epidemiology 流行病学equal area property 等面积特性Equator 赤道EROS Data Center 地球资源观测系统数据中心(美国) Errors 误差Measurement of 误差测量Propagation 传播e-tailers 电子零售商evacuation vulnerabilityevidence, definition 根据，定义exploration 探索exploratory spatial data analysis 探测空间数据分析external validation 外部检验features 要素fields 领域finger-printing 指纹First Law of Geography (Tobler) 地理学第一法则Fly-bys 飞行Dimension 维数Geometry 几何体Fragmentation 分裂FRAGSTATS 一种景观结构分析软件Frequency 频率Frequentist interpretations 频率论解释Friction values 摩擦力值FSA (Forward Sortation Areas) 由加拿大邮政编码前三位符号确定的地理范围Fuzzy approaches 模糊方法Fuzzy data analysis 模糊数据分析Fuzzy membership 模糊隶属Gap analysis 缝隙分析Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gazetteer 地名辞典Generalization 综合Forms of 形式Measuring degree of 测量度Methods of 方法Genetic algorithms 遗传算法Geodemographics 地理人口统计Geographic data formats 地理数据格式Geographic Data T echnology 地理数据技术Geographic database types 地理数据库类型Geographic individual 地理个体Geographic information (GI) 地理信息Availability and accessibility 可用性和可获取性Classification 分类Consistency and quality 一致性和质量Half life 半衰期Types and sources 类型和来源Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) 地理名称信息系统Geographic problems 地理问题Geographic query and analysis 地理查询和分析Geographic representation 地理表现Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM) 地理分析机Geography Network 地理网络Geography, GIS and 地理，地理信息系统和Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geoinformation engineering 地理信息学工程Geolibraries 数位博物馆Geopolitics 地缘政治学Georeference 地理参考Converting 转换Systems 系统Geoschematic visualization 地理视觉表现Geospatial, definition 地理空间，定义Geostationary orbit 与地球位置相对不变的轨道Geostatistics 地理统计学GeoTIFF 一种图像格式GeoWorld 地理世界GIS application servers 地理信息系统应用服务器GIS Day 地理信息系统日GIS innovation diffusion 地理信息系统产品渗透GIS product families 地理信息系统产品家族GIS projects, life cycle stages 地理信息系统项目，生命周期阶段GIS strategy 地理信息系统战略GIS viewers 地理信息系统阅览器GIScience 地理信息科学GIService 地理信息服务GIS-T 交通地理信息系统GIStudies 地理信息学习GISystems 地理信息系统Global Positioning System (GPS) 全球定位系统Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) 全球空间数据基础设施Globalization, GIS and 全球化，地理信息系统和GLONASS 俄罗斯的导航卫星Government as trader in information 政府在信息行业充当商业角色Graphic symbols 图形符号Graphical data models 图形数据模型Graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面Great circle 大圆Grid index 网格索引Ground surveying 大地测量Hardening 硬化Hardware 硬件Hierarchical diffusion 层级扩散Histogram 柱状图Hurricane Floyd 佛洛伊德飓风Hurricane Mitch 飓风米奇Hypothesis testing 假设检验idiographic 独特的Image GIS data models 地理信息系统影像数据模型Implementation of GIS 地理信息系统的实现Indicator Kriging 克利金法Indicators 指示器Inductive reasoning 归纳推理Information ownership 信息所有权Information, definition 信息，定义Inheritance 继承Intangible objectives 非明确目的Integer 整数Integrated development environment (IDE) 集成开发环境Intercept term 拦截期限Internal validation 内在验证International Map of the World (IMW) 世界国际地图International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM) 全球制图指导委员会Paradigms 范例Interpretation 解译Intersection 交集Interval attributes 间隔属性Interval/ratio case 间隔/比率Intranets 企业内部互联网Inverse distance weighting (IDW) 反距离权重法Isochrones 等时线Isohyets 等雨量线Isopleth (isoline) maps 等值线地图Isotropic effects 等方性效果Iteration 反复Kappa index 卡帕索引Kernel function 内核函数Knowledge, definition 知识，定义Knowledge Economy 知识经济Knowledge of form 知识形式Kruger National Park 克鲁格国家公园Lambert Conformal Conic projection 兰勃特等角圆锥投影Land information system 土地信息系统Landmark Information system 地标信息系统Landsat Thematic Mapper sensor 陆地卫星Largest share rule 最大共享法则Latitude 纬度Lifestyles data 生活方式数据Light metadata 轻量级元数据Linear distance decay 线性距离衰退Linear referencing systems 线性参考系统Local Area Networks (LANs) 局域网Local government 地方政府Applications 应用In tax assessment 征税估价Location-allocation problems 位置分配问题Location-based service 基于位置的服务Logical positivism 逻辑实证Logistics 后勤学Longitude 经度Loxodrome 斜航线Macros 宏命令Management 管理Importance 重要性Manual digitizing 手动数字化Map view of dataset 数据集的地图浏览Attribute representation and transformation 属性表现和转换Classification procedures 分类过程Spatial object representation and transformation 空间对象表现和转换mapquest 地图请求Market area analysis 市场区域分析Market penetration 市场渗透Mean distance from the centroid 到质心的平均距离measurement error 测量误差measurement scales 量测尺度median 中央的Medieval art preservation 中世纪艺术保留Mercator projection 墨卡托投影Merging 融合Meridian 子午线Meta-analysis, definition 元分析，定义Metadata 元数据Metric 公制的，米制的Metric georeferences 公制地理参考Military maps 军用地图Military satellites 军用卫星Minimum aggregate travel (MA T) 最小旅行距离和Minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) 最小外包矩形Minimum mapping unit 最小制图单元mixelMode 模式Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) 可变区域单元问题Moran index 莫然索引MOSAIC Metal-Oxide-Silicon Active Integrated Circuit 金属-氧化物-硅有源集成电路Move set 移动装置MrSID (Multiresolution Seamless Image Database) 多分辨率无缝的影像数据库Multicollinearity 多重共线性Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) 多标准决策支持Multiple objectives 多重目标Multivariate mapping 多元制图Napster Napster公司文件交换软件National Gap Analysis Program 国家缝隙分析计划National Grid of Great Britain 大不列颠国家网格National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) 国家空间数据基础设施Navigation Technologies (NavTech) 导航技术Negative autocorrelation 负自相关Neighbor 邻居Network 网络Network data model 网络数据模型Nominal attributes 名词属性Nominal case 名词格Nominal data 名词数据Normative uses of GIS 地理信息系统使用的标准化North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) 北美1983大地基准Northing 向北Nugget 贵金属块Null hypothesis 虚假设Object 对象Data model 数据模型Database management systems (ODBMS) 数据库管理系统Databases 数据库Object Management Group (OMG) 对象管理组织Object-level metadata (OLM) 对象级元数据Object-relational database management systems (ORDBMS) 对象关系型数据库管理系统Object Store 对象存储Operational decisions 操作决策Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) 操作导航图Optimistic versioning 乐观版本化Optimum paths 最优路径Ordinal attributes 顺序属性Ordinary least squares (OLS) 最小二乘法Orienteering problem 定向运动问题Orthophotoquads 正射影象图Overlay 叠置Ownership of information 信息所有权Paper maps 纸质地图Parallel 平行的Patenting 登记专利Percent correctly classified (PCC) 按正确率分类Periodicity 周期Per-pixel accuracy 像元精度Per-point accuracy 点精度Pessimistic locking 悲观锁定Photogrammetry 摄影测量Pie charts 饼图Pilot study 飞行员学习Pixels 像素Planar projections 平面投影Planimeter method 测面计方法Planning Assistance for Superintendent Scheduling (PASS) Planning information system 规划信息系统Plate Carreep-median problem P-中量问题point in polygon 多边形内的点point pattern analysis 点模式分析political power, GIS and 政治权利，地理信息系统和polygon 多边形polygon overlay 多边形叠置polyline 折线polymorphism 多态现象positional error 定位误差positive autocorrelation 正自相关positive uses of GIS 地理信息系统的正面使用post codes 邮政编码postal addresses 邮政地址precision 精度predictor variables 预报变量pricing of geographical information 地理信息的定价Prince’s Trust 王子的信任Process knowledge 过程知识Processes 过程Professional GIS 专业地理信息系统Projections 投影Prototyping 原型化Publishing industry 出版业Quadtree indexes 四叉树索引Quadtrees 四叉树Quality of life 生活质量Queries 查询Range 范围Raster-based GIS 基于栅格的地理信息系统Raster compression techniques 栅格压缩技术Raster data capture 栅格数据获取Using scanners 使用扫描仪Raster data model 栅格数据模型Raster overlay 栅格叠置Rasters 栅格Ratio attributes 比率属性Rationalization 合理化Reasoning 推理Regression parameters 衰退参数Relational database management systems (RDBMS) 关系数据库管理系统Relational databases 关系型数据库Relient Energy 可靠性能源Remote sensing 遥感Representative fraction (scale) 典型的分形Request for proposals (RFP) 请求提议Resampling 重采样Residual 剩余的Response variable 响应变量Risk 风险Rook’s case Root mean square error (RMSE) 均方根误差Routing problems 路径问题R-tree indexes R-树索引Rubber-sheeting 弹性伸缩Rule sets 规则集Run-length encoding 行程长度编码Salge, FrancoisSample frame 采样桢Sampling interval 采样间隔Sampling, spatial 采样，空间的Satellite images 卫星影像Scale 尺度Measurement 量测Scale dependence 尺度依赖Scanners 扫描仪Scatterplot 散点图Scatterplot view of database 数据库散点图视图Scripts 脚本Secant projections 切割投影Selective availability 选择可用性Self-similarity 自相似性semivariogram 半变异元Shape 形状sill 岩床Slope 斜坡Small circle 小圆Architecture 体系结构Data models and customization 数据模型和自定义Industry 工业Types 类型Usage 使用Soil erosion, NSW 土地侵蚀，新南威尔士Spa Marketing Systems 温泉市场系统Space Imaging 空间成像Spaghetti 意大利面条Spatial 空间的Analysis 分析Definition 定义Types 类型Uncertainty and 不确定性和Autocorrelation 自相关Measuring distance effects as 测量距离效果作为Decision support system 决策支持系统Dependence 依赖性Heterogeneity 异构Information science 信息科学Interaction modeling 交互模型Interpolation 插值Objects, types 对象，类型Querying 查询Resolution 分辨率Restructuring 重构Sampling 采样Structure 结构Of errors 误差的Uncertainty 不确定性Spatial, definition 空间的，定义Species range maps 种类范围图Species richness maps 种类丰富图Specification, map 规范，地图Spectral resolution 光谱分辨率Spheroid 球状体Splines 样条Spurious polygon 乱真多边形Standard deviation 标准偏差Standard Query Language (SQL) 标准查询语言State Plane Coordinates (SPC) 美国平面坐标Statistical inference 统计推论Strategic decisions 战略决策Street centerline files 街道中心线文件Stripped-down metadata 分拆式元数据Subjectivist interpretations 主观解译SWOT analysis 优势(Strength)、弱点(Weakness)、机会(Opportunities)、危机(Threat)四点分析Symbolization generalization 符号综合Table view of dataset 数据集的表视图tacit knowledge 默许知识tactical decisions 战术决策Tangent 相切的Tangible objectives 切实目标Tax assessment 估税Temporal autocorrelation 时间自相关Temporal resolution 时间分辨率Terrain nominal 地形名词terraserver 鸟瞰(微软服务器)tessellation 镶嵌式方格Theft of information 信息偷窃Three-tier architecture 三层体系结构TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) files 集成图形地理编码参照文件Time geography 时间地理Time-space geography (Hagerstrand) 时空地理（哈格斯特朗）First Law of Geography 地理学第一法则Tolerance 容差Topographic Quadrangle Maps 地形地图方格Topologic creation 拓扑建立Topologic dimension 拓扑维数Topologic properties 拓扑属性Topology 拓扑Training 训练Transactional databases 事务数据库Transactions 事务Transportation 交通Transverse Mercator Projection 横向墨卡托投影Traveling salesman problem (TSP) 旅行销售员问题Triangulated irregular network (TIN) 不规则三角网Data model 数据模型Uncertainty 不确定性Definition 定义Living with 伴随…Unified Modeling Language (UML) 统一建模语言Universal Polar Stereographic projection (UPS) 通用横球面投影Universal Soil Loss Equation 全球土地流失方程Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection 全球横向墨卡托(UTM)投影University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) 地理信息系统大学委员会Unobserved predictor variables 未观测预报变量Unprojected projection 非预料投影Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) 联邦地理数据协调委员会Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) 数字地球空间元数据目录标准Geological Survey 地质测量Geological Survey and Defense Mapping Agency 地质测量和防卫制图机构National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse (美国) 国家地球空间数据中心National Map Accuracy Standard 国家地图精度标准National Mapping Program (NMP) 国家制图计划Public Land Survey System (PLSS) 公共土地测量系统User interaction 用户交互V agueness 模糊V alidation 验证V alue adding 增值V ariance 变迁V ector data capture 矢量数据获取V ector data model 矢量数据模型V ectorization 矢量化V ectors 矢量V ersioning 版本化V ertices 顶点Virtual reality (VR) 虚拟现实Visualization in scientific computing (ViSC) 科学计算可视化Visualization, scientific 可视化，科学的Water facility object data model 水设施对象数据模型Watermarking 水印Wavelength 波长Wavelet compression 小波压缩WGS84 (World Geodetic System of 1984) 1984世界测量系统Wide area networks (WANs) 广域网World Wide Web 万维网Worst-case scenario 最差情况Zero autocorrelation 零次自相关ZIP codes ZIP编码Zoning 分区制。
GIS专业英语
GIS专业英语Abscissa 横坐标absolute accuracy 绝对精度absolute coordinates 绝对坐标Absorption 吸收abstraction 抽取accuracy 精度Add Data 添加数据Across-track scanner 跨径扫描仪active remote sensing 主动遥感Address geocoding 地址地理编码address locator地址定位器Address matching 地址匹配agreement licensee 协议被许可人Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 高级甚高分辨率辐射仪Air station 航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner 沿径扫描仪Alphanumeric grid 字母数字网格Anaglyph 视差立体图analog image模拟图像Analysis mask 分析掩模anisotropy各向异性Antipode对跖点apogee远地点Arc 弧architecture 架构archive档案argument参数Arithmetic expression 算术表达式aspatial data 非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比Astrolabe 星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window大气窗口Atomic clock 原子钟attenuation 衰减authentication 身份验证author 作者Autocorrelation 自相关automated cartography 自动化制图automation scale 自动化比例Autovectorization 自动矢量化axis 轴azimuthal projection 方位投影Backscatter 后向散射band 波段band ratio 波段比band-pass filter 带通滤波器Bandwidth 带宽bar scale比例尺(图形比例尺) base layer 底层base station基站Batch 批量batch geocoding 批量地理编码batch processing 批处理Batch vectorization 批量矢量化bathymetric curve 等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics 贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curve 贝塞尔曲线Bilinear interpolation 双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution 二项式分布Biogeography 生物地理学blind digitizing 盲目数字化block group街区群Block kriging 块段克里金法bookmark 书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator 布尔运算符boundary边界boundary line 界线Boundary monument 界标boundary survey 边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule 包狄法则break point 断点breakline断裂线browser 浏览器Buffer area 缓冲区business logic 业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design)Cadastral survey 地籍测量cadastre 地籍calibration 校准,定标callout line标注线Camera station 摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system 笛卡尔坐标系cartogram 统计图cartographer 制图员Cartography 制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree 目录树catchment流域Categorical raster 类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells 栅格Cellular automaton 元胞自动机census block人口普查区块Census geography人口普查地理学center 中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点Central meridian中央子午线centroid 重心chart 图表chi-square statistic卡方统计Choropleth map 面量图chroma色度chronometer 天文钟circle圆Circular variance 圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid 克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid 克拉克椭球面Clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS 码相位GPS Cognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command 命令Command line 命令行compass north罗经北compass point 罗经点compass rose罗经盘Compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program 压缩程序Computational geometry计算几何学Containment 包含Conformal projection 等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性Conic projection 圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata 数字地理空间元数据的内容标准Continuous raster 连续栅格contour 等高线,等值线contour drawings 等高线图,等值线图Contour interval 等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线Contour tagging 等高线标注,等值线标注contrast ratio 对比度Contrast stretch 对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换Convex hull 凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system 坐标系Coordinated universal time 协调世界时correlation相关Corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区Covariance 协方差Coverage 1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层Cracking 裂化Crandall rule Crandall 法则crop guide 裁切参考线crop marks 裁切标记Cross correlation 交叉相关cross covariance 交叉协方差cross tabulation 交叉表Cross validation 交叉验证Cross variogram交叉变差函数Cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素Cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合Customizations 自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影Dangle length悬线长度Dangle tolerance 悬线容差dangling arc 悬弧Dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management 数据管理Data table 数据表dataset 数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system) Dead reckoning 航位推测法Declination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation 德洛内三角Delimiter 分隔符demography人口统计学Densify 增密densitometer密度计Density slicing 密度分割deploy 部署或安装（硬件、软件等）Depression contour 洼地等高线depth contour等深线Depth curve 深度曲线Descending node 降交点Desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop 桌面Desktop clients 桌面客户端Desktop GIS 桌面GIS destination目标Determinate flow direction确定性流向Deterministic model 确定性模型Detrending 趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer 开发人员Development environment 开发环境Diazo process重氮晒印法difference 差异Differential correction 差分校正Differential Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统Diffusion 扩散Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard 数字化地理信息交换标准Digital Geographic Information Working Group 数字地理信息工作组Digital image processing 数字图像处理Digital line graph 数字线划图Digital nautical chart 数字海图Digital number 数值Digital orthophoto quadrangle 数字正射影像图Digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle 数字正射影像象限图Digital raster graphic 数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data 数字地形高程数据Digital terrain model 数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子Dimension 尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流Direction 方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分Discovery 发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing离散数字化Discrete raster 离散栅格数据Displacement 位移display scale显示比例Display unit显示单位dissemination扩散,传播distance距离Distance decay距离衰减Distance unit距离单位Distortion变形district 地区Dithering 抖动Diurnal arc周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS 多普勒辅助GPS dot density map点密度图Dot distribution map 点分布图double precision双精度Double-coordinate precision 双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游Drafting 描绘draping叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区Drop-down list 下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding 双重独立坐标地图编码Dynamic zoom 动态缩放Easting 东距eccentricity 偏心率ecliptic 黄道edge边Edgematching 边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集element 元素Electronic navigational chart 电子航海图Elevation guide 高程指南ellipsoid 椭球体Ellipticity 椭圆率End offset 末端偏移endpoint 端点enterprise GIS 企业级GIS Entity objects 实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model 环境模型Ephemeris 星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification等积分类Equal-area projection 等积投影equal-interval classification等距分类Equatorial plane 赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据Event 事件exponent指数export导出exposure station 摄站expression表达式Extended 扩展extent范围extrapolation 外插法extrude 拉伸extrusion拉伸Face 平面false easting 东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature 要素Federal Geographic Data Committee 美国联邦地理数据委员会field 字段Fill 填充fillet圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图Focal analysis邻域分析focal functions邻域函数form 地形，形式fractal 分形Framework 框架frequency 频率from-node 起点Full Extent 完整范围Fuzzy boundary 模糊边界Fuzzy classification 模糊分类fuzzy set 模糊集合Fuzzy tolerance 模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection 高斯-克吕格投影Generalization 概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术Geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系geocode地理编码geocoding 地理编码Geocomputation 地理计算geodata 地理数据geodatabase 地理数据库Geodatabase data model 地理数据库数据模型Geodataset 地理数据集Geodesic 测地线Geodetic 测地学geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系Geographic information science 地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS) 地理信息系统(GIS)Geography 地理学geography level 地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言Geoid 大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离Geolocation 几何定位geometric coincidence 几何重叠Geometric correction 几何校正Geometric dilution of precision 几何精度衰减因子Geometric network 几何网络Geometric transformation 几何变换Geometry 几何学geomorphology 地貌学Geoprocessing 地理处理Georectification地理校正Georeference 地理参考Georeferencing 地理参考georelational data model 地理相关数据模型Geospatial data 地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse 地理空间数据交换中心Geospatial technology 地理空间技术Geospecific model 地学相关模型Geostationary 对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous 对地同步Geotypical model 典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GUI GUI (图形用户界面)Global spatial data infrastructure 全球空间数据基础架构Glyph 字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to ǿȀ转至ǿȀGPS 全球定位系统Grad 梯度(原英文单词可能有误) gradian 梯度gradient 坡度，斜率graticule 经纬网Gravimeter 重力计gravimetric geodesy 大地重力学gravity model 引力模型Gray scale 灰度great circle 大圆Greenwich mean time格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid 网格grid cell网格单元ground 大地,地面Hachure 晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径Height 高度Helmert transformation 线性正形变换hemisphere半球Heuristic 试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal 十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网Hillshading 坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化Hole 孔洞Horizontal geodetic datum 水平大地基准human geography 人文地理学Hydrography 水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink 超链接Hypsography 测高学，地势图hypsometric curve等高线hypsometric map地势图Hypsometry 测高法Identify 识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate图像坐标Image data 图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale 图像比例尺Image space 图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import 导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server) incident energy入射能量Index 索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪Infrastructure 基础设施inset map插图instance 实例instantiation实例化Integer data 整数型数据integration 集成intensity 亮度Interactive vectorization 交互矢量化Interchange format 交换格式Interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据International date line 国际日期变更线international meridian国际子午线International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织Interpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarity 内在稳态Inverse distance weighted interpolation 反距离加权内插法Irregular triangular mesh 不规则三角网Irregular triangular surface model 不规则三角面模型Isanomal 等地平Isarithm 等数线Isobar 等压线isochrone 等时线Isohyet 等雨量线Isolines 等值线isometric line 等容线isopleth 等值线isotherm等温线Isotropy无向性iteration 迭代iterative procedure迭代过程Jaggies 锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic 联合作战地图Junction element 交点元素Kernel 内核key identifier 主标识符kinematic positioning 动态定位Knockout 分离区(信号或通讯的中断) known point 已知点Kohonen map 柯霍南图Kriging 克里金法label标签labeling 标注lag 间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system土地信息系统land use土地利用landform 地形landmark 地标Landsat 陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学large scale 大比例尺lattice 点阵面layers 层layout 布局least squares 最小二乘法level 水平leveling 水平测量library 类库license 许可证license agreement 许可协议licensee 被许可人lidar 激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight 视线line simplification 线条简化line smoothing 线条平滑linear dimension 线性尺寸linear feature 线性要素linear interpolation 线性内插法linear referencing 线性参考(用于交通GIS) linear unit 线性单位localization 本地化location query 位置查询location-allocation 位置分配location-based services 基于位置的服务logarithm 对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse 闭合导线loxodrome 恒向线Magnetic bearing 磁方位magnetometer 磁力计majority resampling 多数重新采样Map algebra 地图代数map collar地图边缘map display 地图显示Map document地图文档map element地图元素map extent地图范围Map feature 地图要素map generalization 地图概化,地图综合Map projection 地图投影Map query 地图查询map reading地图阅读map scale 地图比例尺map series地图系列Map service 地图服务map sheet地图map style地图风格map unit 地图单位Mapping 制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator 数学运算符Matrix 矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level 平均海平面Mean stationarity 平均稳态Measure 测量measure value 测量值Measurement residual 测量残差median中间数median center平均中心Mental map 意境图meridian子午线metadata 元数据Metropolitan statistical area 大都市统计区microdensitometer 测微密度计Micrometer 1.测微计; 2.微米minimum bounding rectangle 最小边界矩形Minimum map unit 最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure 闭合差Mitigation 减轻mobile clients 移动客户端Mobile GIS 移动GIS Model 模型Monument 标石morphology 形态学mosaic 镶嵌图mud pit 泥浆池Multichannel receiver 多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据Multipart feature 多部分要素multipatch feature 带纹理要素Multiplexing channel receiver 多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature 多点要素Multispectral scanner 多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis 多元分析My Places 我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure 美国国家空间数据基础设施Natural breaks classification 自然分类navigation 导航Navstar Navstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目)Neighborhood statistics 邻域统计networked 联网node 节点Noncoterminous polygon 非相连多边形nonversioned 非版本normal distribution 正态分布Normal probability distribution 正态概率分布northing 北距Oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset 偏移Oill spill 溢油(原文oill 应为Oil) Online GIS 在线GISOpen Geodata Interoperability Specification 开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium 开放地理空间协会open traverse 不闭合导线OpenGIS Consortium OpenGIS 协会OpenLS OpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service)Operand 运算数operator运算符optical center 光学中心ordinal data序数数据Ordinary kriging 普通克里金法ordinate 纵坐标Ordnance Survey 英国陆地测量局Orientation 方向origin point 原点orthogonal offset 正交偏移Orthographic 正交orthomorphic 正形orthophoto 正射影像Orthophotograph 正射影像orthophotoquad 无等高线正射影像overview map 总览图Orthophotoscope 正射投影仪orthorectification 正射校正outlier 异常值Outline vectorization 轮廓矢量化output data 输出数据Overlay 重叠Overprinting 套印Pan 平移panchromatic sharpening 全色锐化parallax bar 视差尺Parameter 参数parametric curve 参数曲线passive remote sensing 被动遥感Passive sensors 被动传感器Path 路径Pathfinding 路径搜寻peak山峰Percent slope 斜率perigee 近地点persistence 持久性photogeology 摄影地质学Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Photomap 摄影地图photometer光度计Physical geography 自然地理学pit 洼地，山谷placement 放置Planar coordinate system 平面坐标系planar enforcement 平面强化planarize平面化Plane 平面planimetric map 平面图planimetric shift 平面位移Platform 平台Plot 绘图plotter绘图仪plumb line铅垂线point 点point digitizing 点数字化Point event 点事件point feature 点要素point line 点线Point mode digitizing 点模式数字化point size点大小Point-in-polygon overlay 多边形内点重叠polar aspect 极方位坡向Polar flattening 极向扁率polar orbit 极轨道polar radius 极半径Policy and management 政策与管理Polygon overlay 多边形重叠Polyhedron 多面体Polyline 折线position位置postal code 邮政编码precision code 精确码Prime meridian 本初子午线prime vertical 东西圈probability map概率图Profile graph 剖面图projected coordinate system 投影坐标系Projective transformation 射影变换prolate ellipsoid 长椭球体property属性Proximity analysis 邻近分析pseudo node 伪节点pseudo-random number伪随机数Public Land Survey System美国公共土地测量系统pyramid金字塔QQ plot QQ 图quadrangle maps 梯形图幅quadrant象限quadrat analysis样方分析Quadtree 四叉树quantile 分位数quantile classification 分位数分类Quantile scatter chart 分位数散点图quantitative data 数量数据Quantitative geography 数量地理学query 查询Radar altimeter 雷达测高计Radar interferometry 雷达干涉测量Radian 弧度Radiation 辐射radio button 单选按钮radio waves 无线电波radiometer 辐射计Radiometric 辐射测量radius半径random noise随机噪声range范围,距离Range domain 范围域,距离域raster 栅格raster band栅格层raster cell 栅格单元Raster data model栅格数据模型Raster dataset band 栅格数据层Raster model 栅格模型Raster preprocessing 栅格预处理Raster snapping 栅格贴齐Raster tracing 栅格跟踪Rasterization 栅格化ratioing 比值法ray tracing 光线跟踪RDBMS 关系数据库管理系统reclassification 重分类Record 记录Record selector 记录选择器rectangular survey 矩形测量rectification 校正Rectilinear 直线,纵横线redistricting 重新区划reference data 参考数据Reference grid 参考网格Reference level 基准面Reference map 基准图Reference spheroid 参考椭球面Reference system 参考系统Referential integrity 参照完整性Reflectance 反射率reflected back 反射Region 地区，区域regression回归relational join 关系结合Relational operator 关系运算符relationship 关系relative accuracy相对精度Relative bearing 相对方位relative mode 相对模式relative path 相对路径Release of hazardous liquids 有害液体的泄漏relief efforts 救助Relief shading 地貌晕渲remote-sensing imagery 遥感图像Replaced hachuring 替代晕渲法replication 复制Representation 表示法，表现Representative fraction数字比例尺reprojection 重新投影resampling 重采样Residuals 残差resolution merging 分辨率融合restriction 限制Reverse geocoding 反地理编码rhumb line 恒向线ring 圆环ring study圆环分析River addressing 河道寻址rotation 旋转route路线row行R-tree R 树Satellite image 卫星图像satellite imagery 卫星图像saturation饱和度Scalable 可伸缩scale bar 比例尺scale factor 比例系数scale range 比例尺范围Scatter chart 散点图scene 场景,景(卫星图像单位) Schema 架构Seamless pan 无缝平移secant projection 正割投影section 弧段segment线段Self-organizing map 自组织影射图semantics 语义semimajor axis 半长轴Semiminor axis 半短轴semivariogram 半变差函数Sensitivity analysis 敏感度分析Sensor 传感器sequence 序列sequential analysis 顺序分析Serialization 序列化Server GIS 服务器GIS sextant 六分仪shaded relief image 晕渲地貌图Shaded relief map 晕渲地貌图shading 晕渲Shape 形状Shapefile 形状文件(ESRI数据格式) shield盾牌,(地质学)地盾shift位移Shortcuts 快捷方式short-range variation 短程变化signal 信号Signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signature特征significance level 显著性水平Sill 基台simple kriging 简单克里金法simultaneous conveyance 同时传达Sink 端点，汇点site prospecting 选址分析slope坡度smooth 平滑Snapping tolerance 捕捉容差soil 土壤sonar 声纳soundex 语音编码算法Source 起点，源点source data 源数据space coordinate system 空间坐标系Spaghetti data 无位相数据spaghetti digitizing 无位相数字化spatial analysis 空间分析Spatial cognition 空间认知spatial data 空间数据Spatial Data Transfer Standard空间数据传输标准spatial database空间数据库Spatial join 空间结合spatial modeling 空间建模spatial overlay空间叠加Spatial query 空间查询spatial reference空间参考spatial weights matrix空间权重矩阵Spatialization 空间化spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral signature 光谱特征Spectrometer 光谱仪spectrophotometer分光光度计Spectroscopy 光谱学Spectrum 光谱sphere球体spheroid 椭球面,椭球体spider diagram蛛网图Spike 尖峰，异常线spline 样条函数spot 点spurious polygon 伪多边形Standard deviation 标准偏差Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Standard Industrial Classification codes 标准工业分类代码Star diagram 星形图state状态state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系Static positioning 静态定位Stationarity 稳态Stationing 定位参考Statistical surface 统计表面steep 陡峭steradian 球面度Stereocompilation 立体测图Stereogrammatic organization 立体法结构Stereographic projection 球极平面投影Stereometer 体积计Stereomodel 立体模型Stereopair 立体像对Stereoplotter 立体绘图仪stochastic model 随机性模型stream digitizing 流数字化Stream mode digitizing 流模式数字化stream tolerance 流容差streaming 数据流Stretch 拉伸string 线段串，字符串Structure 结构study area 研究区域Surface fitting 曲面拟合surface model 曲面模型surround element 周边元素Survey marker 方位标survey monument方位标survey station测点Symbol 符号Tangent projection 切面投影taskbar 任务栏temporal data 时态数据Temporal GIS 时态GIS territory 地域Tessellation 网格化textbox 文本框Texture 纹理thematic map 专题地图theodolite 经纬仪Thiessen polygons 泰森多边形Thinning 细化third normal form 第三范式three-dimensional shape 三维形状Three-tier configuration 三层结构threshold ring analysis 阈值环分析Tidal datum 潮位基准面tie point 连接点tie survey 连接测量Tissot indicatrix 天梭指示线tolerance 容差toolbar 工具栏,工具条toolbox 工具箱Tools toolbox 工具工具箱topographic contours 地形等高线topography地形学, 地形Topological overlay 拓扑重叠Topology error 拓扑误差toponym 地名tour巡回路线Township 镇区tracing 跟踪tracking data 跟踪数据tract 人口普查区transaction事务Transformation 变换transit rule 过渡法则translation平移，转换Transverse aspect横轴法投影traverse 导线triangulated irregular network 不规则三角网Triangulation 三角测量trilateration 三边测量true bearing 真实方位true curve 真实曲线True north 真北tuple 元组turn impedance转弯阻抗turn-by-turn maps多段显示地图Tutorial 教程uninitialized flow direction 未初始化的流向United States Geological Survey 美国地质勘测局univariate distribution 一元分布Universal kriging 通用克里金法universal polar stereographic 通用极球面投影坐标网Universal Soil Loss Equation 通用土壤流失方程universal time 世界时Universal transverse Mercator 统一横轴墨卡托投影upstream 上游Urban geography 城市地理学Urban Vector Map 城市矢量图Valency 度validation验证variable 变量variance 方差Variance-covariance matrix 方差协方差矩阵 Variogram 变差函数Variography 变差法Vector 矢量vectorization 矢量化verbal scale 言语比例尺Vertex 顶点Vertical axis 纵轴vertical coordinate system 垂直坐标系Vertical exaggeration 垂直夸大Vertical geodetic datum垂直大地基准Vertical photograph 垂直航拍图viewshed 视域visible scale range 可见比例范围Visual center 视觉中心visual hierarchy 视觉层次visualization可视化V oronoi diagram V oronoi 图V oxel 三维像素Warping 变形waterfall model 瀑布模型Watershed 分水岭Wavelength 波长wavelet compression 小波压缩wayfinding 路线搜寻Waypoint 路点Web clients Web 客户端Web-enabled 支持Web Weight 权重Weighted mean center 加权平均中心weighted moving average 加权移动平均Weighted overlay 加权重叠weird polygon 复杂多边形well 水井World 世界Windowing 窗口Wireframe 线框workbook 工作簿,练习册workflow 工作流Zenithal projection 天顶投影zonal analysis 区域分析zonal functions 区域函数zone of interpolation 内插区zoning 分区zoom 缩放。
GIS专业英语第一章翻译
D efinitions of GIS“GIS”is an acronym meaning of Geographic Information System . In order to provide a good understanding of GIS , the following two definitions given by Rhind ( 1989 ) and the United States Geological Survey ( USGS , 1997 ) respectively are presented first.地理信息系统”是一个缩写含义，地理信息系统。
为了提供一个很好的了解，下面给出的定义由兰德（1989）和美国地质调查局（美国地质勘探局，1997）分别是第一次提出.1 “. . . . a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the captu re, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and manage ment problems .”1“GIS是一个由硬件，软件，和程序设计，支持捕获，管理，处理，分析，建模，并显示空间参照的数据，以解决复杂的规划和管理的问题的一个系统。
”2 “. . . . a computer system capable of assembling , storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information , i . e ., data identified according to their location .”2“。
地理信息系统专业英语(全书翻译)
地理信息系统专业英语(全书翻译)
引言
本书是一本关于地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，简称GIS）专业英语的全书。
本书旨在帮助研究GIS的学生和从业
人员提高他们的英语听说读写技能，使他们能够流利地进行专业交
流和文献阅读。
全书内容包括以下几个部分：
第一部分：地理信息系统基础
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的基本概念和原理，包括地理数据、地图投影、地理空间分析等内容。
通过研究本部分的内容，读者可
以了解GIS的基础知识，并掌握相关的专业英语表达。
第二部分：地理信息系统应用领域
本部分介绍了地理信息系统在不同应用领域的具体应用，包括
土地利用规划、城市规划、环境保护等。
读者可以了解不同领域中
的GIS应用案例，并研究相关的专业英语表达。
第三部分：地理信息系统技术与工具
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的常用技术和工具，包括GIS软件、地理数据库、数据采集与处理等。
读者可以了解不同的GIS技术和
工具，并研究相关的专业英语表达。
第四部分：地理信息系统发展趋势与挑战
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的发展趋势和挑战，包括云计算、
大数据、人工智能等新技术对GIS的影响。
读者可以了解GIS领域的最新发展动态，并研究相关的专业英语表达。
结论
本书通过全面介绍地理信息系统的相关知识，帮助读者提高英
语水平和专业素养。
读者通过学习本书，可以更好地理解和应用地
理信息系统，并与国际同行进行有效的交流。
GIS专业英语词汇
GIS专业英语词汇accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。
它包含ArcView和ArcEditor所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网）aspatial data 非空间数据Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brian best fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, Peter Business and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbara cadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martin cannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping 分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区，地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价，Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, Paul Customer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图data 数据automation 自动化capture costs 获取代价capture project 获取工程collection workflow 采集工作流compression 压缩conversion 转换definition 定义geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质GIS 地理信息系统industry 产业integration 集成mining 挖掘transfer 迁移translation 转化data model 数据模型definition 定义levels of abstraction 提取等级in practice 实际上types 类型database 数据库definition 定义design 设计generalization 综合global 全球的index 索引multi-user editing 多用户编辑structuring 结构database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统capabilities 能力data storage 数据存储geographic extensions 地理扩展types 类型Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家decision support 决策支持deductive reasoning 演绎推理definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义degrees of freedom 自由度density estimation 密度估算dependence in space 空间依赖desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统desktop paradigms 桌面范例Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图digital divide 数字鸿沟Digital Earth 数字地球Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图Digital representation 数字表现Digital terrain models 数字地形模型Digitizing 数字化DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding)program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统Dine CARE Discrete objects 离散对象Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准Dynamic segmentation 动态分割Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型Easting 朝东方Ecological fallacy 生态谬误e-commerce 电子商业editing 编辑education 教育electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪of rotation 旋转的emergency evacuation 应急撤退encapsulation 封装environmental applications 环境应用environmental impact 环境影响epidemiology 流行病学equal area property 等面积特性Equator 赤道ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司，用户遍布100多个国家，软件套数超过17000套。
GIS专业英语教学教材
GIS专业英语教学教材G I S专业英语第⼀课Comprehensive:全⾯的，综合的，Intellectual:智⼒的，才智的Jargon:专业术语Terminology:专业术语Geomatique:地理信息技术Geoscience:地球科学Derivative:派⽣物，衍⽣物Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Architect：建筑师Preliminary：初步的，起始的Enumerate：列举，枚举Resemble：像，与……相似Transformation：转换第⼆课Automated：⾃动化的Equivalent:a等价的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Mylar：胶⽚Electronic：电⼦的Encode：编码Orthophotoquad:正射影像图Aerial：空中的，航空的Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Reproduction：再现，复制，繁殖Dissemination：传播，宣传，传染Counterpart：相似之物Compactness：致密性Complexity：复杂，复杂性Hamper：阻碍，束缚Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Planimeter:测⾯器，求积仪Phenomena：现象Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直⽅图，柱状图Supplementally:追加，补充Modification：修改，变型Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Hand-drawn：⼿绘Emergency：紧急事件Employe：雇佣，雇⼯Clarify：澄清，阐明Taxonomy：分类学，分类法Bifurcation：分歧，分叉Parcel:地块Conservation：保存，保持Procurement：获得，取得，采购Wildlife：野⽣动植物Earthquake：地震Landslide：泥⽯流，⼭崩Cadastral：地籍的，有关⼟地清册的Geodetic：⼤地测量学，最短线的Sophisticated：精致的，复杂的第三课Pervade:弥漫，遍及Aspect：坡向，⽅向，⾯貌Inevitable：必然的，不可避免的Proprietary：所有的，专利的Mineral：矿物的，矿质的Military：军队，军⼈Electricity：电⼒，电流Telecommunication：通讯，电信学Interconnect：使相互连接，相互联系Administrative：管制的，⾏政的Environmental：环境的，周围的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，⼿续Manipulation：操作，操纵，处理Historically：历史上地，Subsume：把…..归⼊，把…..包括在Eclipse：形成蚀，使黯然失⾊Visualization：可视化，Immense：巨⼤的，⼴⼤的Analogue：类似，相似物Conventional：常见的，惯例的Enquire：询问，打听Coniferous：松柏科的Highlight：强调，突出，Stress：强调，加压⼒与Derive：得到，源于Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Algorithm：算法，Interpret：说明，⼝译，解释Artificial：⼈造的，仿造的，虚伪的Geomatique:地理信息技术Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Preliminary：初步的，起始的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Encode：编码Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直⽅图，柱状图Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Parcel:地块Geodetic：⼤地测量学，最短线的Cadastral：地籍的，有关⼟地清册的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，⼿续Prime meridian：本初⼦午线Algorithm：算法，Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Visualization：可视化，Globe；球体Map projection地图投影Planar projection；平⾯投影Azimuthal projection；⽅位投影Characteristic，特征，特性Reference globe；参考椭球体Scale factor；⽐例因⼦Principle scale；主⽐例尺Equivalent projection；等积投影Equidistant；等距投影Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Gnomonic protection；中⼼切⾯投影Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级⽅位投影Intelligence：智⼒，理解⼒，Correlation：相关，关联Urban：城市的Agriculture：农业，农艺Adjunct：附属物，修饰语Subdiscipline:学科的分⽀，副学科第四课Globe；球体Illustrate；阐明Configuration；配置，结构，外形Thematic；主题的Encounter；遭遇；邂逅Map projection地图投影Cylindrical；圆柱形的Projection family；投影系Planar projection；平⾯投影Cylindrical projection；圆柱投影Conical projection；圆锥投影Azimuthal projection；⽅位投影Community，社区，团体Representation；表现，陈述Characteristic，特征，特性Retain；保持，记住Convert；使转变Reference globe；参考椭球体Principle scale；主⽐例尺Scale factor；⽐例因⼦Cardinal 主要的，基本的Angular conformity；⾓度⼀致Conformal；等⾓的Orthomorphic；正形的Equivalent projection；等积投影Fundamental；基本的Equidistant；等距投影Maintain；维持，维修，供养Standard parallel；标准纬线Vital；⽣死攸关的，⾄关重要的Preservation；保存，保留Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Shopping mall ；⼤卖场Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级⽅位投影Stereographic；⽴体照相的Orthographic；直⾓的Georeference；地理坐标参考系Universal transverse Mercator；通⽤横莫卡托投影Data type；数据类型，资料类型Attribute；属性，性质Vector；⽮量Raster：光栅Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Topology；拓扑学Vector-raster conversion⽮量-栅格转换Quadtree；四叉树Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Orthophoto；正⾊摄影Map algebra地图代数Forestry stand；林地，林区Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的Quantized：量化的Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草⽊Geological：地质的Spatial：空间分析技术Binary：⼆元的，⼆进制的Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Run-length code:长度⽅向编码Subsystem：⼦系统Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Database：数据库Resolution：解析，决议Entity：实体Spaghetti model：⾯条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Coordinate:坐标From node：终点Intersect：交叉，相交Form node：起始点Graph theory：图论Analog：模拟地图Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Shorthand：速记法Theme：题⽬，主题Scheme：模式，计划Gnomonic protection；中⼼切⾯投影Coordination；对等，同等第五课Georeference；地理坐标参考系Ellipsoid；椭圆，椭⾯Department of defence；国防部Universal transverse Mercator；通⽤横莫卡托投影第六课Thematic；题⽬的，主题的Facilitate；促进，帮助Data type；数据类型，资料类型Animation；活泼⽣⽓，激励Attribute；属性，性质Narration；叙述，讲述Vector；⽮量Raster；光栅Image；影像，肖像Photograph；照⽚，相⽚Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Connectivity；连通性，互联性Topology；拓扑学Mathematical；数学的，数学上的Adjacency；毗邻，四周Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Gridcell；格⽹单元Tesseate；棋盘格⽹的Quadtree；四叉树Data volume；数据卷Cumbersome；笨重的Vector-raster conversion⽮量-栅格转换Imperative；必要的，势在必⾏的Map algebra地图代数Modeling；造型的Distinguish；区别，区分Orthophoto；正⾊摄影Ancillary；辅助的，Rectify；改正Summarize；总结，概述Aesthetically；审美的Continuous；连续的，持续的。
地理信息专业英语复习资料
翻译：1、GIS is a system of hardware，software aad procedures to facilitate the manipulation，analysis，modeling，representation and display of geo—referencedcomplex problems regarding planning and management of resollrces，翻译：gis是一个由硬件、软件和程序组成的系统，便于管理、处理、分析、模拟、表现并显示地理参照数据，从而解决规划和资源管理的复杂问题。
2、GIS technology，integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographical analysis benefits offered by maps．Theseabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range ofpublic and private enterprises for explaining events，predicting outcomes，and planning strategies(ESRI)．翻译：地理信息系统技术将诸如查询和统计分析的常见的数据库操作和地图特有的可视化功能和地理分析优势集成起来。
这些功能是区分地理信息系统和其他信息系统的关键，并且对于众多的公共和私营企业用于事件解析，结果预测和战略规划十分有价值(ESEI)。
3、Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking．A projection is a mathematical means of transferring information from the earth’s three—dimensional，curved surface to a twodimensional medium--paper or a computer screen．Mathematically speaking，map projectionsare transformations of geographic coordinates(1atitude，longitude)into the Cartesian(x，y)coordinate space of the map．翻译：投影是地图制作的一个基本要素，同时也是将信息从地球的三维曲面上传递到纸张或电脑屏幕二维介质上的一种数学手段。
(整理)GIS专业英语词汇.
1．Activity patterns 活动模式2．Added value 附加值3．Analytical cartography 分析制图4．Application programming interfaces 应用编程接口5．Aspatial data 非空间数据6．Association of geographic information 地理信息协会7．Attribute data 属性数据8．Attribute representation and transformation 属性表现和转9．Attributive geographic data 属性地理数据10．Availability and accessibility 可用性和可获取性11．Azimuthal projections 方位投影12．Batch vectorization 批量矢量化13．Beer consumption 啤酒消费14．Benchmarking 基准15．Binary counting system 二进制计算系统16．Binomial distribution 二项式分布17．Bivariate gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布18．Block encoding 块编码19．Brian best fit line 最优线20．Capture costs 获取代价21．Capture project 获取工程22．Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系23．Cartograms 统计地图24．Cartographic generalization 制图综合25．Cartographic modeling 地图建模26．Cartometric transformations 量图变换27．Catalog view of database 数据库目录视图28．Census data人口普查数据29．Census of population 人口普查30．Central place theory 中心区位论31．Central point rule 中点规则32．Central tendency 中心倾向33．Choropleth mapping分区制图34．Classification procedures 分类过程35．Cluster analysis 聚类分析36．Coastline weave 海岸线37．Codified knowledge 编码知识38．Collection workflow 采集工作流39．Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据40．Commercial-off-the-shelf systems 成熟的商业化系统41．Component object model 组件对象模型42．Computer assisted mass appraisal 辅助大量估价"43．Computer-aided design-based geographic information systems 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统44．Computer-aided software engineering tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具45．Confidence limits 置信界限46．Conformal property 等角特性47．Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵48．Conic projections 圆锥投影49．Consistency and quality 一致性和质量50．Constant term 常数项51．Contagious diffusion 传染扩散52．Content standards for digital geospatial metadata 数字地球空间元数据目录标准53．Continuing professional development 持续专业发展54．Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析55．Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估56．Counting method 计算方法57．Cylindrical equidistant projection 圆柱等距投影58．Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影59．Dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图60．Data model 数据模型61．Data storage 数据存储62．Database management system 数据库管理系统63．Database management systems 数据库管理系统64．Decision support 决策支持65．Deductive reasoning 演绎推理66．Degrees of freedom 自由度67．Density estimation 密度估算68．Dependence in space 空间依赖69．Desktop geographic information systems 桌面地理信息系统70．Desktop paradigms 桌面范例71．Digital chart of the world 世界数字化图72．Digital divide 数字鸿沟73．Digital earth 数字地球74．Digital elevation models 数字高程模型75．Digital line graph 数字线划图76．Digital raster graphic 数字影像图77．Digital representation 数字表现78．Digital terrain models 数字地形模型79．DIME (dual independent map encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统80．Discrete objects 离散对象81．Douglas-poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法82．Dublin core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准83．Dynamic segmentation 动态分割84．Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型85．Ecological fallacy 生态谬误86．Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱87．Emergency evacuation 应急撤退88．Environmental applications 环境应用89．Environmental impact 环境影响90．Equal area property 等面积特性91．Evacuation vulnerability 疏散的漏洞92．Evolution of 的演化93．Exploratory spatial data analysis 探测空间数据分析94．External validation 外部检验95．Federal geographic data committee 联邦地理数据协调委员会96．Finger-printing 指纹97．First law of geography 地理学第一法则98．First law of geography 地理学第一法则99．Fly-bys 飞行100．Forward sortation areas 由加拿大邮政编码前三位符号确定的地理范围101．Frame variogram 变异函数的框架102．Frequentist interpretations 频率论解释103．Friction values 摩擦力值104．Futures, geographic 未来，地理的105．Fuzzy approaches 模糊方法106．Fuzzy data analysis 模糊数据分析107．Fuzzy membership 模糊隶属108．Gap analysis 缝隙分析109．Gaussian distribution 高斯分布110．Geary index 基尔指数111．Genetic algorithms 遗传算法"112．Geographic data capture 地理数据获取113．Geographic data formats 地理数据格式114．Geographic data technology 地理数据技术115．Geographic database types 地理数据库类型116．Geographic extensions 地理扩展117．Geographic individual 地理个体118．Geographic information systems application servers 地理信息系统应用服务器119．Geographic information 地理信息120．Geographic names information system 地理名称信息系统121．Geographic problems 地理问题122．Geographic query and analysis 地理查询和分析123．Geographic representation 地理表现124．Geographical analysis machine 地理分析机125．Geography network 地理网络126．Geoinformation engineering 地理信息学工程127．Geological survey and defense mapping agency 地质测量和防卫制图机构128．Geological survey 地质测量129．Geoschematic visualization 地理视觉表现130．Geostationary orbit 与地球位置相对不变的轨道131．Global positioning system 全球定位系统132．Global spatial data infrastructure 全球空间数据基础设施133．Graphic symbols 图形符号134．Graphical data models 图形数据模型135．Graphical user interface 图形用户界面136．Great circle 大圆137．Grid index 网格索引138．Ground surveying 大地测量139．Half life 半衰期140．In practice 实际上141．In tax assessment 征税估价142．Indicator kriging 克利金法143．Inductive reasoning 归纳推理144．Information ownership 信息所有权145．Information science 信息科学146．Institute geographique national 国家地理所147．Intangible objectives 非明确目的148．Integrated development environment 集成开发环境149．Interaction modeling 交互模型150．Intercept term 拦截期限151．Interval attributes 间隔属性152．Inverse distance weighting 反距离权重法153．Invitation to tender 标案竞投154．Isopleth (isoline) maps 等值线地图155．Isotropic effects 等方性效果156．Knowledge economy 知识经济157．Knowledge of form 知识形式158．Kruger national park 克鲁格国家公园159．Lambert conformal conic projection 兰勃特等角圆锥投影160．Land information system 土地信息系统161．Landmark information system 地标信息系统162．Landsat thematic mapper sensor 陆地卫星163．Largest share rule 最大共享法则164．Levels of abstraction 提取等级165．Lifestyles data 生活方式数据166．Light metadata 轻量级元数据167．Linear distance decay 线性距离衰退168．Linear referencing systems 线性参考系统169．Living with 伴随…170．Local area network 局域网171．Local government 地方政府172．Local level 地方级173．Location-allocation problems 位置分配问题174．Location-based service 基于位置的服务175．Logical positivism 逻辑实证176．Market area analysis 市场区域分析177．Market penetration 市场渗透178．Martin cannibalizing 调拨179．Mean distance from the centroid 到质心的平均距离180．Mean square error 均方根误差181．Measurement error 测量误差182．Measurement of 误差测量183．Measurement scales 量测尺度184．Measuring degree 测量度185．Medieval art preservation 中世纪艺术保留" 186．Mercator projection 墨卡托投影187．Metric georeferences 公制地理参考188．Military maps 军用地图189．Military satellites 军用卫星190．Minimum aggregate travel 最小旅行距离191．Minimum bounding rectangle 最小外包矩形192．Minimum mapping unit 最小制图单元193．Model of geographic information systems innovation diffusion 地理信息系统创新扩散模型194．Modifiable areal unit problem 可变区域单元问题195．Moran index 莫然索引196．Move set 移动装置197．Multi-criteria decision-making 多标准决策支持198．Multiple objectives 多重目标199．Multiresolution seamless image database 多分辨率无缝的影像数据库200．Multi-user editing 多用户编辑201．Multivariate mapping 多元制图202．Napster napster公司文件交换软件203．National gap analysis program 国家缝隙分析计划204．National geospatial data clearinghouse (美国) 国家地球空间数据中心205．National grid of great britain 大不列颠国家网格206．National level 国家级207．National map accuracy standard 国家地图精度标准208．National mapping program 国家制图计划"209．National spatial data infrastructure 国家空间数据基础设施210．Navigation technologies 导航技术211．Negative autocorrelation 负自相关212．Network data model 网络数据模型213．Nominal attributes 名词属性214．Nominal case 名词格215．Nominal data 名词数据216．Nomothetic geography 以法律为依据的地理学217．Normative uses of geographic information systems 地理信息系统使用的标准化218．North american datum of 1983北美1983大地基准219．Null hypothesis 虚假设220．Object management group 对象管理组织221．Object-level metadata 对象级元数据222．Object-relational database management systems 对象关系型数据库管理系统223．Onstar system 移动信息系统224．Operational decisions 操作决策225．Operational navigation chart 操作导航图226．Optimized version 优化的版本227．Optimum paths 最优路径228．Ordinal attributes 顺序属性229．Ordinary least squares 最小二乘法230．Ordnance survey 全国地形测量231．Orienteering problem 定向运动问题232．Orthophotoquads 正射影象图233．Ownership of information 信息所有权234．Paper maps 纸质地图235．Paul customer support 客户支持236．Percent correctly classified 按正确率分类237．Per-pixel accuracy 像元精度238．Per-point accuracy 点精度239．Pessimistic locking 保守式锁定240．Photogrammetry 摄影测量241．Pie charts 饼图242．Pilot study 试点研究243．Planar projections 平面投影244．Planimeter method 测面计方法245．Planning assistance for superintendent scheduling 监督调度的规划协助246．Planning information system 规划信息系统247．P-median problem 中量问题248．Point in polygon 多边形内的点249．Point pattern analysis 点模式分析250．Polygon overlay 多边形叠置251．Positional error 定位误差252．Positive autocorrelation 正自相关253．Post codes 邮政编码254．Postal addresses 邮政地址255．Predictor variables 预报变量256．Pricing of geographical information 地理信息的定价257．Process knowledge 流程知识258．Professional geographic information systems 专业地理信息系统259．Public land survey system 公共土地测量系统260．Publishing industry 出版业261．Quadtree indexes 四叉树索引262．Quality of life 生活质量263．Radar topography mission 雷达地形测绘任务264．Raster compression techniques 栅格压缩技术265．Raster data capture 栅格数据获取266．Raster data model 栅格数据模型267．Raster overlay 栅格叠置268．Raster-based geographic information systems 基于栅格的地理信息系统269．Ratio attributes 比率属性270．Regression parameters 衰退参数271．Relational database management systems 关系数据库管理系统272．Relational databases 关系型数据库273．Relient energy 可靠性能源274．Remote sensing 遥感275．Representative fraction 典型的分形276．Request for proposals 请求提议277．Response variable 响应变量278．Routing problems 路径问题279．Rubber-sheeting 弹性伸缩280．Rule sets 规则集281．Run-length encoding 行程长度编码282．Sample frame 采样桢283．Sampling interval 采样间隔284．Satellite images 卫星影像285．Scale dependence 尺度依赖286．Scatterplot view of database 数据库散点图视图287．Schindler elevator corporation 迅达-电梯及自动扶梯公司288．Secant projections 切割投影289．Selective availability 选择可用性290．Self-similarity 自相似性291．Sierpinski carpet 施尔平斯基地毡292．Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀293．Spa marketing systems 温泉市场系统294．Space imaging 空间成像295．Spatial object representation and transformation 空间对象表现和转换296．Spatially aware professional 空间感知专业人员297．Species range maps 种类范围图298．Species richness maps 种类丰富图299．Spectral resolution 光谱分辨率300．Spurious polygon 乱真多边形301．Standard deviation 标准偏差302．Standard query language 标准查询语言303．State plane coordinates 美国平面坐标304．Statistical inference 统计推论305．Strategic decisions 战略决策306．Street centerline files 街道中心线文件307．Stripped-down metadata 分拆式元数据308．Subjectivist interpretations 主观解译309．SWOT analysis 优势(strength)、弱点(weakness)、机会(opportunities)、危机(threat)四点分析310．Symbolization generalization 符号综合311．Table view of dataset 数据集的表视图312．Tacit knowledge 默许知识313．Tactical decisions 战术决策314．Tangible objectives 切实目标315．Tax assessment 估税316．Temporal autocorrelation 时间自相关317．Temporal resolution 时间分辨率318．Terrain nominal 地形名词319．Theft of information 信息偷窃320．Thick client 胖客户端321．Thin client 瘦客户端322．Three-tier architecture 三层体系结构323．Time geography 时间地理324．Time-space geography 时空地理325．Topographic quadrangle maps 地形地图方格326．Topologic creation 拓扑建立327．Topologic dimension 拓扑维数328．Topologic properties 拓扑属性329．Topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing files 集成图形地理编码参照文件330．Transactional databases 事务数据库331．Transverse mercator projection 横向墨卡托投影332．333．Tree indexes 树状索引334．335．Triangulated irregular network 不规则三角网336．Types and sources 类型和来源337．Unified modeling language 统一建模语言338．Universal polar stereographic projection 通用横球面投影339．340．Universal soil loss equation 全球土地流失方程341．342．Universal transverse mercator projection 全球横向墨卡托投影343．University consortium for geographic information science 地理信息系统大学委员会344．Unobserved predictor variables 未观测预报变量345．Unprojected projection 非预料投影346．User interaction 用户交互347．Using scanners 使用扫描仪348．349．Value adding 增值350．Vanessa layer 图层351．352．Vector data capture 矢量数据获取353．Vector data model 矢量数据模型354．355．Virtual reality 虚拟现实356．357．Visualization in scientific computing 科学计算可视化358．359．Water facility object data model 水设施对象数据模型360．361．Wavelet compression 小波压缩362．Wide area network 广域网"363．World wide web 万维网364．Worst-case scenario 最差情况365．Zero autocorrelation 零次自相关。
gis专业英语重点山东交通学院
题型：一.关键词英译汉 20个汉译英10 二.关键句的翻译三.简答第一章绪论一.关键词英汉互译(1).attribute data 属性数据（2）.continuous features 连续特征（3）.discrete features 离散特征（4）.Geographic information system地理信息系统（5）Geographic visualization 地理可视化（6）.Georelational data model 地理关系数据模型（7）Object-based data model 基于对象的数据模型（8）Projection 投影（8）Raster data model 栅格数据模型（10） spatial data 空间数据（11）.Topology 拓扑（12）.Vector data model 矢量数据模型二.简答（1）Suppose you are required to do a GIS project for a class.What kinds of activities or operation do you have to perform to complete the project?Answer:spatial data input, attribute data management,data display, Data exploration,data analysis,GIS modeling第二章 coordinate System一.关键词英汉互译（1）Azimuthal projection 方位投影（2）Conformal projection 共形投影（3）Conic projection 圆锥投影（4）Cylindrical projection 圆柱投影（5）Datum 基准面（6）Latitude 纬度（7）longitude 经度（8）map projection 地图投影（9）Projected coordinate system 投影坐标系（10）Spheroid 椭球体二.简答（1）describe the four types of map projections by the preserved property? Answer:Azimuthal projection，Orthographic projection（正形），Equal-area projection（等积），Equidistant projection（等距离）（2）.describe the three types of map projections by the projection or developable surface.Answer:Cylindrical projection，Conic projection，Planar projection（平面）三.翻译（1）Accuracy in a feature’s location and its relative position to other features is therefore a key consideration in the design of a projected coordinate system.汉：某种要素位置及其与其他要素相对位置的准确性是设计投影坐标系统所要考虑的重要因素（2）To maintain the level of accuracy desired for measurements,a projected coordinate system is often divided into different zones,with each zone defined by a different projection center.汉：为了达到所需的测量精度，一个投影坐标系统通常划分成不同的带，每个带有不同的投影中心.第三章georelational vector data model一.简答（1）explain the importance of topology in GIS.Answer:The first advantage is the assurance of data quality，second, topology can enhance GIS analysis.二.翻译（1）.topology is the study of those properties of geometric objects that remain invariant under certain transformations such as bending or stretching汉：拓扑是研究几何对象在弯曲或拉伸等变换下仍保持不变的性质（2）The first advantage is the assurance of data quality.汉：首先是能保证数据质量的优点（3）second，topology can enhance GIS analysis其次，拓扑可强化GIS分析（4）first,they can display more rapidly on the computer monitor than topology-based data首先，非拓扑矢量数据能比拓扑数据更快速的在计算机屏幕上显示出来（5）second,they are nonproprietary and interoperable,meaning that they can be used across different software packages.汉：第二，非拓扑数据具有非专有性和互相操作性，这意味着非拓扑数据可以在不同软件之间通用。
(完整版)自然地理学专业英语重点词汇
ecosite
natural resources
renewable resources
nonrenewable resources
hazard geography
natural hazard
03地貌学
地貌学
地貌
地貌年代学
地貌成因
地貌形成作用
气候地貌学
动力地貌学
地貌量计学
人工地貌
平原
低地
页状剥落
块状崩落
结壳作用
块状崩落
结壳作用
盐屑堆
盐屑锥
orthoeluvial weathered crust
clastic weathered crust
siallite-clay weathered crust
siallite-carbonate weathered crust
siallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crust
ubac, shady slope
Massenerhebungseffekt(德）,
integrated physicogeographical
regionalization
nival belt
subnival belt
alpine
subalpine
mountains
荒漠
荒漠化
沙漠
岩漠
砾漠
泥漠
盐漠
戈壁
岩石圈
水圈
大气圈
土壤圈
生物圈
地圈
智能圈
技术圈
北半球
南半球
地球体
epigeosphere
geosystem
geographical sphere
gis专业英语
Today , a gis can be defined as a computing application capable of creating, strong, manipulating , visualizing, and analyzing geographic information. It finds its strongest applications in resources management, utilities management, telecommunications urban and regional, vehicle routing and parcel delicery, and in all of the sciences that the surface of the earth.今天，地理信息系统可以被定义为一个计算应用能够创造，强，操纵，可视化，地理信息和分析。
它发现它的强大的应用程序的资源管理，设施管理，电信城市和区域，车辆路径和包裹输送，并在所有科学的地球表面。
each geographic data set is characterized by the feature it depicts .its method for representing shape and locaton,and its utility for various geographic operations.Each modle has its own advantages and limitations and supports operations that other data types may not.每一个地理数据集的特点是特征描述。
其方法为代表的形状和位置，其效用的各种地理作业。
每个模型都有自己的优点和局限性和支持操作其他类型的数据可能不具有的。
Gis and spatial analysis have enjoy a changing relationship over the years, as computing has shifted its focus from processing to public communitication ,and exerted its influence on the ecolution of gis software.gis offers an unprecedented set of opportunities for the popularization of spatial analysis ,and ready access to complex and sophisticated routines by alarge user community.地理信息系统与空间分析有享受不断变化的关系，多年来，作为计算的重点已从处理公共通信，并对它施加影响的地理信息系统软件进化。
gis专业英语
merge 合并
slope溢出
terrain地形
infrastructure 基础设施
dynamic 动态的sequence 顺序cumulative积累
outline大纲
horizon视野
substantial真实的
paradigm范例
perceptions理解
option选项
drag 拖
redundancy冗余
duplication复制
accommodate查询
decimal 十进制arbitrary 随意的
robust增强
dedicate致力于
even偶数
rectangular矩形
rasterization栅格化magnifictionfangda unaided eye肉眼
Alogrithm:算法；
Accuracy:准确度；
Application:应用；
Artificial Intelligence(AI):人工智能；Aspect:方位
Attribute:属性；
Binary:二进制；
Boolean operation:布尔*作（逻辑*作）
Buffer:缓冲区；
Data entry:数据输入；
Data set:数据集
Data standards:数据标准；
Data structure:数据结构
Data visualization:数据可视化；
Derived data:派生数据
Original data:原始数据；
Digitize:数字化；
integrated完整的
GIS专业英语原文及翻译结果
Is What You See, What You Get? GeospatialVisualizations Address Scale and UsabilityAashishChaudhary and Jeff BaumesUnlimited geospatial information now is at everyone’s fingertips with the proliferation of GPS-embedded mobile devices and large online geospatial databases. To fully understand these data and make wise decisions, more people are turning to informatics and geospatial visualization, which are used to solve many real-world problems.To effec tively gather information from data, it’s critical to address scalability and intuitive user interactions and visualizations. New geospatial analysis and visualization techniques are being used in fields such as video analysis for national defense, urban planning and hydrology.Why Having Data Isn’t Good Enough AnymorePeople are realizing that data are only useful if they can find the relevant pieces of data to make better decisions. This has broad applicability, from finding a movie to watch to elected officials deciding how much funding to allocate for an aging bridge. Information can easily be obtained, but how can it be sorted, organized, made sense of and acted on? The field of informatics solves this challenge by taking large amounts of data and processing them into meaningful, truthful insights.In informatics, two main challenges arise when computers try to condense information down to meaningful concepts: disorganization and size. Some information is available in neat, organized tables, ready for users to pull out the needed pieces, but most is scattered across and hidden in news articles, blog posts and poorly organized lists.Researchers are feverishly working on new ways to retrieve key ideas and facts from these types of messy data sources. For example, services such as Google News use computers that constantly "read" news articles and posts worldwide, and then automatically rank them by popularity, group them by topic, or organize them based on what the computer thinks is important to viewers. Researchers at places such as the University of California, Irvine, and Sandia National Laboratories are investigating the next approaches to sort through large amounts of documents using powerful supercomputers.The other obstacle is the sheer vo lume of data. It’s difficult to use informatics techniques that only work on data of limited size. Facebook, Google and Twitter have data centers that constantly process huge quantities of information to deliver timely and relevant information and advertisements to each person currently logged on..Figure 1. A collection of videos are displayed without overlap (top). The outline color represents how close each video matches a query. An alternate view (bottom) places thevideos on top of each other in a stack, showing only the strongest match result.Informatics is a key tool, but it’s not enough to simply find these insights that explain the data. Geospatial visualization bridges the gap from computer number-crunching to human understanding. If informatics is compared to finding the paths in a forest, visualization is like creating a visual map of those paths so a person can navigate through the forest with ease.Most people today are familiar with basic geospatial visualizations such as weather maps and Web sites for driving directions. The news media are starting to test more-complex geospatial visualizations such as online interactive maps to help navigate politicians’ stances on issues, exit polls and precinct reports during election times. People are just beginning to see the impact that well-designed geospatial visualizations have on their understanding of the world..Geospatial Visualization in the Real WorldPeople have been looking at data for decades, but the relevant information that accompanies the data has changed in recent years. In late 1999, Esri released a new software suite, ArcGIS, that could use data from various sources. ArcGIS provides an easy-to-use interface for visualizing 2-D and 3-D data in a geospatial context. In 2005, Google Earth launched and made geospatial visualization available to the general public.Geospatial visualization is becoming more significant and will continue to grow as it allows people to look at the totality of the data, not just one aspect. This enables better understanding and comprehension, because it puts the data in context with their surroundings. The following three cases demonstrate geospatial visualization use in real-world scenarios:1. Urban PlanningPlanners use geomodeling and geovisualization tools to explore possible scenarios and communicate their design decisions to team members or the general public. For example, urban planners may look at the presence of underground water and the terrain’s surrounding topology before deciding to build a new suburb. This is relevant for areas around Phoenix, for example, where underground water presence and proximity to a knoll or hill can determine the suitability of a location for construction.Figure 2. Videos from the same location are partially visible, resembling a stack of cards. Each video is outlined by the color representing the degree to which it matches the query.Looking at a 3-D model of a house with its surroundings gives a completely different perspective than just looking at the model of a house by itself. This also can help provide clear solutions to problems, such as changing the elevation of a building’s base to make it stand better.Urban planning is one of the emerging applications of computer-generated simulation. Cities’ rapid growth places a strain on natural resources that sustain growth. Water management, in particular, becomes a critical issue.The East Valley Water Forum is a regional cooperative of water providers east of Phoenix, and it’s designing a water-management plan for the next 100 years. Water resources in this region come from the Colorado River, the Salt River Project, groundwater, and other local and regional water resources. These resources are affected directly and indirectly by local and global factors such as population, weather, topography, etc.To best understand the relationship among water resources and various factors, the Arizona Department of Water Resources analyzes hydrologic data in the region using U.S. Geological Survey MODFLOW software, which simulates the status of underground water resources in the region. For better decision making and effective water management, a comprehensive scientific understanding of the inputs, outputs and uncertainties is needed. These uncertainties include local factors such as drought and urban growth.Looking at numbers or 2-D graphs to understand the complex relationship between input, output and other factors is insufficient in most cases. Integrating geospatial visualizations with MODFLOW simulations, for example, creates visuals that accurately represent the model inputs and outputs in ways that haven’t been previously presented.For such visualizations, two water surfaces are positioned side-by-side—coming from two different simulations—with contour lines drawn on top. In this early prototype, a simple solution—providing a geospatial plane that can be moved vertically—brings the dataset into a geospatial context. This plane includes a multi-resolution map with transparency. Because these water layers are drawn in geospatial coordinates, it matches exactly with the geospatial plane. This enables researchers to quickly see the water supplies of various locations.2. Image and Video AnalysisDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency launched a program, Video and Image Retrieval nd Analysis Tool (VIRAT), for understanding large video collections. The project’s core requirement is to add video-analysis capabilities that perform the following:• Filter and prioritize massive amounts of archived and strea ming video based on events.• Present high-value intelligence content clearly and intuitively to video analysts.• Reduce analyst workload while increasing quality and accuracy of intelligence yield.Visualization is an integral component of the VIRAT system, which uses geospatial metadata and video descriptors to display results retrieved from a database.Analysts may want to look at retrieval result sets from a specific location or during a specific time range. The results are short clips containing the object of interest and its recent trajectory. By embedding these results in a larger spatiotemporal context, analysts can determine whether a retrieved result is important.3. Scientific VisualizationU.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ research organ ization, the Engineer Research and Development Center, is working to extend the functionality of the Computational Model Builder (CMB) environment in the area of simulation models for coastal systems, with an emphasis on the Chesapeake and Delaware bays.The CMB environment consists of a suite of applications that provide the capabilities necessary to define a model (consisting of geometry and attribute information) that’s suitable for hydrological simulation. Their simulations are used to determine the impact that environmental conditions, such as human activities, have on bodies of water.Figure 3. Google Earth was used to display Chesapeake Bay’s relative salt (top) and oxygen (bottom) content (higher concentrations in red).One goal is to visualize simulation data post-processed by CMB tools. Spatiotemporal information, for example, is included in oxygen content and salinity data. Drawing data in geospatial context lets users or analysts see which locations are near certain features, giving the data orientation and scale that can easily be understood. Figure 3 shows the oxygen and salt content of Chesapeake Bay, where red shows higher concentrations and blue shows lower concentrations.Moving ForwardVisualizations that can be understood at all levels will be key in politics, economics, national security, urban planning and countless other fields. As information becomes increasingly complex, it will be harder for computers to extract and display those insights in ways people can understand.More research must be done in new geospatial analysis and visualization capabilities before we drown in our own data. And it’s even more important to educate people in how to use and interpret the wealth of analysis tools already available, extending beyond the basic road map.High schools, colleges and the media should push the envelope with new types of visuals and animations that show data in richer ways. The price of explaining these new views will be repaid when audiences gain deeper insights into the real issues otherwise hidden by simple summaries. Progress isn’t limited by the volume of available information, but by the ability to consume it.翻译：你所看到的，你得到了什么？地理空间可视化的处理规模和可用性作者：AashishChaudhary和包密斯·杰夫无限的空间信息现在就在每个人的指尖，其与扩散的嵌入式GPS移动设备和大型网上地理空间数据库。
地理信息专业英语复习资料
翻译：1、GIS is a system of hardware，software aad procedures to facilitate the manipulation，analysis，modeling，representation and display of geo—referencedcomplex problems regarding planning and management of resollrces，翻译：gis是一个由硬件、软件和程序组成的系统，便于管理、处理、分析、模拟、表现并显示地理参照数据，从而解决规划和资源管理的复杂问题。
2、GIS technology，integrates common database operations such as query and statisticalanalysis with the unique visualization and geographical analysis benefits offered by maps．Theseabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range ofpublic and private enterprises for explaining events，predicting outcomes，and planning strategies(ESRI)．翻译：地理信息系统技术将诸如查询和统计分析的常见的数据库操作和地图特有的可视化功能和地理分析优势集成起来。
这些功能是区分地理信息系统和其他信息系统的关键，并且对于众多的公共和私营企业用于事件解析，结果预测和战略规划十分有价值(ESEI)。
3、Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking．A projection is a mathematicalmeans of transferring information from the earth’s three—dimensional，curved surface to a twodimensional medium--paper or a computer screen．Mathematically speaking，map projectionsare transformations of geographic coordinates(1atitude，longitude)into the Cartesian(x，y)coordinate space of the map．翻译：投影是地图制作的一个基本要素，同时也是将信息从地球的三维曲面上传递到纸张或电脑屏幕二维介质上的一种数学手段。
地理信息系统专业英语Unit 1
在电脑里有个动态的球。 Economically, Asia is still the most dynamic region in the world.
亚洲依然是世界上最具经济活力的地区。 ● facilitate [fə'siliteit] vt.使容易，促进，帮助 ● interaction [ˌɪntərˈækʃən] n.交互作用，交感
● 2.影像解译 本项研究使用的数据主要来自 2001年3 月14 日获取的美国LANDSAT TM/ETM＋卫
● 3. 评价系统及参评因子选取 参照 FAO（1976）和相关研究中土地评价指标体系，本次评价系统 由土地适宜纲（1级）、适宜类（2 级）和适宜等（3 级）组成，它们之间存在层次关系。参评因 子的选择主要遵循以下原则;（1）如果某一因素对耕地和林地显示的需求不同，那么赋予这一因 素不同的等级指数来体现这种要求的不同;（2）基于对特定土地用途有明显影响来选择评价因子， 因为分类方法决定评价因子的值是逐步变化而不是渐渐变化;（3）选择的参评因子应比较稳定， 并具有可量度性以便于定量分析。尽量选择那些相对独立的因素。
中国福建省土地适宜性评价
● 1. 区域概况福建地处中国东南沿海，全省陆地面积12.2 万多平方公里，海域面积约 13.6 万平方 公里。福建省山地多，平地少，地貌类型复杂多样。地势西北高，东南低。气候属于亚热带海洋 季风气候，受环太平洋海洋气团的作用与影响大。温暖湿润，雨量丰富。全省年平均气温15～ 21℃，全省多年平均雨量1000～2000mm，从东南海滨地区向西北山区逐渐递增。福建土壤类型 多种多样，土壤资源相当丰富，大致上可分为赤红壤、红壤、黄壤、山地草甸土、紫色土和水稻 土等土类，其中红壤和水稻土分布最为广泛。在温湿气候作用下，福建植被极其发育。生长茂盛， 森林资源丰富，森林覆盖率居全国前列。
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Datasource
Capturing Spatial data
Spatial data Input
Solve Spatially Referenced Problems
Spatial Database
User
Decision Support
GIS system
Figure1 GIS system
Spatial data Management
– Georelational data model – Object-based data model
Points 2 Components of a GIS
Software
Hardware
Data
People
Methods
Figure2 Components of GIS
1. Hardware: Including various hardware devices, the material foundation to achieve system functions.
fields
Points 1 What Is GIS?
Computer system for
– capturing – storing – querying – analyzing – and displaying geographically referenced
data.
Real World
Teaching Purposes and Focus on Courses
Increase the ability of using English to read professional books
Improve the use of English in the capacity of professional and academic exchanges
Assessment methods
Attendance+Classroom performance 30%
Classroom discussion 40% The assignments 30%
Part Ⅰ The Basic Concept of GIS
Chapter Outline
– Points 1 What Is GIS? – Points 2 Components of GIS – Points 3 GIS Function components – Points 4 A Brief History of GIS – Points 5 Relationship of GIS to other
Geographically Referenced Also called geDospaattaial data
Describe both locations and characteristics of spatial features
Note: Ability to process geographically referenced data distinguishes GIS from other information systems.
2. Software
The heart of the system for the implementation of the various operations of GIS functions, including data input, processing, database management, spatial analysis and graphical user interface (GUI).
2. Software: Computer System to Support data collection, storage, processing, and answer the users’ question.
3.Spatial Data: The object of analysis and processing, Constitute a basis for the application.
Grasp the threads and trends of the same professional development abroad
Teaching Method and Period Arrangement
Blackboard teaching multimedia Classroom discussion 32 Period
2. Attribute Data
Characteristics of spatial features -Non-spatial attributes of those features
3. Joining Spatial and Attribute Data
Relational database
1. Hardware
GPS
Mapping Analysis Instrument
Storage Devices
Surveying Instrument
HOST
Scanner
Network
Digitalizing Instrument
Figure 3 GIS Hardware
Printer Monitor Plotter
Geographically Referenced Data
1. Spatial Data 2. Attribute Data 3. Joining Spatial and Attribute Data
1. Spatial Data
Describes location Coordinate system Map projection