中国为什么在亚洲创立新的“世界银行”

The Economist explainsWhy China is creating a new "World Bank" for Asia中国为什么在亚洲创立新的“世界银行”Nov 11th 2014, 23:50 by S.R. SHANGHAI TO THE alphabet soup of international development banks (ADB, AfDB, CAF, EBRD, IADB), add one more set of initials: AIIB, or for the uninitiated, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. On October 24th, representatives from 21 Asian nations (pictured above) signed an agreement to establish the AIIB, which, as its name suggests, will lend money to build roads, mobile phone towers and other forms of infrastructure in poorer parts of Asia. China spearheaded the bank and hopes to formally launch it by the end of next year. More money for critical projects might seem unambiguously good, but the AIIB has stoked controversy because Asia already has a multilateral lender, the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Why is China creating a new development bank for Asia?国际发展银行的缩略语（ADB亚洲发展银行，AfDB非洲发展银行，CAF拉美开发银行，EBRD欧洲复兴发展银行，IADB泛美开发银行）构成的字母汤中又多了一位新成员：AIIB亚洲基础设施投资银行。

十月24日，21个亚洲国家代表签署协议成立AIIB，AIIB 将向亚洲较贫穷地区借款修建道路、移动电话塔等基础设施。

AIIB由中国带头发起，中国希望到明年正式启动该银行。

关键项目得到更多投资无疑是件好事，但亚洲已有一个多边货款机构ADB亚洲开发银行，AIIB的成位引发了争议。

中国为什么要在亚洲创建新的发展银行呢？China’s official answer is that Asia has a massive infrastructure funding gap. The ADB has pegged the hole at some $8 trillio n between 2010 and 2020. Existing institutions cannot hope to fill it: the ADB has a capital base (money both paid-in and pledged by member nations) of just over $160 billion and the World Bank has $223 billion. The AIIB will start with $50 billion in capital—hardly enough for what is needed but still a helpful boost. Moreover, while ADB and World Bank loans support everything from environmental protection to gender equality, the AIIB will concentrate its firepower on infrastructure. Officially at least, ADB and World Bank officials have extended a cautious welcome to the new China-led bank, saying they see room for collaboration.中国官方答复是，亚洲存在巨大的基础设施资金缺口。

ADB（亚洲开发银行）认为从2010年到2020年资金缺口达8万亿美元左右。

现存机构都无法弥补这一缺口：ADB的资本基础（由成员国已缴的和承诺的资金构成）仅略高于1600亿美元，世界银行的资本基础为2230亿美元。

AIIB初始资本基础为500亿美元，这远不能弥补亚洲基础设施资金缺口，但仍是一项有益的补充。

ADB和世界银行的货款项目从环境保护到男女平等无不支持，而AIIB则专注于基础设施。

至少就官员态度而言，ADB和世界银行已向这一由中国领导的新银行表示了谨慎的欢迎，称双方有一定的合作空间。

Behind the scenes, though, the Chinese initiative has set off a heated diplomatic battle. America has lobbied allies not to join the AIIB, while Jin Liqun, the Chinese official who will head the bank, has shuttled between countries to persuade them to sign up. At the ba nk’s inauguration ceremony, Australia, Indonesia and South Korea were conspicuously absent. In public, the concern cited by America and some of the hold-outs has been a lack of clarity about AIIB’s governance. Critics warn that the China-led bank may fail to live up to the environmental, labour and procurement standards that are essential to the mission of development lenders. However, China has insisted that AIIB will be rigorous in adopting the best practices of institutions such as the World Bank. Given that the bank will be placed under such a close microscope, there is good reason to believe China on this.而私底下，中国成立AIIB的计划已引发了激烈的外交战。

美国游说其盟友不要加入AIIB，而即将出任AIIB行长的中国官员金立群则穿梭于各国之间说服各国签字加入。

在AIIB成立典礼上，澳大利亚、印尼、韩国三国缺席，引人注目。

美国公开表达的担忧和一些坚持的观点是：AIIB的管理并不透明。

批评人士称中国领导的AIIB可能达不到环境、人力和采购标准，而这些对发展银行的使命来说至关重要。

然而中国坚称AIIB将严格遵循诸如世界银行等机构的最佳做法。

鉴于AIIB会处于世界的密切关注之下，我们有理由相信中国能说到做到。

But the real, unstated tension stems from a deeper shift: China will use the new bank to expand its influence at the expense of America and Japan, Asia's established powers. China’s decision to fund a new multilateral bank rather than give more to existing o nes reflects its exasperation with the glacial pace of global economic governance reform. The same motivation lies behind the New Development Bank established by the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Although China is the biggest economy in Asia, the ADB is dominated by Japan; Japan’s voting share is more than twice China’s and the bank’s president has always been Japanese. Reform s to give China a little more say at the International Monetary Fund have been delayed for years, and even if they go through America will still retain far more power. China is, understandably, impatient for change. It is therefore taking matters into its own hands.但是，真正而未被说透的紧张来自于当前形势深层次的转变：中国将以牺牲亚洲既有势力美国和日本的利益为代价，利用新银行AIIB 扩展影响力。

中国出资设立新的多边银行，而非把资金投入既有银行之中，这一决定表明了中国对全球经济管理改革缓慢进程的不满。

也正是这种不满，促使中国与其他金砖国家成员创建新的发展银行。