科技英语写作---文

科技论文的结构: 主体部分
• 引言 (Introduction) • 材料与方法 (Materials and methods) • 结果 (Results) • 讨论与结论 (Discussion & Conclusion)
• Results: what have you found?
Results：总体要求
• 材料与方法 (Materials and methods)
problem studied
how was the
• 结果 (Results) what have you found? • 讨论与结论 (Discussion & Conclusion)
Discussion: what the results mean Conclusion : how the work advances the field from the present state of knowledge
Figures
• 论文的基础—— 论文，是建立在摆事实 （Results，由Figures & Tables来体现）、 讲道理（Discussion）的基础上。 • 只给出对全文有用的图片——挑选对论文 主题有用的图片使用。不要希望一篇论文 用掉所有数据；否则既累赘，又不经济！ • 把全文的图片都整理好之后，再写论文— —论文主体就是叙述图片、分析图片。
• Methods: how was the problem studied
Materials and methods: 写作内容
• 明确描述实验对象和方法的选择； • 详细描述实验方法和实验步骤; • 列举建立方法的参考文献，并做简要描述 (但 不需全部重复描述); • 如果对已有方法进行了新的或实质性的改进， 就要清楚地说明改进的理由
Results （ 介 绍 研 究 结 果 ） Table 1 shows that the measured drop △Texh caused in the temperature of exhaust gases between the inlet to the heat exchanger and the exit from it is considerably more than what was predicted by modeling studies. （叙述 最 重 要 的 结 果 ） Thus, referring to Table 1, it is observed that the △Texh values measured on the actual setup are considerably above the predicted values. This occurrence is especially striking at the tower inlet temperature. （ 推 论 或 发 现 ） These observations signal that the modeling was on the conservative side.
④作者对自己的研究方法或技术的性能与其他研究者的方 法或技术的性能进行比较，这种比较常出现在工程类研 究论文中。例如： The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system. ⑤作者指出自己的理论模型是否与实验数据符合。如: The measured temperatures along the heat pipe were all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.
• （实验目的）The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of flowing ice water slurry浆 in a straight pipe, and thus provide fundamental information for the new ice thermal energy storage system.
结果书写要求
• 简单扼要：是论文最短的部分 • 作者本人在这次实验中的研究结果，不能夹杂以前和 他人 • 不外加研究者的评论、评价、分析和推理 • 实验结果一般用数值表示 • 应用插图、表格、照片目的在于直观和形象性； • 结果中要写成功的经验，也应如实反映失败的教训和 不足之处； • 根据“材料与方法”中的观测指标逐项叙述结果时， 若内容过多，可分成段落，加小标题，使资料层次分 明
• Introduction: to convince readers that you clearly know why your work is useful
科技论文的结构: 主体部分
• 引言 (Introduction)
why your work is useful to convince readers that you clearly know
• The velocity of ice water slurry in the test section was controlled by a vortex pump with an inverter. Thermocouples were set in the test section to measure both the inlet and outlet temperature of the ice water slurry and the hot water….
（测试手段） In this study, ice packing factor (IPF=volume of ice / volume of ice water slurry) of ice water slurry is a very important factor, so an IPF controller and an IPF measuring device were used. IPF controller, which was a double tube, is shown in Fig.2…. For measuring IPF of ice water slurry ,the electric conductivity method was chosen in this experiment. It is a method using a principle that …. Fig.3 shows the detail of the IPF measuring device….
• （实验步骤） The experiments were performed using the following procedure. Ice particle were mixed with water in the ice water slurry tank. After controlled IPF and velocity of ice water slurry, is was passed through the test section and heated by hot water. The amount of melting heat transferred from hot water to ice water slurry was calculated with the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature of hot water. In addition, the behavior of the ice particles passed through the test section was recorded by a video camera for flow visualization.
• （实验装置）The schematic diagram of experimental apparatus is shown in Fig.1. The apparatus consisted of a test section, an ice water slurry tank, a hot water circulating loop, and associated measuring instruments. The test section was a horizontal double tube heat exchanger of 2,000mm in length with an entrance section of 800mm in length. Ice water slurry flowed in an inside tube of the heat exchanger and hot water circulated in an annular gap between the inside and outside tubes. In this study, two kinds of heat exchanger were used. One was … and the other was ….
公Байду номын сангаас推导
… is given by: … as follows： … as in the following： The following equation is obtained. This becomes… Therefore, we have… … can be expressed as… … can be derived: … can be written: … can be described by… … can be represented as…
说明研究结果： 作者对研究结果的评论或说明通常包含下列内容之一: ①根据本人的研究结果作出推论。如： The results suggest that … ②作者解释研究结果或说明产生研究结果的原因。如: These findings are understandable because … ③作者对此次研究结果与其他研究者曾发生的结果作比较。 例如提出自己的结果是否与其他研究者的结果一致。 These results agree with Gerner’s analysis, in that …
• • • 高度概括和提炼 (按逻辑顺序描述或总结重 要的观察结果)； 数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式 (避免使用文字、图、表重复同一数据)； 尽可能列出“结果”的原始数据，而不能只 报道统计处理后的数据。
结果部分的内容包含下列三个主要项目： 介绍研究结果，而且往往以一个句子指出反映完整研究 结果的图表。 概述最重要的研究结果。 对研究结果作出评论或概括由这些结果得到的推论（发 现）。 以上三个项目可能含在几个段落中多次出现。而且 每个段落通常由这三个项目组成，段落的第一句为第一 个项目，第二个项目是段落的主要部分，第三个项目则 是由段落的最后的一、两个句子表达。
• （实验条件）For the present experiment, the ice water slurry velocity, ui, ranged from 0.15 to 0.6 m/s, the IPF of ice water slurry at the test section inlet, IPFin, between 0 and 15%, the hot water temperature, Thin, between 20 and 30℃, and the hot water velocity, uh=0.35m/s.