国际营销试题

选择题：1. Managing an international business is different from managing a home country business for all of the following reasons except:A) target countries are differentB) international transactions involve converting money into different currenciesC) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business are narrower than those confronted by a manager in a domestic businessD) an international business must develop strategies for dealing with cross-border government intervention.2. Firms may use four basic strategies to compete in the international environment. These are:A) a domestic market extension strategy; a multi-domestic strategy; a global strategy; and a transnational strategyB) a cross-cultural strategy; a trade block strategy; a regional strategy; and a world strategyC) a domestic-based strategy; an international-focused strategy; a local/ regional-based strategy; and a cultural-based strategyD) an international strategy; a regional strategy; a global strategy; and a world strategy3. Under the circumstances of economic globalization, a local Chinese compa ny is faced with competition of ___________.A) companies in ChinaB) companies in foreign countriesC) multinational(s)D) both A and C4. Fuji Photo Film achieves has several manufacturing plants in the United States and achieved 12% market share of the U.S. film market. This arrangement of market entry is referred to as ___________.A) trans-national commerceB) foreign direct investmentC) international tradeD) outsourcing5. The concept of preventive maintenance for machinery can be different in different countries. This can be categorized into ___________.A) technological environmentB) political environmentC) legal environmentD) economic environment6. When a company makes different marketing strategies for the countries that it involves its business, which of the following orientation it most probably takes?A) global marketing orientationB) domestic market extension orientationC) international trade orientationD) multi-domestic market orientation7. Among the following choices, which one is on protection of intellectual property rights?A) GATSB) TRIMC) PCTD) Single European Act8. NAFTA differs from EU in that ____________.A) its member countries have no unified customs policyB) its member countries shall remove all tariffs and trade barriersC) its member countries shall use unified banknotes and coinsD) its member countries shall unify standards and technical regulations9. From the progressive formation of EU, we can see that ___________ of the following types of regional group has the highest level of integration?A) A customs unionB) A free trade areaC) An economic unionD) A common market10. According to the textbook, one likely short-term effect of NAFTA will be that many U.S. and Canadian firms will move some production to Mexico to take advantage ofA) cheaper transportation costs.B) lower labor costs.C) a higher skilled labor force.D) the Mexican market.11. To promote free trade, many developing countries have done all of the following except____________.A) privatized state-owned enterprisesB) deregulated marketsC) decreased competitionD) welcomed investment by foreign businesses12. Which of following is least related to the effect of geography in a country?A) economic development levelB) available distribution systemC) social systemD) lifespan13. Critics use the following argument to suggest that globalization is a contributing factor to an increase in pollution.A) globalization results in an increase in the amount of activity that takes place in companies that do not have adequate pollution controlsB) globalization results in increased commerce between countries, which results in an increase in the amount of transportation activity (e.g. trains, barges, air cargo, trucks, etc.)C) globalization results in increased production, which has the undesirable side-effect of increased pollutionD) firms that operate in countries that have adequate pollution regulations have a tendency to move their manufacturing operations to countries that have less stringent or no pollution controls to avoid the cost of regulation14. An act as simple as shaking hands when meeting new people is an example of practicingA) values.B) norms.C) culture.D) criterion15. In a _____________ country, communication depends more on verbally expressed communication, which is explicit.A) low contextB) high contextC) Guan XiD) conservative16. Which of the following best identifies Hofstede's four dimensions that he claimed summarized different cultures?A) Power distance, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity versus femininityB) Individualism versus collectivism, power distance, tolerant versus intolerant, and aggressive versus passiveC) Uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, individual versus group oriented, forward versus reservedD) Aggressive versus passive, tolerant versus intolerant, power distance, and individual versus power oriented17. Graduation ceremony can be categorized into ______________, which is a kind of the five cultural elements defined in the textbook.A) cultureB) cultural valuesC) ritualsD) symbols18. A research reveals that buying motives of automobiles of people in different countries are related to the following cultural values.A) PDI and MASB) UAI and MASC) IDV and PDID) IDV and PDI19. It has been found that as linguistic distance from English increases, individualism ____________.A) increasesB) decreasesC) keeps stableD) randomly varies20. Unlike Catholics in other countries, Mexican Catholics take All Soul’s Day as a celebration with special meanings. This shows the importance of ____________, which an international marketer should attentively notice .A) Interpretive knowledge of cultureB) Factual knowledge of cultureC) geographic environmentD) buying behaviors21. One study using Hofstede’s data shows the consumers’acceptance of innovations can be higher in a culture with __________ IDV, ___________ PDI and _________ UAI.A) lower, higher, lowerB) higher, higher, lowerC) lower, lower, higherD) higher, lower, lower22. Cultural changes caused by marketing efforts may lead to a dysfunctional result, and marketer should be responsible for it and take actions to eliminate it. Here dysfunctional result means a _________________.A) unexpected negative resultB) changes within expectationC) resistance of people thereD) desired result23. Concerning degree of adapting marketing mix to cultures in a foreign market, __________ make it necessary for a marketer to adapt to local cultures.A) cultural imperativesB) cultural electivesC) cultural exclusivesD) all above24. Which of the following does not belong to American cultures that have influenced management style in some other countries?A) Independent enterprises as instrument of social actionB) Decision based on objective analysisC) Never-ending quest for improvementD) Collective discussion25. Authority patterns of international businessperson can be categorized into _____________ different types.A) twoB) threeC) fourD) five26. The high level of entrepreneurial activity in the United States can be attributed in part to the high level of emphasis placed on the ___________ in American society.A) groupB) cadreC) communityD) individualism27. Among the three typical types of authority patterns for international marketers, committee decision making is by ________________.A) the leaderB) every staff of the companyC) group or consensusD) foreign environments28. It has been found that P-time, or polychromic time, which is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of many things and by “a great involvement with people”, is more dominant in ___________ cultures.A) low-contextB) high contextC) EuropeanD) American29. Which of the following is not used as a way to reduce political vulnerability?A) licensingB) political payoffsC) domesticationD) solely owned company30. A firm will favor foreign direct investment over exporting as an entry strategy when:A) a firm wishes to maintain control over its technological know-how.B) transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive.C) a firm wishes to maintain control over its operations and business strategy.D) the firm's capabilities are not amenable to licensing.31. Regarding dispute resolutions, conciliation is different from arbitration in that ____________.A) the statements made by parties may not be used as evidence in litigationB) the statements made by parties are enforceable under the lawC) conciliation are more formal than arbitrationD) conciliation is done through a third party.32. Concerning different legal systems in the world, which of the following statements is ture?A) China is a country within common law systemB) Great Britain is a country of common law systemC) Islamic law disregard protection of contract so muchD) U.S. commercial law is never codified.33. Common law is based on all of the following except:A) religionB) traditionC) precedentD) custom34. In order to outlaw monopolies and eliminate restrictive business practices, governments pass:A) anti-corruption lawsB) antitrust lawsC) market lawsD) common laws35. Concerning resolutions to international business disputes, which of the following statements is ture?A) Litigation should be encouraged because it is enforceable.B) Conciliation should not be encouraged because it is not lawfully bound.C) Arbitration should be encouraged because it is more formal than conciliationD) Renegotiation, conciliation or arbitration can be better than litigation for the latter would need too much time and cost.36. When an international marketer chooses from the market segments for its target market in the world, it concerns most _______________.A) most efficient ways to these segmentsB) similar buying behaviors among these segmentsC) cost for necessary adaptations for these segmentsD) both above37. Among the four stages of international planning process, which stage is most related to the marketer’s decision on market segment(s) selection?A) the 1st stageB) the 2nd stageC) the 3rd stageD) the 4th stage38. ________ refers to the process of identifying distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behavior differs from others in important ways.A) Market segmentationB) Consumer differentiationC) Demographic profilingD) Customer analysis39. Among the four different modes of foreign market entry, ___________ requires the most equity and creates the greatest risk, while offering the most control.A) exportingB) contractual agreementC) strategic alliancesD) direct investment40. Although Inco is a Canadian company, it has invested substantial business resources in activities outside Canada. This practice is referred to as:A) transnational commerceB) foreign direct investmentC) international tradeD) outsourcing41. Which of the following is not an attribute of a good strategic alliance partner?A) Is unlikely to opportunistically exploit the alliances for its own endsB) Has capabilities identical to its partnerC) Shares the firm's vision for the purpose of the allianceD) Helps the firm achieve its strategic goals42. Confused lines of authority, poor communications, and lack of inside cooperation reflect a problem in _______________.A) organizing systemB) marketingC) human resourceD) leadership43. Apart from emerging markets, opportunities in demand of new products also exist in industrial countries when consumers’taste became more _____________ and purchasing power ______________.A) complex, increasesB) stable, increasesC) complex, decreaseD) stable, decrease44. International marketer should pay more attention on ____________, while do well in ___________.A) performance quality, customer perceived qualityB) cost, qualityC) customer perceived quality, performance qualityD) quality, cost45. Adaptation is more often carried out in which of the following dimension of the product.A) design and functional featureB) packaging componentC) A and BD) product platform46. The concept of routine maintenance or preventive maintenance belong to the ____________ of a product.A) core componentB) packing componentC) supporting service componentD) potential component47. Among global firms, which of the following is not a factor that is driving pressures for local responsiveness?A) differences in distribution channelsB) differences in infrastructure and traditional practicesC) similarities in consumer tastes and preferencesD) host government demands48. When choosing a distribution strategy, one benefit of using a longer channel is __________, the ability to enter an exclusive channel.A) market accessB) consumer accessC) governmental accessD) product development access49. An international marketer should study the ______________ of a foreign market when making distribution decision in that market.A) distribution structureB) distribution patternC) none of A and BD) both A and B50. A sales promotion or public relations activity often goes hand in hand with advertisement. This reflects the principle of ______________.A) advertisementB) IMCC) personal SellingD) promotion51. ___________ are short term efforts directed to consumer or retailer to achievespecific such objectives as consumer purchase, gaining retailer point-of-purchase display, encouraging stores to stock the product, etc.A) AdvertisementsB) Public relationsC) Personal sellingD) Sale promotions52. As of the adaptation of advertisements to different countries, many companies have found that ___________ is more suitable as an advertising policy for their success in those markets.A) centralized authorityB) decentralized authorityC) standardizationD) unification53. The emergence of pan-Europe communications media is considered as a source of ___________ promotional efforts made by international marketers in that area.A) standardizedB) differentC) confusedD) short54. Which of the following is not an argument for standardized advertising?A) it has significant economic advantagesB) creative talent is scarceC) a message that works in one country could fail in anotherD) many brand names are global55. The effectiveness of a firm's international communication can be jeopardized (危害) by all of these except:A) cultural barriersB) source effectsC) noise levelsD) country of import effects56. Parallel imports may happen whenever price differences in two countries are ____________ than/as the cost of transportation between the two markets.A) smallerB) sameC) greaterD) unequal57. When a company has high fixed costs and unused production capability, it may adopt ____________ pricing policy.A) full-costB) skimmingC) cost-plusD) variable-cost58. __________ pricing may be a more profitable price strategy than ____________ if it maximizes revenues and builds market share as a base for competition that is sure to come.A) Skimming, penetrationB) Penetration, skimmingC) large, smallD) small, large59. Which of the following does not contribute to price escalation?A) cost of exportingB) licensing agreementC) tariffs and taxesD) exchange rate fluctuation60. Which of the following is not used as a way to reduce price escalation?A) lowering cost of goodsB) lowering tariffsC) lowering distribution costsD) antidumping61. Demand is said to be ______ when a small change in price produces a large change in demand, while it is said to be ______ when a large change in price produces only a small change in demand.A) inelastic; elasticB) small; largeC) large; smallD) elastic; inelastic62. A(n) _____ staffing policy is one in which all key management positions are filled by parent company nationals.A) geocentricB) intercentricC) polycentricD) ethnocentric辨析题：1．A recent study shows that cultural adaptations are more frequently the reason for product adaptation than mandatory adaptations. (Wrong)Mandatory adaptations are more frequently the reason for product adaptation than mandatory adaptations.2．International marketing is the performance of activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and services across borders. (Wrong)International marketing is the performance of activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. The goods and services can be produced and sold in foreign countries without crossing borders.3．In order to be successful in international marketing, we should make every effort to adapt to the cultural elements in a target country. (Wrong)Based on different conditions, a marketer can use standardized marketing mix or marketing mix adapted to cultures of host countries.4．It is recommendable that an international marketer find a group of buyers across countries with similar needs as a global market segment and develop a marketing plan that strives for standardization wherever it is cost and culturally effective. (Right) This marketing method follows global marketing concept, which should be recommended for all international marketers.5．When marketing environment is internationalized, the most effective orientation for many firms getting into foreign market will be a global orientation. (Right)With marketing environments getting internationalized, a company with global orientation can be more competitive, and better satisfy customers’ demand. 6．NAFTA is a Economic and Monetary union like the European Union. The three countries not only eliminate trade barriers, but also adopt same economic policies and same tariffs to none member countries. (Wrong)NAFTA members have eliminated trade barriers and have arrangement on some other aspects, but each country has its own tariff system, and their economic system has not been integrated.7．The separate origins and elements of culture interact with each other in synergistic ways. This provides international marketers with a broader consideration of cultural consequences of marketing actions. (Right)Cultures in each country often fall into either relation oriented cultures or information-oriented cultures. This can be helpful to increase efficiency of cultural analysis, which is important to international marketers.8．The reorganization of 3M corporation into a global company is a good demonstration of the principle that every company involved in international marketingshould adopt standardization and keep away from local adaptation. (Wrong)The case of 3M global marketing is an example of a good balance between standardization and adaptation.9．Member companies in a strategic international alliance have the same objectives, which are basis of the formation of such a cross-nation alliance. (Wrong)Member companies in a strategic international alliance can have same objectives, but companies with multiple different objectives can also possibly form an international alliance.10．Though the probable rate of the acceptance of a product in a foreign market can be predicted, there is no way to accelerate the acceptance. (Wrong)The probable rate of the acceptance of a product in a foreign market can be predicted, and there can be ways to accelerate the acceptance.11．”Distribution structure” and “distribution pattern” refer to the same concept. There is no difference between them. (Wrong)Distribution structure is the structure of that passes goods from producer to user, including a variety of middlemen with customary functions, activities, and services reflecting competition, market characteristics, tradition, and economic development. Distribution patterns focus on the difference of a certain kind of distribution channel in different countries, for both middlemen and retailers.12．Just as standardization is preferred wherever it is possible for a target market across countries, an international marketer should also try to use same advertisement strategies in different countries. (Wrong)People in different cultures have different response to an advertisement. For this reason, advertisements in different countries should make a good balance between theme and customization, though there are some cases of standardization in advertisements.问答题：1．Which factors should be considered when a company selects its entry modes forgetting into a country market? Please also give an example.1)Foreign m arket characteristics2)Company characteristics3)advantages and disadvantages of different entry modesFor an example, for an open market with strong desire for the product of a company and the company has much advanced technology, it may prefer exporting as entry mode, because the company can enjoy the low cost and get a good profit.2．How should an international marketer arrange its distribution decision?1)Set distribution objectives including the company’s commitment to developingdistribution channel.2)Identify control, length of channels, term of sale, and channel ownership.3)Select the type of channel middlemen by considering functions of differentmiddlemen, cost of the service by them, their availability, and extent of control of the marketer on the middlemen.4)Locating, selecting, and motivating channel members.3. What are the strategic marketing influences of economic integration of EU on a Chinese company with export business to Europe?1) EC eliminates tariffs and trade barriers within its member countries, and thus benefits companies in this area by making them more competitive. A Chinese company can lose some of its competitiveness in this respect.2) The increased EU market volume help companies in it achieve scale economy and became more competitive.3) Many Eestern European countries have joined EU and gain opportunities to growth their economy. The potential market in these countries can be an opportunity for a Chinese company.4) With the integration of EU, marketing supporting facilities will also increase. There will be more common media, regional logistics service, etc.4. Based on the above question, what can a Chinese company do to improve its marketing situation in European after the economic integration of EU?Facing above circumstances, the Chinese can take the following actions respectively:1)To try to make use of the growth in total demand of EU by expanding exports of what it is competitive to offer to the market.2)More important, the marketers should build and/or expand EC-located, China-owned entity to strengthen their position before it becomes too late. It can also buy relevant corporate asset in EU.3)Or as an alternative, to form strategic relations with partners in EU underappropriate terms.5．Discuss the importance of the big emerging markets for an foreign international marketer.1) Their demand for expensive goods to build manufacturing base and developinfrastructure will increases.2) Increased economic activity means more jobs and more income to spend on productsnot yet produced locally. Thus there is an accelerated growth in demand for goods and services, much of which must be imported.3) Some of these countries can be used as a manufacturing base by foreign internationalmarketers to take advantage of the resources that can be more economic there. And the products made there can also be distributed to nearby areas.6．In phases one and two of the international planning process, countries may be dropped from further consideration as potential markets. Discuss some of the conditions in each phase that may exist in a country that would lead a marketer to exclude a country.In phase one, the major reasons for dropping a country in phase one are generalenvironmental constraints1)Those countries that do not offer sufficient potential for further consideration will beeliminated.2)That product acceptance within the country could not be achieved without extensiveinvestment and new product development, and the firm does not have sufficientresources to make that investment;3)the legal structure may be such that it would be impossible for the company tofunction within that country.4)Competition in the country is such that, based on the company’s objectives,resources, etc., it is felt that it would not be a profitable venture.In phase two:1) In phase two, the marketing mix is the focal point of analysis. The reasons are aroundthe more specific questions of what cultural environmental adaptations are necessary for successful acceptance of the company’s marketing mix, and will adaptation costs allow for profitable market entry.2) Still, the final determination of whether or not a country is dropped depends upon theanticipated profitability of the market after necessary adaptations are made.7．Explain the popularity of joint ventures.Joint ventures have become popular for a number of reasons.1) It enables a company to utilize the specialized skills and market information of a localpartner, which would take years for a foreign company to acquire. Such participationminimizes the risk of market failure and speeds the marketing effort.2) Mergers with distributor companies or with companies that have well-established localdistribution may provide rapid market access and distribution to foreign companiesentering a country.3) Nearly all of the developing countries, and many developed countries, require somedegree of local participation for operating in their country, which means wholly foreign owned activities are prohibited.4) Joint ventures may also arise for financial and manpower reasons. Sometimes localcompanies lack the capital or personnel capabilities to expand its activities.5) Sometimes companies join forces in order to broaden the line of merchandise andthereby gain marketing efficiency and better public image.8．How and why the distribution channels are affected when the stage of development of an economy in a country improves?1) As an economy advances to a higher economic stage, demand increase. Society callsfor more distribution task. ( )For this reason, there can be wider channels or larger middlemen to handle the increased demand on distribution. ( )In the meantime, a larger market allows for decentralization of different kinds of distribution functions to different kinds of distributors for total efficiency. ( )2) In a higher stage of economy, consumer segments become larger and diversified.This calls for middlemen specialized in certain kinds of service package that match the demand of consumer segments.3) A higher stage of economy is one with a buyer’s market, in which producers strives topenetrate the market and push goods out to the customer. ( )This results in a highly developed channel structure that includes a variety of intermediaries. ( )9.What strategy might be employed to distribute goods effectively in the dichotomoussmall-large middleman pattern which characterizes merchant middlemen in most countries?1) Wholesaler middlemen selection should be based on at least two criteria. One, towhom the wholesaler sells or distributes, i.e., selects a wholesaler to reach a specific target market; Two, the cost efficiency of a particular wholesaler middleman.2) In most countries if complete distribution of the goods is to be achieved, both smalland large middlemen must be utilized to effectively reach all segments of the market.However, the smaller middlemen may be sufficiently inefficient to increase the cost of distribution thereby increasing the cost of the product to a point that it is no longer priced competitively.。