国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 01
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 1
Warming-up Exercise Part A English Tex Part B Bilingual Tex
Chapter One Warming-up Exercise
Answer the following questions.
Chapter One Part A English Tex
Packing of Commodity
Types of Packaging Transport Packaging Transport packing is also called shipping packing, outer packing or big packing. It is classified into unit packing and collective packing. Unit packing is the smallest shippable unit of cargo. In unit packing, goods are put in different forms of containers such as cases, cartons, drums, bales, bags, bundles, etc. Collective packing (also group shipping packing) means a certain number of units of cargo are grouped together to form a large collection. In collective packing, goods are put in flexible container, pallet and container. Sales Packaging Sales packaging is also called inner packaging, small packaging, immediate packaging or marketing packaging. It focuses on the design and beauty of the package, aiming at promoting sales. Sales packaging is divided into carrying packaging, easy-open packaging, hang-up packaging, spraying packaging, gift packaging, etc.
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)课后答案解析
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreignsales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use ofa trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3加价，涨价 13间接投资4国内市场 14有形货物5制成品 15有形进出口6边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率 17超额能力8贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期 20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the moneyto buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of InternationalTrade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paidas a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
2021国际贸易实务双语教程最新PPT资料
3) What should the two countries specialize in?
• Americans have an absolute advantage in producing both cars and computers.
Definition (P1) 由于这种贸易有时候并不直接与其他生产相联系,故在兴旺资本主义国家有人称之为“商业性〞补偿贸易。
非关税壁垒
Stuart and other economists in the 19th Cultural differences 文化差异问题(P5)
Merchandise Exports and Imports
trade surplus (贸易出超) occurs when the actions (反对行动) taken by the importing
century〕 比较优势理论
Question: 首次进口的一方用于支付进口货款的商品,不是由进口物质直接生产出来的产品,而是双方商定的其他商品,即间接产品。
国际贸易实务双语教程
Chapter 1 A brief introduction to
international trade
Definition (P1)
• International trade, also called world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and / or services across national boundaries.
《国际贸易实务》课文译文Unit
《国际贸易实务》课文译文Unit-————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：第十单元仲裁第一部分介绍1-1仲裁的定义仲裁是通过第三方解决双方争执的一种方法。
它不偏向于争执的任何一方，且它的仲裁裁决是终局的，具有法律约束力。
仲裁的终局性意味着双方当事人都不得向法院或者其它组织机构提出变更要求，仲裁裁决一经做出便具有法律约束力，没有登记诉讼法院的必要。
1-2仲裁条款的必要性在执行合同的过程中对有关合同条款的解释产生争执是很正常的。
当合同货物的市场价格迅猛下跌，或者利率外汇变化不利于某些商家时，这些商家就不理智地违约，他们试图采取各种阴谋终止合同。
因此，在合同中订立仲裁条款是很必要的。
然而，在实际操作过程中，通常通过友好协商的方式解决纠纷，例如，直接通过双方友好谈判解决纠纷。
因为双方都意识到这种方式对双方都有利。
在具体的情况下，双方都能做出让步，并且寻找一种合理公平的解决办法，大多数纠纷都得到解决，买卖双方的友好关系也得到维持。
但是，当涉及到的利益很大时，某些商家不愿意退让，也不友好，且在谈判过程中抱着敌对的态度，在这种情况下，仲裁便是解决纠纷的唯一选择。
仲裁不同于友好协商和诉讼法律。
仲裁是在双方自愿的情况下将纠纷提交第三方仲裁；而协商是买卖双方直接谈判，不需要第三方介入；诉讼法律则是在没有事先达成一致的情况下，索赔者提出控告被诉人。
1-3仲裁条款的内容按照规定，仲裁条款应规定纠纷受理的仲裁裁判所，实际上就是仲裁地点。
仲裁地点是非常重要的，也是双方都关心的。
合同也应该规定仲裁的人数及人选，仲裁费用的负担，以及仲裁的范围，以免各方当事人只把仲裁范围限定到合同的某些部分，或者某些纠纷的具体方面。
合同也可以规定仲裁适合于合同产生的任何冲突。
1-4仲裁地点由各方当事人协商决定并在合同中规定仲裁地点，如果合同没有规定仲裁地点，一旦发生纠纷，由双方当事人协商决定仲裁地点，中国的公司或者企业在合同中就在中国或者第三国仲裁的地点有不同的规定，所采用的仲裁条款通常是：如果在中国进行仲裁，仲裁条款规定：任何产生于执行本合同或者与本合同相关的纠纷应通过双方友好协商解决，如果友好协商不能解决，应提交北京中国国际贸易促进委员会（CCPIT）对外经济贸易仲裁委员会（FETAC），按照该委员会的仲裁程序暂行规定给予仲裁，仲裁的裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力。
国际贸易实务(第三版)第一章习题解答.docx
第一章国际贸易的基本流程和适用的法律一、名词解释1、国际贸易：是指从国际范围来看的国或地区与别国或地区进行货物和服务交换的活动。
2、进出口业务流程：贸易的基木流程在通常情况下可分为三部分，即交易前的准备工作阶段、交易磋商和签订合同阶段，以及进出口合同履行阶段。
3、国际条约与公约：是指两个或两个以上的主权国家为确定彼此的政治、经济、贸易、文化的军事等方面的关系权利和义务而缔结的诸如公约、协定的议定书等各种协议的总称。
国际条约是国际贸易所应遵守的重要法律之一。
4、国际贸易惯例：一般是指在国际贸易业务中，经过反复实践形成的，并经过国际组织加以解释和编篡的一些行为规范和习惯做法。
5、国际商会：是具有重要影响的世界性民间商业组织，是联合国等政府间组织的咨询机构。
国际商会于1919年在美国发起，1920年正式成立，其总部设在法国的巴黎。
国际商会的基木目的是为开放的世界经济服务，坚信国际商业交流将导致更大的繁荣和国家之间的和平。
目前，国际商会的会员已扩展到150 多个国家和地区之中，由数万个具有国际影响的商业组织和企业组成，组织和协调国家范围内的各种商业活动。
二、判断题(X )1.在合同中作出的规定必须与惯例的解释相符否则无效。
(V )2.当合同中对某一问题未作出规定时，应参照有关贸易惯例(X )3.惯例是由国际组织制定的，对合同的当事人具有强制的约束力(V )4.当事人如果明确规定采纳有关惯例时，该惯例具有约束力三、简答题1、国际贸易有哪些特点？答：国际贸易在交易环境、交易条件、贸易做法等方面所涉及的问题，都远比国内贸易复杂，其主要特点表现如下：国际贸易属跨国交易，情况错综复杂；国际贸易线长面广，中间环节多；国际贸易风险大，具有不稳定性；国际市场商战不止，竞争激烈。
2、进出口贸易业务的基本流程包括那些环节？在各个环节中应注意哪些事项？答：出口贸易的基本流程包括：（-）出口交易前的准备工作阶段，其中主要包括下列工作：选配参加谈判的人员；选择目标市场；选择交易对彖；制定出口商甜经营方案；做好出口商品商标的国外注册工作。
国际贸易实务(第3版)(1)
或向所在地备案登记机关领取《登记表》。
2．填制《登记表》 外贸经营者应按《登记表》的要求，认真填制 所有事项的信息，并确保其内容完整、准确和真 实；并认真阅读表背面的条款，由企业法定代表 人或个体工商负责人签字、盖章。 3．提交材料 除提交填制的《登记表》外，外贸经营者还应 向备案登记机关提交下列材料：
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2004年6月30日，商务部公布了其委托的对外 贸易经营者备案登记机关名单，全国共48家。
(二)备案登记程序 符合外贸经营者资格的法人、组织或个人可在 本地区向商务部委托的备案登记机关办理备案登 记手续。 1．领取《登记表》 外贸经营者可以通过商务部政府网站 （）下载《对外贸易经 营者备案登记表》（简称《登记表》），
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一、国际贸易形态
参与国际贸易的双方当事人，既可以是 货物、技术或服务的直接所有人或提供人 和购买人或使用人，也可以是接受委托 （代理）为他人而参与国际贸易。因此， 参与国际贸易的身份和目的不同，就会 形成不同的国际贸易形态，从而产生不 同的贸易主体。
国际贸易形态可分为主体制交易和 佣金制交易。
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4．中国进出口银行 中国进出口银行办理各种进出口融资、 担保等业务，为中国企业提供政策性金融 服务。
5．商业保险公司 商业保险公司可以承办各类进出口货物 运输保险业务，为贸易商提供货物风险保 障服务。 目前，中国境内的国有独资、 中外合资、外商独资及中外合作保险公司 均可提供各类商业保险服务业务。
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7．各类运输机构 运输机构承办各类进出口货物的海、陆、 空运输业务或多式联运业务，为货主提供 各种运输服务。这类机构主要有船公司、 铁路局、航空公司、邮政局等。 8．货运代理公司 受货主委托，货代公司为货主代办托运、 报关、仓储、订舱等服务性业务。
国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter1 International Trade Terms and Customs[精]
![国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter1 International Trade Terms and Customs[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e674bf5db84ae45c3b358c90.png)
The Seller’s Obligations 卖方义务
c. Cover the insurance and pay insurance premium as the contract stipulates.
FOB Free on Board …（ named port of shipment)
“装运港船上交货”“离岸价”“船上交货”
Obligations 买卖双方义务
› The Seller’s Obligations › The Buyer’s Obligations › Some points for attention about FOB
› Shipping charges 关于FOB的装船费用
CIF Cost Insurance and Freight (….Named port of Destination)
成本加保费、运费（指定目的港）
Definition பைடு நூலகம்念
The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage. The risks of loss or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.
› Rules for any mode or modes of transportation
国际贸易实务（第三版）课后习题答案
国际贸易实务（第三版）课后习题答案《国际贸易实务》第三版课后习题答案第一章国际贸易术语一、本章思考题1.什么是贸易术语？简述其性质与作用。
解析：贸易术语是在国际贸易中用来表明商品的价格构成，说明货物交接过程中有关的风险、责任和费用划分问题的专门用语。
例如，业务中常用的FOB、CIF和CFR 等。
作用：风险划分点及制定价格的基础。
有关贸易术语的国际惯例有哪些？共有三部，见教材。
3.试比较FOB、CFR和CIF这三种术语的异同。
解析：FOB、CFR和CIF这三种常用贸易术语，按照《2020年通则》的解释，卖方都是在装运港交货；买卖双方承担的风险都是以船舷为界进行划分；都是仅适用于水上运输方式；卖方承担出口通关的责任和费用，买方承担进口通关的责任和费用。
但在运输和保险的安排上却存在着差别。
FOB条件下，运输和保险由买方自行安排，卖方没有责任；CFR条件下，卖方负责签订运输合同，支付运费，保险由买方自行安排；CIF条件下，运输合同和保险合同均由卖方负责签订，并承担运费和保险费。
由此可见，三种贸易术语在交货地点、风险划分界限、适用的运输方式以及出入境通关的责任负担方面都是完全相同的，区别只是在于有关运输保险的责任和费用的承担方面。
4.试比较FCA、CPT和CIP这三种术语的异同。
解析:按照《2020年通则》的解释，按照FCA、CPT和CIP这三种术语成交时，卖方都是在合同约定的地点将货物交给第一承运人控制时完成交货义务；卖方承担的风险都是以第一承运人控制货物时转移给买方；它们都是适用于各种运输方式；卖方承担出口通关的责任和费用，买方承担进口通关的责任和费用。
但在运输和保险的安排上却存在着差别。
FCA条件下，运输和保险由买方自行安排，卖方没有责任； CPT条件下，卖方负责签订运输合同，支付运费，保险由买方自行安排；CIP条件下，运输合同和保险合同均由卖方负责签订，并承担运费和保险费。
由此可见，向承运人交货的这三种贸易术语在交货地点、风险划分界限、适用的运输方式以及出入境通关的责任负担方面也都是完全相同的，区别只是在于有关运输保险的责任和费用的承担方面。
国际贸易实务01
protect financial stability
for political consideration
key words 1 – tariff barrier
general types of customs tariffs： revenue tariff 财政性关税 protection tariff 保护性关税
invisible hand 无形之手 absolute cost/advantage 绝对成本/优势 ➢ comparative cost/advantage 相对成本/优势 ➢ international specialization 国际分工 factor endowments 要素禀赋
basic reasons for international trade: domestic non-availability of resources principle of comparative advantage
1.1 “resources” & foreign trade
Key words 1: resource (usu. pl.) supply of raw materials, etc. which bring a country, person, etc. wealth. types of resources: ➢ natural resources & human resources ➢ tangible & intangible resources
2. Benefits of International Trade
key words 1: capital goods (生产资料) goods used to produce other goods, e.g. fixed assets like machinery and buildings.
《国际贸易实务双语教程》(第三版)课后习题答案
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profitand loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packingconditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
（完整版）国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题
（完整版）国际贸易实务英⽂版第三版知识点及模拟题国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，⽆的为⼀般记忆和了解)Chapter one1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trad e, foreign trad e,overseas trad e. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besid es, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purchase and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.2.（了解）1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage andeconomies of scal e)3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences andconsumption patterns)3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:Language habits and cultural differences2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad errange of management skills4.1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易⽅（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转⼝贸易)转⼝贸易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转⼝贸易⼜称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出⼝货物的买卖，不是在⽣产国和消费国之间直接进⾏，⽽是通过第三国转⼿进⾏的贸易。
国际贸易实务(第三版)
十一、贸易依存度 对外贸易依存度：也称对外贸易系数，指一国在一定时 期内进出口贸易值在其国民生产总值或国内生产总值中 所占的比重。其公式为：
X + M
Z =
GNP (或GDP ) ×100%
Z为对外贸易依存度，X为出口总值，M为进口总值。
出口依存度：指一国在一定时期内出口值与国民生产总值或国内 生产总值的比。其公式为： X
贸易差额：指在一定时期内（通常为1年），一 个国家或地区出口贸易与进口贸易总额的差额。 贸易顺差(贸易盈余或出超):出口＞进口 贸易逆差(贸易赤字或入超)：出口＜进口 贸易平衡：出口=进口
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八、贸易结构 对外贸易货物结构：指一定时期内一国进出口贸 易中各种商品的构成。
对外贸易货物结构=(某大类或某种商品的进出口贸
跨国公司成为全球资源配置的核心；
国际贸易竞争以跨国公司之间的较量为主，成 败的关键是各自整合资源能力的大小； 贸易格局以产业内贸易、公司内贸易为主； 产业转移加快，大力发展加工贸易成为发展中 国家推动对外贸易的重要手段。
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本章小结
1.国际贸易是指世界各个国家或地区之间的货物与 服务的交换活动。国际贸易是一个历史范畴，它伴 随着社会生产力的发展而发展 2.对外贸易指的是一个国家或地区与其他国家或地 区进行的商品和劳务的交换活动，也被称为“海外 贸易”、“国外贸易”或“进出口贸易”。 3.国际贸易是由各国的对外贸易构成的，它是世界 各国对外贸易的总和，也称为世界贸易。
美、欧、日三大经济体至今仍在国 际贸易中居于主导地位，但近年来 中国经济的高速发展令世界震惊，中国 占全球贸易总量中的份额和排名不断前 移，对全球贸易增量的贡献也极为显著。
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三、多边贸易体制面临新挑战，区域经济合 作势头高涨 区域经济合作发展趋势： 区域贸易安排迅猛发展； 贸易大国争相追求区域贸易安排的 主导权； 成员间的贸易比重进一步上升； 国家间的竞争正在向区域经济集团 间的 竞争转变。
国际贸易实务 双语课程翻译练习答案(1-2单元)
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeVI.T ranslate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be,it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization;the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country forgoods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale meansthe seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a part icular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thuscountries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction.Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionVIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither in dividuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have eno ugh of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)Unit 02
Parties Involved in Exp. & Imp. Transaction * the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge * the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading * the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country * the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country
Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller
Acceptance
Signing Contract
Applying Import License
Procedures of Import Transaction
Opening L/C
Chartering Space Ship
国际贸易实务双语教程 （第三版）
(INTERNATIONAL Business Practice)
清华大学出版社
Review
1 What is international trade? 2 What are the major motivations for firms to operate international business? 3 What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits? 4 Please give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies. 5 What limits a firm’s sales? 6 What does “royalties” mean? 7 Please try to finish all the exercise in the text book.
国际贸易实务 第三版
二、国际贸易术语的作用
确定交货条件
– 交货地点？交货方式？ – 风险转移界限？ – 双方需交接哪些单据？ – 采用何种运输方式？
表示价格构成
• 谁负责办理货物的运输、保险 手续，并负担费用？ • 谁负责办理通关过境手续，并 负担相关费用？
第二节 有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例
• 一、国际贸易惯例的性质 • （一）国际贸易惯例的概念 • 国际贸易惯例是在国际贸易的长期实践中逐步发展、形成的具有普 遍意义的一些习惯做法和解释，经过有关国际组织的编纂与解释成为
限内将合同规定的货物装上运往约定目的港的船上，
办理保险手续，负责支付运费和保险费并负担货物
在装运港装上船前的一切费用和风险。（风险在装
运港越过船舷）
• 需要注意的是：FOB 、CIF、 CFR、三个贸易术语风
（三）FOB要注意的几个问题：
1、以“船舷为界”的确切含义 • 以装运港船舷作为划分买卖双方所承担的风险的界 限是FOB、CIF、CFR与其它贸易术语重要区别之一。 《2000 通 则 》 的 解 释 是 “ effectively pass the rail of the ship”，即有效的越过船舷。 • 在实际业务中，船舷有时很难确定，甚至根本没有 意义，所以一般可以理解为“装上船”（On board the ship），通常卖方以提单作为交货的凭证。
2、关于FOB的装船费用
• 按照《INCOTERMS2000》的解释卖方义务的第六
条规定：“卖方必须支付与货物有关的一切费用，
直至货物在指定装运港以越过船舷时为止。”
• 这就说明了，在一般情况下，卖方要承担装船的费
用，而不包括货物装上船后的理舱费和平舱费。
3、船货衔接问题
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Picture of the Course
工交 作易 前 的 准 备 谈 判
对国外市场调查研究 制定出口方案 发展客户 交易洽商 广告宣传 询盘 发盘 还盘 接受 签合同
Section Three Forms of International Trade (国际 贸易形式)
1 Merchandise Exports and Imports (商品进出口) 1) Exporting(商品出口) (1) Direct exporting(直接出口) (2) Indirect exporting(间接出口) 2) Importing (商品进口) 2 Service Exports and Imports (劳务进出口) 1) Travel, Tourism, and Transportation (旅游业、交通运输业) 2) Performance of Activities Abroad (国外商务活动) 3) Use of Assets From Abroad (国外资产的运用)
Case 2
• [Case Description]: • Country A notifies Country B that Country B is forbidden to export mutton to Country A. The reason is that mutton hormone content exceeds the allowed amount which will affect people’s health. After investigation Country B finds out that the mutton hormone content is as same amount as that in Country A, and Country B also gets the information that Country A is unceasingly importing the similar quality mutton from Country C. • The Country B believes that Country A has violated the GATT principles and their benefits have been violated. • Country A refutes that they adopt the measures which do not violate the GATT principles, but belong to the general exception to be permitted. • Questions: • 1．Do you think Country A has violated the GATT principles? What kind of principles? Why? • 2．Do you think Country A’s rebuttal is right? Why?
Case 1
• [Case Description]: • The United States imposed interim protection measures, from April 18th, 1995, to restrict imports of wool fabric for men’s and women's shirts from India. Before the measures’ implementation, the United States and India had discussed the possibly serious damage to US domestic enterprises resulting from the import of wool fabric for men’s and women's shirts. The two sides did not reach a satisfactory solution. So India submitted the case to the World Trade Organization for settlement. • Question: • Will the States remove the interim protection measures?
国际贸易实务双语教程 （第三版）
(INTERNATIONAL Business Practice)
清华大学出版社
INTERNATIONAL TRADE PRACTICE IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH
Contents to be studied in this course: Chapter 1 A brief introduction to international trade （2hrs） Chapter 2 General Procedures of Export and Import Transaction （4hrs） Chapter 3 Contracts for the Sale and Purchase of International Commodity (2hrs ) Chapter 4 Trade Terms (8hrs) Chapter 5 Quality of Commodity (2hrs)
Case 3
• [Case Description]: • In November 1998, the Germany Daimler-Benz’s acquisition of one of the U.S. three auto makers, Chrysler Corporation, was thought by the world media as the “marriage of heaven”. Daimler-Benz AG which is one of, the strongest companies of Germany, is known to the world as the brand owner of “Mercedes”. Chrysler is the biggest among the three U.S. auto makers in making profits and is the most efficient company. • It was believed that this was the most powerful combined strength across the Atlantic and it will be a ride to be an invincible giant at the world auto market. Who would have thought, however, that this “hopeful and powerful marriage” did not seem to be happy, mergers and acquisitions failed to achieve the desired goal of the company. By 2001, the company’s loss amounted to 2 billion U.S. dollars, its stock prices were way down, and laid off its staff. The company’s running has been in a very difficult Situation. • Question: • Why will good prospects turn out to be a failure?
备货 合 同 履 行 报验
(商检)
催证 租船订舱
审证
改证 (审核发现的修改)
投保(必须在发货以前) 货发码头
报关、装船、取得单证
所有单据送银行议付 议付结汇合同履行完毕 发生争议处理索赔
外运公司
进口商
保险公司
生产厂家
出口商
银行 海关 税务局
商检局
Chapter 1 A brief introduction to international trade
2) Portfolio Investments (间接投资) 7 Visible and Invisible Trade （有形贸易和无形贸易）
Exercise
1 What is international trade? 2 What are the major motivations for firms to operate international business? 3 What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits? 4 Please give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies. 5 What limits a firm’s sales? 6 What does “royalties” mean? 7 Please try to finish all the exercise in the text book.
Chapter 6 Quantity of Goods (2hrs) Chapter 7 Packing and Marking of Goods (4hrs)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Chapter 8 Price of Goods （2hrs） Chapter 9 Delivery of Goods (4hrs)