跨文化交流的身份认同和分析

From “Boundaries” to “Frames”-
Mapping Field Evolution
• The formation/development/evolution of all culturally-situated thought arises from some shared sense of history,
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Considering IC Analysis Tools
• With its 50 years of development, the field of IC can now provide scholars of all culture-related disciplines with a suitable set of analytical tools…
• Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) structural functionalism
• Franz Boas (1858–1942), Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn
• Edward T. Hall, Edward C. Stewart, John Condon, L. Robert Kohls’ essentializing/training
• …there are indeed well honed theoretical and methodological tools to the researcher who desires to undertake intercultural analysis of texts…
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• (CT 1999)
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Beyond “an IC perspective”
To consider an intercultural approach only as a “perspective” is akin to providing a surgeon with a pair of spectacles to help him see what should be operated on, but neglecting to provide the requisite instruments needed to carry out the operation.
• The Anderson & Baym (2004) model:
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Considering Diverse
Viewpoints
• Each is only
“A view from A point” –
Which view from which point?
strands now recognized in our common
disciplinary consciousness…
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Uncovering Past Paradigms for Future Framing
but it should also…
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Herve Varenne’s field view of culture
• …this should be read as sign posts toward a
theory of culture that would deal with
pattern and variation, consistency and drift,
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Some Framers of IC-CC Analysis
• Triandis • Berry • Brislin • Landis • Kim
• Paige • Bennett • Kohls • Bond
We’ve heard about IC dimensions: but there is more to the field than binary contrasts: Moving beyond integration (p. 179)
Considering a matrix of paradigms: The spheres of Com scholarship
• Anderson & Baym (2004)
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Martin & Nakayama: IC Scholarship Approaches
• A “laowai” in China, or a Chinasized foreigner? • A social scientist in the humanities, or a sciencesensitive humanist in society? • A framed set of complex, hybridized, multiple identities in dynamic action–interaction…
Steve J. Kulich Executive Director, SII
A practical problem…. Who in the world am I?
• A high plains “prairie poet” (from landscapes) now displaced in a high tower (skyscraped) urban metropolis?
• uncover important intellectual roots now neglected,
• revive lines of inquiry that may have lapsed from our collective or individuated consciousness, or
• Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) similarity and differentiation among cultures
• Adolph Bastian (1826-1905) examining them at
Elementargedanken and Volkergedanken levels
(precursor of Kenneth Pike’s etic and emic).
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ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
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Recorded (or Criticized) Roots of Analyzing Culture (in English)
• Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) social Darwinsim
• Geert Hofstede,Willam B. Gudykunst, Stella
Ting-Toomey, empiricizing, dimensionalizing IC
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Intent of this Presentation
culture as a paradigm establishing a field of
concern, than a set of definitions.
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Theoretical Models (Discourses, Voices) of Culture and Communication
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What constitutes IC Analysis?
A Social-psych process approach - consider…
• Context (Culture, Subcultures, Ingroups) • Audience (Self- & Other-Identity, Attributes) • Perception (Stereotypes, Biases Generalizing) • Interaction (Responsive Communication) • Observation, Sensitivity, Awareness • Conflict Assessment, Management, Resolution • Respect, Tolerance, Accommodation • Process, Adjustment, Adaptation, Integration • Cross-cultural Awareness, Contextual Competence
• Provide analytical frames potentially overlooked in the analysis of culture or situated identities in literature.
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• …but not all histories are shared.
• …mapping the developmental sequence of
an academic field provides insights into the
bibliographic, conceptual, and theoretical
Applying Intercultural Communication Tools to the Analysis of Identities in Texts
Framing Cultural, Intercultural, and Identity Studies: Paradigms, Theories, & Applications
• Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670) systematic processes for thought, investigation of objects, principles for universal education.
• Giovanni Battista Vico (1668–1744) erum esse ipsum factum, "the true itself is fact/made”
acquiescence and resistance, or,
unapologetically, langue and parole (the
constructed self and the deconstructing
“I”). Still, it would be better to think of
• reframe those that may now need to be reexamined in a new light.
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Overlooked Historical Roots of Intercultural Awareness
• To specifically to review the fruit, findings, and key postulations of 50 years of intercultural communication research as they may relate to the analysis of identities in cultural or cross-cultural (con)texts.