景观建筑设计专业英语翻译
可以表示职业的英语
可以表示职业的英语1. Doctor -医生2. Teacher -教师3. Lawyer -律师4. Engineer -工程师5. Nurse -护士6. Accountant -会计师7. Businessperson -商人8. Architect -建筑师9. Writer -作家10. Artist -艺术家11. Scientist -科学家12. Musician -音乐家13. Actor/Actress -演员14. Athlete -运动员15. Chef -厨师16. Police officer -警察17. Firefighter -消防员18. Soldier -军人19. Journalist -记者20. Waiter/Waitress -服务员21. Dentist -牙医22. Pharmacist -药剂师23. Pilot -飞行员24. Flight attendant -空乘人员25. Electrician -电工26. Plumber -水管工27. Carpenter -木工28. Mechanic -机械师29. Veterinarian -兽医30. Farmer -农民31. Librarian -图书管理员32. Psychologist -心理学家33. Social worker -社工34. Economist -经济学家35. Politician -政治家36. Diplomat -外交官37. Judge -法官38. Magician -魔术师39. Photographer -摄影师40. Filmmaker -电影制片人41. Actor/Actress -演员42. Dancer -舞者43. Singer -歌手44. Model -模特45. Fashion designer -时装设计师46. Graphic designer -平面设计师47. Web developer -网页开发者48. Software engineer -软件工程师49. Data analyst -数据分析师50. Financial analyst -金融分析师51. Marketing manager -市场经理52. Sales representative -销售代表53. Human resources manager -人力资源经理54. Project manager -项目经理55. Event planner -活动策划师56. Translator -翻译57. Interpreter -口译员58. Tour guide -导游59. Archaeologist -考古学家60. Geologist -地质学家61. Astronomer -天文学家62. Biologist -生物学家63. Chemist -化学家64. Physicist -物理学家65. Mathematician -数学家66. Historian -历史学家67. Sociologist -社会学家68. Anthropologist -人类学家69. Archaeologist -考古学家70. Economist -经济学家71. Political scientist -政治学家72. Teacher assistant -助教73. Researcher -研究员74. Administrator -管理员75. Receptionist -接待员76. Customer service representative -客服代表77. Flight attendant -空乘人员78. Bartender -调酒师79. Hairdresser -美发师80. Makeup artist -化妆师81. Personal trainer -私人教练82. Yoga instructor -瑜伽教练83. Coach -教练84. Lifeguard -救生员85. Security guard -保安86. Tourist guide -导游87. Housekeeper -保洁员88. Nanny -保姆89. Babysitter -临时保姆90. Caregiver -照顾者91. Cleaner -清洁工92. Gardener -园丁93. Chauffeur -司机94. Delivery driver -快递员95. Courier -快递员96. Salesperson -销售员97. Cashier -收银员98. Barista -咖啡师99. Baker -面包师100. Butcher -屠夫101. Optometrist -验光师102. Physiotherapist -物理治疗师103. Occupational therapist -职业治疗师104. Speech therapist -言语治疗师105. Radiologist -放射科医生106. Surgeon -外科医生107. Cardiologist -心脏病专家108. Dermatologist -皮肤科医生109. Gynecologist -妇科医生110. Pediatrician -儿科医生111. Psychiatrist -精神科医生112. Oncologist -肿瘤科医生113. Neurologist -神经科医生114. Urologist -泌尿科医生115. Ophthalmologist -眼科医生116. Orthodontist -正畸医生117. Chiropractor -脊椎按摩师118. Acupuncturist -针灸师119. Herbalist -草药师120. Naturopath -自然疗法医生121. Homeopath -顺势疗法医生122. Midwife -助产士123. Forensic scientist -法医学家124. Geneticist -遗传学家125. Marine biologist -海洋生物学家126. Zoologist -动物学家127. Botanist -植物学家128. Ecologist -生态学家129. Astronaut -宇航员130. Archaeologist -考古学家131. Paleontologist -古生物学家132. Geographer -地理学家133. Sociologist -社会学家134. Historian -历史学家135. Economist -经济学家136. Political scientist -政治学家137. Archaeologist -考古学家138. Anthropologist -人类学家139. Linguist -语言学家140. Ethnographer -民族学家141. Criminologist -犯罪学家142. Psychologist -心理学家143. Psychiatrist -精神科医生144. Counselor -咨询师145. Social worker -社工146. Therapist -治疗师147. Life coach -人生导师148. Personal trainer -私人教练149. Yoga instructor -瑜伽教练150. Nutritionist -营养师151. Dietitian -饮食专家152. Fitness instructor -健身教练153. Physical therapist -物理治疗师154. Occupational therapist -职业治疗师155. Speech therapist -言语治疗师156. Massage therapist -按摩师157. Reflexologist -反射疗法师158. Reiki practitioner -灵气治疗师159. Aromatherapist -芳香疗法师160. Herbalist -草药师161. Naturopath -自然疗法医生162. Homeopath -顺势疗法医生164. Veterinarian -兽医165. Animal trainer -动物训练师166. Pet groomer -宠物美容师167. Dog walker -遛狗师168. Pet sitter -宠物保姆169. Horse trainer -马术训练师170. Farmhand -农场工人171. Dairy farmer -奶农172. Crop farmer -农作物种植者173. Agricultural engineer -农业工程师174. Agricultural inspector -农业检查员175. Food scientist -食品科学家176. Food technologist -食品技术师177. Food inspector -食品检查员178. Food safety officer -食品安全官员179. Chef -厨师180. Sous chef -副厨师181. Pastry chef -糕点师182. Line cook -炒锅师傅183. Waiter/waitress -服务员184. Bartender -酒保185. Sommelier -酒侍186. Hotel manager -酒店经理187. Concierge -门房188. Housekeeper -客房服务员189. Tour guide -导游190. Travel agent -旅行代理191. Flight attendant -空乘人员192. Pilot -飞行员193. Air traffic controller -空中交通管制员194. Airport security officer -机场安全人员195. Event planner -活动策划师196. Wedding planner -婚礼策划师197. Party planner -派对策划师198. Event coordinator -活动协调员199. Photographer -摄影师200. Videographer -摄像师201. Graphic designer -平面设计师202. Web designer -网页设计师203. UI/UX designer -用户界面/用户体验设计师204. Illustrator -插画师205. Animator -动画师206. Art director -艺术总监207. Fashion designer -时尚设计师208. Costume designer -服装设计师209. Interior designer -室内设计师210. Architect -建筑师211. Landscape architect -景观设计师212. Urban planner -城市规划师213. Industrial designer -工业设计师214. Product designer -产品设计师215. Automotive designer -汽车设计师216. Jewelry designer -珠宝设计师217. Furniture designer -家具设计师218. Textile designer -纺织品设计师219. Toy designer -玩具设计师220. Game designer -游戏设计师221. Sound designer -声音设计师222. Film director -电影导演223. Screenwriter -编剧224. Film editor -影片剪辑师225. Cinematographer -摄影师226. Film producer -电影制片人227. Sound engineer -音频工程师228. Music producer -音乐制作人229. Songwriter -词曲创作人230. Musician -音乐家231. Singer -歌手232. Dancer -舞者233. Choreographer -编舞家234. Actor/actress -演员235. Voice actor -配音演员236. Comedian -喜剧演员237. Magician -魔术师238. Stunt performer -特技演员239. Circus performer -马戏团演员240. Professional athlete -职业运动员。
建筑景观语言(英文翻译)
Cover封面Content目录Design Explanation设计说明Master Plan总平面Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析Function Analysis功能分析Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图Traffic Analysis交通分析Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图Hand Drawing手绘效果图Section剖面图Detail详图Central Axis中心公共主轴Reference Picture参考图片Planting Reference Picture植物选样材料类:aluminum铝asphalt沥青alpine rock轻质岗石boasted ashlars粗凿ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石clay粘土crushed gravel碎砾石crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土crushed stone碎石cement石灰enamel陶瓷、瓷釉frosted glass磨砂玻璃grit stone/sand stone砂岩glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃granite花岗石、花岗岩gravel卵石galleting碎石片ground pavement material墙面地砖材料light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢light slates轻质板岩lime earth灰土masonry砝石结构membrane张拉膜、膜结构membrane waterproofing薄膜防水mosaic马赛克quarry stone masonry/quarrystone bond粗石体plaster灰浆polished plate glass/polished plate磨光平板玻璃panel面板、嵌板rusticated ashlars粗琢方石rough rubble粗毛石reinforcement钢筋设施设备类:accessory channel辅助通道atrium门廊aisle走道、过道avenue道路access通道、入口art wall艺术墙academy科学院art gallery画廊arch拱顶archway拱门arcade拱廊、有拱廊的街道axes轴线air condition空调aqueduct沟渠、导水管alleyway小巷billiard table台球台bed地基bedding cushion垫层balustrade/railing栏杆byland/peninsula半岛bench座椅balcony阳台bar-stool酒吧高脚凳beam梁plate beam板梁bearing wall承重墙retaining wall挡土墙basement parking地下车库berm小平台block楼房broken-marble patterned flooring碎拼大理石地面broken stone hardcore碎石垫层curtain wall幕墙cascade小瀑布、叠水corridor走廊couryard内院、院子canopy张拉膜、天篷、遮篷coast海岸children playground儿童活动区court法院calculator计算器clipboard纤维板cantilever悬臂梁ceiling天花板carpark停车场carpet地毯cafeteria自助餐厅clearage开垦地、荒地cavern大洞穴dry fountain旱喷泉driveway车道vehicular road机动车道depot仓库、车场dry fountain for children儿童溪水广场dome圆顶drain排水沟drainage下水道drainage system排水系统discharge lamp放电管entrance plaza入口广场elevator/lift电梯escalator自动扶梯flat roof/roof garden平台fence wall围墙、围栏fountain喷泉fountain and irrigation system喷泉系统footbridge人行天桥fire truck消防车furniture家具、设备firepot/chafing dish火锅gutter明沟ditch暗沟gully峡谷、冲沟valley山谷garage车库foyer门厅、休息室hall门厅lobby门厅、休息室industry zone工业区island岛inn小旅馆jet喷头kindergarten幼儿园kiosk小亭子(报刊、小卖部)lamps and lanterns灯具lighting furniture照明设置mezzanine包厢main stadium主体育场outdoor terrace室外平台oil painting油画outdoor steps/exterior steps室外台阶pillar/pole/column柱、栋梁pebble/plinth柱基pond/pool池、池塘pavilion亭、阁pipe/tube管子plumbing管道port港口pillow枕头pavement硬地铺装path of gravel卵石路public plaza公共休闲广场communal plaza公共广场pedestrian street步行街printer打印机resting plaza休闲广场区rooftop/housetop屋顶pile桩piling打桩pump泵ramp斜坡道、残疾人坡道riverway河道sunbraking element遮阳构件sanitation卫生设施skylight天窗skyline地平线scanner扫描仪shore岸、海滨sash窗框slab楼板、地下室顶板stairhall楼梯厅staircase楼梯间secondary structure/minor structure次要结构secondary building/accessory building次要建筑street furniture小品(椅凳标志)solarium日光浴室terrace平台chip/fragment/sliver/splinter碎片safety belt/safety strap/life belt安全带safety passageway安全通道shelf/stand架子sunshade天棚small mountain stream山塘小溪subway地铁safety glass安全玻璃streetscape街景画sinking down plaza下沉广场sidewalk人行道footpath步行道设计阶段:existing condition analysis现状分析analyses of existings城市现状分析construction site service施工现场服务conceptual design概念设计circulation analysis交通体系分析construction drawing施工图complete level完成面标高details细部设计、细部大样示意图diagram示意图、表elevation上升、高地、海拔、正面图development design扩初设计fa鏰de/elevation正面、立面general development analysis城市总体发展分析general situation survey概况general layout plan/master plan总平面general nature environment总体自然分析grid and landmark analysis城市网格系统及地标性建筑物分析general urban and landscape concept总体城市及景观设计概念general level design总平面竖向设计general section总体剖面图layout plan布置图legend图例lighting plan灯光布置图plan drawing平面图plot plan基地图presentation drawing示意图perspective/render效果图pavement plan铺装示意图reference pictures/imaged picture参考图片reference level参考标高图片site overall arrangement场地布局space sequence relation空间序列specification指定、指明、详细说明书scheme design方案设计sketch手绘草图sectorization功能分区section剖面site planning场地设计reference picture of planting植物配置意向图reference picture of street furniture街道家具布置意向图设计描述:a thick green area密集绿化administration/administrative行政administration zone行政区位function analysis功能分析arc/camber弧形askew歪的、斜的aesthetics美学height高度abstract art抽象派artist艺术家、大师art nouveau新艺术主义acre英亩architect建筑师be integrated with与……结合起来bisect切成两份、对开bend弯曲boundary/border边界operfloor架空层budget预算estimate评估beach海滩building code建筑规范。
设计类英语词汇翻译汇总
设计类英语词汇翻译汇总冰冻三尺,非一日之寒,词汇积累也是,下面是设计类英语词汇翻译汇总,为大家提供参考。
1 设计 Design2 现代设计 Modern Design3 工艺美术设计 Craft Design4 工业设计 Industrial Design5 广义工业设计 Generalized Industrial Design6 狭义工业设计 Narrow Industrial Design7 产品设计 Product Design8 传播设计 Communication Design8 环境设计 Environmental Design9 商业设计Comercial Design10 建筑设计 Architectural11 一维设计 One-dimension Design12 二维设计 Tow-dimension Design13 三维设计 Three-dimension Design14 四维设计 Four-dimension Design15 装饰、装潢 Decoration16 家具设计 Furniture Design17 玩具设计 Toy Design18 室内设计 Interior Design19 服装设计 Costume Design20 包装设计ackaging Design21 展示设计 Display Design22 城市规划 UrbanDesgin23生活环境 Living Environment24 都市景观 Townscape25 田园都市 Gardon City26 办公室风致 Office Landscape27 设计方法论 Design Methodology28 设计语言 Design Language29 设计条件 Design Condition30 结构设计 Structure Design31 形式设计 Form Design32 设计过程 Design Process33 构思设计 Concept Design34 量产设计,工艺设计 Technological Design35 改型设计 Model Change36 设计调查 Design Survey37 事前调查 Prior Survey38 动态调查 Dynamic Survey39 超小型设计 Compact type40 袖珍型设计 Pocktable Type41 便携型设计 Protable type42 收纳型设计Selfcontainning Design43 装配式设计Knock Down Type44 集约化设计 Stacking Type45 成套化设计 Set (Design)46 家族化设计 Family (Design)47 系列化设计 Series (Design)48 组合式设计 Unit Design49 仿生设计 Bionics Design50 功能 Function51 独创性 Originality52 创造力 Creative Power53 外装 Facing54 创造性思维 Creating Thinking55 等价变换思维Equivalent Transformationn Thought56 KJ法 Method of57 戈顿法Synectice58 集体创造性思维法 Brain Storming59 设计决策 (Design) Decision Making60 T-W-M体系 T-W-M system61 O-R-M体系 O-R-M system62 印象战略 ImageStralegy63 AIDMA原则 Law of AIDMA64 功能分化 Functional Differentiation65 功能分析 Functional Analysis66 生命周期 Life Cycle67 照明设计 Illumination Design。
常用的建筑景观英文翻译(全)
常用的景观英文1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.4.水景WATER FEATURE5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE6.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE11.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-212.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE15.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )16.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND20.旱冰道SLIDE21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN25.观景台VIEWING DECK26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL27.极可意JACUZZI28.嬉水池WADING POOL29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA34.桥BRIDGE35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION37.停车场PARING AREA38.特色花架TRELLIS39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT44.网球场TENNIS COURT45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER46.广场MAIN PLAZA47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN49.旱溪DRY STREAM50.凉亭PAVILION51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE53.台阶STAIR54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR )55.健身站EXERCISE STATION56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPATH57.车道/人行道DRIVEWAY /SIDEWALK58.人行漫步道PROMENADE59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) WATER FALL AND DANCING FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE 61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA。
景观设计方案英文翻译
景观设计方案英文翻译The Landscape Design SolutionThe landscape design solution aims to transform the existing space into an aesthetically pleasing and functional outdoor environment. The design focuses on creating a harmonious balance between natural elements and human activities, while adhering to principles of sustainability and conservation.The first step of the design involves analyzing the site conditions and identifying key features that can be incorporated into the overall plan. The existing trees, shrubs, and topography are carefully considered to maintain a sense of continuity with the surrounding environment.The design incorporates a variety of elements to enhance the aesthetics and functionality of the space. A central focal point, such as a water feature or sculpture, is integrated to provide visual interest and draw people into the space. Surrounding this focal point are carefully selected plantings, which create a sense of enclosure and provide shade and privacy.Walkways and seating areas are strategically placed throughout the landscape to encourage people to explore and interact with the space. These elements are designed to be accessible to all, including individuals with mobility challenges. Additionally, seating areas are positioned to take advantage of views and provide comfortable spots for relaxation and socialization.To promote sustainability, the design includes various greeninfrastructure features. Rain gardens and bioswales are incorporated to capture and filter stormwater runoff, reducing the impact on local water bodies. Native plants are favored, as they require less maintenance and provide habitat for local wildlife. Additionally, irrigation systems are designed to maximize water efficiency, using weather-based sensors and drip irrigation techniques.Lighting is also a key consideration in the design. Low-level ambient lighting is used to enhance the nighttime experience and ensure safety for users. Accent lighting is utilized to highlight key features and create visual interest.The design solution also considers the needs of different user groups. Playground areas and fitness equipment are included to cater to families and individuals looking for recreational opportunities. Quiet seating areas and meditation spaces are integrated for those seeking a place for relaxation and reflection. In conclusion, the landscape design solution aims to create an attractive and functional outdoor environment that adheres to principles of sustainability and conservation. Careful consideration is given to the existing site conditions, with a focus on maintaining a sense of harmony with the surrounding environment. The design incorporates various elements, such as focal points, plantings, walkways, and seating areas, to enhance the aesthetics and functionality of the space. Green infrastructure features and lighting considerations further contribute to the sustainability and usability of the design. Overall, the landscape design solutionseeks to create a space that is accessible and enjoyable for all users, while promoting a connection to nature.。
设计类型英文翻译
设计设计是把一种计划、规划、设想通过某种形式传达出来的活动过程。
人类通过劳动改造世界,创造文明,创造物质财富和精神财富,而最基础、最主要的创造活动是造物。
设计便是造物活动进行预先的计划,可以把任何造物活动的计划技术和计划过程理解为设计。
常见类型沟通设计Communication Design 有时也称为沟通艺术Communication Arts 或是视觉传达设计Visual communication平面设计Graphic Design 是CI系统的视觉表现化,通过平面的表现,突出企业文化和企业形象三维设计3D Design :是一个广泛的种类、然而并不常用、在三维设计当中、多以电脑动画、工业或建筑设计的三维模型为主要创作的项目。
设计的种类相当多种,设计在许多领域都有应用,涉及的方面也比较广泛。
下面列出历史较久、较广为人知的设计种类。
更多的设计种类请参看设计下面的目录。
例如:商贸领域(Commerce)商业设计(Business design )新产品研发(New product development )包装设计(Packaging design )( Package Design)产品设计(Product design)服务设计(Service design)应用领域(Applications)体验设计(Experience design )游戏设计(Game design)互动设计﹙又称交互设计﹚(Interaction Design)软件设计(Software design)软件研发(Software development)软件工程(Software engineering)系统设计(System design)用户体验设计(User experience design )用户界面设计(User interface design )人机界面设计 (Interface Design)网页易操作设计(Web accessibility)网页设计(Web design)网站设计(Web design)信息设计(Information Design)传达(Communications)设计领域书籍设计(Books Design)色彩设计(Color design)传达设计(Communication design )内容/编排与内容设计(Content design)展示设计(Exhibition design)图形设计(Graphic design)资讯设计(Information design)教学设计(Instructional design)动态图形设计(Motion graphic design)新闻报刊设计(News design)制作设计(Production design)音效设计(Sound design)舞台设计(Theatrical design)字体设计(Typeface design)印刷设计(Typography )视觉传达设计(Visual communication)影视动画设计Television animation design动画设计Animation Design广告设计平面设计(Graphic Design)形象设计(VI Design)科学和数学领域(Scientific and mathematical)组合设计(Combinatorial design)实验设计(Design of experiments)物质领域(Physical)建筑设计(Architectural Design)工业设计Industrial Design建筑工程(Architectural engineering)汽车设计(Automotive design)手机设计(Cellular manufacturing)陶瓷和玻璃设计(Ceramic and glass design)环境设计(Environmental Design)服装设计(Fashion design)(Clothes Design) 插花设计(Floral design)家具设计(Furniture design)园林设计(Garden design)工业设计(Industrial design)室内设计(Interior Design/redesign)景观设计(Landscape architecture)机械工程设计(Mechanical engineering)永续设计(Sustainable design)城市设计(Urban design)深化设计(Detailed Design)环艺设计(Environment Art design)机械设计(Machine Design)机器设计(ApparatusDesign)UI设计(User Interface Design)装修设计印刷设计工程设计通用设计(通用设计或全方位设计)(Universal design)。
文献翻译-城市与景观空间环境设计
美术系毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:The City And View Space Environment Design学生姓名:专业:指导教师:20 年 5 月 10 日The city and view space environment design[Abstract]:Need not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant formlanguage from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary whocan express current science,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, theart lifts doubtless。
Provide the most directly the most abundant source. [Keywords]:The ecosystem building / the view constructThe view design and artNeed not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant form language from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary who can express currentscience,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, the art provided the most directly the most abundant source doubtless. From the stereoscopic doctrine,surrealism,the style parties,the composing doctrine of modern art earlier period, to later pole Chien's art,wave art, each kind of art current of thought and the art forms all provide and can draw lessons from for the view designer of the art thought and the form language. Today, the concept of[with] art has already taken place very big variety, "beautiful" no longer is the purpose of[with] art and adjudicate an art of standard.The art form pile up one after another, the pure art is gradually misty with the boundary of of the other art door, the artists absorbed the creations skill ofmovie,television,drama,music,building,view...etc., creating such as the media arts,behaviorart,radiation in response to a series of new art form, such as, art, and the earth art etc., but these turn over and give other art professions of from the operator with inspire very greatly.The painting is because of lines,piece the noodles and color of the oneself seem to be is converted into very easily to design some main factors in the plane chart, as a result has been influence the development of[with] the view design, pursue a creative view the designers already to acquire the inspiration of the sub- everlasting from the modern painting.The twenty At the beginning of century, the the stereoscopic parties painter added (the the Pablo Picasso 1881~1973) fully with cloth to the pull to the appear to the change much the in the the appearance of the the gram(the the Georges Braque l 882-1963 yearses) the of several bodies, the appeared what the several standpoints the in the the space see the to fold the to add, Be expressing in two even the result of the fore basic virtues.Their idea has deep but direct influence to the art field.Ex-The from two wars a the down to date, the stereoscopic send the the work the that sends the with super the reality to the the influence the that the the designer has the to keep the on. The set up in 1998 of the the Holland the Amsterdam card the pulls the the sectionsquare(Carraseoplein, the the Adriaan Geuze design), the with lawn, the the asphalt the road noodles the and the the road noodles the top the the dot array the of the the white was the a chemical element, the designing on the the ground the a two the the surrealism the appearance ofthe the ,the plus the the oddity in the a view the of light, voice and the train of the ambulation, make this space had surrealism of mysterious atmosphere.The design thought of the style parties has ever influenced to numerous design realms, its form language has already arrived an important function to the modern building sport.The building imitates the ancients the gram, Anne(the GaBriel Guevrekan l 900-1970 years) completed in 1927 of locate design in the villa courtyard of the French south Hyeres, break the restriction of the narrow and small base to spread the base of the square piece of a ground of brick and the tulip flower terrace demarcation triangle, absorbed the style parties to receive the spirit of Anne in Delhi's painting especially in the design, is made use of a ground well and enter a 3D composition design.Carve to have a close relation with park on the western history, carve to have been the adornment thing in the park but exist, even arrived a modern a society, this tradition reserves still.But the modern carve the substance influence to the view, is along with its oneself some developments just produce.Because a part carve steadily alignment abstraction, the alignment outdoors, extend dimensions and use various natural material, add to near to with the view work more, these two kinds of fusions of arts also naturally the real estate born.The pole Chien's doctrine(Minimalism) is a kind of art that takes simple and direct and several bodies as basic art language to exercise.Most pole Chien's art works make use of several of or organic form, use new comprehensive material, have a strong industrial color.The thought and work of[with] the pole Chien's doctrine not only promoted the earth art produce, but also influenced the two post-war views design.20Half after century leaf, to the variety and the development influence of the view form the biggest art form BE"the earth art" perhaps.The earth art inheritted the abstract simple shape form of[with] the pole Chien's art, and then blended the thought of[with] process art,the concept art, becoming a bridge that the artist sets foot in the view design.The earth art because of it the natural environment is to create place, as a result become the form language that many view designers draw lessons from, in the meantime, the artist also sets foot in the realm of[with] the view design in succession, many works usually are what the views teacher and artist cooperate complete, this also promoted more view with carve two kinds of fusion and the development of artses. An important influence of the earth art to the view design is the idea that brought an art to turn the geography design. The building critic ZHAN KE4 SI(the Charles Jencks i 939~) whom the year construct locates a Scotch southwest department a Dumfriesshire private garden, being turn with the abstruse and exquisite design thought and the art of the geography processing but call.The thought and manifestation of the modern art have profound influence to the view design, making the view design of the thought and means is more abundant.Different from pure art BE, the view design faces the challenge of[with] more complicated social problem and usage problem, view the designer can't take no cognizance these but sink to immerse in own art world.But since we can comprehend"beautiful" Be not the standard that adjudicates an art any more, we should can also comprehend a view no longer is mean"such as painting", the view can become a certain art to thought of carry a body, it can express a diverse form, so we can also have another a to tolerate for some views works that we don't comprehend very.The view design and ecosystemThe ecosystem of the view isn't a fresh concept.Have no 沦to construct in how of the environment, the views are all and abiogenesis close contact, this relation problem that involves to the view and the mankind and the nature by all means, just the environment problem of today is more outstanding, being subjected to a concern more, so the ecosystem becomes one of the most fashionable topics apparently.The ecosystem doctrine the wave tide that rolls up a world urges the top of the angle of view that people stand on science to re- examine the view profession, view the designers also start getting up own mission and the whole Earth ecosystem system contact.Now, at the view profession a little bit flourishing nations, the design of[with] the ecosystem doctrine already is not stay around the 沦text and the diagram paper up of empty talk also Be not the experiment of a handful of designers any more, the ecosystem doctrine has already become a view a designer internality of with hypostatic consideration.Respect the nature development process, initiate energy and material of circulating make use of and place of the ego maintain, developping the processing technique that can keep on etc. the thought pierce through to design and construct in the view with management of always.In the design pursue ecosystem already with pursue the function and the form the equal importance, after sometimes even surmounting both, occupied initial position.The ecology thought of lead to go into, make the view design of the thought and method took place a graveness a change, also influencing to even change the image of the view consumedly.The view design no longer stays around the narrow and small world of[with] the garden design, it starts get involved the more extensive environment design realm.Maintain by one's own to the respect of the place ecosystem development process,to the circulating exploitation of the material energy and to the place with can keep on a processing to initiate technically, the body is now strong ecosystem principle.Though see from the outside idea, most views or many or littlely body now green, green of not necessarily is an ecosystem of, cost a great deal of manpower material resources and financial power then can become and keep the view of[with] result, isn't a "green" of the ecosystem meaning. Design medium should make use of the plant of the hometown more, the natural rebirth that respects a place plants a quilt.The nature has it to turn into with the more recent regulation, seeing from the angle of the ecosystem, the natural cluster falls to fall to have vitality more healthily and more than the artificials. Some designers know this, they make use of the address a top original nature to plant a quilt well perhaps in the design, or build up a frame, providing a condition for the natural reborn process, this is also a kind of body that the exertive natural system can move sex now.Society,art,ecosystem balanceThe art,function and science are three targets that the modern view design pursue.After pass by the baptism of the modernism, the function doctrine has become the widespread standardof[with] the view design.However lay particular emphasis on function excessively, the feature of the view sinks unavoidably in mild.The view wants to develop continuously, the art and science became the direction of the breakthrough.The thought and skill of the modern art for promotes the art that the modern view design to have very your work to use, also make the view design is more abundant.The ecosystem doctrine thought and principle that represent science seep through the view design medium, and become the instruction thought of[with] design, expressing a view adesigner to have already been aware of an own technique should bring into the whole Earth ecosystem system.The development of the view is and develop of society close contact.The progressthat the society development,social culture of the economy realize, promote the development of the view business and design realm to expand continuously.The view of today involves to people the square aspect noodles of the life, modern view is for the sake of the person's usage.Turn over, the view has already exceeded historical and any period perhaps tothe positive effect of the society.城市与景观空间环境设计勒·可布西埃著摘要毋庸置疑,景观设计是一门艺术,它与其他艺术形式之间有着必然的联系。
建筑设计常用英语词汇汇总
请一定记住:任何时候Google 和Google Image 搜图都是我们最好的翻译工具!记住翻译重要的是理解,然后用自己的语言来解释,而不是一个英文单词对应一个中文词。
sentences句子:1) camera angle of the aerial鸟瞰图的相机角度2) Keep as much of this project CG as possible.3) on hold for now暂时等待4) we have not flown this project yet 我们还没有航拍这个项目5) 30 Sec Polished Animation by Thursday October 30秒精美制作过的动画6) the frames per second should be 29.97 not 25. 应该是29.97帧/秒而不是25帧/秒。
7) Structural grid coffer ceiling with recess lighting. 内嵌有灯的天花板格子8) This material shimmers with silver specs. 这种材质是带有银质金属片闪闪发光的9) the overhang in the back and in the front 屋顶前后挑出的部分10) this is how it is now 这是现在的样子11) colored site plan of the project 项目颜色平面图12) artists colored perspective of the project 彩色手绘透视图13) Please have several sample cameras for the bedroom14) 请做几个卧室的相机角度小样15) Use a gas range top for the cook top.炉灶用平式煤气炉16) The idea is that xx的想法17) Apply this edit to the model 用这些修改意见来改模型。
海跃庭院设计——景观常用英语术语归纳
海跃庭院设计——景观常用英语术语翻译归纳——海跃庭院设计学习资料常用的景观英文翻译(1)中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林AngloChinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spainish style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园manor,villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden,patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze,labyrinth灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑ShangLin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫WeiYang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”,“架高园”。
风景园林师的设计伦理观
风景园林师的设计伦理观1、引言随着国民经济的快速发展,城市化进程不断加快,城市发展和人口剧增对生态环境的破坏与人们对美好生活的向往之间的矛盾日益突出。
风景园林主要研究人与建筑和自然环境的关系。
在此背景下,风景园林从业人员应当如何做呢?这正是本文想要探究的问题。
2、概念解析2.1风景园林师要界定风景园林师(Landscapearchitect,简称LAt),首先要理解Landscapearchitecture的中文译名。
Landscapearchitecture (简称LA)这一学术术语有多种中文译名。
景观学派学者将LA翻译为景观设计(学)、景观规划设计(学)、风景建筑(学)、景观建筑(学)等,而农林类院校的学者普遍将LA翻译为风景园林(学)。
基于中国园林事业发展现实和中国民族文化发展需要相结合的视角,杨滨章(2006)主张将LA译为风景园林,将LAt译为风景园林师[1]。
本文采用风景园林师这一译名,泛指所有从事风景园林规划设计的专业人员。
根据美国风景园林师协会(ASLA)的定义,“风景园林”意指规划、设计、管理及培育建筑和自然环境,风景园林师的工作就是综合运用独特技能改进所有社区里人与自然的健康,具体工作包括规划设计公园、校园、街景、乡间小路、广场、住宅小区等。
2.2职业伦理“职业”指那些涉及高深专业知识、自我管理和对公共善协调服务的工作形式。
职业把社会中的人们以“集团”或“群体”的形式联系起来,故职业可以看作社会组织的一种形式。
“伦理”指人与人之间相处应当遵循的道理,或者说处理人与人之间相互关系的道理,或者说,“伦理”就是处理人与人、人与社会、人与自然的相互关系应遵循的规则。
也可以说,伦理是关于行为对错、善恶的价值判断和评价。
人们依据一定的伦理原则来判断自己的行为“该不该”或“对不对”。
“职业伦理”指职业人员从业的范围内所采纳的一套行为标准。
根据风景园林的定义,风景园林师的职业伦理可以理解为风景园林师在规划、设计、管理及培育建筑和自然环境过程中所采取的一套行为标准,或者说他们依据一定的伦理原则来处理人与人以及人与建筑和自然环境的关系。
设计方案英文翻译
设计方案英文翻译篇一:建筑设计方案、初设及施工图深度(带英文翻译)2 方案设计2 Project Design/Concept Design2.1 一般要求2.1 General Requirements2.1.1 方案设计文件2.1.1 Project design documents1 设计说明书,包括各专业设计说明以及投资估算等内容;1 The design specifications include various professional design specifications and investment estimation; for those professions involved with building energy-effective design, the design specification shall include the special content related to the building energy-efficiency;2 总平面图以及建筑设计图纸(若为城市区域供热或区域煤气调压站,应提供热能动力专业的设计图纸,具体见2.3.3条);2 The general layout and the building design drawings (forthe urban district heating or regional gas pressure-regulating station,professional thermal power design drawings shall be provided,details are shown in Article 2.3.3);3 设计委托或设计合同中规定的透视图、鸟瞰图、模型等。
3 The scenograph, bird's-eye view and model specified in the design commission or design contract2.1.2 方案设计文件的编排顺序2.1.2 Editing sequence of the project design document1 封面:写明项目名称、编制单位、编制年月;1 Cover: project name, preparation units and preparation date2 扉页:写明编制单位法定代表人、技术总负责人、项目总负责人的姓名,并经上述人员签署或授权盖章;2 Title page: the name of the legal representative, generaltechnical superintendent and the general project superintendent of the preparation unit, and signed by the above person or authorized with stamp;3 设计文件目录;3 design document directory;4 设计说明书;4 design specifications;5 设计图纸。
最新景观建筑设计专业英语翻译
6、难道我们还有其他的选择吗?我们通过发明一个完全人造的环境来发展我们的潜能,实现我们立于命运之外的愉快的生产生活,是极有可能的吗?这种预想相当令人疑惑。
通过深入分析那些最成功的规划,可以看出:我们的成功之处在于有意识的寻求一种和谐的整体而不是粗暴的去征服自然,不是忽略自然条件,也不是武断的用人工建筑掩盖自然特征和外观。
而这种和谐是通过调整土地和自然的结构形式来实现的,也就是将丘陵,阳光,水,植物,空气引入到规划区域,带着对大自然的体贴和怜悯将构筑物建于山间,河流和山谷沿线以及风景中。
7、在我们对秩序和美丽的渴望下,也许我们是动物中的独一无二。
是否有其他动物能够欣赏“景观”,会对古老的橡木带来的壮观景致产生思考,或者喜欢追寻海岸线的波动,这是值得怀疑的。
我们本能的寻求和谐,并排斥那些混乱的、有冲突的、丑陋的和无逻辑的社会现象。
当我们的乡镇城市被拥挤的街道而非由开放性的公园占据,我们会感到满意吗?当高速公路穿越我们的社区,我们会感到满意吗?当大货车经过我们的房屋和教觉时隆隆作响,我们会感到满意吗?当我们的孩子在上学的路上要一次又一次地穿过危险的交通道路,我们会感到满意吗?从早到晚,城市里的车辆川流不息,尽管路经这些髙楼建筑地区,仍好比行行径山岳峡谷,应读是绿意怅然畅行无阻的景观道路,周边都是宽敝的社区和开阔的乡间美景。
8、当下的我们必须直面这个令人不安的事实:我们的城市、城郊甚至于农村地区的规划在很大程度上都是考虑不周的。
我们的社区与髙速公路二者之间亳无逻辑联系. 二者在地形学、气象学、生理学、生态学基础上也无联系。
我们已经长大,并将继续逐渐地,无规则地,无任何理由地成长。
我们并不满足并且很迷惑。
在规划过程中失败的地方,我们感到很失意.9、10、我们能够通过观察来学习规划,不能通过逐一解决问題,逐一处理场所来实现对规划的学习。
巧妙的计划是根据外在灵感和灵感启发的视野来检验每一个方案,当考虚解决每个问题时,应该将每个问题视为一个完整规划理念的一个部分。
景观方案文本标题英文翻译
目录Contents一、项目背景1. Project’s background区域概况1. 1General situation of the area区位分析Analysis of the location上位规划Preliminary plan现状分析Analysis of exiting situation景观分析Analysis of landscape植物分析Analysis of plant交通分析Analysis of traffic地形分析Analysis of landform工业分析Analysis of industry二、设计主题及理念2.Theme and Concept2.1设计主题Theme设计理念Concept2.2设计思路2.3 Idea三、景观平面分析3. Analysis of landscape plan总平面图General plan空间分析Analysis of space交通分析Analysis of traffic景观视线分析Analysis of landscape’s line of sight轻轨视线分析Analysis of Light rail’s line of sight 功能分区分析Analysis of functional partition四、分区景观设计4. Landscape design of partition分区设计说明Partition Instruction分区一设计分析Analysis of Partition I分区二设计分析Analysis of Partition II分区三设计分析Analysis of Partition III分区四设计分析Analysis of Partition IV分区五设计分区Analysis of Partition VI效果图Perspective drawing五、专项设计5. Design of special topic灯具音箱布置Layout of Lamps and speakers铺装设计Design of paving室外家具布置Layout of outdoor furnishings植物配置说明Instruction of p lant’s configuration 滨水植物设计Design of waterfront plant商业广场植物设计Commercial plaza’s Plant Design休闲广场植物设计Commercial plaza’s Plant Design六、经济技术指标6. Economic and technical index工程概算Project estimate。
关于建筑术语翻译英文1
常见的建筑术语的英文翻译集之一以下是一些常见的建筑术语的英文翻译集合之一:1. 建筑设计- Architectural Design2. 建筑结构- Building Structure3. 建筑材料- Building Materials4. 建筑施工- Building Construction5. 建筑成本- Construction Cost6. 建筑风格- Architectural Style7. 建筑师- Architect8. 建筑规划- Building Planning9. 建筑模型- Architectural Model10. 建筑面积- Building Area11. 建筑高度- Building Height12. 建筑容积率- Plot Ratio13. 建筑法规- Building Codes and Regulations14. 建筑节能- Energy Efficiency in Buildings15. 建筑智能化- Intelligent Buildings16. 绿色建筑- Green Buildings17. 可持续建筑- Sustainable Buildings18. 建筑声学- Architectural Acoustics19. 建筑光学- Architectural Optics20. 室内设计- Interior Design21. 景观设计- Landscape Design22. 结构设计- Structural Design23. 给排水设计- Water Supply and Drainage Design24. 暖通空调设计- HVAC Design25. 电气设计- Electrical Design26. 消防设计- Fire Protection Design27. 智能化系统设计- Intelligent System Design28. 施工组织设计- Construction Organization Design29. 施工图设计- Construction Drawing Design30. 装饰装修设计- Decoration and Finishing Design31. 建筑声学设计- Architectural Acoustics Design32. 建筑光学设计- Architectural Optics Design33. 建筑热工设计- Architectural Thermal Design34. 建筑美学设计- Architectural Aesthetic Design35. 建筑环境设计- Architectural Environment Design36. 建筑风水学- Feng Shui37. 建筑日照分析- Solar Analysis for Buildings38. 建筑通风分析- Ventilation Analysis for Buildings39. 建筑声环境分析- Acoustic Environment Analysis for Buildings40. 建筑光环境分析- Daylighting Environment Analysis for Buildings41. 建筑热环境分析- Thermal Environment Analysis for Buildings42. 建筑面积计算- Building Area Calculation43. 建筑楼层高度- Storey Height44. 建筑消防设计- Fire Protection Design for Buildings45. 建筑结构安全评估- Structural Safety Evaluation for Buildings46. 建筑抗震设计- Seismic Design for Buildings47. 建筑防洪设计- Flood-resistant Design for Buildings48. 建筑工程招标- Building Engineering Tendering49. 建筑工程施工许可- Construction Permission for Building Projects50. 建筑工程造价咨询- Engineering Cost Consulting for Building Projects51. 建筑工程监理- Project Supervision for Building Projects52. 建筑工程验收- Acceptance of Building Projects53. 建筑工程质量检测- Quality Detection of Building Projects54. 建筑工程质量评估- Quality Evaluation of Building Projects55. 建筑工程质量保修- Quality Guarantee of Building Projects56. 建筑工程档案- Construction Project Archives57. 建筑工程安全- Construction Safety58. 建筑工程管理- Construction Project Management59. 建筑工程合同- Construction Contract60. 建筑工程保险- Construction Insurance61. 建筑工程材料- Construction Materials62. 建筑工程机械- Construction Machinery63. 建筑工程劳务- Construction Labor64. 建筑工程施工组织设计- Construction Organization Design for Building Projects65. 建筑工程施工图设计- Construction Drawing Design for Building Projects66. 建筑工程施工进度计划- Construction Progress Plan for Building Projects67. 建筑工程施工质量控制- Construction Quality Control for Building Projects68. 建筑工程施工安全管理- Construction Safety Management for Building Projects69. 建筑工程施工现场管理- Construction Site Management for Building Projects70. 建筑工程施工成本管理- Construction Cost Management for Building Projects71. 建筑工程施工环境保护- Environmental Protection in Building Construction72. 建筑工程施工节能管理- Energy-saving Management in Building Construction73. 建筑工程施工水土保持- Soil and Water Conservation in Building Construction74. 建筑工程施工质量控制要点- Key Points of Construction Quality Control for Building Projects75. 建筑工程施工安全控制要点- Key Points of Construction Safety Control for Building Projects76. 建筑工程施工质量验收规范- Acceptance Specification for Construction Quality ofBuilding Projects77. 建筑立面设计- Façade Design78. 建筑剖面设计- Section Design79. 建筑立面分析图- Façade Analysis Diagram80. 建筑剖面分析图- Section Analysis Diagram81. 建筑结构分析图- Structural Analysis Diagram82. 建筑平面图- Floor Plan83. 建筑立面图- Façade Drawing84. 建筑剖面图- Section Drawing85. 建筑轴测图- Axonometric Drawing86. 建筑渲染图- Architectural Rendering87. 建筑模型制作- Model Making88. 建筑绘画- Architectural Drawing89. 建筑表现图- Architectural Representation90. 建筑动画- Architectural Animation91. 建筑摄影- Architectural Photography92. 建筑信息模型- Building Information Modeling (BIM)93. 建筑环境评估- Building Environmental Assessment94. 建筑节能评估- Building Energy Efficiency Assessment95. 建筑可持续性评估- Building Sustainability Assessment96. 建筑健康评估- Building Health Assessment97. 建筑设备系统设计- Building Equipment System Design98. 建筑电气系统设计- Electrical System Design for Buildings99. 建筑给排水系统设计- Water Supply and Drainage System Design for Buildings 100. 建筑暖通空调系统设计- HVAC System Design for Buildings一般建筑术语英文翻译之二101. 建筑燃气系统设计- Gas System Design for Buildings102. 建筑消防报警系统设计- Fire Alarm System Design for Buildings103. 建筑智能化系统集成设计- Intelligent System Integration Design for Buildings 104. 建筑幕墙设计- Curtain Wall Design105. 建筑石材幕墙设计- Stone Curtain Wall Design106. 建筑玻璃幕墙设计- Glass Curtain Wall Design107. 建筑绿化设计- Greening Design for Buildings108. 建筑景观设计- Landscape Design for Buildings109. 建筑室内环境设计- Indoor Environmental Design for Buildings110. 建筑声学装修设计- Acoustic Decoration Design for Buildings111. 建筑光学装修设计- Optical Decoration Design for Buildings112. 建筑材料装修设计- Decorative Materials Design for Buildings113. 建筑历史与理论- Architectural History and Theory114. 建筑美学史- History of Architectural Aesthetics115. 现代建筑设计- Modern Architectural Design116. 后现代建筑设计- Postmodern Architectural Design117. 当代建筑设计- Contemporary Architectural Design118. 解构主义建筑设计- Deconstructivist Architectural Design119. 装饰艺术建筑设计- Art Deco Architectural Design120. 功能主义建筑设计- Functionalist Architectural Design121. 结构主义建筑设计- Structuralist Architectural Design122. 新古典主义建筑设计- Neoclassical Architectural Design123. 折衷主义建筑设计- Eclectic Architectural Design124. 绿色建筑设计- Green Architectural Design125. 人文主义建筑设计- Humanist Architectural Design126. 新地域主义建筑设计- New Regionalist Architectural Design127. 参数化建筑设计- Parametric Architectural Design128. 数字建筑设计- Digital Architectural Design129. 未来主义建筑设计- Futurist Architectural Design130. 智能化建筑设计- Intelligent Building Design131. 生态建筑设计- Ecological Architectural Design132. 城市设计- Urban Design133. 景观设计- Landscape Design134. 城市规划- Urban Planning135. 城市更新- Urban Renewal136. 城市改造- Urban Transformation137. 城市意象- Urban Image138. 城市设计理论- Urban Design Theory139. 城市生态设计- Urban Ecological Design140. 城市交通设计- Urban Transportation Design141. 城市基础设施设计- Urban Infrastructure Design142. 城市天际线设计- Urban Skyline Design143. 城市夜景设计- Urban Nightscape Design144. 城市滨水区设计- Urban Waterfront Design145. 城市开放空间设计- Urban Open Space Design146. 城市街道景观设计- Urban Streetscape Design147. 城市公园设计- Urban Park Design148. 城市居住区设计- Urban Residential District Design149. 城市商业区设计- Urban Commercial District Design150. 城市文化区设计- Urban Cultural District Design151. 城市行政中心设计- Urban Governmental District Design152. 城市会展中心设计- Urban Exhibition and Convention Center Design 153. 城市体育馆设计- Urban Stadium Design154. 城市图书馆设计- Urban Library Design155. 城市博物馆设计- Urban Museum Design156. 城市大剧院设计- Urban Theater Design157. 城市机场设计- Urban Airport Design158. 城市火车站设计- Urban Train Station Design159. 城市地铁站设计- Urban Subway Station Design160. 城市公交车站设计- Urban Bus Stop Design161. 城市景观照明设计- Urban Landscape Lighting Design162. 城市标识系统设计- Urban Signage System Design163. 城市公共艺术装置设计- Public Art Installation Design164. 城市家具设计- Urban Furniture Design165. 城市花坛设计- Urban Flower Bed Design166. 城市儿童游乐设施设计- Urban Playground Design167. 城市植栽设计- Urban Planting Design168. 城市排水系统设计- Urban Drainage System Design169. 城市防洪系统设计- Urban Flood Control System Design170. 城市消防系统设计- Urban Fire Protection System Design171. 城市应急救援系统设计- Urban Emergency Rescue System Design172. 城市废弃物处理系统设计- Urban Waste Management System Design 173. 城市给水系统设计- Urban Water Supply System Design174. 城市污水处理系统设计- Urban Wastewater Treatment System Design 175. 城市雨水排放系统设计- Urban Stormwater Management System Design 176. 城市空调系统设计- Urban Air Conditioning System Design177. 城市供暖系统设计- Urban Heating System Design178. 城市燃气供应系统设计- Urban Gas Supply System Design179. 城市电力供应系统设计- Urban Electrical Power Supply System Design180. 城市智能化管理系统设计- Urban Intelligent Management System Design 181. 城市绿色建筑认证体系- Green Building Certification Systems182. 城市绿色建筑评价体系- Green Building Evaluation Systems183. 可持续城市发展理论- Sustainable Urban Development Theory 184. 生态城市理论- Eco-city Theory185. 低碳城市理论- Low-carbon City Theory186. 紧凑城市理论- Compact City Theory187. 智慧城市理论- Smart City Theory188. 韧性城市理论- Resilient City Theory189. 多规合一城市规划体系- Integrated Urban Planning System 190. 城市设计哲学- Urban Design Philosophy191. 城市设计心理学- Urban Design Psychology192. 城市设计社会学- Urban Design Sociology193. 城市设计地理学- Urban Design Geography194. 城市设计经济学- Urban Design Economics195. 城市设计生态学- Urban Design Ecology196. 城市设计符号学- Urban Design Semiotics197. 城市设计现象学- Urban Design Phenomenology198. 城市设计未来学- Urban Design Futures Studies199. 城市设计艺术史- Urban Design Art History200. 城市设计与公共政策- Urban Design and Public Policy。
建筑设计方案文本中英翻译.
I设计文本图名英文翻译一设计说明篇1 设计说明Introduction of design二上位分析篇1 宏观区位分析图Macro location analysis drawing2 微观区位分析图Micro location analysis drawing3 资源分析图Resources analysis drawing4 企业分析图Enterprise analysis drawing5 区位交通分析图Traffic location analysis drawing6 基地现状分析图Existing site analysis plan7 基地高层分析图Highrise analysis drawing8 基地视线分析图Sight line analysis drawing9 山体条件分析图Mountain condition analysis plan10 水体条件分析图Water condition analysis plan 三案例分析篇Case Analysis1 案例分析图Case analysis drawing四城市印象篇Urban Impression1 白天鸟瞰图Aerial View2 夜景鸟瞰图Aerial Night View3 黄昏鸟瞰图Aerial Dusk View4 半鸟瞰图Semi-Aerial View5 局部透视图(白天-夜景-黄昏Partial perspective(day-night-evening 五理念分析篇Concept analysis1 方案构思图Plan Idea diagram2 理念构思图Idea Conceived Diagram3 理念分析图Idea Analysis diagram六规划设计篇1 总体规划平面图Overall planning2 总经济技术指标表General Technological and EconomicIndex3 分地块经济技术指标表Sub Parcel Technological and EconomicIndex分区经济技术指标表Subarea Technological and EconomicIndex4 模型展示图Model exhibition Diagram5 模型分析图Model Analysis Diagram6 功能系统分析图Function System Analysis Diagram7 建筑平面功能分析图Building Plane Function AnalysisDiagram8 建筑空间功能分析图Architecture Space Function Analysis Diagram9 交通系统分析图Traffic System Analysis Diagram10 道路系统分析图Road System Analysis Diagram11 水路系统分析图Water way system Analysis Diagram12 结构系统分析图Structure System Analysis Diagram13 空间结构分析图Space Structure Analysis Diagram14 空间系统分析图Space Structure Analysis Diagram15 开发系统分析图Development system Analysis Diagram16 开发强度示意图Development Intensity Diagram17 消防系统分析图Fire protection system Analysis Diagram18 景观系统分析图Landscape system Analysis Diagram19 空间景观分析图Space Sequence Analysis Diagram20 绿化系统分析图Afforestation system Analysis Diagram21 日照系统分析图Sunshine system Analysis Diagram22 竖向设计分析图Vertical elevation Analysis Plan23 视线系统分析图Sight System Analysis Plan24 地块价值分析图District Value Diagram25 地块价值挖掘分析图26 天际线分析图Skyline Analysis Diagram27 灯光系统分析图Lighting System Analysis Diagram 七建筑设计篇1 首层建筑平面图Ground floor plan2 夹层建筑平面图Mezzanine plan3 二层建筑平面图Second floor plan4 三层建筑平面图Third floor plan5 地下一层平面图Plan for Basement Floor6 地下二层平面图2nd Basement plan7 地下三层平面图3rd Basement plan8 防火分区图Fire Compartmentation Diagram9 建筑立面图Building Elevation drawing10 建筑剖面图Building Section11 户型平面图Layout plan12 材料运用示意图Material Exertion Diagram八建筑意向篇1 户型意向图Housing intention2 建筑意向图Architectural intention九景观意向篇1景观意向图Landscape intention十空间意向篇1 空间意向图Space intention十一场景意向篇1 场景意向图Scene intention* 对于不明确制图图纸的情况,请参考文件最后的图纸导航。
landscape 对应的词
landscape 对应的词
1. 风景:这是 "landscape" 最常见的中文翻译,用于描述自然风景或景色。
2. 地貌:这个词强调地球表面的地形和地貌特征,如山脉、平原、河流等。
3. 景观设计:当涉及到园林、建筑或城市规划等领域时,"landscape" 可以翻译为"景观设计"。
4. 风景画:在艺术领域,"landscape" 可以指风景画,即描绘自然风景的绘画作品。
5. 景色:这个词与 "landscape" 类似,用于描述自然或人工环境的外观和整体印象。
6. 地景:这是一个较为正式的术语,常用于地理学、地质学等领域,指地球表面的景观。
7. 山水:在中国文化中,"landscape" 常常与山水相关,山水可以指代自然景观中的山脉和水流。
8. 田园风光:这个短语强调农村地区的自然景色和田园生活的宁静与美丽。
9. 自然景观:这是一个广义的术语,包括各种自然元素和地貌,如森林、草原、沙漠、海岸线等。
以上只是一些可能的对应词或短语,具体的翻译还需要根据上下文和使用场景进行选择。
如果你能提供更多关于 "landscape" 的背景信息,我可以给出更准确的对应词或短语。
建筑英文翻译
草图Draft drawing/sketch平面Plan总平面master plan剖面Section立面Elevation正立面Facade透视图Perspective轴测图Axonometric view示意图/分析图Diagram地图分析/制图mapping/ mapping diagram图表chart/table容积率floor area ratio覆盖率Coverage城市设计Urban design; civic design区域规划Regional planning总体规划comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning 分区规划District planning/ zoning act控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning)场地规划Site planning近期建设规划Immediate planning步行轴Walking axis概念设计conceptual design方案设计schematic design扩初设计design development详细设计、细部设计Detail Design城市化Urbanization城市生态Urban ecology城市农业urban farming/ urban agriculture经济能量来源Economy energy sources可持续发展Sustainable development历史性城市的保护规划Preservation Plan of historic cities旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan城市再开发-Urban Redevelopment开发区Development area城市化水平Urbanization level城市群Urban Agglomeration/ Metropolitan Area/ Metropolitan Coordinating Region/mega region 城市系统Urban system卫星城市(城镇)Satellite town/ affiliate township城市基础设施Urban infrastructure市政基础设施Municipal Infrastructure绿色基础设施Green Infrastructure生态基础设施Ecological Infrastructure居民点Settlement城市City市Municipality; city城镇Town城市管理区域Administrative region of a city商业区Commercial district民政区域Civil district居住区规划Residential area planning护林区Ranger district绿地Percentage of greenery coverage绿化覆盖率Ratio of green space绿地率Landscaping within factory工厂绿化Landscaping of square广场绿化Landscaping of residential area居住区绿化Improved vegetation & wildlife谷底植栽场Landscaping around public building公共建筑绿化Indoor garden室外绿化Urban green 城市绿化Urban green space system城市绿化系统Public green space公共绿地Park公园Green belt 绿地Specified green space专用绿地Green buffer防护绿地空间(建筑)Parlor客厅Washroom; toilet卫生间、洗手间Balcony阳台、包厢Bathroom浴室Cabinet橱柜Courtyard building庭院建筑Dining-room ; dining hall餐厅Entrance入口Kitchen厨房Roof屋顶Kid room儿童房Dollhouse儿童游乐室Living room起居室Pavilion亭、阁Private garden私家花园Resident住宅Shared zone共享空间Toilet洗手间Servants hall用人房Scale比例Element要素、自然环境conference center会议中心Retail shop零售商店Theatre剧院园林景观Arbor乔木Shrub灌木Band stone铺石Car park below地下车库Carved paving bands曲线形铺地Cartilage Garth 庭园Courtyard identification sign标志牌Courtyard 庭院Fall瀑布Feature景色Footpath步道Garden bridge园桥Garden and park园林Herbage草本植物Liana藤本植物Natural cut stone砌石Pave铺地Pavilion 亭、阁Pavilion on terrace榭Planting植被Planting beds 花坛Plaza大广场Platform台Deck promenade栈道Pole lights灯柱Pool小水池Sculpture雕塑常用的景观英文参考1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行)MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE main entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ) for vehicle& pedestrian2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行)2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE 2nd entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR. Entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景WATER FEATURE water feature5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE mini amphitheatre6.迎宾景观-1WELCOMING FEATURE-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING) timber deck (viewing)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN bamboo garden9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-2 grand welcoming feature-2 12.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S rock's cape waterfall's GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处)LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER ) lounging terrace (lower ) 16.休憩台地(高处)LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER ) Lounging terrace (upper ) 17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD river wild19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND children's playground20.旱冰道SLIDE Slide21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT badminton court 网球场Tennis court 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE dry landscape23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN Japanese garden24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN dry fountain25.观景台VIEWING DECK viewing deck26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL swimming pool27.极可意JACUZZI Jacuzzi28.嬉水池WADING POOL wading pool29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL winding wall31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE rock sculpture32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA central plazaEXERCISE PLAZA exercise plaza34.桥BRIDGE bridge35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA meditating plaza36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION tree battle formation37.停车场PARING AREA paring area38.特色花架TRELLIS trellis39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN putting green41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT entrance paving to unit43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT basketball court44.网球场TENNIS COURT tennis court45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER terracing seat wall / planter 46.广场MAIN PLAZA main plaza47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL forest garden waterfall48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN rockery garden49.旱溪DRY STREAM dry stream50.凉亭PAVILION Pavilion51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER outdoor shower52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE tensile structure53.台阶STAIR stair54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR ) parking ( golf car )EXERCISE STATION exercise station56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPATH jogging footpath57.车道/人行道DRIVEWAY /SIDEWALK driveway /sidewalk58.人行漫步道PROMENADE promenade59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场)WATER FALL AND DANCING water fall and dancing FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA ) fountain ( entry plaza )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE entry feature61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA rockery plaza中国古典园林------classical Chinese garden中国传统园林-------traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林-------ancient Chinese garden中国山水园----------Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑--------- imperial palace garden皇家园林----------royal garden私家园林-----------private garden江南园林--------------garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林---------------western classical garden英国式园林-------------------- English style garden中英混合式园林--------------Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林------------------ Italian style garden西班牙式园林----------------Spanish style garden法兰西式园林------------------French style garden勒诺特尔式园林---------------Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园--------------------Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林-----------------------Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林---------------------Baroque style garden庄园--------------------------manor, villa garden廊柱园-----------------------peristyle garden, patio绿廊----------------------------xystus迷阵-----------------------------maze, labyrinth灵囿-------------------------- Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼---------------Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台---------------Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫-------------E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑---------------Shang-Lin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫---------------Wei-Yang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫----------------Luoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫----------------Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳-------------------Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园----------------Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园-------------------Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄---------------Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林----------------------Suzhou traditional garden悬园----------- Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”,“架高园”。
室内设计图纸中常用英文单词
PLAN —设计方案Interior design –室内设计Exterior 室外Landscape design –景观设计Architecture design –建筑设计designer –设计师base plan –基础建筑图floor plan –平面图elevation -立面图RCP = 天花吊顶设计Reflected Ceiling Plan electric plan = 电线走线图furniture plan –家具布置平面图interior plant plan –室内植物摆放图window schedule –窗表door schedule –门表Function 功能区Entrance入口Living room客厅Sitting room起居室Dining room餐厅Kitchen厨房Office书房Master bedroom主卧房Quest bedroom客卧Children bedroom儿童房Projection room视听室Dressing room更衣室Storeroom储藏室Master bathroom主卫Bathroom卫生间Wash room洗衣房Staircase楼梯Aisle过道Gazebo阳台Garden 花园Swimming pool游泳池Furniture家具Cupboard 厨房橱柜Wiring电器设备Drink box 酒柜Television 电视机Bar 吧台Sound box 音响Dining table 餐桌Washer 洗衣机Chair 椅子Refrigerator 冰箱Reclining chair 躺椅Microwave oven 微波炉Sofa 沙发Electric cooker 电饭褒Tea table 茶几Immersion heater 电热水壶TV set 电视柜Air-condition 空调Chest of drawers 藏衣柜Switch 开关Chest of drawers 五斗矮柜Electrical outlet 插座Bookcase 书柜Bed 床Bed stand 床头柜空间功能:客厅living room餐厅dining room玄关vestibule卫生间washroom卧室bedroom书房study阳台balcony落地窗French window按具体装饰的配件来找:地砖ground tile地板floorboards地毯carpet乳胶漆emulsion varnish壁纸wallpaper瓷砖ceramic tile翻译整理Translated by色色瓷砖COLOR MASTER墙砖wall tile地砖floor tile仿古砖rustic tile抛光砖polished tile踢脚板skirting board塑钢窗windows of PVC-steel窗台window-sill窗帘window curtains座便toilet洗手盆washbasin灯LIGHT:室内灯residential lamp / light枝状大吊灯chandeliers吊灯pendant lamp / light半吊灯half pendant lamp / light台灯table lamp / light壁灯wall lamp / light孙光辉Jacky Sun落地灯floor lamp / light吸顶灯ceiling lamp / light水晶灯crystal lamp / light木灯wooden lamp / light宫灯palace lamp / light仿水晶灯imitated crystal lamp / light 低压灯low voltage lamp / light工艺灯artificial lamp / light石艺灯marble lamp / light羊皮灯parchment lamp / light镜前灯mirror front lamp / light镜画灯picture lamp / light吊线灯track / line lamp / light格栅灯grille lamp / light 水珠灯water pearl lamp / light导轨灯track lamp / light柱灯pillar lamp / light风水灯water fountain lamp / light户外灯outdoor lamp / light路灯street lamp / light筒灯down lamp / light投光射灯spot lamp / light庭院灯garden lamp / light草坪灯lawn lamp / light草地灯lawn lamp / light防水灯water proof lamp / Under water lamp 柱头灯water jet lamp / light水底灯underwater lamp / light户外壁灯outdoor wall lamp / light组合灯assembled lamp / light太阳能灯solar lamp / light彩灯holiday lamp / light彩虹灯rainbow lamp / light吊灯chandelier。
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景观建筑设计专业英语翻译6、难道我们还有其他的选择吗?我们通过发明一个完全人造的环境来发展我们的潜能,实现我们立于命运之外的愉快的生产生活,是极有可能的吗?这种预想相当令人疑惑。
通过深入分析那些最成功的规划,可以看出:我们的成功之处在于有意识的寻求一种和谐的整体而不是粗暴的去征服自然,不是忽略自然条件,也不是武断的用人工建筑掩盖自然特征和外观。
而这种和谐是通过调整土地和自然的结构形式来实现的,也就是将丘陵,阳光,水,植物,空气引入到规划区域,带着对大自然的体贴和怜悯将构筑物建于山间,河流和山谷沿线以及风景中。
7、在我们对秩序和美丽的渴望下,也许我们是动物中的独一无二。
是否有其他动物能够欣赏“景观”,会对古老的橡木带来的壮观景致产生思考,或者喜欢追寻海岸线的波动,这是值得怀疑的。
我们本能的寻求和谐,并排斥那些混乱的、有冲突的、丑陋的和无逻辑的社会现象。
当我们的乡镇城市被拥挤的街道而非由开放性的公园占据,我们会感到满意吗?当高速公路穿越我们的社区,我们会感到满意吗?当大货车经过我们的房屋和教觉时隆隆作响,我们会感到满意吗?当我们的孩子在上学的路上要一次又一次地穿过危险的交通道路,我们会感到满意吗?从早到晚,城市里的车辆川流不息,尽管路经这些髙楼建筑地区,仍好比行行径山岳峡谷,应读是绿意怅然畅行无阻的景观道路,周边都是宽敝的社区和开阔的乡间美景。
8、当下的我们必须直面这个令人不安的事实:我们的城市、城郊甚至于农村地区的规划在很大程度上都是考虑不周的。
我们的社区与髙速公路二者之间亳无逻辑联系. 二者在地形学、气象学、生理学、生态学基础上也无联系。
我们已经长大,并将继续逐渐地,无规则地,无任何理由地成长。
我们并不满足并且很迷惑。
在规划过程中失败的地方,我们感到很失意.9、我们能够通过观察来学习规划,不能通过逐一解决问題,逐一处理场所来实现对规划的学习。
巧妙的计划是根据外在灵感和灵感启发的视野来检验每一个方案,当考虚解决每个问题时,应该将每个问题视为一个完整规划理念的一个部分。
简而言之,实际规划的中心目标都是创建一个更加有益健康的生活环境—一种更安全、更有效、更偷悦、更有益的生活方式。
显然,如果我们是环境和遗传的共同产物,那么环境的本质就必然关键。
理想化的自然环境是在其中可以消除紧张与摩擦,在这种理想化的自然环境中我们可以彻底发挥潜能。
这种环境,正如曾经那些对老北京进行规划的设计师们所构想的那样,人类生存、生长和发展. 要实现与自然、上帝、同胞们的和谐相处。
6、接下来,雄心勃勃、适应力强的直立人就离开了树林来到大草原,过起了猎人的生活,以食肉为主——这就使得人类具有和平性与侵略性双重特征。
社会从独立的个体变化到群体生活,为了狩猎而进行分工协作。
人类开始遍布全球,让自己适应不同的气候和地理环境,并创造出不同的物种。
在欧洲他要忍受惊人的冰雪时期的痛苦和山脉形成的恐惧这正是一种把第一部艺术作品看成是内在现实表达的挑战:也是一种有可能促动技术专家政治论者返璞妇真,积累经验.创造高端的景观园林的挑战。
他如此地崇敬自己有一种野兽捕食的特殊力量,以至于让他在食用肉体时渴望感受到一种穿透身体的精神。
7、一万年后,西方的狩猎社会己经被移居者所取代.但是从本质上看起来,这种趋势也出现在中国。
对此,我们可以找到抽象的证据来说明,事实上绘画和早期的狩猎生活方式存在一些相似点。
中国这片气候温和宜人,野兽一旦被驯服,就失去了神秘感,而人们也就把对它们的崇敬转向对整个自然界的崇敬。
因此,这些具有进取心的狩猎者成为了热爱和平的农业家。
道教徒们相信,人类所有的工作必须是温和的,而且順从大地母亲,这是一种和西方移居者完全不同的理论。
移居者们往往把自己看成是精通一切并能统治整个宇宙的能者.。
今天,西方人采用了更为现代的观点,和平常一样,我们首先能够在艺术中找到证据.而不是在科学中。
8、第三个阶段,西方移居者阶段。
他们主要关注数学比例造就出的美观,而环境则完全成为了建筑家们职责。
9,,当伽利略和和他的伙伴打破了发展了一万年才达到成熟稳定的安全古典盒子后,就意味着第四个阶段开始了。
超出有限,开始了对无限的研究,这种理念对景观园林设计的影响是具有革命意义的。
虽然在朗特庄园里,维尼奥拉己经展现了一个比房屋还大的花园,但是这种研究仍然意味着一种完全不同的空间理论。
风景学从建筑学独立出来,并且展示出建筑学所没有的虚构的空间观和理念。
对我来说,有两个从过时的设计理念中解放出来的具有象征意义的建筑。
一个是贝尔尼尼的圣彼得大教堂广场,这个景观通过圆柱给大家创造了一个无限空间的感觉。
它是世界上最伟大的集中城市空间的代表建筑;另一个建筑是当代位于佛罗伦萨附近的冈贝里亚庄园。
在历史上它首次利用空间记录了个性心理展现出的对比方面。
4、城市是庭院世界里的一个钢筋凝土庭院,由许多更小的庭院组成。
钢筋混凝土庭院里密集地种着植物,以致于我们认不出甚至完全忽略掉庭院最大的一个部分。
5、通过我们闲置的双眼,我们可以看见城市里大自然剩余的树木和庭院。
而城市大自然里的树木和庭院远远要比我们眼前的多得多,而道路旁和空地上的草本植物也要多得多。
我们呼吸的空气,我们脚下的地球,我们饮用和排泄的水,以及我们周围的生物体,都是自然。
在城市中,自然是强有力的力量,它能摇撼大地,使之滑坡、拱起或坍塌。
它可以沿山将岩石层劈开,生长出禁止开采的岩石露头,上亿的生物体生长在市区里含有化石成分的石灰岩建筑群中。
自然是雨水,是雨水管里地下河奔流的声音。
自然是从水龙头流出的水,通过水管,遥远的河流或水库的水从水龙头流出,使用后被冲入下水道,又重新返回到河流和海洋中。
城市中的自然是一阵夜晚的微风,一阵掠过建筑表层、太阳和天空的旋风。
城市里的自然中有小狗小猫,有老鼠在地下室,有鸽子在道路旁,有浣熊在涵洞里。
有猎鹰蹲伏在摩天大楼上。
自然是人和其他生物的各种目的和活动相互作用的结果,是支配能量转化、空气流动、大地侵蚀以及水循环的自然过程的结果。
城市就是自然的一部分。
6、自然是个连续的统一体,原野和城市分别位于这个统一体的两端。
原野和城市都于同一个自然的管辖里.然而,空气却一直被混合气体和悬浮物体污染着。
铺路和建筑所用的石材里有包含着岩石,正如我们随处可见的裸露在地表的岩石一样,它们会影响吸热效果和雨水径流,植物。
无论外来的还是本土的,总是寻求光、水、和空气来维持生存。
这个城市,并没有完全源于自然,也没有完全由人为创造。
这不是非自然,应该说是人类为满足其自身需要对未开发的自然进行的—个改造,就像人类开垦农田以生产粮食,管理森林以生产木村等。
然而,地球上没有一个地方是完全从人类活动的影响中脱离出来的。
人们的需要和环境之间的问题在几千年前就出现了,从最早的城市产生开始就已经出现了,而且在每一片大陆的每一座城市里一直延续下来。
7、自然是一个无处不在,并且环拥着城市的整体。
这一理念对城市的建造和维护以及每个居民的健康、安全和福利都有相当大的含义。
不幸的是,现在仍有留下了这样的传统,那就是城市违背自然,自然反抗城市。
而且人们却信仰城市整体脱离自然,甚至反对自然,这种信仰控制着人们利用这种方式来观察和继续修建城市。
这种态度是环境问题更加恶化,甚至创造了城市更多的环境问题:有毒气体和被污染的水;资源被耗尽并无法再生;洪水频繁的破坏环境;能量的需求和高建筑物会比城市化建设以外的发展造成更多的成本。
丑陋已普遍存在于许多城市中。
除了程度,新污染物的毒性和持久性以及地球的城市化范围等方面,那些困扰着古代城市的问题与现代都市中的问题从本质上来说是没有不同的。
随着城市的发展,这些问题变得更加地严重。
然而他们把这些问题看成是孤岛现象,而没有人把这些相关现象看成是由人类的普遍活动所产生的,而且会因为人类对自然发展过程的忽略而变成得更加严重。
8、大自然被看成一种表面上的装饰,和一种奢华,而不被能够渗入城市的根本力量。
有些人用公园和庭院的形式力图将自然引入城市,但即便是这些人也常常认为城市和自然是格格不入的,而他们自己则是将自然的少许部分带给城市的人。
9、要有效地利用存在于城市中的自然环境,要跳过短期成本和效益,要洞察城市日常生活中无数似乎毫不相干的行为所产生的结果,要协调城市中日新月异的变化,有必要树立一个崭新的观点来对待城市及其形成。
我们必须把做自然的一部分并进行因地制宜的设计。
城市、郊区、乡村必须被看个整体,与自然融入一,并看成是一个整体花园并在这个整体大花园里面进行修建,自然地社会价值必须得到认可,对自然的力量必须加以控制而不是抵制。
对城市中的自然必须像庭院一样加以养护,而不是忽略或抑制。
1,在19世纪,人们对改善居住条件相当关注,而城市公园的建造在很大稈度上是出于相当相同的关注,对此,有五个基本关注点:一是公众健康;二是伦理道德;三是浪漫主义运动的发展;四是经济;五是教育。
7、安德魯.杰克森.唐宁强烈主张将美国以别根海特风格建造城市公园的理论。
他提出一个革命性的观点:应该学习英国,由纳税人负担公园维护的费用。
他也能认识到在城市公园附近房地产有很大的赚钱的可能性。
此外,他认为公园具有精神意义:“这样的公园项目将使民族性格更加文明和高尚,培养对人们田园美景的热爱,增加人们对珍稀而美丽的花草树木的知识及审美力。
”他能看见,公园成为田园风光的一部分,在这里,人们散步、骑车、驾驶着四轮马车。
这正是一种来自于城市街道的放松:步行者们,当他们感觉到孤独的时候,他们可以在这里安宁悠闲地散步,当他们想寻找快乐时,他们可以走到到处能看见笑脸的小巷中。
虽然唐宁死于1852年,但他提倡的观点仍然能影响纽约市创造一个大型的城市公园。
城市公园及休闲区8、自19世纪以来“城市公园和休闲区”已成为主要的产业,在市,县,州以及地区都设有相应的行政机关。
19世纪,这些地方周围小一点的公园都被介绍成为运动中心,锻炼身体的地方和社会活动召开的场所,一些社会组织,都力图衡量城市公园规划的有效性,如国家娱乐协会,以每英亩占地多少人口的方式来规划标准。
但是,这些测量出来的土地总是不够的。
尽管这些标准是通则,也必须用特定地点的变化情况来权衡,但可见城市和其他机构己经趋向于以制定标准的方式来考虑休闲设施问题了。
9、这些标准和下面引用的以英亩计算土地面积是建立在几种来源之上的。
然而,应该引起注意的是,我们把加利福利亚作为向导推荐给大家,加利福利亚根据本州不同的气候区域来修建不同的休闲区域和公园。
因此,在较温暖地区,我们建议用大量的土地面积来广泛种植树木。
10、在传统体系中,休闲设施以其规模和分布来分类。
供学前儿童使用的游戏场地或街区运动场是最小的休闲单元,按照标准应在城市街区内的大多数家庭步行可达的距离内。
按照规模,这些区域面积应该在1/8-1/4间,这些区域对于人口密集的地区来说是相当重要的。