英国文学1
英国文学史及选读第一册
英国文学史选读第一册Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)The literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan(异教徒文学) and Christian(基督徒文学)Form: Alliterative verseThe coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant also the wealth of a new language.Caedmon(开德蒙) wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.The great epic—The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf—one of the national heroes of the English people.Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (1066-1350) Background: the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo- Saxon.The literature:The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language.Literary work: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightTerm explanation:Romance(传奇): Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by aknight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance: love, religion, chivalry. It involves fighting and adventures.Part III GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340?-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatestnarrative poets of England. Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the14 century.thChaucer chose the metrical form(格律诗) which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. And also found the London dialect as the English literary language.Works: The Canterbury TalesTerm explanation:Popular Ballads：The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth line rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families. Bishop Thomas was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads. There are various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. The paramount ballad is Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale .Comments on Robin Hood: Robin Hood is a partly historical and partlylegendary character. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in William Langland’s The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. His hatred for the cruel oppressors is the result of his love for the poor and downtrodden.Works: Robin Hood and Allin-a-DaleGet up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick SpensPART IV THE RENAISSANCE(1485-1603) an age of drama and lyrical poetryThe 16 century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal threlations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.Term explanation:Renaissance:1) renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the14 century to the 17 century. With the development ofth thbourgeois relationships and formation of the English national statethis period is marked by a flourishing of nation culture known asthe Renaissance. The term renaissance originally indicated arevival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after thedark ages of medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主义). The greatest ofthe English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.2) Theme: the expression of secular values with man instead of Godas the center of the universe. It emphasizes the dignity of man, values of man.3) Two major types: drama and lyrical poetry.It affirms the earthly achievement, man’s desire for happiness and pleasure.Works:1. Thomas More: humanist,utopia (give a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.2. Francis Bacon: scientist and philosopher;his works may be divided onto three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professionalessays3. Thomas Wyatt: the first to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.4. Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen5. John Lyly: Eupheus; gave rise to the term “euphuism”,designating an affected style of court speech.6. Christopher Marlowe: the greatest pioneers of English drama;made bland verse the principal vehicle expression in drama.7. Robert Greene: George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield8. William Shakespeare: one of the first founders of realism, amaster hand at realistic portrayal of human characters andrelations.Hamlet ( Hamlet is considered to be thesummit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole tragedy is permeat edwith the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time. Hamlet is theprofoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and hiscriticism of contemporary life.)PART V THE 17 TH CENTURYTHE PERIOD OF REVOLUTION AND RESTORATIONLiterary characteristics in this period:The 17 century was one of the most tempestuous periods in Englishthhistory. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.(1)The Puritan influence:medieval standard of chivalry, the impossible love and romances perished. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry. The Bible became now the one book of thepeople.(2) the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poetsPoetry took new and startling forms. Prose became somber. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so- called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite workmanship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton.(3) The French influence is most marked in the drama.Rimed couplets instead of blank verse;The unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual;The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.(4) restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy those chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.John Donne:His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.Song (“ Go and Catch a Falling Star”)A Valediction: Forbidding MourningSonnet: Death be not proudJohn Milton: poet, Puritan, fight for human rights; in 1652 became totally blind.Paradise Lost: it is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot. It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea--- the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.Sonnet: On His Blindness\Sonnet: On His Deceased WifeJohn Bunyan: spiritual independence, gave us the only great allegory. He was imprisoned for preaching without a license.The Pilgrim’s Progress: written in old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.Bunyan speaks in terse, idiomatic prose, and his characters are living men and women.PART VI THE 18 THCENTURY ( an age of prose and novel)THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLANDThe theme: social reality, common people’s life.The enormous amount of eighteenth century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, gossip.Enlightenment: on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the thenprogressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. The problem of man comes to the fore, superseding all other problems in literature.1.Joseph Addison, Richard Steele: the publishers of a moralistic journal The Tatler and The SpectatorThese two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers, and also brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome.The essays and stories of Addison and Steele, devoted not only to social problems, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to thedevelopment of the 18 century novel.thSir Roger是Joseph Addison塑造的经典形象。
英国文学1
Caedmon---he is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English songs. His life story is vividly described in Bede’s The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. His first poem is The Hymn of Praise. He composed many other poems by using the biblical material.Alfred the Great---king of Wessex kingdom. He is another important figure in prose writing of Anglo-Saxon period. He was a well-known translator. He translated some important Latin works into English, among which, the most important is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This book records the main happenings of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is the best monument of the Old English prose. Beowulf---It is the oldest poem in the English language. It is the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. It consists of more than 3,000 lines. It had been passed form mouth to mouth for hundreds off years before it was written down in the 10th century or at the end of the 9th century. The main stories in the poem are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. Writing Features---1) It is not a Christian but a pagan poem, despite the Christian flavor given to it by the monastery scribe who wrote it down. It is the product of an advanced pagan civilization. The whole poem presents to us an all-round picture of the tribal society. The social conditions and customs can be clearly seen in the poem. It helps us a lot when we study the primitive society off Europe. So the poem has a great social significance. 2) The use of strong stresses and the predominance of consonants are notable in the poetical lines. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half is made to have two heavy stresses. 3) The use of alliteration is another notable feature of the poem. Three stressed syllables of each line are arranged in alliteration, which makes the whole line even more emphatic.4) A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem.Romance----The romance was the prevailing literary form in the medieval period. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse and sometimes in prose, which described the life and adventures of a noble hero. Its essential features are the following: 1) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality. 2) It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealises the virtues. 3) It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life. 4) It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady. 5) The central character of the romance is the knight who is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, or taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king. The romance, as a literary genre, prospered for about 300 years (1200-1500). It was written for the upper class, so it had little to do with the common people. Romance cycles: the matter of Britain, the matter of Rome, the matter of France. The master works of romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.The Norman conquest----In October 1066, the Duke of Normandy William the Great led the Norman army to attack England. The two armies met and fought at Hastings. Finally the English army was defeated. William and his men marched speedily into London and William became the king of England. Its consequences---William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. After the Norman conquest, chivalry was introduced into England. The knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature of that period. English language was made a despised thing as the leading language used by the ruling class and a large number of French words entered the English language. Latin was used by the scholars and clergymen. Three languages existed in England then.William Langland ------his masterpiece is Piers Plowman. Artistic Features of the poem---1) It is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells the stories under the guise of having dreamed them. 2) The poem is an allegory that relates truth through symbolism. 3) The poet uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. 4) The poem is written in alliteration. Social Significance of Piers Plowman----Piers Plowman, the hero of the story, is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem. In spite of that, Piers Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It was very popular in the 14th and 15th centuries. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the uprising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It gives us a realistic social picture of medieval England. Geoffrey Chaucer-------He is acclaimed not only as the father of English poetry but also as the father of English fiction. His literary career can be divided in to three periods. 1) The first period, about 30 years, including his youth and early manhood, is the period of French influence. In this period, he translated The Romaunt of the Rose, the most popular poem of Middle Ages, from French into English. 2) The second period, about 15 years, covers Chaucer’s active life as a diplomat and man of affairs. In this period, Italian influence seemed to be stronger than the French. The major works were adaptations from Italian writers in this period. His masterwork is Troilus and Criseyde. 3) The third period, covering his last 15 years, is generally known as the English period. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. In this great work, the author gives his reader a picture of English society in Middle Ages. Features of Chaucer’s writing-----Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His style is flexible. His prose is easy and informal. He uses mild satire when he deals with people’s foibles and weaknesses. He uses rhyming couplet, which he introduced from France, in writing his major poems. He is the first great writer to use the dialect of London in writing. The social significance of Canterbury Tales----- In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer draws a true-to-life picture of English feudal society of his day. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms man’s right to pursue happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As one of the forerunners of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirise the social evils of his day. They criticize the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, and the corruption of the church.Popular Ballads----popular ballads are originally dance songs. They are little stories in verse form, which can be sung or recited by the common people. The origin of the English and Scottish ballads is obscure. Usually they are anonymous, and are handed down orally for many generations. They are simple and crude in story and highly condensed and dramatic in presentation. In the 15th century, there were several kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. Popular ballads were found all over Europe in that period, but a particularly fertile soil was the border area between England and Scotland, for once many bloody battles were fought between the English and Scots there, such as Robin Hood.Morality play----It is an allegory in dramatic form. It is a dramatization of the battle between the forces of good and evil in the human soul. A well-known example is Everyman.Renaissance -------The original meaning of the word “renaissance” was the “rebirth’ of classical Greek and Latin literature. The term is commonly applied to the historical period which followed the Middle Ages. Renaissance period was thought to be in contrast with the Middle Ages, whichwas considered and inhibited by dogmatic theology. Renaissance was extolled as learned, civilized, broad-minded, progressive, enlightened and free-thinking. Italy is customarily taken as the starting place of Renaissance. Later, the movement spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low Countries, and lastly to England. English Renaissance started in the late 15th century or the early 16th century. In Renaissance period, great achievements were made by painters, writers, sculptors, architects, scientists, philosophers and astronomers. The famous writers in this period are: Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio in Italy; Erasmus in the Netherlands; Montaigne, Rabelais and the poets of the Pleiad in France; Lope de Vega and Cervantes in Spain; Sir Thomas More, Thomas Wyatt, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare and Francis Bacon in England.Sir Philip Sidney------He is known for three principal works. 1) Arcadia----It is a long prose-verse pastoral romance, written for the entertainment of Sidney’s sister. In this romance, the poet praises the delights of rural life and the love of the young people, and expresses his aspiration for a peaceful and happy life. 2) Astrophel and Stella-----This work is a collection of songs and sonnets. It consists of 108 sonnets and 11 songs. 3) An Apology for Poetry---It is one of the earliest English critical literary essays. It was written to answer a pamphlet called The School of Abuse, an attack on poetry and drama.University wits: a name given to a group of writers who flourished in London in the last 20 years or so of the 16th century. All of members of this group were oxford or Cambridge university graduates, the most notable of them were: Marlowe, Nash, Greene, Lyly, Lodge and Peele. They were famous for writing comedies and tragedies.Edmund Spenser: He is often referred to as “the poets’poet”because of his influence on later poets is considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan age. Major work: The Shepherd’s Calendar pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month a year. The Shepherd in the poem represent the poet and his friends. It is Spenser’s first important poem, which consists of 12 eclogues and is written in different metres. All 12 eclogues, with the exception of the first and the last, are in dialogue form. The theme of love is the dominant one. And the more significant eclogues are those on the theme of religion. The poem demonstrates Spenser’s skilful mastery of a variety of meters and his innovative efforts also showed that the traditional form of pastoral could be adapted to a variety of subjects, moral or heroic. The Faerie Queen is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6. The work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. The plan of the whole poem is a stranger in distress appears, claiming help against a dragon or giant. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures of 12 knights who stand for 12 different virtues, as Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism and Puritanism. For The Faerie Queen, Spenser originated a nine-line verse stanza. The verse has 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a 9th line of 6 iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c. This verse, the “Spenserian Stanze” is justly famous and has often been used since. (characteristics of Spenser’s poetry:1.a perfect melody. 2. a rare sense of beauty.3.a splendid imagination.4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness.5.a dedicated idealism. In addition to above, Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increase his rustic effect.) William Shakespeare The second period: he wrote four histories: RichardⅡ, Henry Ⅳ,par tⅠ＆Ⅱ,and Henryⅴ;6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night and The Merry Wives ofWindsor, and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar. It is a period of “great Comedies” and mature historical plays. The general spirit of this period is optimism. Meantime, there is sorrow, there is pathos and there is sin; the innocent may suffer, the guilty may go unpunished for a time, and even find good fortune; but virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the force of good. In the historical plays of this period, different phases of English life are shown before us: kings and princes, statesmen and courtiers, the rich citizen life and the life of the tavern, and the adventures of rogues and cheats, as a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.(great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth great comedies: As you like it, Twelfth night, A mid-summer night’s dream, Merchant of Venice ) Features of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Works--- 1) Shakespeare is a realist. He is one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age, reflecting the major contradictions of that time. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit. 2) In his plays, Shakespeare also clearly reflected the contradictions between the rich and the poor. He showed his sympathy to the poor people and disclosed the greed and cruelty of the upper class. 3) The story of Shakespeare’s plays often took place in other countries or in the past instead of in England or in his own age. 4) Shakespeare’s main characters are depicted in typical situations. They are typical characters. Their fundamental traits are revealed their conflicts with their surroundings, in their relations with they fellowmen. 5) Shakespeare’s dramatic form fits the content of his plays very well. His plays are not controlled by the rules of the classical unities of time, place and action. A plays covers several days or years. 6) In order to reproduce the manifold images of life, Shakespeare used peculiar combination in his drama: combination of majestic and funny, of poetic and prosaic, of tragic and comic. 7) Shakespeare was a great master of English language. The language of each of his characters fits his position in society and reveals the peculiarities of his character. He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. 8) Shakespeare is also a great poet. He was skilled in many poetic forms. He could write songs, lyrics, sonnets, couplets, quatrains, and blank verse. Influence------ 1) He is a universal poet. His genius includes all the world of nature and of man. He has been given the highest praise by various scholars and critics all over the world. 2) Shakespeare’s plays have been so widely read and so carefully studied that all English writers of any importance cannot escape form Shakespeare’s influence, either directly or indirectly, either in thought, content, or in poetic form or language. Moreover, he has been known all the world and his works have been translated into many different languages and consequently exerted great influences upon many writers in many countries. 3) As a great artist, Shakespeare was more than the supreme representative of a great era. Ben Jonson’s famous observation that “he was not of an age, but for all time” has stood the test of more than three centuries.Restoration comedy: the kind of drama which prevailed between the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660 and early 18th century. It was chiefly concerned with presenting a society of elegance and stylishness. Its characters were gallants, ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops, rakes, social climbers and country bumpkins. Witty, urbane and sometimes licentious, it dealt with the intricacies of sexual and marital intrigue and also with adultery and cuckoldry. Wycherley’s The Country Wife and The Plain Dealer; and Congreve’s The Double Dealer and The Way of the World are example.Francis Bacon------ When Bacon published in 1597 his first collection of short Essays, he became the first English “essayist”. His “scientific” style introduced to England a form of writing that was easy to understand, precise in language and diversified in topics. Bacon wrote prose in an age of poetry, when men around him were composing songs, sonnets and plays in verse, his pioneering efforts made essay writing a popular form in England.Bacon’s works-----1) the philosophical works: The Advancement of Learning (In this work, it deals with the accomplishments of science up to his time.) The New Instrument (Bacon describes the method by which knowledge could be universalized,) 2) the literary works of Bacon are his essays. They are noted for their style and striking observations of life. They are the first true English prose classics. 3) the professional works: Essays (among these essays the famous pieces are Of Study, Of Travel, and Of Wisdom) Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness and forcefulness.。
18世纪英国文学(1)
第二节18世纪英国文学一、概述在世纪初，现实主义小说登上文坛，在长达五十余年的发展中，产生了笛福、斯威夫特、理查逊、菲尔丁、高尔斯密、斯泰恩等一批出色的小说家，它代表18世纪英国文学的最高成就，也使英国文学在整体上达到欧洲同一时期的最高水平。
18世纪中后期，具有感伤主义色彩的墓园诗派出现繁荣局面，哥特式小说也展露异彩。
18世纪后期，彭斯和布莱克的诗歌唱了浪漫主义先声。
启蒙主义是18世纪英国文学的思想主轴。
18世纪英国启蒙文学具有发展的特点。
前期相信理性的绝对权威，力图在现存社会结构内树立美德，创造自由。
英国启蒙文学发生在资产阶级革命之后，它所面临的主要任务是全面确立资本主义社会的伦理规范。
三、现实主义小说与戏剧1、产生背景：（1）哲学基础；（2）印刷技术的改进与廉价读物的出现；（3）大量普通读者出现。
2、丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660－1731）及《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe, 1719）《鲁滨逊漂流记》写鲁宾逊在海外荒岛的冒险开拓经历，那种试图单枪匹马与未知世界斗争的开拓本能，敢于挑战极限的精神，开天辟地的气魄和勇气宣示了个人英雄主义时代的来临。
3、撒姆尔·理查逊（Samuel Richardson, 1689－1761）有书信体小说《帕米拉》（Pamela, 1739－1740），以及小说《克莱丽莎》（Clarissa, 1747－1748）。
《帕米拉》：贵族B先生、女仆帕米拉。
小说中对阶级关系的处理方式：两个阶层各守其职，以此为基础建立起来稳定的社会结构。
新道德的基础是建立在阶级划分、阶级容忍、阶级合作以及理性基础上的。
小说的书信体结构。
5、亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding, 1707－1754）的主要小说：《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传》（The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild the Great, 1739－1740）、《约瑟·安德鲁传》（The Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Adams, 1742）、《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones, 1749）、《亚美丽娅》（Amelia, 1751）等。
英国文学课件1
2. General Prologue
1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.
Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
[英国文学作品]英国文学
![[英国文学作品]英国文学](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d32b940017fc700abb68a98271fe910ef12dae45.png)
[英国文学作品]英国文学英国文学篇(1):10部英国经典小说10. 《名利场》Vanity Fair (William Makepeace Thackeray, 1848)威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷，1848年出版这部小说的主角或许就是英国文学史上最知名的非正统派女主角——贝奇·夏普，小说的情节围绕阶级、社会、跻身上流社会以及现代读者听来又熟悉又害怕的金融危机。
《名利场》这些要素全都具备, 讲述那个年代，也讲述着每一个年代。
9. 《科学怪人》Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818)玛莉·雪莱，1818年出版这部先锋作品集科幻和哥特式恐怖于一身，营造了一个难以磨灭的“恶魔”主题，即科学家中的“现代普罗米修斯”，几世纪以来经久不衰。
8. 《大卫·科波菲尔》David Copperfield (Charles Dickens, 1850)查尔斯·狄更斯，1850年出版David Copperfield is populated by some of the most vivid characters ever created. They are as much a part of readers’ world, and their way of thinking about the world, as people they have actually met.《大卫·科波菲尔》人物形象众多，性格鲜活的角色云集。
这些人物角色仿佛是读者所在真实世界的一部分，和读者亲身遇见的人一样，有着相似的世界观。
7. 《呼啸山庄》Wuthering Heights (Emily Bront, 1847)艾米莉·勃朗特，1847年出版《呼啸山庄》“蕴含巨大的心理能量，没有其它书籍能够与之匹敌。
”读者推崇《呼啸山庄》是因为其“层层叠叠的叙述结构”和丰富惊人的想象力，更因为《呼啸山庄》超越了爱情故事本身，展现了我们转瞬即逝的欲望之下“永恒的震撼”。
英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature
Part on: Early and medieval english literature早期和中古时期的英国文学I.Beowulf <贝奥武夫>Features of Beowulf<贝奥武夫>的特点(1)Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.,每一行的重读单词以相同的辅音开始。
(2)Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.《贝奥武夫》的另一些特点是隐喻和低调陈述的大量运用。
II The Romance(1)The Content of the Romance传奇文学的内容The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes n verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight.封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。
传奇文学的作品篇幅较长，有时是诗歌的形式，有时是散文的形式，描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。
传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。
(2)The Romance Cycles传奇文学的类型a.Matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)“取材于英国的作品”（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）b.Matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“取材于法国作品”（查理曼大帝和他的贵族）c.Matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth)“取材于罗马的作品”（亚历山大大帝）d.The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature.比较起来亚瑟王的传奇故事是英国文学史中最重要的。
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学 Unit 1 William Shakespeare
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name; And for that name, which is no part of thee, Take all myself.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短；
（注解：诗人自答，对朋友的珍爱之情跃然纸上。原因在于：因为狂风会把 五月娇嫩的花蕾摧残，夏天延续的时间又过于短暂。这后两行是为下面作铺 垫。以上四句是诗的第一节，此为起。)
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？ （注解：将朋友比作英国气候最宜人的夏季，通俗自然，让人耳目一新。）
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你不独比他可爱也比他温婉；
2. What does it mean when Juliet says “that which we call a rose/By my other name would smell as sweet”?
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品欣赏
Sonnet 18.
Sonnet：十四行诗（或音译为 “商籁体”）是一种格律比较严谨的 诗体。它起源于文艺复兴初期，有多 种变体。莎士比亚十四行诗为五音步 抑扬格，每行十个音节，全诗共分三 节，按照a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-e-fg-g 格式押韵。最后两行带有警句性 质，总结全诗内容，为点睛之笔。
英国文学名著必读
英国文学名著必读
英国文学有着悠久的历史和丰富的遗产，包括了许多经典名著。
以下是一些必读的英国文学名著。
1. 《傲慢与偏见》–简·奥斯汀所著。
这部小说是英国文学的经典之一，讲述了女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特的爱情故事，也是一部关于社会阶层和婚姻制度的戏剧。
2. 《呼啸山庄》–勃朗特姐妹所著。
这部小说描述了两个家族之间的恶意和复仇，以及热情和爱情的力量。
它是一部关于人性和道德的故事，也是一部英国文学中的经典之作。
3. 《雾都孤儿》–查尔斯·狄更斯所著。
这部小说讲述了孤儿奥利弗的冒险故事，以及他在维多利亚时代的贫困生活和社会不公。
它是一部关于社会和人性的故事，也是一部英国文学中的经典之作。
4. 《战争与和平》–列夫·托尔斯泰所著。
这部小说虽然不是英国文学作品，但是它对英国文学有着深刻的影响。
它是一部关于俄罗斯农民战争和拯救祖国的故事，也是一部关于爱情和家庭的故事。
5. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》–丹尼尔·笛福所著。
这部小说讲述了鲁宾逊在荒岛上生存的故事，以及他如何通过自己的聪明才智和勇气克服困难。
它是一部关于人性和
适应力的故事，也是英国文学中的经典之作。
这些作品代表了英国文学的不同流派和主题，从爱情和社会阶层到冒险和人性等各种领域。
无论你是英国文学爱好者还是新手，这些经典必读作品都值得一读。
British literature 1英国文学
V. Romanticism
* William Wordsworth: ―Lyrical Ballads‖
* Samuel Coleridge: ―The Ancient Mariner‖
* George Gordon Byron: ―Don Juan‖
* Percy Bysshe Shelley: ―Prometheus Unbound‖ * John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖
* Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels * Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe * Henry Fielding: Tom Jones * William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell * Sentimentalism: Oliver Goldsmith: ―The Deserted Village‖ Thomas Gray: ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖
* other forms: natural science philosophy history law graphic novels/comic books films, videos and broadcast have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. iii. Expectation of you 1. To get acknowledged with the history and framework of British literature. 2. To view literature from a literary perspective and accomplish one mid-term essay. 3. To fulfill the assignment after class.
英国文学[1]
![英国文学[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/69deaf7a5acfa1c7aa00cc93.png)
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature
二.Beowulf 3.Features of Beowulf d. Synecdoche(提喻)：She has just seen 80 winters. Every life has its roses and thorns. e. Understatement(低调陈述):He is no bad singer. f. hyperbole(夸张):Every lovers sees a thousand graces in the beloved object.
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature
四.William Langland 1.Piers the Plowman and its author 2.A Picture of Feudal England 3.Aritisne Early and Medieval English Literature
四.William Langland 3.Aritistic features: ⑴. Piers the Plowman is one of the greatest of English poems. It is written in the form of a dream vision, and the author tells his story under the guise of having dreamed it. ⑵.The poem is also an allegory which uses symbolism to relate truth. ⑶.But, in the main, Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of medieval England.
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学 Unit 1 William Shakespeare
（注解：当这种比蜜还甜的话源源不断地在耳 边倾诉时，相信没有女孩会不动心。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
O, be some other name! What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By my other name would smell as sweet. So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d, Retain that dear perfection which he owes
世》（Richard III, 1592）、《亨利四世》（Henry IV, 1597）等；喜剧 《仲夏夜之梦》（A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream, 1595）、《威尼斯商人 》（The Merchant of Venice, 1596）、《第十二夜》（Twelfth Night, 1600）等；悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet, 1594）、《汉 姆雷特》（Hamlet, 1601）、《奥赛罗》（Othello, 1604）、《李尔王》 （King Lear, 1605）、《麦克白》（Macbeth, 1605）等；传奇剧《暴风 雨》（The Tempest, 1612）等。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
An Appreciation of English Literature
Unit 1 William Shakespeare
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作者简介
威廉· 莎士比亚（William Shakespeare, 1564—1616）是英国文艺复兴 时期最伟大的诗人、剧作家，也被认为是 世界文学史上最伟大的诗人和剧作家。莎 士比亚出生于英国中部艾汶河畔的斯特拉 福镇。幼年在当地文法学校学习，20 多岁 只身到伦敦谋生，在剧团里先做杂工，跑 龙套，后成为剧团的演员、编剧和股东。 他的作品共包括37 部剧本、两首长诗和 154 首十四行诗。晚年，他归居故里，颐 养天年，谢世后葬在家乡。斯特拉福镇现 已成为文学爱好者心目中的圣地。
英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学 Unit 1 William Shakespeare
作品简介
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
在名城维洛那，有两家门第相当的名门望族— —蒙太古家族（Montague）和凯普莱特家族 （Capulet），累世的宿怨使两家势不两立，经常刀 剑相向，发生流血冲突。两个家族中的一对青年罗 密欧与朱丽叶却相爱了，好心的神父为他们举行了 秘密婚礼。可是，在一场争斗中，罗密欧却失手杀 了凯普莱特家族中的人，遭到放逐。朱丽叶的父母 执意让她嫁给另一个贵族青年。神父设妙计让朱丽 叶喝下一种药液，可以佯死42 个小时，待家人将其 下葬，再让罗密欧赶来相见，两人一同逃走。不幸 的是，罗密欧没有得到这一真实情况。他赶到墓穴， 以为朱丽叶真的死去，便服毒自杀。朱丽叶醒来， 看见罗密欧的尸体，遂用匕首结束了自己的生命。 两个在家族世仇下惨遭牺牲的年轻人以悲壮的殉情， 终于使两家化干戈为玉帛。
天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈， 给机缘或无常的天道所摧折， 没有芳艳不终于凋残或销毁。
（注解：诗人接着解释道，天上的眼睛有时发出灼热的亮光，它金色的 容颜又常遭乌云遮挡；无论是偶然的原因或是必然的变化，一切美好的 东西总会凋零。此为承，继续第一节的内容，同时极力渲染，将诗人要 表达的意思推向极至。单看sometime, often, every fair fromfair 几个措辞，就感到诗的气势如排山倒海，步步逼近，诗往下，似再无可 写处。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
高级实用英语系列教材
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
An Appreciation of English Literature
Unit 1 William Shakespeare • Romeo and Juliet (Act II, Scene II) • Sonnet 18 Unit 2 English Essayists (Ⅰ) Francis Bacon • Of Studies • Of Marriage and Single Life Samuel Johnson • Letter to Lord Chesterfield
英国文学第一课第二讲坎特伯雷故事乔叟
3. In 1359–60 he was with the army of Edward III in France, where he was captured by the French but ransomed.
4. By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen.
The Tales Include:
The General Prologue The Knight's Tale The Miller's Prologue and Tale The Reeve's Prologue and Tale The Cook's Prologue and Tale The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale The Friar's Prologue and Tale The Summoner's Prologue and Tale The Clerk's Prologue and Tale The Merchant's Prologue and Tale The Squire's Prologue and Tale
英国文学练习一
Exercise OneI. Fill in the following blanks.1 Angles , Saxons and Jutes usually known as Anglo-Saxons are the first Englishmen. Language spoken by them is called the Old English, which is the foundation of English language and literature.2. Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.3. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland , whose masterpiece is Piers the Plowman.4. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the romance .5. The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a general Prologue and only 24 tales, of which two are left unfinished. The pilgrims gathered at Tabard Inn and are on their way to the place named .6. Chaucer is acclaimed as “The father of English poetry.”7. Chaucer died on the 25th of October, 1400, and was buried in Westminster Abbey . He was the first to be buried in the Poets’Corner of this place.II. Choose the best answer or answers for each statement.( A ) 1. In 1066, ( ), with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.a. William the Conquerorb. Julius Caesarc. Alfred the Greatd. Claudius ( C ) 2.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in ( ) couplets.a. freeb. blankc. heroicd. prose( B ) 3.The ( ) provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.a. Knight's taleb. Prologuec. Pardoner's taled. Wife of Bath's tale( A ) 4. Beowulf is an ( ).a. epicb. playc. essayd. drama( D ) 5. William Langland’s Piers the Plowman is written in the form of a ( ) vision.a. epicb. balladc. letterd. dream( B) 6. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called ( ).a. Morte d’Arthurb. Robin Hoodc. Wife of Bathd. Piers the Plowman( D ) 7. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ( ).a. William Langlandb. Wycliffec. John Gowerd. Geoffrey Chaucer( A ) 8. The theme of ( ) to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in Medieval romances.a. loyaltyb. revoltc. mockeryd. parody( B ) 9. Geoffrey Chaucer is well-known for his literary work ( ), a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims.a. Beowulfb. The Canterbury Talesc. Piers the Plowmand. Ballads( D ) 10. Wife of Bath is a character created by ( ).a. William Langlandb. Wycliffec. John Gowerd. Geoffrey Chaucer( D ) 11. Choose the English term for “长篇小说”.a. taleb. short storyc. novellad. novel( B ) 12. Choose the English term for “短篇小说”.a. epicb. short storyc. novellad. novel( A ) 13. Choose the English term for “史诗”.a. epicb. short storyc. novellad. novel( C) 14. Choose the English term for “英雄双行体” .a. coupletb. stream of consciousnessc. heroic coupletd. Spenserian sonnetII. Answer the following questions.1. What is the function of the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?The General Prologue is usually regarded as the greatest portrait gallery in English literature. It is largely composed of a series of sketches differing widely in length and method, and blending the individual and the typical in varying degrees. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a vivid collection of character sketches, but also to reveal the author’s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials engaged in a common endeavor, to set the tone for the story telling--- one of jollity which accords with the tone of the whole work: that of grateful acceptance of life, to make clear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of tales and to introduce the pilgrims and the time and occasion of the pilgrimage. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They serve as the representatives of various sides of life and social groups. Each of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vividly in the prologue. Ranging in status from a knight to a humble plowman, the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th century English society. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both completing each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.2. Summarize Chaucer’s literary career.3. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?。
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Part I. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449--1066)I. The Historical Background1. Who lived in Britain before 1066?(1) Celts: aborigines on the English Isles(2) Romans: 55B.C. – 410A.D.(3) Angles, Saxons and Jutes: 449– 1066(4) Normans: 1066 the ―Norman Conquest‖2. What are their social systems?From late tribalism to early feudalism3. What are their religions?the heathen (pagan) mythology was gradually replaced by Christianity4. What are the major languages used in the literary works of that period?Latin and Anglo-Saxon(old English)II. “Beowulf” the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons1. Importance: the most monumental work2. Time: at the beginning of the 6th century3. Place: on the European continent (Denmark and southern Sweden)4. Summary: the epic contains 3182 lines of alliterative verse telling the story of Beowulf andhis adventures.•The first adventure: Beowulf fights against Grendel•The second adventure: Beowulf fights against Grendel‘s mother•The third and last adventure: Beowulf fights against a fire dragon.5. Characteristics:(1) Theme: the primitive people‘s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world.(2) Origin: part-historical and part-legendary(3) Language: Anglo-Saxon or Old English(4) Style: alliterative verse and frequent use of compound words to serve as metaphorsknown as “kennings”such as: ―swan-road‖ ―whale path‖, ―wave-travel er‖,―shield-bearer‖ battle-hero spear-fighter , sword-clashings and ring –mail breast-net III. Minor Anglo-Saxon Poetry1.Three types of secular poetry in the Anglo-Saxon period(1)Narrative verse(2)Lyrical poetry(3)Anglo-Saxon Riddles2. Two Christian poets of this period(1)Caedmon: father of English songa poetic paraphrase of the Bible masterpiece known as ―Genesis B‖(2) Cynewulf: poems on religious subjects such as ― Christ‖ --- nativity, ascension and second coming to judge the world―Juliana‖ ―Elene‖ ―Guthlac‖ and ―Andreas‖---lives of Christian saints.IV. Anglo-Saxon Prose :1. The Venerable Bede: the ―Ecclesiastical History of the English People‖ in Latin“Father of English History”2. King Alfred of Wessex: three-fold contributions(1)Numerous translations from Latin(2)writing in a natural style in English(3)organizing the compiling of ―Anglo-Saxon Chronicle‖(A.D. 1—A.D. 1154)3. Aelfric: the greatest prose writer of his timeExercises:1. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal _____ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ____ , ____ , and _____ who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part _____ , or England.2. For nearly ____ years prior to the coming of the English , British had been a Roman province . In___, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3. The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions,___ and ____.4.____ can be justly termed England‘s natio nal epic and its hero ____ —one of the national heroes of the English people.5. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the ____ approximately at the beginning of the ____ century , when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the ____ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes ,e.g. with the ____ who lived on the other side of the straits.6. Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention ____ who lived in the half of the ____ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.7. ____ is the first know religious poet of England . He is known as the father of English song.8. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by ____ .9. The most important work of ____ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede10. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?a. Hrothgatb. Heorotc. Grendeld. Beowulf11. ____ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. Gynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakespeared. Adam Bede12. The epic , The Song of Beowulf ,represents the spirit of ___.a. Monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistsd. pagan13. Define the literary terms listed below.1). Alliteration 2). Epic14. Please give brief description of The Song of Beowulf.Part II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)I. Historical Background1. Politically: the development of feudalism2. Socially: the chief social conflict was between the serfs or peasants and their feudal lords3. In terms of the languages(1)Latin(2)Norman-French(3)Native English (Middle English) gained supremacyII. Literature1. Latin literature(1) Geoffrey: ― The H istory of the Ki ngs of Britain‖ (earliest account of Arthur and Lear)(2) Roger Bacon: ―father of experimental science‖ ―Opus Maius‖ ―Opus Tertium‖ ―Opus Minus‖2. Norman-French Literature: made Arthurian legends popular ―Roman de Troie‖3. Middle English Literature:(1) Folk Literature :●Social satires in verse: ―Song of the Husbandman‖ ―A Song against the Retinues of theGreat People‖―On the Evil Times of Edward II‖―When Holy Church Is Under Foot‖―Satire on the Monks and People of Kildare‖―The Land of Cokaygne‖●Popular lyrics:on nature: ―Cuckoo Song‖ ―Springtime‖on love: ― Alysoun‖(2) Religious Literature: didactic poem (教诲诗): ―The Pearl‖III. Early Alliterative and Metrical Romances1.Definition: knightly adventures or heroic deeds and chivalric love2.Themes:―The Matter of Britain‖ about the Arthurian legend―The Matter of France‖ about Charlemagne and his peers―The Matter of Rome and Greece‖ about the tales of antiquity from the Trojan war to the feats of Alexander the Great3. Works:―Sir Gawain and the Green Knight‖(1)Summary: Section one: Christmas feastSection two: Seeking for the Green ChapelSection three: Stay at the castleSection four: The return of the blow(2) Two themes: the test of faith, courage and purity the human weakness for self-preservation(3) Characteristics: typical of chivalric romances with strong Christian coloring(4) Merits: the careful interweaving of one episode with anotherthe elements of suspense and surprisethe psychological analysis of the chief characterthe elaborate descriptions of the seasons, placesthe simple, straightforward language(5) Limitation: supernatural and superstitious elements adventures carried out for adventure‘s sakeExercise:1.In the year ____, at the battle of ____, the ____ headed by William Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature with Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, ____ tales of ____and adventures, in marked contrast with the ____ and ____ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. English literature is also a combination of ____ and ____ elements.4. Defines the literary terms listed below.(1) Anglo-Norman Romance(2) Middle EnglishPart III. English Literature of the Second Half of the 14th century ---the Age of ChaucerI. The Political and Social Background1.The Hundred Year‘s War (1377-1453), the Black Death (1349-50) and mounting feudal and clerical oppression led to the great peasants‘ rising in 1381. The result is the e nd of serfdom and the decline of feudalism.2. The Renaissance (文艺复兴) started to influence many English writers.II. Major writers1. John Wycliffe: ―the father of English prose‖-- earliest translation of the entire Bible and influence on the Lollards2. William Langland: ―Visions of Piers, the Plowman‖ ,a poem on reli gious theme is developed through allegory and personifications. It holds up a mirror to Langland‘s England. (seven deadly sins)3. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340--1400): ―father of English poetry‖(1)Life story (biography):▪Born of a wine-merchant‘s family in London in 1340▪Served as a court page in 1357▪Accompanied the English army to France in 1359▪Received training for a career at the court at the Inner Temple from 1361to 1367▪Entered the service of King Edward III in 1367▪Went to the European Continent nine times for diplomatic missions and made contact with the new tendencies of the Renaissance in literature▪Received the post of Comptroller of Customs in the port of London in 1373▪Elected member of Parliament in 1386▪Died in 1400 and was buried in the Poet‘s Corn er of Westminster Abbey.(2) Chaucer‘s literary career▪French period (1360 to 1372) : ―Romance of the Rose‖ ―The Book of the Duchess‖▪Italian period (1372 to 1386) : ―The House of Fame‖―Troylus and Criseyde‖―The Legend of Good Women‖ (heroic cou plet 英雄双韵体）▪Mature period (1386 to 1400) : The Canterbury TalesSummery: a general prologue and 24 talesOne night in April,at the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London, the poet meets 29 pilgrims all ready to go to St.Thomas Becket‘s tomb at Canter bury. The poet joins them. At the proposal of the host of the inn, all the pilgrims agree that each of them is to tell two stories on the outward trip and two more on the way back. There should be altogether 120 stories in the collection, but only 24 are preserved.Major Characters:•Ironical: the Prioress, the fat Monk, the Friar, the Summoner the Pardoner, the Doctor of Physic•Objective: the worthy knight, the knight‘s son, the knight‘s attendant•Sympathetic: the Clerk, the Parish Priest, the Shipman, the Miller, the Ploughman, the Franklin•realistic: the Wife of Bath (rising social status)Importance:•The poem serves as a comprehensive picture of the social reality.•The tales represent the whole range of literary genres in Medieval and early Renaissance Europe, including minstrelsy, chivalric romances, fabliaux, lays, legends, legendary epicsagas, animal epic, mythology, moral allegories and sermons.•Chaucer‘s ever-present humor and satire enables him to tower above his contemporaries.•The heroic couplet was employed with true ease and charm.Part IV. English Literature of the 15th CenturyI. Popular Ballads (1300-1700)1. Definition: anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission. They are most characteristic of the English-Scottish border region in the later Middle Ages2. Origin: 1300 to 1700, 18th Century3. Collectors: Bishop Thomas Percy ―Reliques of Ancient English Poetry‖F.J.Child ―English &Scottish Popular Ballads‖4. Types : historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous5. Major Works:―border ballads‖– the struggle between the Scots and the English―ballads of Robin Hood‖ – the struggle of peasants and artisans―Arthurian legend‖―domestic life‖--unnatural family relations―love‖—poignant emotions―political treachery‖― intelligence and ingenuity of the common laboring folk6. Four Characteristics(1). Short: brief incidents in brief scenes(2). Much dialogue(3). Elaborations and repetitions(4). Simple language7. Poetic form of ballads :ballad meter contains 4- line stanzas, with the alteration of 4-and 3- feet verse to the odd and even numbered lines (sometimes all four lines are in octosyllabics), and rhyming on the second and fourth lines.II. Early English Drama1. Folk drama: sword dance and Morris dance–mummer‘s plays or St. George plays2. Church drama: (late Middle Ages)(1)Mystery plays: stories from the Bible(2) Miracle plays: legends of the Christian saints(3) Morality plays: abstractions e.g. vices or virtues as charactersIII. English prose of the 15 th centurySir Thomas Malory‘s ―Le Morted‘ Arthur‖:1.Final summing-up2.The swan-song of feudal knighthood and chivalry3.From late Middle English to early Modern EnglishExercise:1. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are ____ and Chaucer.2. In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is ____ . He wrote an important work called Morte d’Arthur.3. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the ―____‖ and one f the greatest narrative p oets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.4. Chaucer‘s masterpiece is ___,one of the most works in all literature.5.The ___ provides a frame work for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6. Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of ____.7. The Canterbury Tales opens with a general “prologue” where we are told of a company of pilgrims that gathered at ____ Inn in Southwark , a suburb of London.8. Chaucer believes in the right of man to ____ happiness.9.The name of the ―jolly innkeeper‖ in The Canterbury Tales is ____, who proposes that each pilgrim of the ____ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.10.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of ____ at a place named Canterbury.11.Despite the enormous plan , The Canterbury Tales in fact contains a general ―prologue‖ and only ___ tale , of which two are left unfinished.12.In contradistinction to the ____ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry , Chaucer chose the metrical from which laid the foundation of the English _____ verse.13. Who is the ― father of English poetry ‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of En glish?A . Christopher Marlow B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. W. ShakespeareD. Alfred the Great14. When he died, Chaucer was buried in ____ the Poet‘s Corner.A.Westminster AbbeyB. NormandyC. CanterburyD. Southwark15. Chaucer‘s earliest work of any length is his ____ a translation of the French ―Roman de la Rose‖, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries throughout Europe.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. A Red Red RoseC. Romance of the RoseD. Piers the Plowman16. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _____ based on Boccaccio‘s poem ―Filostrato‖.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf17. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by threeliteratures. Which one is not true?A. French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature18. There are various kinds of ballads ____, ____, ____, ____ and _____.19. In the numerous ____, the age-long struggle between the Scots and the English is reflected.20. Bishop ____ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.21. Robin Hood, a ____ by birth, was an outlaw, a robber but he robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.22. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland‘s _____.23. Define the literary terms listed below.(1) Ballad (2) Heroic couplet24. Comment on Geoffrey Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales.Part V. English Literature of the RenaissanceI.The historical background1. The Renaissance in Europe(1) It is an epoch of social and political development embraced all western Europe. (14th—15th—16th)(2) Six characteristics:⏹the centralization of power⏹church reformation⏹geographical discoveries⏹bankruptcy of the peasants⏹emergence of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat⏹growth of a new culture(3) In literature: humanists voiced the human desires2. Stages and trends(1)Two trends: court literature bourgeois literature(2) Three stages:1)From the last years of the 15th century to the first half of the 16th century (Thomas More,Skelton, Wyatt, Surrey )2)The ―Elizabethan Age‖ covering the second half of the 16th century ( Sidney, Spenser,Marlowe, Shakespeare)3)The first quarter of the 17th century or the Jacobean period (Shakespeare, Ben Johnson,Francis Bacon)II Shakespeare’s predecessors1.Thomas More: “Utopia”(1)Summary: Part I, social evils; Part II. Utopian socialism(2)Importance: ruthless expose + Utopian socialist state(3)Limitation: no sound political economic and social bases; indifferent attitude to slavesand mercenary soldiers.2. Sketon:Skeltonic meter, ―doggerel‖ (satire and humor)3. Wyatt: lyrics on love; introduction of the Italian sonnet or Petrarchan sonnet (abbaabbacdecde); introduction of Dante‘s terza rima (三行连环体诗) aba bcb cdc ded ee; introduction of Serafino‘s strambotti (八行诗) abababcc4. Surrey: introduced the English form of sonnet (ababcdcdefefgg) and the blank verse （素体诗）5. Sidney: the earliest writer of a sonnet sequence , Astrophel and Stella a pastoral romance, Acardia a critical essay, The Defence of the Poesie (The mission of poetry is to be an imitation ofnature, to reflect reality, to instruct and amuse)6. Spenser: ―the poet‘s poet‖The Farie Queen : an epic in the Spenserian stanza (a nine-line stanza / ababbcbcc / the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last an hexameter)7. Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593): the Renaissance spiritFour tragedies (one man tragedy)1) Tamburlaine the Great: desire for military power and authority2) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus: desire for knowledge3) The Jew of Malta: desire for wealth4) Edward the Second: desire for political power(2) Non-dramatic poems―The Passionate Shepherd to His Love‖Come, live with me, and be my love,And we will all the pleasure proveThat valleys, groves, or hills, or field,Or woods and steepy mountains yield;Where we will sit upon the rocks,And see the shepherds feed our flocksBy shallow rivers, to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigals.And I will make thee beds of roses,And then a thousand fragrant posies.A cap of flowers, and a kirtleEmbroidered all with leaves of myrtle;A gown made of the finest woolWhich from our pretty lambs we pull;Slippers lined choicely for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold;A belt of straw and ivy-buds,With coral clasps and amber studs:And if these pleasures may thee move,Come, live with me, and be my love.Thy silver dishes for thy meat,As precious as the gods do eat,Shall on an ivory table bePrepared each day for thee and me.The shepherd swains shall dance and sing,For thy delight, each May morning.If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me, and be my loveExercise:1.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of ____ relation and theestablishing of the foundations of ____.2. Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk , it was s time when , according to Thomas More , ―____ ‖.3. ____ broke off with the Pope , dissolved all the monasteries and Abbeys in the country , confiscated their lands proclaimed himself head of ____.4. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ____.5. ____ is the earliest writer of a sonnet sequence, a pastoral romance and a critical essay.6. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a Flourishing of national culture known as the ____.7.___wrote his ___in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people‘s sufferings and put forwards his ideal of a future happy society.8.___was the first to introduce the Italian sonnet into English literature.9. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of ____.10. ____ introduced the blank verse into English poetry.10. Define the literary terms listed below.(1)Renaissance (3) Blank verse(2)Spenserian Stanza (4) One-man tragedyIII. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1.Shakespeare’s Life(1)born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564.(2)spent his early youth in an affluent bourgeois family(3)went to a local grammar school at seven(4)quit school and entered his father‘s trade in 1577(5)married Anne Hathaway in 1582(6)left Stratford for London in 1585(7)began writing plays in 1588-1590(8)retired from the stage and returned to Stratford in 1612(9)died in 16162. Shakespeare’s literary career: 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets(1)Two narrative poems:1)―Venus and Adonis‖2)‗The Rape of Lucrece‖(2) Sonnets (1593-98)1)Themes: love, friendship, contemporary events and personal life2)Form: the English or Shakespearan sonnet form (ababcdcdefefgg)(3) Dramas1)Early period of Shakespeare‘s plays(1590-1600):▪1590 The Second and Third Parts of King Henry VI▪1591 The First Part of King Henry VI▪1592 The Life and Death of King Richard III The Comedy of Errors (EC)▪1593 Titus Andronics (T) The Taming of the Shrew (C)▪1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona (EC) Love‘s Labor‘s Lost (EC) Romeo and Juliet (T)▪1595 The Life and Death of Richard II A Midsummer Night‘s Dream (C )▪1596 The Life and Death of King John The Merchant of Venice (MC)▪1597 The First and Second Parts of King Henry IV▪1598 Much Ado About Nothing (MC) The Merry Wives of Windsor (C) The Life ofKing Henry V▪1599 The Life and Death of Julius Caesar (T) As You Like It (MC)▪1600 Twelfth Night (MC)①Romeo and Juliet•Summary:•Purpose of drama: to attack the feudal family feud•Causes of the tragedy: the conflict between the bondage of family feud and the young lovers‘ attempt to shatter the bondage•Highlights: the balcony scene and the parting scene②The Merchant of V enice•Summary:•Theme: the triumph of love and friendship over insatiable greed and brutality•Shakespeare‘s attitude towards Shylock:He condemns the Jew and sympathizes with him as well•Analysis of Portia: great heroine/ a new woman of Renaissance active, vivacious, capable, clever and serious-minded/ outshining men2) Mature Period of Shakespeare‘s Plays (1601-1608)1601 Hamlet, Prince of Denmark1602 Troilus and Cressida (TC) All‘s Well That Ends Well (TC)1604 Measure for Measure (TC) Othello, the Moore of Venice1605 King Lear The Tragedy of Macbeth1606 Antony and Cleopatra1607 The Tragedy of Coriolanus Timon of Athens1608 Pericles, Prince of Tyre①“Hamlet”▪Major characters:Hamlet: the protagonist , an embodiment of Shakespeare‘s ideals: personal ideal-- filial piety and a strong sense of justice ; social and political ideals– he sees the infinite capabilities of man and he hopes to eliminate social evils.Ophelia: heroine, a timid and naïve girlClaudius: the antagonist, the absolute villain, occasionally conscience –strikenPolonius: a garrulous old man and a foolish fawning courtierLaertes: son of PoloniusQueen Certrude: Hamlet‘s motherHor atio: Hamlet‘s friend▪Summary:▪The chief elements of the play:The story of murder and revengeThe appearance of a ghostThe performance of a play within a playThe pretended insanity and the real madnessThe use of numerous soliloquies to reflect the inner workings▪The cause of tragedy: hesitation②“Othello”▪Major charactersOthello: protagonist, a Renaissance humanist and a idealistHe proceeds from absolute faith in Desdemona‘s ―honesty‖ through his first suspicions of her disloyalty to his conviction of her falseness and his final decision to smother her. Desdemona: resolute to social conventions and submissive to her husbandIago: the most powerful villain, much more intelligent, insightful, sensitive and imaginative than his victimCassio: a rash young lieutenantEmilia:▪Summary:▪Theme: the struggle of an upright man and a pure woman against a treacherous villain and his tricks▪Cause of tragedy: jealousy③“King Lear”▪Major characters:King Lear: a symbol of absolutismGoneril and Regan: symbols of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrustCordelia: symbol of one who is always true; true, tender, simple as a childEdmund: a minor Iago, a intriguer, treacherous to his father and brother and double-dealing to Goneril and ReganCornwall: extremely cruel tyrant▪Summary:▪Theme: reflection of Renaissance England▪Chief elements: psychological study/ Lear‘s real insanity and Edgar‘s pretended madness▪Cause of tragedy: loss of human nature④“Macbeth”▪Major charactersMacbeth: a man of wild and treacherous ambitionLady Macbeth: first appears as a strong-willed woman but ends in being an insane sleep-walker ▪Summary:▪Chief elements: superstitious elements3) Last period of Shakespeare‘s dramatic career(1609-1612)1609 Cymbeline, King of Britain1610 The Winter‘s Tale1612 The Tempest The Life of King Henry VIII.3. General Comments on Shakespeare(1)Progressive significance and limitations1)the greatest playwright in the whole globe, past and present2)see and condemn social evils/ sense of justice3)limitations due to his social status(2) Character-creations1)not ― the mere mouthpieces of the spirit of the times‖2)―Sharply differentiated and contrasted‖3)emphasis on the psychological make-up4)involved in the most intense social conflicts(3) Plot construction1)three or four threads of story2)element of suspense3)much clowning4)―dramatic irony‖ (disguise)(4) Mastery of language1) a large vocabulary (16,000)2)forming very new and striking expressions out of common words3)Masterful at different poetic styles and prose as well(5) Shakespeare‘s literary influence1)in thought content or poetic and dramatic forms or language2)widely translatedExercise:1.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and _____ are gener ally regarded as Shakespeare‘s four great tragedies.2. During the 22 years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced ____ plays, ____ narrative poems and _____ sonnets.3. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of _____‘s best plays.4. ____ is often referred to as ― the poet‘s poet‖.5. ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day‖ is one of ____ best known sonnets.6. In the ____ Period, William Shakespeare is the greatest writer of England.7. Define the literary terms listed below: Dramatic Irony8. Comment on Shakespeare‘s The Merchant of Venice.9. Comment on Shakespeare‘s Hamlet.IV.Shakespeare’s Contemporaries1.Ben Jonson (1573-1637): first poet laureate(1)Prose: ―Timber; Discoveries Made Upon Men and Matter‖(2)Non-dramatic poetry ―Song To Celia‖ or ― Drink to me only with thine eyes‖(3)Drama: ―comedy of humors‖①Two tragedies ― Sejanus, His Fall‘― Catiline, His Conspiracy‖②Two earlier comedies, ― Every Man in His Humor‖― Every Man out of His Humor‖③Best known comedy ― V olpone, or the Fox‖Song to CeliaDrink to me only with thine eyes,And I will pledge with mine;Or leave a kiss but in the cup,And I‘ll not look for wine.The thirst that from the soul doth riseDoth ask a drink divine;But might I of Jove‘s nectar sup,I would not change for thine.I sent thee late a rosy wreath,Not so much honoring theeAs giving it a hope, that thereIt could not wither‘d be.But thou thereon didst only breathe,And sent‘st it back to me;Since when it grows, and smells, I swear,Not of itself, but thee.2. Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) scientist, philosopher, and essayist(1)Life Story(2)Works①The philosophical works The Advancement of LearningThe Novum OrganumThe De Augmentis②The professional works Maxims of the LawReading on the Statute of Uses③The Literary works1)The New Atlantis2)Essays▪first collection of essays in English▪on political social and personal problems▪conciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulnessPart VI. English Literature of the 17th CenturyThe Period of Revolution and RestorationI.The Historical Background1. Absolute monarchy hindered the further development of capitalism in England2. James I (1603—1625)3. Charles I (1625– 1649)4. Conflicts arose between the Throne and the Parliamentbetween the Cavaliers and the Republicansbetween the Anglicans and the Puritans4. Civil war, or the English bourgeois revolution broke out in 1642 and ended in 1649.5. Republic– Commonwealth– the Restoration (1660)6. ―Glorious revolution‖ took place in 1688.II. Literary Characteristics of the 17th Century: four main streams of poetry1.The Spenserians: the Fletcher brothers (弗莱彻) continued and imitated the poetry of thepreceding age, using allegories and ornate language to write poems.2.The “metaphysical” school(玄学派): John Donne (多恩) and George Herbert. Theirpoems contain much intricate reasoning mixed with emotional outburst and metaphysical ―conceits‖ .3.The Cavalier poets: ―sons of Ben‖ or the ―Tribe of Ben‖ represented by Robert Herrick.They pursue the theme of hedonism (行乐主义).4.The Puritan poets: John Milton and John Bunyan( 班扬). They strive for freedom。