高英第二课Marrakech分析

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高英第二课Marrakech分析

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His well-known essays: Shooting an elephant A Hanging Marrakech Politics and the English Language
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Orwell’s Rules for writers
Never use metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.
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But in 1912, a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. Morocco gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. most of the people of Morocco are Muslims,Islamis the state religion and Arabic is the official language, but French and Spanish are also spoken.
Unit 2 Marrakech
By George Orwell
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Objectives of Lesson Two
To familiarize students with the background knowledge of George Orwell, Morocco, French colonies, Marrakech; Jews

高英课Marrakech分析PPT课件

Unit 2 Marrakech
By George Orwell
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1
Objectives of Lesson Two
To familiarize students with the background knowledge of George Orwell, Morocco, French colonies, Marrakech; Jews
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the stone age by cave dwellers; about 2000B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who had formed the basis of the population ever since; The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7th century,bringing with Islam; from the end of the 17th century
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Marrakech in Morocco
Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.
To learn expository writing; To analyze the theme and the writer’s
opinion of colonialism.
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2
George Orwell

Lesson 2 Marrakech教学内容

L e s s o n2 M a r r a k e c h第二课马拉喀什随笔乔治·奥威尔1. 一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上一哄而起，追逐而上，几分钟后又嗡嗡地飞了回来。

2. 一支人数不多的送葬队伍——无论成人或孩子全是男性，没有女性——沿着集贸市场，迂回穿行于一堆堆石榴摊子、出租车和骆驼之间，一边走着一边反复地哀号着一曲短促的悲歌。

真正吸引苍蝇成群追逐的是：这里的尸体从来都不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着，放在一个粗糙的木制陈尸架上，由死者的四位朋友抬着送葬。

抵达安葬地后，先在地上挖出一个一两英尺深的长方形坑，随即将尸体往坑里一倒，再扔上一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。

既没有墓碑，也没有留名，更没有任何身份标识。

安葬地不过是一片巨大的土丘林立的荒原，恰似一块废弃的建筑工地。

一两个月之后，谁也说不准自己的亲人究竟葬在何处。

3. 1）当你穿行在这样的城镇——其20万居民中至少有两万是除了一身勉强蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人的生活是如此艰难，而其死亡又是多么容易时，你很难相信自己身处在人类之中。

事实上，这是所有殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。

这里的人都有一张褐色的脸——而且，他们人数众多！他们果真和你一样同属人类吗？他们也有名有姓吗？或许他们只是像一群群彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。

他们生于土地，受苦受累，忍饥挨饿地过上几年，然后就被埋到无名的小坟丘下。

没有人会注意到他们的离去，甚至那些小坟丘本身也会很快地夷为平地。

有时，当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到脚下特别的凸凹不平，只有那起伏凹凸的固定形状使你意识到脚下踩的正是死人的骷髅。

4. 我正在公园里给一只瞪羚喂食。

5. 瞪羚几乎是唯一一种在存活时看上去能让人食欲大开的动物。

实际上，人们光看到它的两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。

我正在喂着的这只瞪羚似乎已看出了我的心思，尽管它在吃我手上递出去的面包，但显然对我并没什么好感。

【大学英语专业教材】高级英语（张汉熙主编）第四册课文及习题详解

u(para 3 )
u the thesis ----“ All colonial empires are founded upon this fact”
u the author's central idea
uColonializa on is based on the fact that people are very poor.
un l it is needed.
u= store
ustowst –ow away = hide
u 土豆要在阴凉避光处储藏。 u Potatoes must be stowed in a cool dark place.
u stow away:
u My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank. u The hungry boy stowed away all the food on the table.
upome --- apple
ugranate ---- uhaving many seeds
chant ---words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice
u 1. a word or group of words that is repeated over and over again, usually by more
ufrenTzhieedre – isa daj . warp in her nature. ufull of uncontrolled excitement
u那狗狂吠著跳起扑向闯进来的人. uThe dog jumped at the intruder with frenzied barks. u--- make frenzied eﬀorts

高级英语第二册第二课Marrakech

• Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.”
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They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone.
他似没有牢记这些事实?他似乎没有牢记这些事实
Paragraph 3
• Could you find the thesis of this essay?
detail study
• “own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in” • the rags they stand up in：the rags which they were wearing as they there The shabby, much worn rags they are wearing at the moment are the only clothes they own.
Could you find the thesis of this essay?
• All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. • And in this paragraph the writer exposes the evils of colonialism

高级英语第二册Lesson2Marrakech

Influence
Orwell's works have had a prospective impact on contemporary literature and political thought, making him one of the most influential writers of the 20th century
Techniques for using tension and voice
Mastering different tensions
Understand the use of present, past, and future tensions to express actions or states of being at different times
Advanced English Volume 2 Lesson 2 Marrakech
目录
• Background of the text and introduction of the author
• Detailed explanation of vocabulary and phrases
Haggle
To negotiate the price of goods in a marketplace, a common practice in Marrakech
Mosque
A place of war for Muslims, an important part of Marrakech's territory
Tourism
Marrakech is a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world with its unique chart and hospitality

高级英语lesson2（book2）marrakech词汇短语[详解]

词汇(Vocabulary): pass through by twisting，turning，or weaving in and out穿过，通过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a round fruit with a red，leathery rind and many seeds covered with red，juicy，edible flesh；the bush or small tree that bears it 石榴；石榴树----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tune(礼拜仪式唱的)单调的歌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placed棺材架；尸体架----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: break up(land)with a hoe，mattock，etc．(用锄等)翻地，挖(土) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: longer than broad；elongated长方形的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of lumps；covered with lumps多块状物的；凹凸不平的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of or looking like low，rounded hills布满小丘的；似小圆丘的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: deserted by the owner；abandoned；forsaken无主的；被遗弃的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a plot of ground一块地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: without clear qualities or distinctive characteristics 无区别的；无显著特点的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a heap or bank of earth，sand，etc．built over a grave，in a fortification，etc．土堆；堤；坟堆----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of prickles多刺的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any of a genus of cactus plants having cylindrical or large，flat，oval stem joints and edible fruits仙人掌(属)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of bumps；rough；jolting崎岖不平的；颠簸的；震摇的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any of various small，swift，graceful antelopes瞪羚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: either of the two hind legs and the adjoining loin of a carcass of veal，beef，lamb，etc．；[p1.]the hind part of a four-legged animal(牛、羊、猪等的)后腿肉；[复](四肢动物的)后躯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: take small，cautious，or gentle bites小口地咬；谨慎地咬(啃) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: strike or push with the head or horns：ram with the head(用头或角)撞击；顶撞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any point in space，not in contact with the ground or other surface空中；上空----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: n unskilled laborer，as on canals，roads，etc．劳工；无特殊技术的工人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move sideways，esp．in a shy or stealthy manner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pack or store away；fill by packing in an orderly way装载；装进；收藏---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- municipality n．a city，town. etc．having its own incorporated government for local affairs自治市(或镇)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: (in certain European cities)a section to which Jews were formerly restricted(某些欧洲城市中从前的)犹太人居住区----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: giving or feeling physical pain；painful疼痛的；感到疼痛的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a light，closefitting，brimless cap，usually worn indoors(室内戴的)无沿便帽----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: overrun or inhabit in large numbers，usually so as to be harmful or bothersome；swarm in or over(虫害等)侵扰；骚扰；蔓延----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a stall for the sale of goods，as at markets or fairs(市场或集市上的)货摊；摊店，摊棚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pertaining to ancient times，very old-fashioned老式的；古旧的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: become bent or twisted out of shape变弯曲；变歪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of uncontrolled excitement疯狂的，狂乱的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: make a loud confused noise or shout；cry out喧嚷，喧嚣，吵闹----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: feel or search about blindly，hesitantly，or uncertainly摸索；探索----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having within oneself or itself all that is necessary；self-sufficient，as a community自给自足的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the power or practices of witches: black magic；sorcery巫术；魔法----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: satisfying；solid；substantial[口]令人满意的；充实的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: attracting attention by being unexpected，unusual，outstanding惹人注目的，显眼的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: orchard果园----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a member of a legion军团的成员----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: requiring great physical exertion；very tiring费劲的；辛苦的，累人的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: uninhabited；deserted荒无人烟的，荒凉的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a type of plant whose leaves grow in groups of three and which is used for feeding farm animals紫花苜蓿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: gorse food for cattle，horses，sheep，etc. as cornstalks，hay and straw (牛、马、羊的)粗饲料；饲草----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put a yoke on；join together；link用轭连起；连合；连结----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a heavy frame with spikes or sharp-edged disks，drawn by a horse or tractor and used for breaking up and leveling plowed ground，covering seeds，rooting up weeds，etc．耙----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a narrow groove made in the ground by a plow沟，畦；犁沟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of trickling；a slow，small flow滴，淌；细流；----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the layer of soil beneath the surface soil底土，下层土，----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: shrivel or dry up干瘪；枯干；成木乃伊状----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: go unsteadily，haltingly，etc．蹒跚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: 1ike leather in appearance or texture. tough and flexible(外观或质地)似皮革的；坚韧的，粗硬的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: cause to become very angry；enrage(使)发怒，激怒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: execrably该诅咒地；极坏地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a saddle with fastenings to secure and balance the load carried by a pack animal驮鞍;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a head harness for guiding a horse马勒;马笼头; 缰绳----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a rope，cord，strap，etc.，usually with a headstall，for tying or leading an animal；a bitless headstall，with or without a lead rope缰绳；(马)笼头----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the bowels；entrails[常用复]内脏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: condition or state of affairs；esp.，now, an awkward．sad，or dangerous situation情况；状态；(现尤指)苦境；困境或险境----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: injure or make sore by rubbing；chafe擦伤，擦痛；磨----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any of a family of large，long-legged，mostly old-world wading birds．having a long neck and bill，and related to the herons鹳----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: second-hand or ready-made(衣服)用旧的；别人用过的；现成的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: made of khaki(cloth)卡其(布)制的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: force one’s way；squeeze挤进，挤入----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: have a drooping posture or gait低头弯腰(而行)；消沉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: inclined to ask many questions or seek information；eager to learn好询问的；好奇的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an infectious venereal disease，caused by a spirochete and usually transmitted by sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally梅毒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: troops stationed in a fort or fortified place驻军；卫戍部队----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a horse ridden in battle or on parade战马, 军马----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions): a complete and satisfying meal美餐丰盛的、令人满足----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass一团例：a cloud of locusts一群蝗虫----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: to approach or reach到达，得到例：You have to use a little ladder to get at the jars on the top shelves．你得使用一把小梯才可以拿到架子上面的坛子。

高级英语Lesson2（BooK2）Marrakech课后练习级问题详解

高级英语Lesson2（BooK2）Marrakech课后练习级问题详解EXERCISES 2Ⅰ. Write short notes on: Marrakech and Morocco.Suggested Reference Books [SRB]1. any standard gazetteer2. Encyclopaedia BritannicaⅡ.Questions on content:1. Instead of telling the reader that the natives are poor, Orwell shows poverty in at least five ways. Identify them.2. How are people buried in Marrakech?3. Explain the sentence, "All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact."(para 3)4. What do you think medieval ghettoes were like?5. Why does the writer say, "A good job Hitler wasn't here"?6. What kind of people, according to Orwell, are partly invisible? Why does he stress this point?7. How was land cultivated in Morocco?8. Why was the old woman surprised when the writer gave her a five-sou piece?9. What did every white man think when he saw a black army marching past?Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation:1. The things of value, Orwell says in "Why I Write, " are always political. Is this essay political? Has the writer said anything of value?2. Orwell describes human suffering and misery rather objectively. How then can you tell that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery?3. Why does the writer reveal his feelings about the donkeys but conceal his feelings about the people? ,What effect does this contrast have on the reader?4. Could paras 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Could other groups of paragraphs be rearranged? What does this indicate about the organization? What gives the essay coherence?5. Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism? Has the writer succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing" ?6. Comment on Orwell's lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.Ⅳ. Paraphrase:1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (para 2)2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. (para3)3. They rise out Of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard (para3)4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. (para 9)5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews (para 10)6. every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury (para 10)7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (para 16)8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. (para 16)9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. (para 17)10. for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil (para 17)11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. (para 19)12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. (para 21)13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (para 25)15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. (para 26)Ⅴ. Translate paras 20 and 21 into Chinese.Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the itali-cized words:1. wailing a short chant over and over again (para 2)2. an Arab navvy working on the path nearby (para 6)3. he stowed it gratefully (para 7)4. his left leg is warped out of shape (para 9)5. as the Jews live in a self-contained community (para 11)6. the plough is a wretched wooden thing (para 18)7. all of them are mummified with age and the sun (para 19)8. their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)9. so had the officers on their sweating chargers (para 26) Ⅶ. Discriminate the followi ng groups of synonyms:1. wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan2. frenzy, mania, delirium, hysteria3. glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkleSuggested Reference Books [ SRB ]1. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language2. Webs ter’s New Dictionary of Synonyms3. Reader's Digest, Use the Right WordⅧ. Study the formation of the following compound nouns and list 5-10 examples of each:1. burying-ground2. gravestone3. mid-air4. overcrowding5. nine-tenthsSuggested Reference Books [ SRB ]1. any standard dictionary2. any book on lexicology or word buildingIX. In this essay, the writer makes effective use of specific verbs. List 10 specific verbs you consider used most effectively and give your reasons.Ⅹ.Each of the following sentences may be made more compact by proper subordination. Rewrite them, using subordinate clauses, appositives, prepositional or verbal phrases:1. The British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, and there was only a single armored division left to protect the home island.2.The dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, but it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.3.The educational program may succeed, but it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.4.They have wasted their natural resources, but they should have protected and conserved them.5.The Caldwell family opened the first rough trail and soon other settlers were coming.6. The Smithsonian Institution is constantly working for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit, and it gets little or no publicity.7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions. They were both passions of love and passion of hatred and revenge.8. I dreaded opening the door of his office, but it was only fora few days.9. It was early morning and there was a fog and so I crawled out and made my way to the beach.10. I left the door of the safe unlocked and took the leather bag of coins and walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ .Read the following pa ragraphs and then answer the questions: 1) What is the topic sentence? 2) Has the writer succeeded in achievingunity? Give your reasons.1. Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature. There is always the rush to harvest the crops and to get next year' s grain planted before the fall rains start. To get this accomplished the farmer must be out at work by daybreak. Fruits and vegetables have to be gathered before the early frost; hence everyone is bustling around from morning till night. Fall is beautiful when the leaves on the trees change color and then fall off. Winter sends its warming cover over the froze ground. This causes the animals to hunt for something to eat. There is nothing, so the farmer has to feed them. After his day's work is done, thefarmer puts on his slippers, reclines on the davenport in front of the fireplace, and spends a peaceful evening reading. Within a few months spring begins with its beautiful flowers and green grass. The cows give more milk so the farmer has more work to do. After the first spring rain, the corn must be cultivated. As summer ap-proaches the farmer begins to worry for fear that the sun will come up and cook the grain before it is fully developed, or maybe a thunderstorm will come up thus causing his hay crop to rot.2. There are three reasons why I like Japanese food. When I was growing up I never ate Japanese food, since we lived in a part of Texas where there were no Orentals, but now I really like it. One of the best things about Japanese food is that it consists primarily of meat and vegetables, so that it's not at all fattening. However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. Another reason for liking Japanese food is that it's always beautifully served, even at lower-priced restaurants. Every dish is a work of art: the chicken yakitori is presented on a gleaming platter crisscrossed with skewers of meat and vegetables, and the shrimp tempura comes on a lovely little bamboo tray. For the American who wants to serve Japanese food like this, these platters and trays may be purchased at a local import store. My final reason for liking Japanese food is its exotic flavor. There is nothing in American or European cuisine quite like the flavor of sashimi (raw fish dipped in soy sauce and horseradish) or shabu-shabu, a meat and vegetable dish that you cook right at your own table by swishing the bite-sized pieces in a pan of seasoned boiling water. Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason-- the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, whobow and smile shyly as they serve your food. With all this, is there any wonder Japanese food appeals to me?Ⅻ. Choose the right word from the list below for each blank: fell come did firedpulled feel sagged collapsegoes altered slobbered climbedwent paralysed settled droopingjolt seemed imagined knockfalling tower reaching trumpetedshake cameWhen I ________the trigger I did not hear the bang or____________the kick -- one never does when a shot ___________ home -- but I heard the devilish roar of glee that _________ up from the crowd. In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had ________over the elephant. He neither stirred nor_______, but every line of his body had________ He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had_________ him without knocking him down. At last, after what _________ a long time -- it might have been five seconds, I dare say –he _______flabbily to his knees. His mouth _______An enormous senility seemed to have ______ upon him. One could have ______him thousands of years old. I _______again into the same spot. At the second shot he did not_______ but ______with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and head _______ . I fired a third time. That was the shot that _______for him. You could see the agony of it _____his whole body and ________ the last remnant of strength from his legs. But in ______ he seemed for a moment to rise, for as his hindlegs collapsed beneath him he seemed to_______ upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk _______skywards like a tree. He________, for the first and only time. And then down he ________, his belly towards me, with a crash that seemed to _________ the ground even where I lay.XIII. Topics for oral work:1. What can you infer about the author's political attitude from this essay?2. Do you like Orwell' s style? Give examples to support your XIV. Write a short composition describing objectively the suffering and poverty of pre-liberation China or of any city. Try to maintain an objective tone, but your real feelings should be ev- ident to the reader.习题全解Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centersof Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing withthem Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%)who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert.Ⅱ. 1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a) the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of the poor soil;(e) the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags.4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses completely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic.5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.6. Those who work with their hands are pa rtly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded.7. See paragraph 18.8. The old woman was surprised because someone wastaking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the otherdirection?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves. Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings.4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon thisfact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece。

高级英语下册unit2马尔喀什Marrakech

帕金森病非运动症状及治疗发表时间：2011-01-15 发表者：崔群力 (访问人次：381)内容导读：帕金森病非运动症状及治疗，帕金森病非运动症状可导致患者生活质量降低，甚至加重帕金森病患者的运动症状和功能残疾。

帕金森病(PD)非运动症状可导致患者生活质量降低，甚至加重帕金森病患者的运动症状和功能残疾。

为提高广大临床医师对帕金森病非运动症状诊疗的认识，中国医学论坛报就美国神经病学学会(AAN)近期推出的帕金森病非运动症状治疗指南，以及于2006年推出的帕金森病相关抑郁、精神异常和痴呆的评估与治疗指南进行简要介绍。

植物神经功能、感觉和睡眠障碍：直立性低血压：尚缺乏盐皮质激素、a-肾上腺素受体激动剂治疗帕金森病患者体位性低血压的随机对照试验。

然而，上述药物的药理学作用与体位性低血压的改善相一致。

目前，经FDA批准可治疗体位性低血压的药物仅有米多君（a-肾上腺素受体激动剂）和屈昔多巴，后者是一种口服去甲肾上腺素的活性合成前体。

推荐如何治疗帕金森病患者体位性低血压的资料尚缺不足。

勃起功能障碍：应进行全面的医疗评估，以确定是否存在诸如药物副作用等可治疗的可能引起勃起功能障碍的原因。

美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)已批准构椽酸西地那非作为勃起功能障碍的治疗药物。

推荐构椽酸西地那非可用于治疗帕金森病患者的勃起功能障碍(C级)。

便秘：尽管尚缺乏帕金森病患者便秘治疗的随机对照研究，但聚乙二醇和肉毒毒素的药理学作用和广泛临床应用与帕金森病患者便秘的改善相一致。

此外，提高饮食中水和纤维含量等非药物治疗也具有缓解患者便秘的临床益处。

许多治疗药物可导致便秘。

推荐聚乙二醇可用于治疗帕金森病患者便秘(C级)肉毒毒素治疗帕金森病患者便秘的证据尚不充足(u级)尿失禁：尽管抗胆碱药治疗帕金森病患者尿失禁的随机对照研究尚缺乏，但其药理学作用和广泛的临床应用与帕金森病患者尿失禁的改善相一致。

抗胆碱药可能导致帕金森病患者出现意识混乱。

推荐如何治疗帕金森病患者尿失禁的资料尚缺乏(u级)疲乏：哌醋甲酯存在被误用的可能。

高英第二课Marrakech分析

Evils of colonialism
Scene 1 (1-3)
Scene 2 (4-7)
Scene 3 (8-15)
Scene 4 (6-18)
Scene 5 (19-21)
Scene 6 (22-26)
Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3) The idea: Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not afford proper burials. Scene 2: The begging of bread of an employee (para 4-7) The idea: Life is poor. People can‘t afford proper food. Scene 3: Living condition of the Jews (para 8-15) The idea: Jews live in great poverty and under prejudice. Scene 4: Cultivation of soil (para 16-18) The idea: Hard way of making a living. Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21) The idea: Miserable life of old women, no better than a donkey Scene 6: the soldiers (para 22-26) The idea: The negroes‘ attitude towards the whites
His works: Animal Farm (1945) Down and Out in Paris and London Burmese Days Coming up for Air A Clergyman’s Daughter Keep the Aspidistra Flying

高级英语Lesson_2_（BooK_2）_Marrakech_课文内容

8 When you go through the Jewish Quarters you gather some
idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like. Under their Moorish Moorishrulers the Jews were only allowed to own land in certain restricted areas, and after centuries of this kind of treatment they have ceased to bother about overcrowding. Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. Down the centre of the street there is generally running a little river of urine.
an
oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over
it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a

高级英语Lesson2(BooK2)Marrakech课后练习级问题详解

EXERCISES 2Ⅰ. Write short notes on: Marrakech and Morocco.Suggested Reference Books [SRB]1. any standard gazetteer2. Encyclopaedia BritannicaⅡ.Questions on content:1. Instead of telling the reader that the natives are poor, Orwell shows poverty in at least five ways. Identify them.2. How are people buried in Marrakech?3. Explain the sentence, "All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact."(para 3)4. What do you think medieval ghettoes were like?5. Why does the writer say, "A good job Hitler wasn't here"?6. What kind of people, according to Orwell, are partly invisible? Why does he stress this point?7. How was land cultivated in Morocco?8. Why was the old woman surprised when the writer gave her a five-sou piece?9. What did every white man think when he saw a black army marching past?Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation:1. The things of value, Orwell says in "Why I Write, " are always political. Is this essay political? Has the writer said anything of value?2. Orwell describes human suffering and misery rather objectively. How then can you tell that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery?3. Why does the writer reveal his feelings about the donkeys but conceal his feelings about the people? ,What effect does this contrast have on the reader?4. Could paras 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Could other groups of paragraphs be rearranged? What does this indicate about the organization? What gives the essay coherence?5. Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism? Has the writer succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing" ?6. Comment on Orwell's lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.Ⅳ. Paraphrase:1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (para 2)2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. (para3)3. They rise out Of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard (para3)4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. (para 9)5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews (para 10)6. every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury (para 10)7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (para 16)8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. (para 16)9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. (para 17)10. for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil (para 17)11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. (para 19)12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. (para 21)13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (para 25)15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. (para 26)Ⅴ. Translate paras 20 and 21 into Chinese.Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the itali-cized words:1. wailing a short chant over and over again (para 2)2. an Arab navvy working on the path nearby (para 6)3. he stowed it gratefully (para 7)4. his left leg is warped out of shape (para 9)5. as the Jews live in a self-contained community (para 11)6. the plough is a wretched wooden thing (para 18)7. all of them are mummified with age and the sun (para 19)8. their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)9. so had the officers on their sweating chargers (para 26) Ⅶ. Discriminate the followi ng groups of synonyms:1. wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan2. frenzy, mania, delirium, hysteria3. glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkleSuggested Reference Books [ SRB ]1. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language2. Webs ter’s New Dictionary of Synonyms3. Reader's Digest, Use the Right WordⅧ. Study the formation of the following compound nouns and list 5-10 examples of each:1. burying-ground2. gravestone3. mid-air4. overcrowding5. nine-tenthsSuggested Reference Books [ SRB ]1. any standard dictionary2. any book on lexicology or word buildingIX. In this essay, the writer makes effective use of specific verbs. List 10 specific verbs you consider used most effectively and give your reasons.Ⅹ.Each of the following sentences may be made more compact by proper subordination. Rewrite them, using subordinate clauses, appositives, prepositional or verbal phrases:1. The British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, and there was only a single armored division left to protect the home island.2.The dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, but it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.3.The educational program may succeed, but it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.4.They have wasted their natural resources, but they should have protected and conserved them.5.The Caldwell family opened the first rough trail and soon other settlers were coming.6. The Smithsonian Institution is constantly working for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit, and it gets little or no publicity.7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions. They were both passions of love and passion of hatred and revenge.8. I dreaded opening the door of his office, but it was only fora few days.9. It was early morning and there was a fog and so I crawled out and made my way to the beach.10. I left the door of the safe unlocked and took the leather bag of coins and walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ .Read the following paragraphs and then answer the questions: 1) What is the topic sentence? 2) Has the writer succeeded in achievingunity? Give your reasons.1. Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature. There is always the rush to harvest the crops and to get next year' s grain planted before the fall rains start. To get this accomplished the farmer must be out at work by daybreak. Fruits and vegetables have to be gathered before the early frost; hence everyone is bustling around from morning till night. Fall is beautiful when the leaves on the trees change color and then fall off. Winter sends its warming cover over the froze ground. This causes the animals to hunt for something to eat. There is nothing, so the farmer has to feed them. After his day's work is done, the farmer puts on his slippers, reclines on the davenport in front of the fireplace, and spends a peaceful evening reading. Within a few months spring begins with its beautiful flowers and green grass. The cows give more milk so the farmer has more work to do. After the first spring rain, the corn must be cultivated. As summer ap-proaches the farmer begins to worry for fear that the sun will come up and cook the grain before it is fully developed, or maybe a thunderstorm will come up thus causing his hay crop to rot.2. There are three reasons why I like Japanese food. When I was growing up I never ate Japanese food, since we lived in a part of Texas where there were no Orentals, but now I really like it. One of the best things about Japanese food is that it consists primarily of meat and vegetables, so that it's not at all fattening. However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. Another reason for liking Japanese food is that it's always beautifully served, even at lower-priced restaurants. Every dish is a work of art: the chicken yakitori is presented on a gleaming platter crisscrossed with skewers of meat and vegetables, and the shrimp tempura comes on a lovely little bamboo tray. For the American who wants to serve Japanese food like this, these platters and trays may be purchased at a local import store. My final reason for liking Japanese food is its exotic flavor. There is nothing in American or European cuisine quite like the flavor of sashimi (raw fish dipped in soy sauce and horseradish) or shabu-shabu, a meat and vegetable dish that you cook right at your own table by swishing the bite-sized pieces in a pan of seasoned boiling water. Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason-- the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food. With all this, is there any wonder Japanese food appeals to me?Ⅻ. Choose the right word from the list below for each blank:fell come did firedpulled feel sagged collapsegoes altered slobbered climbedwent paralysed settled droopingjolt seemed imagined knockfalling tower reaching trumpetedshake cameWhen I ________the trigger I did not hear the bang or____________the kick -- one never does when a shot ___________ home -- but I heard the devilish roar of glee that _________ up from the crowd. In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had ________over the elephant. He neither stirred nor_______, but every line of his body had________ He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had_________ him without knocking him down. At last, after what _________ a long time -- it might have been five seconds, I dare say – he _______flabbily to his knees. His mouth _______An enormous senility seemed to have ______ upon him. One could have ______him thousands of years old. I _______again into the same spot. At the second shot he did not_______ but ______with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and head _______ . I fired a third time. That was the shot that _______for him. You could see the agony of it _____his whole body and ________ the last remnant of strength from his legs. But in ______ he seemed for a moment to rise, for as his hind legs collapsed beneath him he seemed to_______ upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk _______skywards like a tree. He________, for the first and only time. And then down he ________, his belly towards me, with a crash that seemed to _________ the ground even where I lay.XIII. Topics for oral work:1. What can you infer about the author's political attitude from this essay?2. Do you like Orwell' s style? Give examples to support your XIV. Write a short composition describing objectively the suffering and poverty of pre-liberation China or of any city. Try to maintain an objective tone, but your real feelings should be ev- ident to the reader.习题全解Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centersof Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%)who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert.Ⅱ. 1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a) the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of the poor soil; (e) the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags.4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses completely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic.5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded.7. See paragraph 18.8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the otherdirection?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves. Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings.4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon thisfact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a pieceof luxury which they could not possibly afford.7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting)．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil． 11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community.that。

marrakech暑假补课解读

♠ joined Spanish war and was seriously wounded. The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction. The faction he belonged to was persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and depressed, which led him toward anti-communist attitude.
Unit 2 Marrakech
Contents
1. Background information 2. Type of writing 3. Organization structure 4. Detailed study 5. Exercises
1. Background information
why I write (1) Sheer egoism (2) Aesthetic enthusiasm (3) Historical impulse (4) Political purpose
2. Type of writing
Description -- deals with appearances and feelings Narration --- deals with events and experience Exposition --- deals with processes and relationships Argumentation --- the purpose of argumentation is to convince. Argumentative essays should have a debatable point, sufficient evidence, and good and clear logic.

marrakech课文内容解析

break your way: force your way or
pick your way (because of the dense
growth of the prickly pear)
b
15
Para. 3
• prickly pear: a kind of cactus covered with prickles having a pear-shaped fruit (仙人掌果
• As soon as you look at the hind legs
of the gazelles, you will think of the
delicious mint sauce that you would
want to dip it in whb en eating it.
18
Paralonial empires that make the people so poor. Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals.
This thesis is going to be supported by more
b
11
Paragraph 3
How can you see his cool manner and uncontrollable outrage?
We can see the former from the statements he makes and the latter from a string of rhetorical questions and both from his use of words.

高级英语Lesson_2_（BooK_2）_Marrakech_课文内容

MarrakechGeorge Orwell1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table ina cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, nowomen--threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. Theburying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried.3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? They rise out of the earth，they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.4 I was feeding one of the gazelles in the public gardens.5 Gazelles are almost the only animals that look good to eat when they are still alive, in fact, one can hardly look at their hindquarters without thinking of a mint sauce. The gazelle I was feeding seemed to know that this thought was in my mind, for though it took the piece of bread I was holding out it obviously did not likeme. It nibbled nibbled rapidly at the bread, then lowered its head and tried to butt me, then took another nibble and then butted again. Probably its idea was that if it could drive me away the bread would somehow remain hanging in mid-air.6 An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us. He looked from the gazelle to the bread and from the bread to the gazelle, with a sort of quiet amazement, as though he had never seen anything quite like this before. Finally he said shyly in French: "1 could eat some of that bread."7 I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags. This man is an employee of the municipality.8 When you go through the Jewish Quarters you gather some idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like. Under their Moorish Moorish rulers the Jews were only allowed to own land in certain restricted areas, and after centuries of this kind of treatment they have ceased to bother about overcrowding. Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. Down the centre of the street there is generally running a little river of urine.9 In the bazaar huge families of Jews, all dressed in the long black robe and little black skull-cap, are working in dark fly-infested booths that look like caves. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chairlegs at lightning speed. He works the lathe with a bow in his right hand and guides the chisel with his left foot, and thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape. At his side his grandson, aged six, is already starting on the simpler parts of the job.10 I was just passing the coppersmiths' booths when somebody noticed that I was lighting a cigarette. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews, many of them old grandfathers with flowing grey beards, all clamouring for a cigarette. Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand. In about a minute I had used up the whole packet. None of these people, I suppose, works less than twelve hours a day, and every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.11 As the Jews live in self-contained communities they follow the same trades as the Arabs, except for agriculture. Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors,water-carriers, beggars, porters -- whichever way you look you see nothing but Jews. As a matter of fact there are thirteen thousand ofthem, all living in the space of a few acres. A good job Hitlet wasn't here. Perhaps he was on his way, however. You hear the usual dark rumours about Jews, not only from the Arabs but from the poorer Europeans.12 "Yes vieux mon vieux, they took my job away from me and gave it to a Jew. The Jews! They' re the real rulers of this country, you know. They’ve got all the money. They control the banks, finance -- everything."13 "But", I said, "isn't it a fact that the average Jew is a labourer working for about a penny an hour?"14 "Ah, that's only for show! They' re all money lenders really. They' re cunning, the Jews."15 In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal. square meal16 All people who work with their hands are partly invisible, and the more important the work they do, the less visible they are. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. In northern Europe, when you see a labourer ploughing a field, you probably give him a second glance. In a hot country, anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez, the chances are that you don't even see him. I have noticed this again and again. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch. He is the same colour as the earth, and a great deal less interesting to look at.17 It is only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. But where the human beings have brown skins their poverty is simply not noticed. What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? An orange grove or a job in Government service. Or to an Englishman? Camels, castles, palm trees, Foreign Legionnaires, brass trays, and bandits. One could probably live there for years without noticing that for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.18 Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Huge areas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labour. Everything is done by hand. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands, and the peasant gathering lucerne for fodder pulls it up stalk by stalk instead ofreaping it, thus saving an inch or two on each stalk. The plough is a wretched wooden thing, so frail that one can easily carry it on one's shoulder, and fitted underneath with a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches. This is as much as the strength of the animals is equal to. It is usual to plough with a cow and a donkey yoked together. Two donkeys would not be quite strong enough, but on the other hand two cows would cost a little more to feed. The peasants possess no narrows, they merely plough the soil several times over in different directions, finally leaving it in rough furrows, after which the whole field has to be shaped with hoes into small oblong patches to conserve water. Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water. A long the edges of the fields channels are hacked out to a depth of thirty or forty feet to get at the tiny trickles which run through the subsoil.19 Every afternoon a file of very old women passes down the road outside my house, each carrying a load of firewood. All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the size of children. One day poor creature who could not have been more than four feet tall crept past me under a vast load of wood. I stopped her and put a five-sou sou piece ( a little more than a farthing into her hand. She answered with a shrill wail, almost a scream, which was partly gratitude but mainly surprise. I suppose that from her point of view, by taking any notice of her, I seemed almost to be violating a law of nature. She accept- ed her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. When a family is travelling it is quite usual to see a father and a grown-up son riding ahead on donkeys, and an old woman following on foot, carrying the baggage.20 But what is strange about these people is their invisibility. For several weeks, always at about the same time of day, the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood, and though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them. Firewood was passing -- that was how I saw it. It was only that one day I happened to be walking behind them, and the curious up-and-down motion of a load of wood drew my attention to the human being beneath it. Then for the first time I noticed the poor old earth-coloured bodies, bodies reduced to bones and leathery skin, bent double under the crushing weight. Yet I suppose I had not been five minutes on Moroccan soil before I noticed the overloading of the donkeys and was infuriated by it. There is no question that the donkeys are damnably treated. The Moroccan donkey is hardly bigger than a St. Bernard dog, it carries a load which in the British Army would be considered too much for a fifteen-hands mule, andvery often its packsaddle is not taken off its back for weeks together. But what is peculiarly pitiful is that it is the most willing creature on earth, it follows its master like a dog and does not need either bridle or halter . After a dozen years of devoted work it suddenly drops dead, whereupon its master tips it into the ditch and the village dogs have torn its guts out before it is cold.21 This kind of thing makes one's blood boil, whereas-- on the whole -- the plight of the human beings does not. I am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. Anyone can be sorry for the donkey with its galled back, but it is generally owing to some kind of accident if one even notices the old woman under her load of sticks.22 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward -- a long, dusty column, infantry , screw-gun batteries, and then more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.23 They were Senegalese, the blackest Negroes in Africa, so black that sometimes it is difficult to see whereabouts on their necks the hair begins. Their splendid bodies were hidden inreach-me-down khaki uniforms, their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood, and every tin hat seemed to be a couple of sizes too small. It was very hot and the men had marched a long way. They slumped under the weight of their packs and the curiously sensitive black faces were glistening with sweat.24 As they went past, a tall, very young Negro turned and caught my eye. But the look he gave me was not in the least the kind of look you might expect. Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive. It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look, which actually is a look of profound respect. I saw how it was. This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from the forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis in garrison towns, actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. He has been taught that the white race are his masters, and he still believes it.25 But there is one thought which every white man (and in this connection it doesn't matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist) thinks when he sees a black army marching past. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?"26 It was curious really. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. I had it, so had the other onlookers, so had the officers on their sweating chargers and the white N. C. Os marching in the ranks. It was a kind of secret which we all knew and were too clever to tell; only the Negroes didn't know it. And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the longcolumn, a mile or two miles of armed men, flowing peacefully up the road, while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction, glittering like scraps of Paper.(from Reading for Rhetoric, by Caroline Shrodes,Clifford A. Josephson, and James R. Wilson)NOTES1. Orwell: George Orwell was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He fought in the Spanish Civil War, an experience he recorded in Homage to Catalonia. His novels include Down and Out in Paris and London ; Burmese Days ; Coming up for Air ; A Clergyman' s Daughter ; Keep the Aspidistra Flying; Animal Farm; and 1984. The last two novels vilify socialist society and communism. Among his well known essays are: Shooting an Elephant ; A Hanging ; Marrakech ; and Politics and the English Language.2. Moorish: Moors, mixed Arabs and Berbers, and inhabitants of Morocco. They set up a Moorish empire from the end of the 8th century to the 12th century: by 12th century the empire included North Africa to the borders of Egypt, as well as Mohammedan Spain.3. Mon vieux: a French phrase meaning, "my old fellow (friend)"4. Distressed Area: area where there is widespread unemployment, poverty, etc., a slum area.5. Foreign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects. Spain had a foreign legion, up till the revolution in Morocco, and Holland in the Dutch East Indies.6. fifteen-hands: unit of measurement, especially for the height of horses; a hand, the breadth of the human palm, is now usually taken to be 4 inches.。

张汉熙《高级英语(2)》(第3版重排版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】

张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】目录Lesson 1　Pub Talk and the King’s English　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 2　Marrakech　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 3　Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961)　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 4　Love Is a Fallacy　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 5　The Sad Young Men　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 6　Loving and Hating New York　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 7　The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas (Excerpts)　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 8　The Future of the English　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 9　The Loons　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 10　The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 11　Four Laws of Ecology (Part I)　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 12　Four Laws of Ecology (Part Ⅱ)　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 13　The Mansion: A Subprime Parable (Excerpts)　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 14　Faustian Economics　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案Lesson 15　Disappearing Through the Skylight　一、词汇短语　二、课文精解　三、文体修辞　四、全文翻译　五、练习答案弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介本书是《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）的学习辅导用书，按照原教材的课次进行编写，每单元涉及词汇短语、课文精解、单元语法、全文翻译以及练习答案等内容。