20150530雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李园考试日期： 2015年7月23日Reading Passage 1Title: Traditional Farming System in Africa (V100717 P1)Question types: Complete the sentences 4题Classify 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题Multiple choice 1题文章内容回顾介绍非洲传统的农业系统相关英文原文阅读参考文章（粗体字部分为阅读高频词）：A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as n the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusinecoracana).C During the second season, and possibly for afew seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize,pumpkins (Telfiriaoccidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Pharsalus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developinglast-but-one crop as a relay.D Richards (1969) observed that the practice ofcitemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is consideredprovocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done bathe women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.E When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the road side or in local marketsF The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Saro the rodonmachochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.H Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in suchactivities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a good time!I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are keptin the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.题型难度分析Questions 1-4Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Choose NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need.2. The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are planted.3. During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava.4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses. Questions 5-8Classify the following items with the correct description.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.A. fishB. oxenC. goats5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C6. cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B7. be the largest part of creating profit. A8. be sold beyond the local area. AQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? WriteTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. NOTGIVEN11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE12. Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein. TRUEQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of practices? BA. They can supply the nutrition that people need.B. They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.C. They are productive systems that need no more improving.D. They will be easily modified in the future第一篇的题型涉及较多，填空题+classify+判断+主旨单选。
20150430雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李珂考试日期 2015年4月30日Reading Passage 1Title SSDPProjectQuestion types 填空题判断题选择题文章内容回顾一个叫Stavos的公司要在地中海地区的一个地方利用geothermal fluid 做一个项目。
题型难度分析1-3填空题1. mineral extraction2. desalination3. grid本篇文章题型难度较低，是非无判断题、填空题、选择题均具有顺序性原则，只要考生平时注重定位能力的训练，在较短的时间内可以提高这三种题型的做题速度和准确性。
题型技巧分析对于是非无判断题有两点需要提醒：第一，是非无判断题理论上是具有顺序性的题型，因此考生在回文章中扫描定位词时可以按照题目顺序来依次定位。
但是是非无判断题的特殊性在于其中有“无”的情况，所以如果考生过于机械的遵循顺序定位的规律，对于答案是NOT GIVEN的题目，有可能会出现需要读完更多内容才能判断出来的情况。
所以建议考生在搜索某题的定位词时，可以同时关注后面题目的定位词是否出现。
在下一题定位词已经出现而本题定位词或者其同义替换的词仍未找到的情况下，则本题可以判断为NOT GIVEN。
第二，考生在判断题目中的定位词时，不必只找唯一的一个词。
如果题目中出现了不止一个词可以用于作为定位词，建议考生可以全部找出来，一起定位，因为这样能够准确定位到题目出现的位置的概率会大大提高。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑6 Test 2 Passage 1（文章话题相关）剑5 Test 3 Passage 3（题型搭配相关）Reading Passage 2Title Newly-hatched Birds（新题，回忆较少）Reading Passage 3Title The Secrets of PersuasionQuestion types 单选题4题判断题4题人名观点配对5题文章内容回顾The Secrets of PersuasionA. Our mother may have told you the secret to getting what you ask for was to say please. The reality is rather more surprising. Adam Dudding talks to a psychologist who has made a life’s work from the science of persuasion. Some scientists peer at things through high-powered microscopes. Others goad （驱赶）rats through mazes （迷宫），or mix bubbling fluids in glass beakers （玻璃烧杯）. Robert Cialdini, for his part, does curious things with towels, and believes that by doing so he is discovering important insights into how society works.B. Cialdini’s towel experiments (more of them later), are part of his research into how we persuade others to say yes. He wants to know why some people have a knack （熟练手法）for bending the will of others, be it a telephone cold-caller talking to you about timeshares, or a parent whose children are compliant even without threats of extreme violence.C. While he’s anxious not to be seen as the man who’s written the bible for snake-oil salesmen, for decades the Arizona State University social psychology professor has been creating systems for the principles and methods of persuasion, and writing bestsellers about them. Some people seem to be born with the skills; Cialdini’s claim is that by applying a little science, even those of us who aren’t should be able to get our own way more often. “All my life I’ve been an easy mark for the blandishment （奉承）of salespeople and fundraisers and I’d always wondered why they could get me to buy things I didn’t want and give to causes I hadn’t heard of,” says Cialdini on the phone from London, where he is plugging his latest book.D. He found that laboratory experiments on the psychology of persuasion were telling only part of the story, so he began to research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales-training programmes: “I learnt how to sell automobiles from a lot, how to sell insurance from an office, how to sell encyclopedias door to door.” He concluded there were six general “principles of influence” and has, since put them to the test under slightly more scientific conditions. Most recently, that has meant messing about with towels. Many hotels leave a little card in each bathroom asking guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and electricity and reduce pollution. Cialdini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative effectiveness of different words on thosecards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate simply because it would help save the planet, or were other factors more compelling? To test this, the researchers changed the card’s message from an environmental one to the simple (and truthful) statement that the majority of guests at the hotel had reused their towel at least once. Guests given this message were 26% more likely to reuse their towels than those given the old message. In Cialdini’s book “Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of Persuasion”, co-written with another social scientist and a business consultant, he explains that guests were responding to the persuasive force of “social proof”, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by what we believe other people like us are doing.E. So much for towels. Cialdini has also learnt a lot from confectionery （糖果店）.Yes! cites the work of New Jersey behavioural scientist David Strohmetz, who wanted to see how restaurant patrons （老顾客）would respond to a ridiculously small favour from their food server, in the form of an after inner chocolate for each diner. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the chocolates arrived in a heap with the bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared to when no chocolate was given. But when the chocolates were dropped individually in front of each diner, tips went up 14%. The scientific breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner one chocolate, headed away from the table then doubled back to give them one more each, as if such generosity （慷慨）had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%.This is “reciprocity” in action: we want to return favours done to us, often without bothering to calculate the relative value of what is being received and given.F. Geeling Ng, operations manager at Auckland’s Soul Bar, says she’s never heard of Kiwi waiting staff using such a cynical （愤世嫉俗的）trick, not least because New Zealand tipping culture is so different from that of the US: “If you did that in New Zealand, as diners were leaving they’d say ‘can we have some more?” ‘ But she certainly understands the general principle of reciprocity （互惠原则）. The way to a diner’s heart is “to give them something they’re not expecting in the way of service. It might be something as small as leaving a mint on their plate, or it might be remembering that last time they were in they wanted their water with no ice and no lemon. “In America it would translate into an instant tip. In New Zealand it translates into a huge smile and thank you.” And no doubt, return visits.THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASIONG. Reciprocity: People want to give back to those who have given tothem. The trick here is to get in first. That’s why charities put a crummy pen inside a mailout, and why smiling women in supermarkets hand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: （缺乏）People want more of things they can have less of. Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scarcity (“limit four per customer”, “sale must end soon”), and Cialdini suggests parents do too: “Kids want things that are less available, so say “this is an unusual opportunity; you can only have this for a certain time.”H. Authority: We trust people who know what they’re talking about. So inform people honestly of your credentials （证书）before you set out to influence them. “You’d be surprised how many people fail to do that,” says Cialdini. “They feel it’s impolite to talk about their expertise.” In one study, therapists whose patients wouldn’t do their exercises were advised to display their qualification certificates prominently. They did, and experienced an immediate leap in patient compliance.I. Commitment/consistency: We want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we have already made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting （征求）charitable donations. First ask workmates if they think they will sponsor you on your egg-and-spoon marathon. Later, return with the sponsorship form to those who said yes and remind them of their earlier commitment.J. Liking: We say yes more often to people we like. Obvious enough, but reasons for “liking” can be weird. In one study, people were sent survey forms and asked to return them to a named researcher. When the researcher gave a fake name resembling that of the subject (eg, Cynthia Johnson is sent a survey by “Cindy Johansen”), surveys were twice as likely to be completed. We favour people who resemble us, even if the resemblance is as minor as the sound of their name.K. Social proof: We decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing. Useful for parents, says Cialdini. “Find groups of children who are behaving in a way that you would like your child to, because the child looks to the side, rather than at you.” More perniciously （有害的）, social proof is the force underpinning （打基础）the competitive materialism of “keeping up with the Joneses” （攀比）。
20150430雅思口语考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐晓青考试日期 2015年4月30日Part 1考题总结考题总结1. Work or study（基本题）Your workWhat work do you do?Why did you choose to do that type of work (or, that job)?Do you like your job?Is it very interesting?(Possibly) Do you miss being a student?Your StudiesWhat subject(s) are you studying?Why did you choose to study that subject?/ Why did you choose to study those subjects?Do you like your subject? (Why?/Why not?)Is it very interesting?(Possibly) Are you looking forward to working?Do you prefer to study in the morning or in the afternoons?2. Home/Accommodation（基本题）What kind of housing/accommodation do you live in?Do you live in a house of a flat?Who do you live with?How long have you lived there?Do you plan to live there for a long time?(If you answer you haven’t lived there long) What’s the difference between where you are living now and where you have lived in the past?Can you describe the place where you live?Which room does your family spend most of the time in?What do you usually do in your house/flat/room?Are the transport facilities to your home very good?Do you prefer living in a house or a flat?Please describe the room you live in.What parts of your home do you like the most?3. Hometown（基本题）What’s (the name of) your hometown (again)?Is that a big city or a small place?Please describe your hometown a little.How long have you been living there?Do you like your hometown?(Possibly) Do you like living there?What do you like (most) about your hometown?Is there anything you dislike about it?Do you think you will continue living there for a long time?4. Sky（全新题）Do you like looking at the sky? Why?What’s the best spot to watch the sky?In which room of your home can you best see the sky? Do you prefer sky during the day or night?Did you learn anything about stars and planets in school?5. Reading（全新题）Do you usually read books?Where do you usually read?What kind of places is good for reading?Do you like to read alone or with friends?Where can you not read books?6. Mai（旧题重现）Do you use letters or emails?Do you often receive them?What kind of letters is the most difficult to write?Who do you usually write to?Do you prefer phone calls or mails?7. Time managementHow do you organize your time?Why do you organize your time?Would you say you are good at managing in your time? Where did you learn how to organize your time?If you had more time, what would you do?8. WeekendsAre weekends important to you?How do you (usually) spend the weekends?Which do you prefer, Saturday or Sunday? (Why?)What do you usually do on the day?Are your weekends today more interesting than your weekends when you were a child?9. CollectingDid you collect anything when you were a child?Do you collect them now?Why do you like collecting things?Do people in your country like to collect things?Why do you think people like collecting things?10. VisitorsDo you often invite friends to visit your home?Do you have many festivals in your country?Do you invite guests to your home during these festivals?When people going to visit you, what preparations do you make?Do you like to visit other people (at their homes)?11. Trees and forestsDo you like forests?Are there a lot of trees in your hometown?Is it good to have a lot of trees?What kind of special trees in your country?Have you planted a tree before?12. TelevisionDo you like watching TV?What types of TV programs do you (most) like to do?Do you prefer reading a newspaper, (or reading a magazine) or watching TV?What types of program do children in China like to watch?13. ClothesDo you think it’s important what clothes a person wears?Is it important what clothes you wear at your job?Do you think the clothes a person wears leaves an impression on others?What kinds/styles of clothes do you like (or, prefer) to wear?14. HouseworkDo you like doing housework?How do you think housework could be made more interesting?Did your parents ask you do any housework when you were a child?Do you think children should do some housework?Which do you think is better for doing housework, a machine or aperson?In the future, do you think machines will replace humans for doing housework?15. NamesWhat’s your name?Who gave you your name?Does your name have any particular meaning?In your country, do people feel that their name is important?Is it easy to change your name in your country?What names are most common in your hometown?16. Leisure time/relaxWhat do you do in your spare time?What do you do to relax?How do you usually spend your evenings?Do you think modern lifestyles give people enough time for leisure?Do you think people today have more time to relax than in the past？Do you think it’s important for people to have leisure time?Do old people and young people spend their leisure time in the same way?What do you think are the good points and possible bad points about having leisure time?Do you often hang out with friends?Do you invite your friends to your home?How often do you meet friends? What do you usually do?What do you usually do in the evening?What do you like and hate to do during vacation?What was the last vacation you took?Do you often (like to) listen to music?17. MusicDo you like music?When do you listen to music?What kind of music do you like to listen to? WhyWhat musical instrument do you most enjoy listening to? Why?What are the benefits for a child from learning to play a musical instrument?18. WritingDo you often writing things?Do you write every day?What do you usually?Do you like writing to people?How often do you send e-mails?What are your main reasons for using e-mails?Do you usually write by hand or write by using a computer? Nowadays, how do most people write things?Do you think computers might one day replace handwriting?When do children begin to write in your country?How did you learn to write?Do you think handwriting is important nowadays?How can children today improve their handwriting?What impression does a person’s handwriting have on other people?19. WeatherWhat’s the weather like today?What kind of weather do you like (best)? (Why?)What’s your favorite weather? (Why?)What do you usually do during your favorite weather (or season)? What’s the weather (usually) like in your hometown?Do you like that weather (or, that kind of climate)? (Why? / Why not?) How often is the weather good in your hometown?What did you do the last time the weather was good?Are there bad points about the weather in your city?What is the typical weather in China like?Have there been any changes in the weather over the past few years? Does the weather ever affect what you do?How does the weather affect people (or, you)? (if yes, how)How do you feel when the weather is cloudy?Do you always (often/usually) pay attention to the weather forecast?Can you give any examples of unusual weather?20. Natural placesDo you like visiting natural places?What are some well-known natural attractions in your country?Have you ever gone camping?Do you like a natural environment?How do city kids in your country have contact with nature?Do you have any memories of nature from your childhood?What are the benefits of learning about natural?What can people get from going to natural places?21. MuseumsAre there many (or, any) museums in your hometown?Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown/country?Do you often visit a museum?Did you go to any museums when you were a child?When was the last time you visited a museum?Do you think museums are important?Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to visitors?22. Public holidaysWhat public holidays do you have in your country?Do people in your country celebrate Christmas?Do you like public holidays?Which public holidays do you like the most?What did you do during the last public holiday?What do other people in your country usually do in public holiday? What would you like to do during the next public holiday?Do you think public holidays are important?Do you think there should be more public holidays in your country?23. ShoesDo you like shopping for shoes?How often do you buy shoes?How long is it since you bought some shoes?What kinds of shoes do you usually buy?Do you prefer comfortable shoes or good-looking shoes?24. ShoppingDo you like shopping? (Why /why not?)How do you think is the best time to go shopping?What day of the week do you usually go shopping?When was the last time you went shopping?What are some differences between men and women concerning shopping?What do you think the differences between online shopping and shop in the real shops?25. TeachersDo you have a favorite teacher?Why do you like the teacher?How does (did) this teacher help you?Do you think you could be a teacher?Would you like to be a teacher?26. AdvertisingAre there many advertisements in your country?Why do you think that there are so many advertisements now?What are the places where we see advertisements?How do you feel about advertisements?What kinds of advertisements do you like most?Do advertisements influence your choice about what to buy?Do you like advertisement on TV?Do you prefer advertisements on TV or those in magazines?Do you think advertising plays an important role in today’s world?What sorts of advertisement leave the deepest impression on people? What do you think about the developments in advertising in China today?Why do you think company advertise themselves?27. ColorsWhat’s your favorite color?Are there any colors you dislike?Are colors important to you?Were colors important to you when you were a child?When you are buying something is the color important?Do you usually wear clothes in your favorite color?Is color important to you when you are buying clothes?Do you prefer light or dark colors?Are there any colors that have special meanings in your country?What color would you choose to paint the wall in your room?Is there any color you not want your wall to be?Do you think different types of people want different colors?28. FoodWhat is your favorite food?When do you usually eat that food?What was your favorite food when you were a child?Did that change when you became an adult?Is food important to you?What food do you usually eat?What kind of food do you particularly like?How often do you eat that?When was the last time you ate that?If you had children, what food would you recommend them eat?Do you usually eat the same food every day?Is there any food you don’t like?29. Friends and familyDo you have any close friends?What qualities make them good friends?Do you live with your family?Do your family and friends still live in your hometown?Do you think family members should live together?When do you spend time with your family?What do you do together?Do you often go out with your friends?Is your family very important to you?Do you prefer to spend time with family or friends?What do you do in your free time with your friends?Are there any time when you prefer to be alone?30. CampingHave you ever been camping before?If you would pick a camping place, where it could be?Is camping popular in China?Would you like to try camping in the future?What kinds of problems would you have while camping?What kinds of preparations do people need to do for camping? Should parents bring their children for camping?31. HobbiesHave you got a hobby? If so, what is it?Is it an expensive hobby in your country?What do teenagers like to do in your country?What kinds of hobbies are expensive in your country?How much time do you spend on your hobby?Is your hobby a common hobby in your country?Are there any new hobbies you would like to take up?32. PlanPlease summarize your plan in thee near future?When do you plan to start that?How do you intend to achieve that?When you go abroad, do you plan to live in the countryside or big city? Do you plan to spend many years overseas?After you go abroad, do you plan to join any clubs?33. SleepingHow much hours do you sleep every day?Is it necessary to take a nap every day?Do old people sleep a lot?How to have a good sleep?Do you like to get up early in the morning?Can you sleep well if you are in the noisy environment?Part 2考题总结（4月30日考题归纳）考题总结人物类Describe a friend you know who is a good leaderDescribe a person you don’t like but have to be friendly toDescribe a family member you want to work withDescribe a person you know who is good at cookingDescribe a sportsperson who plays well in a matchDescribe a famous foreign person (still living) you want to meet in the futureDescribe an old person who you respectDescribe someone you know who is beautiful or handsome Describe a popular band or singer in your countryDescribe someone you would like to be similar to in teenage years物品类Describe a toy you had in your childhoodDescribe a vehicle you want to buyDescribe something you want to buy in the futureDescribe a handmade gift you gave to your friends or relatives地点类Describe a place you remember going to that is full of color Describe a short trip you have been to and want to do it again Describe a historical city you have been toDescribe an unusual building you knowDescribe a place near water事件类Describe a surprise you’ve hadDescribe a time you lost your wayDescribe a subject you didn’t like before but have interest now Describe a piece of news you’ve heard ofDescribe a situation that others didn’t tell you the whole truth Describe a happy family event in your childhoodDescribe a piece of advice you received from othersDescribe an interesting conversation you had with other people Describe an occasion that you received a good service from a company or shopDescribe something you want to learn but cannot learn it now Describe something you did with a group of peopleDescribe a meal you invited others to your home or restaurant Describe a situation when you helped someoneDescribe something you did which is waste of timeDescribe an occasion that you borrowed something from others Describe a time when you had to wait in a traffic jamDescribe an occasion when you waited for someoneDescribe something you did to keep healthy媒体类Describe an interesting website you have usedDescribe an interesting thing you heard from the internet Describe a film you want to watch againDescribe a song you remembered in your childhoodDescribe an useful app in your phones, computers or tablets Describe a book you have read recentlyDescribe a TV or radio program that you sometimes talk about with others其他类Describe an ambition you have not achieved yetDescribe an exciting sport you knowDescribe an important job in your countryDescribe a project that once you were involved inDescribe a prize you would like to winDescribe a good habit that your friends have本次考试考题精选范例解析1. What type of people becomes famous in your country? Analysis: 本道考题为口语Part 3关于“名人”的常考题之一，本题的难点在于较为抽象，考生一下子反应不过来，无法一下子有逻辑的归纳出几类人群，往往是想到哪里说到哪里。
20150704雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 林炎珠考试日期： 2015年7月4日Reading Passage 1Title:The Origin of Camera Question types: Diagram 4题； Table Completion 4题；TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题；文章内容回顾1895年卢米埃兄弟向大众展现火车进站的画面时，观众被活生生的影像吓得惊惶四散。
从此，活动摄影不只在人类纪实工具的发展史上具有划时代的意义，而且火车进站的镜头也象征着电影技术发展的源起。
1888年，爱迪生开始研究活动照片，当伊斯曼发明了连续底片后，爱迪生立刻将连续底片买回来，请威廉甘乃迪和罗利狄克生着手进行研究。
1891年，爱迪生申请影像映出管和摄影装置的发明专利权，这是“西洋镜”电影的鼻祖。
爱迪生发明“西洋镜”电影的想法是：由于西洋镜一次只能由一个人去“窥看”，再借助人们的好奇心，如此便可以增加利益，于是这种电影一时间非常流行。
不久，爱迪生又发明了世界最早的摄影棚，特别有助于电影的发展。
19世纪末，电影的诞生从根本上说是科学技术与艺术相结合的综合产物，使电影这门伟大的艺术叩响了20世纪的大门。
1-4设备说明示意图5-8表格题5. photography6. mirror7. disco8. on a screen9-13判断题9. TRUE10. FALSE11. FALSE12. TRUE13. NOT GIVEN相关英文原文阅读The Camera ObscuraAn artist using an 18th-century camera obscura to trace an image.Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device possibly dating back to the ancient Chinese and ancient Greeks, which uses a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside upside-down onto a viewing surface.An Arab physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, published his Book of Optics in 1021 AD. He created the first pinhole camera after observing how light traveled through a window shutter. Ibn al-Haytham realized that smaller holes would create sharper images. Ibn al-Haytham is also credited with inventing the first camera obscura.On 24 January 1544 mathematician and instrument maker Reiners Gemma Frisius of Leuven University used one to watch a solar eclipse, publishing a diagram of his method in De Radio Astronimica et Geometrico in the following year. In 1558 Giovanni Batista della Porta was the first to recommend the method as an aid to drawing.[6] Before the invention of photographic processes there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The earliest cameras were room-sized, with space for one or more people inside; these gradually evolved into more and more compact models such as that by Nipce's time portable handheld cameras suitable for photography were readily available. The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was envisioned by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before such an application was possible.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括两种图表填空题和判断题。
20150530雅思写作G类考题回顾朗阁官方
朗阁海外考试研究中心Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations雅思考试写作G类考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心唐娜星Task 2考试日期2015.05.30类别科技类题目Television contributes to the quality life of ordinarypeople more than any other modern inventions. Doyou agree or disagree?题目翻译比起其他的现代化发明，电视对我们普通人的生活质量贡献得更多，你同意还是不同意？写作指导 1. 正文第一段，陈述电视对日常生活带来的好处，如：舒缓工作压力，得到放松与家人或朋友一起看电视可以增进感情电视节目会有一定的教育作用2. 正文第二段，表达电视带来的一些问题，如：过度看电视会让人们忽视了户外运动，影响身体健康如果个人经常看电视的话会影响与他人的交流重点表达bring pleasure and entertainment, release pressureand get relaxed, enhance the relationship, ignoreoutdoor activities, lead to an unhealthy life, fail tocommunicate with others题目评价旧题，难度一般推荐练习 1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communicationamong friends and family. Use specific reasons andexamples to support your opinion.2. In some countries, television programs aretransmitted day and night. Some people think that24-hour TV transmission is a positive development,while others think that it has negative effects. What isyour opinion?近期考试趋势近期考到的话题为社会类、科技类，都是今后考试的重点，另外考生可适当关注教育类话题。
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150725
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年7月25日Reading Passage 1Title: History of Refrigeration（制冷剂历史）Question types: 配对题句子匹配题文章内容回顾一开始讲述美国没有制冷技术，只能把食物腌制。
后来城市化后，需要大量新鲜食物，于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷藏并运送食物。
有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。
后来天然冰块越来越少，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。
再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。
之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，于是有人开始开发冷藏剂。
最后总结说新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害，但大大促进了冷藏技术在全球的推广。
题型难度分析1-4 配对题1. 19492. 17993. 19304. 1830第一篇比较简单，总共只有两种题型，第一种题型比较容易定位，可以在短时间内做完。
第二种题型是句子补充完整匹配题，难度比第一种题型大，难定位。
题型技巧分析特殊词匹配题型特点是特殊词不可替换，此题可以用时间直接定位，定位到文章之后，读定位点前后两句话，再回选项找正确答案。
句子补充完整匹配题需注意两点：第一，问题给的半句话是和文章定位点同义替换的。
第二，此题是句子补充完整，所以句子匹配后需符合整句话的逻辑意思。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（体裁相似）剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title: an Alternative Approach of Farming in Honduras 洪都拉斯新农耕方法Question types: 段落信息匹配题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾关于洪都拉斯农业耕种。
过去人们采用刀耕火种的方式：把一片树林砍伐成平地，半年以后再在上面种植植物，这就造成了土地肥力下降，所以人们就不得不再砍伐新的树林来开辟耕地。
20150530雅思写作A类考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试写作A类考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心唐娜星Task 1考试日期2015.05.30类别Bar chart题目The chart shows the average class size in six countriesin 2006, and compares them with world average classsize.Summarize the information by selecting and reportingthe main features, and make comparisons whererelevant.题目翻译该柱状图展示了2006年6个国家的班级的平均大小，并与世界班级的平均大小进行了对比。
选取主要的特征对信息进行概括，在相关的地方进行比较。
要素回忆（图表仅供参考）静态柱状图，横向为六个国家，纵向为班级的平均人数。
写作指导 1. 注意时态，因为是2006年的数据，要用过去时。
2. 可先分别描述primary school和lower secondaryschool的班级大小在6个国家的情况。
3. 再就两者是否有相关性进行描写，并要注意与世界班级大小进行对比。
重点表达式…, (closely) followed by…What came next was……was/were close behind...was slightly larger/smaller than……had the largest/smallest figure题目评价难度一般推荐练习剑桥真题5, Test 2剑桥真题6, Test 4近期考试趋势5月份小作文考了表格，流程图以及2次柱状图，根据以往的经验，接下来几次需注意线图，饼图及地图题。
Task 2考试日期2015.05.30类别旅游类题目In some countries, people believe that internationaltourism is a bad thing for their country. What are thereasons for this? How to change their view?题目翻译在很多国家，人们认为国际旅游对他们国家是不利的。
20150207雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心王婧考试日期 2015年2月7日Reading Passage 1Title History of Sahara（历史类）(V120616 P1)Question types TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Short answer questions Summary文章内容回顾A. On October 13,2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg, turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert”a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degree heat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored.B. Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones:' Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."C. In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a “moonlighting paleontologist." But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreedto join him.D. Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.E. Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea-- along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits-- made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to t he dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.F. Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed one tooth from each of four skulls and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burials at roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller “sleeping” skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.G. In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.H. Even at the site, Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long, narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment,” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he was eating a lot of protein and had a strenuouslifestyle-- both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."I. Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three came from a cow species. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery，M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.J. Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle，” Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”两个考古学家找骨头，然后研究两种人（K和T）的历史。
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）2015年10月31日雅思阅读回忆(网友版)阅读两新一旧passage1是讲脸盲症，针对一种人容易对别人的面庞无意识的解释。
说怎样研究他们忘性大，还说了先天和后天的两种可能性passage2 讲新西兰海水养殖。
有标题题和配对题，文章说新西兰的方法能创造收益还能维持海洋生态，还讨论这个模式遇到的问题passage3 讲一个人的书，貌似在批评说那个书的缺点集中在哪些方面。
延伸阅读：雅思阅读评分标准(一)介绍类学术说明文的结构要判断文章类别，一般看标题就可以了。
介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍，所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。
具体结构如下：Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.Detailed Description:Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic DevelopmentLook into the future/Summary无论什么文章，起始段总是引出主题，所以多用叙述描写性语言，或介绍现象，或陈述事实，或交代问题。
在介绍类说明文中，中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述，各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。
第一类时间顺序，通常用于陈述一个历史事件，例如剑五中的“Johnson’s Dictionary”就是这一类。
第二类并列或递进，从各个侧面来介绍，例如剑四中的“What Do Whales feel?”，一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的，属于并列结构。
第三类是逻辑顺序，据笔者统计，环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序，下文对此会作详细评述，这里不再赘言。
(二)论证类文章的结构(1)实验类文章Introduce ExperimentPreexperiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)Experiment ProcessResult (Collecting Data)Analyses and Syntheses在雅思阅读中，实验类文章结构最为固定。
20150509雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李亚珊考试日期 2015年5月9日Reading Passage 1Title Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution (2013.06.08 P1)Question types Short Answer Questions 5题Summary Completion 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题文章内容回顾介绍了关于室内空气污染治理项目的情况和成果。
如何帮助贫困地区的人们改善环境污染，先是回答三个第一段的问题，然后是改善措施的方法，最后是判断正误。
1-5 Short Answer Questions1. weight2. fuel3. distribution4. stoves5. consultations6-9 Summary Completion6. pilot7. review8. 10 million9. international答案分析：室内污染会造成新生儿的low birth weight；很多贫穷地区因为使用biomass fuel而对身体产生危害；有一种技术没有持续使用下去，是因为high distribution cost；有一种新的设备special stoves。
为控制室内空气污染项目的开展流程，开始会做一些consultations和proposals；在中国和印度地区开展pilot projects；先对已经存在的项目做review，这个项目设计让10 million人受益；这个项目是international范围展开的。
题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括简答，归纳填空题以及判断题。
本篇文章简答和判断的难度适中，归纳填空题个别题目定位略难。
题型技巧分析对于Summary一般把握三个关键信息：逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。
首先，观察空格前后语义间是否有逻辑关系的连接词；其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性；最后，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。
20150521雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期 2015年5月21日Reading Passage 1Title 代替gasoline的新能源-Ethanol（乙醇）Question types 判断题TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 5题流程图填空Flow Chart 5题简答题文章内容回顾乙醇作为新燃料在英国得到了广泛的关注，将有可能代替汽油；乙醇与汽油优缺点的对比；乙醇的提炼过程。
题型难度分析1-5判断题1. 英国农民不太可能会为了制造乙醇燃料大种甘蔗。
TRUE2. 在UK的农民将扩大生产更多乙醇植物。
FALSE3. A gallon ethanol have more engineer than a gallon gasoline. NOT GIVEN4. in future US将会有充足的crop来制造氢气。
FALSE5. 乙醇producers会尽量减少生产过程中使用的能量。
NOT GIVEN6-10 Flow ChatProcess of producing ethanol6. distiller7. lignin8. Remains9. Bioreactor10. Fiber本篇文章难度较低，总共只有两个题型，都是细节题，并且都遵循顺序原则，考生只要定位准确，可以在短时间内提高这两种题型的速度和精确度。
题型技巧分析是非无判断题题型需注意以下几点：第一，是非无判断题虽然遵循有序原则，但是因为存在NOT GIVEN这一可能性，所以建议考生在做题时，一次可以定位两题，以免找不到焦虑不安。
第二，在划问题定位词时，建议考生多划几个名词信息点，提高定位准确性。
第三，因为是第一个题型，考生可以从第一段开始找，不要从中间浏览，以免漏掉。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（文章体裁，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title Coastal Archaeology of BritainQuestion types 单选题3题判断题7题多选题3题文章内容回顾20世纪80年代后，英国沿海考古学引起了广泛关注，但人类活动和海岸线侵蚀会影响沿海考古学，如海平面上升及海岸线后退致使很多考古证据暴露在海岸，这些证据要么被侵蚀要么被埋在地表下；这些被埋在地表下的证据显示了人类利用沿海环境，但是这些证据与过去人类如何利用资源，以及大海和海岸给人类提供种种机会知之甚少。
20150509雅思口语考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心Timothy 考试日期 2015年5月9日Part 1考题总结考题总结基本题HometownWhere’s your hometown?Do you like it?What do you like most about it?What don’t you like about it?Are there any tourist attractions?Where would you recommend a tourist to visit?Would you want to move somewhere else in the future?AccommodationDo you live in a house or flat?Describe your house?Do you like it? Does your family like it?Which part of your house do you like most?What’s the difference between an apartment and a house? Which do you prefer?What kind of place did you live in when you were a child?What kind of apartment or house you want to live in the future? What’s your neighborhood like?What facilities are there in your neighborhood?Is there a market in your neighborhood?Are there any shops near where you live?What type of accommodation do you like?What’s your favourite place in your home?Do you live with your family?How’s the air quality?Is it a good place for kids to live?Work or StudyDo you work or study?Do you like it? Do you find it interesting?What do you find most difficult with your job/studies?Do you think your job/subject is easy or difficult?What are you planning to do in the future?Focusing on StudyWhat’s your favourite subject in your major?What did you learn from your major?Which one do you prefer, interesting major or interesting classmates? How did you feel on the first day of school?Do you think the first day of school is important?What are more important to your studies, teachers or students?Do you prefer studying in the morning or afternoon?What kind of job do you want in the future?Did you do any part time work whilst you were studying?Focusing on workDo you like your work or the working environment?What is your career plan in the future?How did you feel on the first day of work?Is the first day at work important?Do you want to change jobs in the future?娱乐题Movies/FilmsDo you like watching movies?What kind of film do you like?How often do you watch movies?Who do you watch movies with?Did you like watching movies when you were young? What did you like to watch?Where do you usually watch movies?Do you prefer to watch movies in a cinema or at home?Do you watch the same style of movies in the past and now?MusicWhat kinds of music do you like?When was the last time you went to a concert or watched a music video?What are the differences of listening to songs live and from the CD? Which one do you prefer?CollectingDo you like to collect things? Why?What do you usually collect?How do you collect things?Where do you get these collections?Have you collected CDs or stamps?What’s your favourite collection?What do people in your country like to collect most?Are you proud of your collection?ReadingDo you like to read books?What do you usually read?What is your favourite type of book?Have you ever received some books as gifts?Have you ever given somebody a book before?What did you like to read when you were a child?What are the benefits of reading? Benefits to children?Do you read before you go to bed?Does reading help you relax?What places are good for reading?What’s a place that is not suitable to read books?Do you like to read alone or with friends?When was the last time you read a book?News and NewspaperDo you like reading newspapers?Do you read newspaper often?Do you watch the news?When was the last time you read the news?What kind of newspapers are there in your country?Is watching the news /are newspapers popular in your country? When did you start reading newspapers?Do you prefer local or international news?What’s the difference between local new and international news?TVDo you like watching TV?How often do you watch TV?How long do you usually watch TV for?Do kids in your country watch too much TV? Is this good?What’s your favourite TV program?What TV program did you like watch when you were little?Do you prefer to watch TV programmes on the computer or the TV? Do you watch TV programmes by yourself or with other people?MailDo you write letters or emails?Do you like to write emails/letters?How often do you receive them?Who do you usually write to? Who do you usually receive it from?Do you prefer receiving phone calls or mail?Do you like to receive mail or phone calls?Do you think it’s difficult to write letters?MessagingDo you usually use your phone for calls or text messages?Do you prefer to send a text or give a call when you have an important message for your friend?When will you prefer to send a message?Do you think a text message can convey the information well?购物题ClothesDo you like shopping for clothes?Do you have lots of nice clothes?Do you buy clothes often?What kind of clothes do you usually wear?Are clothes expensive in your country?Is there anything you used to wear in the past but don’t wear now? Do you plan to buy any designer clothes?Do you think people pay too much attention to fashion?What do you like to wear in school/at work?Do you change clothes when you get home?Do you think you spend too much money on clothes?Do you wear special clothes when you celebrate things?What colour do you usually wear?Will you buy many clothes in the same colour?Do you wear different things on different occasions?Fruit and VegetablesDo you like eating fruits and/or vegetables?Do you buy fruits and/or vegetables often?How do you buy good quality fruits and/or vegetables?Do you prefer eating vegetables/fruits or meat?What benefits are there for eating vegetables/fruits?Did you like to eat vegetables/fruits when you were a child?环境题Looking at the skyDo you like to watch the sky?Do you like the sky during the day or night?Have you been taught anything about stars or planets?What’s your favourite star?Which room can you best see the sky?Where’s the worst place to look at the sky?What’s the best spot to look at the sky?Weather and SeasonsWhat kind of weather do you like?What’s your favourite season?How’s the weather like in China?Do you like four different seasons or four similar seasons?What type of weather do you prefer for travelling?Do you think your emotions are related to weather?Which is your favourite type of weather?Is weather important to your travels?Do you think the weather in China has changed within the last few years?Do you usually discuss the weather?Do you want to visit a place with different weather?TreesDo you like trees?Are there any special trees in your country?What are the benefits of trees?What kind of trees do you have in your neighborhood?Are there many trees in your neighborhood?Have you ever planted a tree?Do trees in your country have special meaning?Week and WeekendsWhich day of the week you like most?Which day of the week you like least?Do you like your weekend?Do you do the same thing every day?How do you spend your weekends?Do you like your weekends more than weekdays?What’s your favourite weekend?Do you usually make a plan for the weekends?Time managementDo you organize time?Do you usually make a plan?Are you a person who’s good at organizing their time?How do you organize your time?How did you learn how to manage your time?Do you organize your weekends? How? Why?休闲题MuseumsAre there many (or any) museums in your hometown?Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown?Do you often visit a museum?Did you go to any museums when you were a child?When was the last time you visited a museum?Do you think museums are important?Do you prefer to go to science museums or art museums?Do you think it’s important for kids to visit museums?What kind of museums do you like to visit?Public HolidaysDo you have many public holidays in China?Do you want more holidays?Do you like public holidays?Which holiday do you like most?What do you usually do on public holidays?Would you like more public holidays?TransportWhat transport do you like to take when you go travelling?Do you prefer public transport or private transport when you go out? Which did you choose the last time you went out? Why?What advice would you give to the visitors to your country on transport?How can the government encourage people to take the public transport?SportsDo you like to do sports?Do Chinese people like sports?Do you have a sport you would like to try in the future?Are there any sports meetings in your local area?What sports are popular in your country?Do you watch sports on TV?When was the last time you watched a sports competition?人类题Helping other peopleDo you like to help other people? Why?Do you often help people?When was the last time you received help?Did your parents teach you to help people in your childhood? Why? When’s the first time your parents helped you?When’s the first time your friends helped you?FriendsDo you have many friends?Do you like to make friends?Are most of your friends from school or from outside of school?Do you ever help a friend by giving advice?Do you prefer to spend time with your family or with friends?Do you think friendship is important?Do you prefer to spend time with friends or spend time alone?What kinds of people do you like to have as friends?Do you feel you spend enough time with friends?Do you prefer to have a few close friends or lots of friends?If you had the opportunity, would you spend more time with your friends?What do you and your friends usually do together?When did you make your first friend?What are the differences between your best friend and your other friends?Do your friends visit your home?How often do they visit?Do you often visit your friends?VisitorsDo you like visitors coming to your home?How often do you have visitors to your home?When someone visits you, how do you usually show hospitality? What kinds of manners do you expect your home visitors to have? Do you bring gifts when you visit others?Do you like to visit other people?另类题MathsDo you like maths?When did you start learning it?Do you have to learn it?Do you use the calculator?Do you think learning maths is important?AloneWhat do you like to do at home?Do you like to be alone at home?Do you often spend time alone?What do you like to do when you’re alone?Do you prefer to be alone or with other people?What you do you like to do when you’re with other people?MemoryAre you good at remembering things?Do you forget things easily?What do you usually forget about?What have you forgotten something in the past?How do you remember things?Is there anything you have to remember every day? Part 2考题总结考题总结人类题1. Someone (you know) who dresses in fashion.2. A person who can use/speak a second language.3. Something a child did to make you laugh.4. A time when you feel surprised to meet someone.5. A person who is good at cooking.6. A time you were friendly to someone you didn’t like.7. A friend who you think is a good leader.8. A family member you like to work with.9. A popular band or singer in your country.10. A famous person (still living), not from your country, who youwould like to meet.建筑地点题11. A place (not your home) where you like to go and relax.12. A restaurant or café that impresses you.13. A small successful company.14. A park or garden you like to visit.15. A place you can read or write (not home).16. An educational trip you went on when you were in school.17. A short trip you want to take.18. A special trip you would like to take in the future.19. An unusual building you’ve visited.20. A place that is full of colour.21. A historical city you have been to.22. A place near water (such as a river, a lake or the ocean)that youenjoyed visiting.23. A historical place that interests you.物件题24. A prize you want to win.25. An indoor game (not about sport) you liked to play whenyou were a child.26. A gift which took you a long time to choose.27. A change that will improve your local area.28. A picture or photo in your family.29. An electronic equipment (not computer) you want to buy.30. A subject you didn’t like but have interest now.31. A childhood song you remember well.32. A vehicle you would like to buy (or own).33. A special toy from your childhood.34. Something you want to buy in the future.35. A book you read recently.经验体验题36. A paid job you did with people.37. An occasion which you got up extremely early.38. A time when you and your friend had a disagreement.39. An age/stage of life that was enjoyable/important to you.40. Something interesting you want to learn more about.41. An activity to keep you fit.42. A situation that others didn’t tell you the whole truth./43. An ambition you have not achieved yet.44. An exciting sport you know.45. A time you got lost.46. A happy family event from your childhood that you rememberwell.47. A team you took part in once.48. A long journey/short trip you would like to make again./49. A situation when you received some useful advice./娱乐科技题50. An educational TV program.51. An interesting thing you learnt from a website.52. A movie you enjoyed and would like to see again.53. Something interesting you learned from the internet.54. A piece of good news you heard from TV or the internet.55. An APP that you think is useful.56. A piece of good news you heard on T.V. or the internet.本次考试考题精选范例解析1. What are the differences of listening to a song live compared to listening to it on a CD?Analysis: 对比题，需要两面都描述一下。
2015年1雅思阅读真题回忆
Passage 1 ： 题⽬：Seed Hunting 内容：濒危种⼦ 题型：填空概括题4+判断题6+多选题2 题号：旧题 ⽂章参考： Seed Hunting With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's botanical heritage. They travel the four comers of the globe, scouringjungles，forests and savannas. But they‘re not looking for ancient artefacts，lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit hunters in the employ of biotechnologyfirms，pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Trade scant, an English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the early 1600s. Later， the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks-who was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century—was so driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his own expense. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modem mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren，a good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field⼀he could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank，an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species. The group's headquarters are in a modem glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5，100 species represented are virtually all of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any country‘s flora. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s efforts，an estimated 25 percent of the world's plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale，and during the past 400 years，plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing countries alone. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops，plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the climate. Yet，across the globe，plant species are being driven to extinction before their potential benefits are discovered. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild，it won‘t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the future, explains Dr Paul Smith，another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques were originally developed by farmers，" he says. "Storage is the basis what we do，conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no reason why any plant species should become extinct，given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding，naming and categorising all the world's plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it’s too late. "There aren't a lot of people out there doing this，" he says." The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire." There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe，with a combined total of 5.4 million samples，of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure cropdiversity; others aim to conserve wild species，although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year, Imperial College, London，examined crop collections from 151 countries and found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries，budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust，which aims to raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity. 题⽬参考： Question 14-19 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. True 15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. Not given 16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. True 17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. True 18. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. False 19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. True Question 20-24 Summary Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 20 extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21 drugs，crops. They are called seed hunters. The 22 pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 23 Sir Joseph Banks，who financially supported collectors out of his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks，one of which is the famous millennium seed bank，where seeds are all stored in the 24 underground vaults at a low temperature. Question 25-26 Multiple choice Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human? AB A food B fuels C clothes D energy E commercial products (顺序可能有误，仅供参考) Passage 2 : 题⽬：Implication of False Belief Experiments 内容：错误信念实验 题型：段落信息配对题7+概括题7 参考⽂章：(⽂章为部分回忆贫选，仅供参考) Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention. B Wimmer and Pemer devised a 'false belief task5 to address this question. They used some toys to act out the followingstory. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer，that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised. C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls， Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box，respectively. Sally also has a marble，which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room，Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket，where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden，even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task，the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own，and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four. D Leslie argues that，before 18 months，children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children，when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of 'telephone5 to build on this pretence. E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants5 feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental states (e. g. < you’re feeling hungry’).。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三
Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless， Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。
20150606雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心孔萌霞考试日期 2015年6月6日Reading Passage 1Title The media literacy of childrenQuestion types Summary Completion 7题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 6题文章内容回顾第一段介绍三种主要方式；第二段提到儿童使用Internet会碰到的问题，比如financial risk；第四段提到older media没有new media获得的研究多；第五段提到关于barriers的研究成果；第六段提到家长的行为带来的影响；第七段提到television和mobile phone可能带来的危害。
1-7摘要填空题1. access2. financial risk3. most research focus on new media8-13判断题8. barriers已经获得了considerable research. False9. parents会影响孩子的literacy. True10. mobile phones是潜在可能带来危害的工具. True相关英文原文阅读Access has two dimensions. It is, firstly, about physical access to equipment, in a setting where it is possible to use it in an unrestricted way. However, it is also a matter of the ability to manipulate technology (and related software tools) in order to locate the content or information that one requires. With older media, physical access is rarely considered to be a significant issue: terrestrial television and analogue radio are now more or less universally available, and the majority of children now have access to both in the private space of their own bedrooms. However, with new media, there are still significant inequalities in levels of access between different social class groups.A final dimension to consider here concerns children’s awareness of personal risk, particularly in relation to new media. Research indicates that risk-taking serves specific developmental purposes for adolescents as they define themselves as more mature than children: these include achieving social status, developing autonomyand facing anxieties (Lightfoot, 1997). Children and young people’s statements about knowing how to avoid risks and expressions of invulnerability can also be explained in psychological terms as ‘a product of having a sense of control or self-efficacy’ (Perloff, 1983 in Valentine and Holloway, 2003: 93). Awareness of internet risks and the presence of risktaking, therefore, can be seen as developmental factors contributing to media literacy there is emerging public concern regarding children’s safety in connection with new 3G (third generation) mobile phones offering photo messaging, video streaming, unlimited internet access and Bluetooth technology (BBC News, 2004; Carr, 2004; O’Connell, 2003). Advocates for regulation of these technologies argue that children are more likely to be susceptible to bullying and paedophiles (Batty, 2004).However, such claims have yet to be sustained by any empirical research; and, as with research on internet risk, we need to find out how these risks are understood and experienced by children, and how they learn to deal with them.Access and exposure to online pornography is another public concern. Statistics are available to indicate frequency of exposure to online pornography (Carr, 2004; Livingstone and Bober, 2004a), and one might argue that media literacy skills are crucial for children to be able to cope with such encounters. The UKCGO survey indicates that children and young people, when encountering online pornography, will leave a site, delete an e-mail or pursue the image (look at it, share with a friend, go back to it).Although this survey gives us a rough indication of children’s responses to such material (e.g. 54% of weekly users ‘say they didn’t think too much about it’), there has been little qualitative research to examine how such material is experienced or even understood (Sutter, 2000 in Livingstone 2003). A small scale study by Burn and Willett (in press) indicates that children share stories about pornography and paedophilia that are often based on half-truths, especially when such topics are considered taboo; while Bevort and Breda (2001) found that French children were more concerned about ‘race hate’ sites than about pornography or paedophiles, and that the more they used the internet, the more confident they became of their ability to cope with such material. Both studies suggest that the way forward for media literacy is through open discussion and engagement with risks, rather than censorship.Furthermore, it could be argued that this awareness of risks extendsonly to those most frequently promoted by moral campaigners. Although children and young people are part of the e-commerce industry through gaming, downloading music, shopping and online auctions, we found no research on awareness of financial risk; or indeed of technical risks such as viruses. As we shall see, children’s awareness of the risks of online marketing is limited (Seiter, 2004a).The most widely acknowledged barrier to the development of media literacy is the so called ‘digital divide’. This is often seen primarily as a matter of access. Factors such as social class and gender are key determinants of people’s access to new media technologies, and of the quality of that access (for example, as defined in terms of the specification of the equipment, and the ease with which people are able to use it in different locations). Factors such as disability and personal dispositions towards technology also play a role here. However, it is important to recognise that the digital divide is more than simply a question of access to technology: it is also a matter of the skills and competencies (the media literacy) that are required to use that technology effectively, and to secure the maximum benefit from it. People who have less access to technology have fewer opportunities to develop these skills and competencies; and hence are less likely to seek out opportunities to use it in the first place. The opposite will be true for those who enjoy high levels of access; and so there is a danger that – despite the falling price of the technology – there will be a polarisation in this respect between the media ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’.Messaris (1986) found that parents (or at least mothers) played an important positive role in young children’s learning from television, in three main respects. Firstly, at a very young age, they helped children to make distinctions between different types of programmes, and between television and reality. Secondly, they helped children to evaluate the accuracy of television representations, and hence to adjust unrealistic expectations about the real world that might have arisen from television viewing.Thirdly, parents could provide ‘background’ information when children were confronted with unfamiliar material, particularly relating to aspects of adult life that children could not have experienced themselves.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括摘要填空以及阅读必考题是非无判断题，这两个题型都是近期考试出现频率较高的题目。
【徐州朗阁雅思英语】2015年雅思阅读
出国留学考雅思、新托福、备考大学四六级，就来徐州朗阁 雅思阅读List of Heading做题方法小议朗阁海外考试研究中心朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家在长期的雅思阅读教学中发现，List of Heading（选标题）这类题型被绝大多数同学视作为“洪水猛兽”，往往在做题过程中觉得“心力交瘁”。
但是，事实真的如此吗？有没有快速有效的做题方法呢？今天朗阁专家就带领各位在雅思阅读这个烤炉里经历煎熬的烤鸭们来小议一下怎么才能把List of Heading这种题型做得又快又准确，达到事半功倍的效果。
Tip 1 了解常见学术性文章结构List of Heading（选标题），顾名思义就是去给每个段落选择合适的能够准确概括段落大意的标题。
根据这样的题型特点，为了在做题的时候能够有的放矢，我们不妨来了解一下雅思阅读文章的常见结构。
一般而言，学术性文章的展开有两大类，一类是演绎法(deductive)也就是我们常说的分总结构，另一类是归纳法(inductive) 即总分结构，并且相对而言后者还要更普遍一些。
基于这样的文章结构，去阅读文章的首句、末句就显得直接有效了。
同时，也提醒大家，一篇文章中的某些段落可能存在导入句或者过度句，这时候该段次句往往揭示了这个段落的主要内容。
那么，我们的阅读策略就变成了阅读文章的首句、次句和末句。
接下来，笔者将利用一些真题的例子来帮助大家运用这样的做题方法。
以剑8 Test 2中的Reading Passage 3 Q 27-Q 32为例：首先我们先审题干，也就是Heading的部分，找到关键词后再移步到文章的部分。
下面以第一段为例，带大家一起来实战一下。
（首句、次句和末句已经做了下划线处理）A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal’s Concordia Unive rsity asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or出国留学考雅思、新托福、备考大学四六级，就来徐州朗阁 one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experience and emotions associated with them.划线部分为该段的首句、次句和末句，第一句的主干只有A survey asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives（气味对于受调查者生活的重要性，到底是否重要、为什么重要、怎么重要之类的信息呼之欲出）。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析一
Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolve d”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。
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雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年5月30日Reading Passage 1Title 偏远地区交通 Practical action（科技类）（V120421 P1）Question types 判断题4题句子填空4题图表填空5题文章内容回顾1-4判断题1. 政府非常了解偏远地区的问题NO2. 贫困地区机动车数量上升NOT GIVEN5-8句子填空题5. The organization is a charity6-7. It is easier for people to access to markets and complete daily task.9-13图表填空题9. rubber tyre10. joining mechanism to the bicycle11. Bed section with cushion12. Seat section for a family member13. A special cover for poor weather condition相关原文阅读Practical actionFor more than 40 years, Practical Action have worked with poor communities to identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture, needs and skills. With our technical and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.A. Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities.There is a need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation (IMTs) that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures toimprove their livelihoods.B. On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only30 percent of rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition these interventions are not always favourable in all geographical contexts environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus and policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.C. One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By improving transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas to generate much needed income.Road buildingD. Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the construction of roads is a major priority for many rural communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/transport infrastructures through the construction and rehabilitation of short rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community driven development. This means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care, education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.Driving forward new ideasE. Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practical business use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can earn a decent income by making, maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical Action’s know-how, Sri Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels.The impact has been remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation. Quick and affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town; and now their children can get an education, making it far more likely they’ll find a path out of poverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action research are carried out and one conspicuous example is the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement sky-scraping transport system.F. For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in order to earn enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help but they are expensive, and it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical Action has developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can either operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The trolley at the top is loaded with goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by external power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if access to an electricity grid is not an option. Bringing people on board.G. Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached (via a hitch behind the seat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200kgs) of food, water or evenpassengers. People can now carry three times as much as beforeand still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used fortransporting goods by local producers, as ambulances, as mobileshops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small villageworkshops from iron tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilledto make the frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out tothe trailers in these workshops at the request of the buyers. Thetwo-wheeled ‘ambulance’ is made from moulded metal, withstandard rubber-tyred wheels. The "bed" section can be paddedwith cushions to make the patient comfortable, while the “seat”section allows a family member to attend to patient during transit.A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so thatother community members do not need to go without the bicyclesthey depend on in their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows foreasy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, acover has been designed that can be added to give protection tothe patient and attendant in poor weather. Made of treated cotton,the cover is durable and waterproof.题型难度分析难度较低，判断题属于顺序类题型，填空题比较集中。