第十三章 张春柏 汉译英 科技文体的翻译
影视翻译,不可忽视的“幕后英雄”
影视翻译,不可忽视的“幕后英雄”影视翻译,不可忽视的“幕后英雄”几个月前，配音艺术家曹雷提出将永嘉路383号改造成译制片纪念馆的倡议，得到了热切响应。
随后，曹雷与苏秀、童自荣、刘广宁、孙渝烽、狄菲菲等一批艺术家一直在尽力呼吁。
本刊今年第4期上及时刊发了《“译制片纪念馆”，不止于畅想》的长文报道此事件，引起不小的反响，很多读者通过各种途径表达了对建译制片纪念馆设想的支持。
其中一位读者是上海外国语大学教授钱绍昌先生，87岁高龄的他特意打电话到本刊编辑部找到笔者，表示看到文章后很有感触，也使他回忆起自己从事影视翻译工作的经历。
他还提到如果能够成立译制片纪念馆，希望也能多展示一下影视翻译方面的内容。
对译制片而言，翻译也是非常重要的、不可或缺的一个环节，只是这银幕“幕后英雄背后的英雄”――影视翻译工作者，更不为大众所熟知。
因此，本刊记者特地采访了一些影视翻译家，以深入了解此领域的特色、现状。
影视翻译要准确，更要“有味”“在国内一讲到译制片，很多人能报出一串有名的配音演员的名字，但是对于译制片的翻译都不太了解。
”朱颜鹤发的钱绍昌向本刊记者如此感慨道，神采奕奕的脸上露出几分无奈。
未退休前，钱绍昌在大学执教英文新闻写作课，带研究生。
课余，他翻译了《投机家》《三代根王》《福尔摩斯在纽约》等书，发表英语语言、新闻理论和翻译方面的论文。
与此同时，他还翻译了《鹰冠庄园》《大饭店》《成长的烦恼》《浮华世家》《迷人的香水》《冷暖人间》《根》《后代》《拿破伦与约瑟芬》《荆棘鸟》等600余部（集）影视片。
其中《成长的烦恼》《根》《荆棘鸟》等先后获全国电视译制片一等奖。
因其在翻译界的成就，中国翻译协会授予钱绍昌“资深翻译家”的荣誉称号。
在翻译领域浸润了几十年，钱绍昌深切地感受到，虽然译制片受众的数量远远超过翻译文学作品受众的数量，影视翻译对社会的影响也决不在文学翻译之下，但是翻译界对影视翻译的重视却远不如文学翻译。
也许很多观众会认为，影视翻译不就翻译一下角色间的对话，比文学翻译容易，殊不知影视翻译中的很多困难是翻译一般文学作品时遇不到的。
专八历年翻译答案
专八翻译第一部分汉译英1.2000年试题中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。
与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。
它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。
世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。
第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。
这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。
世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。
在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。
这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。
中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。
它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。
The first generation museums of sciences are those devoted to natural history, which show through fossils and specimens the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms. Those of the second generation are museums of industrial technology exhibiting achievements made in various periods of the industrial age. These two types of museums, while functioning as disseminators of scientific knowledge, treat their visitors as mere viewers.Science museums of the third generation are entirely different from their predecessors. They stress visitor participation, encouraging those interested to make detailed study of the exhibits on their own by trying their hands on them. The experience so gained will enable them to understand advanced technologies better and help them in their quest for what is still unknown in science（陶文好李孚声，《2000年英语专业八级汉译英词汇误译心理认知分析》，《上海科技翻译》，2001年第1期第36-41页）2.2001年试题乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。
张春柏英汉对比与翻译
4) 幽幽岁月，苍海桑田． 5) 门铃一响，来了客人，从不谢客，礼当 接待． 5) Suddenly the bell rang, announcing the arrival of a visitor. As I had never rejected any guest, I thought I should this one as well.
五四运动的杰出的历史意义在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义
汉英对比与翻译教学
华东师范大学 张春柏
I. 为什么要对比 (why): to help improve the teaching/learning of translation, composition, and grammar
II. 比什么 比什么(What): From words to sentences and discourse, as well as ways of thinking.
My purpose here: to call our attention to the importance of form in the teaching/learning of translation 1) word form: morphology (as well as sounds, esp. in poetry) 2) sentence form: structure 3) cohesion: how sentences are connected to each other to form a coherent piece of discourse
3) 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封
建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在 于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就 是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥 协地反封建主义。五四运动所以具有这种性 质，是……五四运动是在当时世界革命号召 之下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号 召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级世 界革命的一部分。……
张春柏 汉译英 附录二 短文翻译练习
附录二：短文翻译练习英译汉：1. The History of April Fools’ DayHow do you think April Fools’ Day originated?Was there a historic epidemic of spring fever-tomfoolery in a tiny Finnish town in the early 1800s? Did a New Yorker in 1910 find a cockroach in his coffee cup and decide to recreate the experience for his officemate, thereby sparking a famous April 1st lawsuit?In a convincing testimonial to the saying that truth is stranger than fiction, we’ll tell you the story, or at least present the most viable theory of how April Fools’ Day came to be.Once upon a time, back in 16th-century France, before computers, people celebrated New Year’s Day on March25, the advent of spring. It was a festive time. They partied steadily until April 1. In1564, when the calendar reformed and became Gregorian（格里高利历，即阳历）, King Charles IX proclaimed, perhaps pompously, that New Year’s Day should be celebrated on January 1 instead of in the spring. Diehard conservatives resisted the change (or perhaps didn’t hear about it due to the absence of e-mail) and continued to celebrate New Year’s from March 25 to April 1. During this period of spring festivity, the more flexible French mocked the rigid revelers by sending them foolish gifts and invitations to non-existent parties. The victim of an April Fools’ Day prank was called a “poisson d’avril2”, or an “April fish”, because at that time of year, the sun was leaving the zodiacal sign of Pisces（双鱼座）.April Fools’ Day hit its stride in England in the 18th century, and was brought to colonial America by the English, Scottish, and French.......We may never learn the true origin of April Fools Day. However, the deeper question facing us today is, “What’s the best gag I can pull off?”42. The SphinxLaius, king of Thebes, was warned by an oracle that there was danger to his throne and life if his new-born son should be suffered to grow up. He therefore committed the child to the care of a herdsman with orders to destroy him; but the herdsman, moved with pity, yet not daring entirely to disobey, tied up the child by the feet and left him hanging to the branch of a tree. In this condition the infant was found by a peasant, who carried him to his master and mistress, by whom he was adopted and called Oedipus, or Swollen-foot.Many years afterwards Laius being on his way to Delphi, accompanied only by one attendant, met in a narrow road a young man also driving in a chariot. On his refusal to leave the may at their command the attendant killed one of his horses, and the stranger, filled with rage, slew both Laius and his attendant. The young man was Oedipus who thus unknowingly became the slayer of his own father.Shortly after this event the city of Thebes was afflicted with a monster which infested the highroad. It was called the Sphinx. It had the body of a lion and the upper part of a woman. It lay crouched on the top of a rock, and arrested all travelers who came that way, proposing to them a riddle, with the condition that those who could solve it should pass safe, but those who failed should be killed, Not one had yet succeeded in solving it, and all had been slain. Oedipus was not daunted by these alarming accounts, but boldly advanced to the trial. The Sphinx asked him, “What animal is that which in the morning goes on four feet, at noon on two, and in the evening upon three?” Oedipus replied, “Man, who in childhood creeps on hands and knees, in manhood walks erect, and in old age with the aid of a staff.” The Sphinx was so mortified at the solving of her riddle that she cast herself down from the rock and perished.The gratitude of the people for their deliverance was so great that they made Oedipus their king, giving him in marriage their queen Jocasta. Oedipus, ignorant of his parentage, had already become the slayer of his father; in marrying the queen he became the husband of his mother. These horrors remained undiscovered, till at length Thebes was afflicted with famine and pestilence, and the oracle being consulted, the double crime of Oedipus came to light. Jocasta put an end to her own life, and Oedipus, seized with madness, tore out his eyes and wandered away from Thebes, dreaded and abandoned by all except his daughters, who faithfully adhered to him, till after a tedious period of miserable wandering he found the termination of his wretched life.3. My FatherMy father lived in a small wooden house in western Canada, where he carved himself out a fruit orchard from the hillside and the forest. He had chosen it with one of the most beautiful view in the world, an open valley and a river winding, with mountains beyond, and the Kootenay lake just visible in the north and built himself a wide window, to look out on three sides. This window, and six Chippendale chairs which he had rescued in a farmer’s sale, and a few of his sketches on the walls, were all the luxury of the place. I spent two winters with him, and once brought him a pot of primulas while the snow still lay heavy all around; but he soon took occasion to say casually that he was not fond of forced plants: they took away something for him of the first rapture of the spring. His loves were very deep and gentle; they seemed not to be centered in islands of possession, like most human loves, but to be diffused among people and animals and plants, and even the shapes of things he saw; for he was a most sensitive artist. He lived among flowers and was first in his valley to send for bulbs from Holland and to fill his orchard with daffodils under the flowering trees. He was a good rider and a great walker and fond of the woodsmen and the hunters, and those who spend half the year away from their fellow men visiting traps in the mountain forests.Four years before his death, when he was seventy-two, a stroke took away from him the open-air life he loved; and though by the strength of his will he managed, step by step with the passing months, to walk a mile or so with a stick to lean on, most of his time came to be spent in the windows that looked out on his view. Here, he told me, the changing clouds and the light of the river would fill his mind withpleasantness for hours at a time and lead his thoughts into endless variation: and I believe this to be true, and that he was happy, for not only did he never complain, but his whole atmosphere was one of serenity and peaceful interest in all things as they came. And later, when I have thought of happiness and what it may be, I have always seen his gentle old head in the window, with the hillside full of tame pheasants and pigeons, and the valley and the mountains beyond, and have felt that the secret must have something in it of those older worlds which were as real to him as ours.4. Cultural Conflict“International communication” is communication between members of different cultures. This definition is simple. But the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same culture can have communication problems. People can intentionally hurt each other by something they say or do. Isn’t it logical, then, that communication problems can be compounded among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i.e. language and culture)?Cultures do not communicate; individuals do. Everyone has a unique style of communication. But cultures determine a general style for their members. The relationship of the individual to his culture is analogous to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our culture. Likewise, we may not perceive that others are influenced by their cultures as well.Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate. However, when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived as personal rather than cultural. In the following example it is a cultural misunderstanding that creates negative feelings and confusion:A young woman from one culture is looking out of the window and sees a male acquaintance from another culture. He signals to her by puckering his lips. She quickly looks away from the window. Later she ignores him. He is confused and she is angry.The misunderstanding was due to the woman’s failure to understand the man’s nonverbal signal. In her culture, his gesture conveys a sexual advance. According to his culture, he was only saying (nonverbally), “Oh, there you are. I’ve been looking for you.” The woman’s misinterpretation resulted in her angry reaction and his confusion. If the two had known more about each other’s nonverbal cues, they could have avoided the cultural conflict.Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily ignored or remedied. Other conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misunderstandings and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs. In cross-cultural interaction, speakers sometimes assume that what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures.Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over-generalized beliefs or “stereotypes” frequently shape people’s perceptions of each other.Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as “civilized” and Indians as wild and “primitive.” A child who knows about the American Indian only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups.Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice, suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups.Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well as sensitivity to cross cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities—but rather that we recognize cultural influences within ourselves and within others.5. The Pleasures of ReadingAll the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books—but we must know how to avail ourselves of the most unfortunate people are those who have never discovered how satisfying it is to read good books.If I am interested in people, in meeting them and finding out about them, some of the most remarkable people I’ve met existed only in a writer’s imagination, then on the pages of his book, and then, again, in my imagination. I’ve found in books new friends, new societies, new words.If I am interested in people, others are interested not so much in who as in how. Who in the books includes everybody from science-fiction superman two hundred centuries in the future all the way back to the first figures in history; How covers everything from the ingenious explanations of Sherlock Holmes to the discoveries of science and ways of teaching manners to children.Reading is a pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like a sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader. Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work...your own imagination works along with the author’s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities, The same ideas, or related ones, turnup in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times. Books influence each other; they link the past, the present and the future and have their own generations, like families. Wherever you start reading you connect yourself with one of the families of ideas, and, in the long run, you not only find out about the world and the people in it; you find out about yourself, too.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you, you “ought” to read, you probably won’t have fun. If you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time to read, you probably won’t have fun. If you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become, as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.6. COMPANIONSHIP OF BOOKS---Samuel SmilesA man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity to each other by the love they have each for a book—just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both have for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.“Books,” said Hazlitt, “wind into the heart; the poet’s verse slides in the current of our blood. We read them when young, we remember them when old. We feel that it has happened to ourselves. They are to be had very cheap and good. We breathe but the air of books.”A good book is often the best um of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man’s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “They are never alone,” said Sir Philip Sidney, “that are accompanied by noble thoughts.”The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy purifying andguarding the soul. It also enshrines the germs of action, for good words almost always inspire to good works.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old. The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago.7.Significance of Wildlife ProtectionWith rapid extinction of many wild species, more and more people come to realize the great significance of wildlife protection.We have to understand the problem in a new light that we protect ourselves through protecting wildlife. On the one hand, any species of widlife, as a critical joint of the ecological chain, helps to establish the ecological balance. If one species becomes extinct, it will disappear forever. What is more, it will inevitably result in the extinction of a chain of wildlife and the disruption of the ecological balance. Unpredictable disasters may occur. On the other hand, with the development of modern science and technology, man is just beginning to learn about wildlife. For example, if wild rubber trees had been extinct two centuries ago, there would be no auto industry today. Moreover, wildlife preserves unknown genetic codes, which may turn out to be of vital importance and free human beings from fatal diseases and natural disasters in the future.It is imperative for us to protect wildlife right now before it is too late, because man has already polluted the environment seriously and threatened the existence of many wild species. Let’ take actions to protect wildlife. Learning to live in harmony with all wildlife is part of modem civilization.8．COLNINGCLONING is suddenly in the news, thanks to revolutionary techniques developed by genetic engineers and other new breeds of biologists. The newspapers are full of stories describing how scientists can produce a clone, or an identical copy, of an organism from just a single cell. Biologistsnow have the ability to clone some plants and small animals. Can people be far behind?All of this seems frightening to many, not quite right to some, just plain startling to others. Perhaps the basic question is: how can cloning experiments contribute to future human welfare?WHAT IS A CLONE?A clone is an organism or a group of organisms created from a single parent. The process of cloning is really a from of asexual reproduction. You know that sexual reproduction involves the union of sex cells: the sperm from the male parent and the egg from the female parent. The nucleus of each sex cell-called a pronucleus-contains only one set of chromosomes with their genes and not the two sets that are found in the muclei of all other cells, called body cells, and which give each species its characteristic chromosome number. The union of sperm and egg in fertilization produces two full sets of chromosomes. It is the first step in the creation of a new and unique individual with traits and characteristics inherited from both parents.Cloning is asexual. There is only one parent. And the offspring has the hereditary traits of that single parent.The word “clone”comes from the ancient Greek root, klon, meaning a twig or slip. Taking a twig or cutting from a plant and growing it into another plant is actually cloning the plant.Today, however, the word “cloning”is used in a slightly different way. It has come to mean the production of an organism from just a single cell take from the body of a plant or animal. This single cell, being a body cell and not a sex cell, contains two sets of chromosomes—one set from its mother and one set from its father. It thus has all the genetic information necessary to produce a complete individual if it is stimulated to grow.9.Electronic Mail (E-mail)During the past few years, scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in a task they once spent their living avoiding writing, but particularly letter writing. Lured by electronic mail’s seductive blend of speed, convenience, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Anyone with a personal computers, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five million scientists have done so, with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the internet, or net.E-mail is staring to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail and, of course land mail. It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous (writes can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting). If it is not yet speed discoveries, it is certainly accelerating disclosures.10.Other WorldsFrom what we know of our solar system, it appears unlikely that we wil find intelligent life as we know it on any of the other planets. Some microorganisms and plants might exist, but behings shaped like man or the fabled Martian monsters are not likely. Human life, according to scientists, developed on this planet because of the unique combination of many factors—the earth’s distance from the sun, the composition of our atmosphere, the structure of the earth’s surface the presence of certain organisms on the face of the plant. Yet many ask, are we the only ones in the universe?Although astronomers have never actually seen a planet outside of our solar system, they now recongnzie that other solar systems exist. With powerful radio telescopes, they have located these distant system. Astronomer Harlow Shapley has estimated that there may be life in the planetary system of one out of a million stars.Let’s take this million-to-one chance that astronomer Shapley believes and see what the chances really are! Our best scientific information tells us that there are over 100 billion stars in our own galaxy, and that there are about 100 million galaxies in the universe. They means that there are some 10 quintillion stars in the universe.Suppose that only one out of a million of these stars is a sun like our own sun. That would mean that there are some 10 trillion possible other suns in the universe. Again, let us use Shpley’s one-out-a-million chance to find how many of these suns could possibly have a planet like earth—a planet 93 million miles away, a planet with oxygen in the air for breathing , a planet on which man could live as he does on earth. There would be about 10 million other planets in the universe that could physically resemble the earth.Finally, suppose we use the one-in-a-million chance to find out how many of these have human life just as we have on earth. We would then find that there are 10 other “earths” with human life somewhere in this vast universe.Naturally, it would be quite a task to find these 10 out of the millions upon of stars and planets in the universe. But if we did, what would man be like? Would he still be in the cave-man stage? Or would he have developed a society far beyond ours? What would happen if we did meet a man from outer space?It is these unknowns and man’s unending thirst for knowledge that take us into space in search of other possible worlds like ours.11. Sunday Before the War--John CiardiOn Sunday, in a remote valley in the West of England, where the people are few and scattered and placid, there was no more sign among them than among the quiet hills of the anxiety that holds the world. They had no news and seemed to want none. The postmaster had been ordered to stay all day in his little post-office, and that was something unusual that interested them, but only because it affectedthe postmaster.It rained in the morning, but the afternoon was clear and glorious and shining, with all the distances revealed far into the heart of Wales and to the high ridges of the Welsh mountains. The cottages of that valley are not gathered into villages, but two or three together or lonely among their fruit-trees on the hillside; and the cottagers, who are always courteous and friendly, said a word or two as one went by, but just what they would have said on any other day and without any question about the war. Indeed, they seemed to know, or to wish to know, as little about that as the earth itself, which beautiful there at any time, seemed that afternoon to wear an extreme and pathetic beauty. The country, more than any other in England, has the secret of peace. It is not wild, though it looks into the wildness of Wales; but all its cultivation, its orchards and hopyards and fields of golden wheat, seem to have the beauty of time upon them, as if men there had long lived happily upon the earth with no desire for change nor fear of decay. It is not the sad beauty of a past cut off from the present, but a mellowness that the present inherits from the past; and in the mellowness all the hillside seems a garden to the spacious farmhouses and the little cottages; each led up to by its own narrow, flowery lane. There the meadows are all lawns with the lustrous green of spring even in August, and often over-shadowed by old fruit-trees—cherry, or apple, or pear; and on Sunday after the rain there was an April glory and freshness added to the quiet of the later summer.Nowhere and never in the world can there have been a deeper peace; and the bells from the little red church down by the river seemed to be the music of it, as the song of birds is the music of spring. There one saw how beautiful the life of man can be, and how men by the innocent labours of many generations can give to the earth a beauty it has never known in its wildness. And all this peace, one knew, was threatened; and the threat came into one’s mind as if it were a soundless message from over the great eastward plain; and with it the beauty seemed unsubstantial and strange, as if it were sinking away into the past, as if it were only a memory of childhood.So it is always when the mind is troubled among happy things, and then one almost wishes they could share one’s troubles and become more real with it. It seemed on that Sunday that a golden age had lasted till yesterday, and that the earth had still to learn the news of its ending. And this change had come, not by the will of God, not even by the will of man, but because some few men far away were afraid to be open and generous with each other. There was a power in their hands so great that it frightened them. There was a spring that they knew they must not touch, and , like mischievous and nervous children, they had touched it at last, and now all the world was to suffer for their mischief.So the next morning one saw a reservist in his uniform saying goodbye to his wife and children at his cottage-gate and then walking up the hill that leads out of the valley with a cheerful smile still on his face. There was the first open sign of trouble, a very little one, and he made the least of it; and, after all, this valley is very far from any possible war, and its harvest and its vintage of perry and cider will surely be gathered in peace.But what happiness can there be in that peace, or what security in the mind of man, when the madness of war is let loose in so many other valleys? Here there is a beauty inherited from the past,。
第三章 张春柏 汉译英 英汉词汇对比与翻译
第三章：英汉词汇对比与翻译英汉两种言分属印欧语系和汉藏语系，英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字，两者之间存在着很大的差异。
这种差异首先反映在词汇上。
与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形、和词的音律和节奏等。
3.1英汉语的词义对比与翻译说到翻译，人们自然会想到词的选择。
有人以为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了。
这是一种非常幼稚的想法。
这不仅是因为翻译牵涉到诸多非语言因素，如文化知识和科学常识等，而且还因为英语和汉语和词汇之间本身就有着很大的差别。
这种差别首先表现在词义上。
英国语言学家利奇把最广义的意义划分为七种不同的类型：外延意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反映意义、搭配意义和主题意义。
除了主题意义外，其他六种意义都与词义密切相关。
显然，词典告诉我们的主要是词的外延意义，如“土地”、“红色”、和“荷花”在英语中分别为earth、 red和 lotus flower，而它们的其他意义则不大可能作全面的反映。
可以毫不夸张地说，除了科技词汇外，英语和汉语中几乎没有两个词在所有的意义和用法上是完全对等的。
具体而言，英汉词汇在意义上主要有以下区别：1 词汇的意义范围（semantic scope）不一样，如英语中的kill 一词和汉语中的“杀”就相去甚远。
例如：1 Japanesekilled millions of innocent people during the war.army在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。
2) Three men were killed in the accident.有三个男子在事故中丧生。
3) The engine was killed by the flood.汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。
4) Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是笑死人。
5) I’m reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。
主编张凤春新视野大学英语综合教程4的5~8单元的TRANSLATION的翻译和课文
Unit 5 FameFame is very much like an animal chasing its own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it. Fame and the publicity that accompanies it, force the famous person to participate in his or her ownd estruction. Ironic, isn’t it?Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy.But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The artist becomes the slave of his or her own success because of the public demands. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc., the audience may turn away and look to give the momentary fame to another and then, in time, to another, and so on and so on.Unit7 Stripping Down to Bare Happiness“What we’re talking about is simplification, not deprivation,” explains Sara, a friend of mine. “It isn’t that you can’t do all the things you like, but you change. You don’t like them anymore. Some of the old habits seem so wasteful and unsatisfying that you really lose your taste for them. So you still have everything you want—only on less money.”When I first met them, Sara and Michael were a two-career couple with a home of their own, and a large boat bought with a large loan. They began to take an interest in the concept of “voluntary simplicity” wit h the birth of their daughter whom they wanted to raise all by themselves. Neither one of them, it turned out, was willing to restrict what they considered their “real life” into the brief time before work and the tired hours afterwards.Unit8 The Story of an HourKnowing that Mrs Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death.It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences, veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband’s friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard’s name leading the list of “killed”.He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to prevent any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message. Unit 6 Two Truths to Live byThe art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. An ancient man said long ago: “A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.”Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wonderful, and full of a beauty. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.Unit 51他试图拯救这家濒临倒闭的企业，但失败了。
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翻译定义
19
CRITERIA OF TRANSLATION
Yan Fu’ s (严复) “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of
Faithfulness (信)
Expressiveness (达) Elegance
ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER:
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
To be more exact, in Nida’s & Tytler’s words：
美国翻译理论家EUGENE A. NIDA：
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又 自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语 义上，其次在文体上。)
浅析语义翻译和交际翻译在《夏洛特烦恼》字幕翻译中的应用
- 242-校园英语 / 翻译探究浅析语义翻译和交际翻译在《夏洛特烦恼》字幕翻译中的应用新疆医科大学厚博学院(克拉玛依校区)/叶婧【摘要】在全球化和网络应用急速发展的推动下，世界文化产业的发展也呈现出上升趋势。
在多元化的文化载体中，影视作品是与人们的生活接触面最普遍的文化产业之一，也对文化的交流和传播起到了日益重要的作用。
本文将用语义翻译和交际翻译的观点，以电影《夏洛特烦恼》字幕翻译为研究对象，通过具体案例分析讨论语义翻译和交际翻译在《夏洛特烦恼》字幕翻译中的应用。
【关键词】语义翻译 交际翻译 字幕翻译 《夏洛特烦恼》一、引言如今，每一部新上映的影视作品都可能面临国内国外、各行各业观众的欣赏和评判。
而这其中，对于不懂影片所使用的语言的观众来说，字幕翻译成为了传播该影片主旨，传达影片背后的文化最重要的桥梁。
《夏洛特烦恼》是北京开心麻花文化发展有限公司在其话剧剧本表演的基础上改编而成的一部喜剧电影，并于2015年十一期间上映，国庆七天票房达近19亿，其中，影片台词的幽默搞笑成分功不可没。
这就对该影片的字幕翻译提出了较高要求。
本文将基于彼得•纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译理论，以案例的形式分析《夏洛特烦恼》字幕翻译。
二、影视字幕翻译的特点如今，视听媒介的快速发展促进了不同流行文化的不断融合。
而影视作品这一特殊的文化载体更是融入了人们生活的方方面面。
影视翻译专家钱绍昌曾指出：如今译制片受众数量远远超过翻译文学作品受众的数量，影视翻译对社会的影响决不在文学翻译之下。
但翻译界对影视翻译的重视远不如文学翻译，而这与影视翻译的社会作用不相称。
这一现象亟应引起翻译界的注意。
张春柏在《中国翻译》上发表的《影视翻译初探》也提出：影视剧语言具有即时性和大众性。
影视翻译似乎应遵循以意译为主的原则，同时力求保持原文的韵味。
影视语言特有的即时性决定了观众在看影片时字幕一闪而过，不能像文学作品一样反复阅读，并且其大众性要求影视语言必须符合广大观众的教育水平，一定是一听就懂。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第十三章 影视翻译
第二节 影视翻译的基本策略
2.1 翻译目的论
▪ 20世纪70年代，功能派翻译理论在德国出现，德国的汉 斯·维米尔(Hans Vermeer)创立了功能派的奠基理论——翻译 目的论(Skopos theory)，视文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则。 其理论包括三个法则：目的法则、连贯法则和忠实法则，其 中目的法则为翻译过程中的第一法则，翻译行为所要达到的 目的决定整个翻译行为的过程，即目的决定方法。因除目的 法则外，目的论还有两个原则：连贯性原则(coherence rule) 和忠实性原则(fidelity rule)，这两种原则又同时从属于目的 法则。功能派的另一个代表人物赖斯(Reiss)将文本类型、功 能与翻译方法联系起来，认为功能和方法间存在明确的对应 关系。赖斯把翻译文本分为三种类型，即：信息类 (informative}、表情类(expressive)及呼唤类(operative)。总 而言之，与传统的翻译理论不同的是，目的论注重的不是译 文与原文是否对等，或译文是否“完美”翻译，而是强调译 文应该在原文基础上，以译文预期功能为目的，选择最佳处 理方法，即针对特定的翻译目的选择特定的翻译方法或策略。
1.1 瞬时性
▪ 影视剧中的语言是有声语言，转瞬即逝，不同于文学作品 中人物的语言，读者可以反复阅读。因此，影视字幕翻译 必须要简单易懂，清楚明了。（张春柏，1998：50-53）
1.2 大众性
▪ 影视作品是一种大众化的艺术，绝大多数电影和电视剧是 供普通观众观赏的。因此影视剧的语言必须符合广大观众 的教育水平，容易理解。（孟献策，2007：150-151）译 者必须时刻关注译语观众的心理接受程度。
3.1.2 目的的广泛性 (Objective Extensiveness)
课程任务书-四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院
课程任务书
所在学院：国际商学院
教研室(组)：英语专业高年级教研室
综合组
课程名称：翻译理论与实践（2）
起止时间：2016.9-2017.1
四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院教务处制
说明：
1.该任务书的填写和考核以学期为单位；
2.该任务书由各院、部教研室、教学组负责人填写；
3.填写时，须事先经过所在教研室、教学组集体讨论，统一教学规
划；
4.各院、部教研室、教学组在开学前两周将《课程任务书》内容传
达任课教师，任课教师须认真执行；
5.为使学生明确教师的工作任务和教学目标，任课教师须以一定方
式将课程任务书中有关内容传达给学生；
6.二级学院、部在学期末填写对教研室工作的评估意见，并交教务
处备案；
7.二级学院、部留存《课程任务书》电子文档。
科技英语翻译课后题答案课后习题答案
The power plant is the heart of a ship. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。
机器翻的译后编辑3
·科技翻译与新技术·机器翻译的译后编辑3魏长宏 张春柏(鞍山师范学院高职院 鞍山市 114011) (华东师范大学外国语学院 上海市 200062)摘 要 作为机器翻译系统的有机组成部分,译后编辑有助于提高译文质量和人工译校效率。
本文从基本概念、必要性、要修正的错误、实现手段和实施者概述机器翻译的译后编辑。
关键词 机器翻译 译后编辑 机器辅助翻译 自然语言处理Abstract A s an integral part of a MT syste m,post2editing hel p s i m p r oveMT out put and revisi on efficiency.This survey of MT PE concentrates on its general concep ti on,its necessity,err ors t o be corrected,app r oaches,and post2editing.Key W ords M T post2editing MAT NLP 机器翻译(MT)是利用计算机把一种自然语言(源语言)翻译成另一种自然语言(目标语言)的过程。
用以完成这一过程的软件叫做机器翻译系统。
根据翻译过程的自动化程度,机器翻译系统可分为全自动机器翻译(F AMT)系统和机器辅助翻译(MAT)系统;根据翻译对象可分为文本翻译系统、网络翻译系统和口语翻译系统〖1〗。
本文根据以上标准概述机器翻译的译后编辑,但不涉及口语翻译系统。
1 译后编辑的基本概念译后编辑(post2editing,简称PE)是对机器翻译系统从源语到目的语处理后生成的译文进行的编辑操作。
post2edit or既可以是译后编辑(指人),也可以是译后编辑器(指功能)。
为了区分,有时用reviser专指人。
译后编辑的工作量可能差别很大。
根据修改量大小,译后编辑可分为最小PE、快速PE、部分PE、最大PE、完全PE〖2〗。
英语专业翻译【课件】
英汉对比与翻译: 1.包惠南、包昂《中国文化与汉英翻译》，外文2004. 2.陈定安《英汉比较与翻译》，中国对外翻译2006. 3.陈文伯《英汉成语对比与翻译》，世界知识2005. 4.何善芬《英汉语言对比研究》，上海外教社2002. 5.金惠康《跨文化交际翻译》，中国对外翻译2005. 6.李定坤《汉英辞格对比与翻译》，华中师大1994. 7.连淑能《英汉对比研究》，高等教育1993. 8.刘宓庆《新编汉英对比与翻译》，中国对外翻译2006. 9.潘文国《汉英语对比纲要》，北京语言大学2004. 10.彭宣维《英汉语篇综合对比》，上海外教社2000. 11.王德春《汉英谚语与文化》，上海外教社2001. 12.王菊泉、郑立信主编《英汉语言文化对比研究(1995-2003)》，上海外教社2004. 13.汪福祥《英美文化与英汉翻译》，外文2006. 14.王逢鑫《英汉比较语义学》，外文2001. 15.魏志成《英汉语比较导论》，上海外教社2003. 16.萧立明《英汉比较研究与翻译》，上海外教社2002. 17.熊文华，《汉英应用对比概论》，北京语言大学，1997. 18.杨丰宁《英汉语言比较与翻译》，天津大学2006. 19.张良军、王庆华、王蕾《实用英汉语言对比教程》，黑龙江人民2006. 20.赵世开主编《汉英对比语法论集》，上海外教社1999. 21.周志培《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》，华东理工2003. 22.朱永生、郑立信、苗兴伟《英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究》，上海外教社2001.
Hale Waihona Puke Lecture 1 Introduction
1.What is translation? 2.What is the function of translation? 3.Translation standards? 4.Translation methods? 5.The purposes of translation?
翻译理论
Literal Translation（直译）and Liberal / Free Translation（意译）Warming-up: Translation Improvement1. She is in love with him.2. Commit no nuisance.3. I found myself at the foot of a hill.4. 岂有此理。
5. 他这人从来不管什么三七二十一。
她和他在爱中。
不要犯讨厌。
我在一座小山的山脚发现了自己。
There is no such principle. He never cares that three times seven equals to twenty-one.I. Literal TranslationThe so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”;strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.crocodile’s tears（鳄鱼的眼泪）armed to the teeth（武装到牙齿）gentlemen’s agreement（君子协定）Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate.⏹Literal: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散.⏹Free: 砸镜子不能解决实际问题II. Liberal / Free Translation⏹an alternative approach used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.⏹Free translation is more “TL-oriented” than literal translation.⏹at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs滂沱大雨⏹Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必自寻烦恼；不要自找麻烦。
莱斯的翻译类型学与文本类型翻译
莱斯与纽马克基于文本类型的翻译理论之比较
1.莱斯与纽马克的文本类型理论简述
袁
毅
纽马克将语言功能ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ为六类:表情功能，信息功能，召唤功能，美学功能，应酬功能，元语言功能，其中
前三类为语言的主要功能。据此，纽马克对文本进行如下划分， 表情类文本:严肃文学、权威言论、自传、随笔、个人通信等; 信息类文本:教材、专业报告、报刊文章、学术论文(著)、会议纪要等; 召唤类文本:告示、说明书、广告、宣传、劝导性文字、通俗小说等。
翻译学
张莉
莱斯的翻译类型学与文本类型翻译在中国
吴艾玲
卡特琳娜· 莱斯（Katharine Reiss）是德国功能翻译论的创始人，在《翻译批评— —其潜能与局限》一书中，她已经把文本功能引入翻译批评，提出功能翻译理论 的思想，所以说，该书是功能翻译理论形成的前奏。 钰），有的学者利用她的理论来实践，进行实证方面的研究（张新红；文军、高 晓鹰；司显柱；王建国）。 本文以《翻译批评——其潜能与局限性》为主要依据来对卡特琳娜· 莱斯的翻译思 想、特别是翻译类型学进行论述。
国内研究：有的学者介绍她的思想（张春柏；陈小慰；杨晓荣；仲伟合、钟
莱斯“翻译类型学理论”形成的脉络
Otto Kade：实用性文本翻译， Rudolf Walter Jumpelt：科技翻译， Eugene A. Nida：《圣经》翻译， Rolf Kloepfer：散文和诗歌翻译， Ralph-Rainer Wuthenow：古代文献 翻译。
戏剧 翻译
戏剧翻译做出杰贡献的首数孙慧双先 生。歌剧翻译家、音乐家、戏剧家和 作家，出版了《歌剧翻译与研究》， 是我国翻译史上又一个“听觉媒介” 文本进行翻译研究的力作。他认为歌 剧翻译要比一般文学翻译更加困难得 多，主要是因为歌剧演出本不仅是一 部戏剧作品，而且还是一部诗作，而 且因为歌剧要有演出性和歌唱性。歌 剧翻译具有八条与其它类型文本翻译 的不同点。
翻译教程列单
安菊梅(2006:) 《英汉翻译教程》重庆：重庆大学出版社包惠南包昂(2004:) 《中国文化与汉英翻译》北京：外文出版社常玉田(2005:) 《经贸英译汉教程》北京：外文出版社陈德彰(2005:) 《英汉翻译入门》北京：外语教学与研究出版社陈定安(2004:) 《翻译精要》北京：中国青年出版社陈宏薇(1996:) 《新实用汉译英教程》武汉：湖北教育出版社陈宏薇(1998:) 《汉英翻译基础》上海：上海外语教育出版社陈宏薇(2004:) 《新编汉英翻译教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社陈秋劲(2005:) 《英汉互译理论与实践》武汉：武汉大学出版社陈文伯(2004:) 《译艺——英汉汉英双向笔译》北京：世界知识出版社陈小慰(2006:) 《新编实用翻译教程》北京：经济科学出版社陈新(1999:) 《英汉文体翻译教程》北京：北京大学出版社程永生(2005:) 《汉译英理论与实践教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社成昭伟(2006:) 《简明翻译教程》北京：国防工业出版社戴文进(2003:) 《科技英语翻译理论与技巧》上海：上海外语教育出版社丁菲菲(2004:) 《英汉互译理论与实践》武汉：武汉大学出版社丁树德(2005:) 《翻译技法详论》天津：天津大学出版社段云礼(2005:) 《新编商务英语翻译教程》天津：南开大学出版社范仲英(1994:) 《实用翻译教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社方梦之(2004:) 《英汉-汉英应用翻译教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社方梦之(2005:) 《英汉翻译基础教程》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司冯庆华(2002:) 《实用翻译教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社傅敬民(2004:) 《当代高级英汉互译》上海：上海大学出版社傅敬民(2005:) 《英汉翻译辨析》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司傅晓玲(2004:) 《英汉互译高级教程》广州：中山大学出版社古今明(1997:) 《英汉翻译基础》上海：上海外语教育出版社顾维勇(2005:) 《实用文体翻译》北京：国防工业出版社郭富强(2004:) 《英汉翻译理论与实践》北京：机械工业出版社郭著章(1994:) 《英汉互译实用教程》武汉: 武汉大学出版社韩其顺(1990:) 《英汉科技翻译教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社郝丽萍(2006:) 《实用英汉翻译理论与实践》北京：机械工业出版社何刚强(2003:) 《英汉口笔译技艺》上海：复旦大学出版社何三宁(2005:) 《实用英汉翻译教程》南京：东南大学出版社华先发(2000:) 《新实用英译汉教程》武汉：湖北教育出版社华先发(2004:) 《新编大学英译汉教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社黄洋楼(2004:) 《英汉互汉实用技巧》广州：华南理工大学出版社江峰(2005:) 《实用英语翻译》北京：电子工业出版社靳梅琳(1995:) 《英汉翻译概要》天津：南开大学出版社居祖纯(1998:) 《汉英语篇翻译》北京：清华大学出版社居祖纯(2000:) 《高级汉英语篇翻译》北京：清华大学出版社居祖纯(2002:) 《新编汉英语篇翻译强化训练》北京：清华大学出版社居祖纯(2004:) 《汉英翻译强化训练》上海：上海辞书出版社柯平(1993:) 《英汉与汉英翻译教程》北京：北京大学出版社孔令翠(2002:) 《实用汉英翻译教程》成都：四川大学出版社李波阳(2005:) 《商务英语汉英翻译教程》北京：中国商务出版社李长栓(2004:) 《非文学翻译理论与实践》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司李建军(2004:) 《新编英汉翻译》上海：东华大学出版社李明(2006:) 《英汉互动翻译教程》武汉：武汉大学出版社李延林(2003a:) 《英汉文化翻译学教程》长沙：中南大学出版社李延林(2003b:) 《英汉文化翻译学实践教程》长沙：中南大学出版社李运兴(2003:) 《英汉语篇翻译》（第二版）北京：清华大学出版社李运兴(2006:) 《汉英翻译教程》北京：新华出版社连淑能(1993:) 《英汉对比研究》北京：高等教育出版社连淑能(2006:) 《英译汉教程》北京：高等教育出版社刘其中(2004:) 《》刘文捷(2004:) 《翻译入门——英译汉》成都：西南交通大学出版社卢红梅(2006:) 《华夏文化与汉英翻译》武汉：武汉大学出版社陆殿扬（上）陆殿扬（下）吕俊(1994:) 《英汉翻译的理论与方法》南京：河海大学出版社吕瑞昌(1983:) 《汉英翻译教程》西安：陕西人民出版社马秉义(2006:) 《汉译英基础教程》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司马会娟(2004:) 《商务英语翻译教程》北京：中国商务出版社毛荣贵(2003:) 《英译汉技巧新编》北京：外文出版社蒙兴灿(2005:) 《实用英汉翻译教程》成都：四川大学出版社潘红(2004:) 《商务英语英汉翻译教程》北京：中国商务出版社彭长江(2002:) 《英汉汉英翻译教程》长沙：湖南师范大学出版社邵志洪(2003:) 《翻译理论、实践与评析》上海：华东理工大学出版社申雨平戴宁(2002:) 《实用英汉翻译教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社司显柱曾剑平(2006:) 《汉译英教程》上海：东华大学出版社隋荣谊(2004:) 《汉英翻译新教程》北京：中国电力出版社隋荣谊(2004:) 《英汉翻译新教程》北京：中国电力出版社孙致礼(2003:) 《新编英汉翻译教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社谭卫国(2005:) 《新编英汉互译教程》上海：华东理工大学出版社谭云杰(2003:) 《实用汉译英教程》长沙：湖南大学出版社王大伟(1999:) 《现代汉英翻译技巧》上海：世界图书出版公司王大伟(2005:) 《汉英翻译技巧教学与研究》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司王恩冕(2004:) 《大学英汉翻译教程》北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社王宏印(2002:) 《英汉翻译综合教程》大连：辽宁师范大学出版社汪涛(2006:) 《实用英汉互译技巧》武汉：武汉大学出版社王武兴(2003:)《英汉语言对比与翻译》北京：北京大学出版社王治奎(1999 EC:) 《大学英汉翻译教程》济南：山东大学出版社王治奎(1999 CE:) 《大学汉英翻译教程》济南：山东大学出版社魏志成(2004:)《英汉比较翻译教程》北京：清华大学出版社温秀颖(2001:) 《英语翻译教程(英汉·汉英)》天津：南开大学出版社翁凤翔(2002:) 《实用翻译》杭州：浙江大学出版社肖君石(1982:) 《汉英、英汉翻译初探》北京：商务印书馆萧立明(2004:) 《英译汉规则与技巧》北京：机械工业出版社许建平(2003:) 《英汉互译实践与技巧》北京：清华大学出版社阎佩衡(2005:) 《英汉与汉英翻译教学论》北京：高等教育出版社颜洪恩(1994:) 《翻译理论与实践》昆明：云南人民出版社杨莉藜(1993:) 《英汉互译教程》开封：河南大学出版社叶子南(2001:) 《高级英汉理论与实践》北京：清华大学出版社余富林(2003:) 《商务英语翻译(英译汉)》北京：中国商务出版社曾城(2002:) 《实用汉英翻译教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社张蓓(2001:) 《汉英时文翻译实践》北京：清华大学出版社张春柏(2003:) 《英汉汉英翻译教程》北京: 高等教育出版社张培基(1980:) 《英汉翻译教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社张新红(2003:) 《商务英语翻译(英译汉)》北京: 高等教育出版社张彦李师君（2005：）《商务文体翻译》杭州: 浙江大学出版社赵桂华(2003:) 《翻译理论与技巧》哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社周志培(2003:) 《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》上海：华东理工大学出版社朱徽(2004:) 《汉英翻译教程》重庆：重庆大学出版社朱宪超韩子满(2006:) 《译员基础教程》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司庄绎传(2002:)《英汉翻译简明教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
英汉翻译完整教程[2]
![英汉翻译完整教程[2]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9658a514c5da50e2524d7f1c.png)
Students should do their own work in order to maximize learning. Collaborating on assignments is permitted, but copying another student’s work is prohibited. Similarly, students who are caught copying or plagiarizing will fail the assignment.
1. 增译法
2. 省译法
3. 词类转换
4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
2
第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程：
1. 重译法
2. 语态变换法
3. 词序调整法
4. 拆译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
Wednesday
Classroom
Class 1
14:30—16:00 p.m.
A1203
导学——课程要求
Course Description & Requirements
Description:
This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at cultivating the SS’ ability of translating between E-C and C- E—they have the ability to understand and master some basic theories and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first impression to English language and Chinese, and through these discussions they will have a higher ability in their English writing. It will take us at least a span of 4 lectures to finish one topic in the syllabus.
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第十三章科技文体的翻译科技文体顺应科学技术的发展需要而产生，并且随其发展而不断发展。
科技文体是一个范畴很广的概念，与其他多种文体相交。
它可以是专业性很强的论文，可以是生动有趣的科幻小说，可以是通俗易懂的科普文章，还可以是新颖简洁的科技新闻等。
总的来说，这一文体主要用于科技方面的理论探讨，过程描述，以及成果和应用方面的说明。
科技文体的特殊功能使其在语言上具有了区别于其他文体的特点。
本章将着重从科技文体的特点和科技文体翻译的特点两方面进行讨论。
13.1. 词汇特点和翻译科技文体中涉及大量的科技词汇，即专业词汇或术语。
当它们用在某个特殊的科学领域里时，会具有特定的涵义；有的词汇甚至仅在某个特殊领域里使用。
另外，还有大量非专业词汇，它们虽然不具有专业性，但是在科技文体的翻译中也呈现出不同的特点。
13.1.1. 专业术语在英语专业词汇中，有的是纯专业词汇，属于某一专业领域所特有，如：hypophysis (脑下垂体)、diatom（硅藻）、 chloride（氯化物）、electrode（电极）、psychopathology（精神病理学）、cosine（余弦）、cosmogonist（宇宙进化论者）、mammal（哺乳动物），等等。
如这些例子所示，这些词的有很大一部分源自古希腊和拉丁语。
它们的特点是含义精确明晰，概念单一狭窄，翻译时并不难处理，因为它们往往具有统一的标准译法，在中英文中都有确定的名称。
但同时这也意味着译者不可以任意自取他法。
有的英语专业词汇属于通用型词汇，广泛应用于不同的专业，而且在不同的专业中往往有不同的意义，如：matrix一词，在生物学中，它指“子宫”、“母体”、“基质”、（牙）床等；在地质学中，指“基质”、“斑晶”、“脉石”等；在数学中，指“矩阵”、“真值表”、“命题函数”等；在印刷业中，指“字模”、“纸型”；在医学中，指“型片”、“基片”；在摄影学中，指“浮雕片”；在电信中，指“矩阵变换电路”；在语言学中，则指“主句”、“独立句”；另外在其它场合，它还可能指“模型”。
这些词汇中有很多来自日常用语，但在某一领域中它们具有特殊的意义。
比如说mouse 一词，日常生活中指“老鼠”，但是在计算机用语中则指“鼠标”；又如power一词，作为一般词汇是指“力量”、“权力”、“势力”、“国力”等等，但是在数学中，它指“幂”；在物理学中，它则具有“力”、“电”、“电力”、“电源”、“功率”等等多种含义。
由此可见，这一类词汇的特点是一词多义，用法灵活，应用领域广泛，翻译时不能随意猜测，必须仔细研究上下文，慎重地选择恰当的对应词。
与此同时，翻译人员积极扩展、更新自己的知识面也是非常重要的。
科技英语专业词汇中大量的词汇是通过转化，合成、派生、混成等构词法构成的。
转化指由一个词类转化为另一个词类，如：ferment, 作为名词是“酵素”，转化为动词就成了“发酵”。
又如coralline，原为形容词，指珊瑚的，珊瑚色的，珊瑚状的，转化为动词，就变成了“珊瑚虫（类动物）”、“珊瑚藻科植物”等。
派生指通过加前缀或者后缀构成另一个词。
比如前缀micro-意为“微（小）的”，通过它派生的词都带有此含义，如：microcomputer（微型计算机），microelectronics（微电子学），microfilm（缩微胶卷），microchip（微晶片，芯片）， microbiology（微生物学），microcosm （微观世界，微观宇宙）等等。
又如astro-意为“（关于）星球、天体、宇宙、太空的”，它构成的词有astrology（占星术），astronaut（宇航员），astrophysics（天体物理学）等。
由后缀构成的词也很多，比如-craft意为“运载器”，通过它派生的词有spacecraft（航天器），hovercraft（气垫船），aircraft（飞机）等，-ics意为“……学”，“技艺”或“性质”等，它构成的词有linguistics（语言学），physics（物理学），electronics（电子学），acrobatics（杂技），acoustics（声学，音响效果）等。
英语中前缀和后缀种类繁多，在处理派生词的时候，需要熟悉前缀和后缀的意义和功能，翻译的时候就能游刃有余了。
合成指由两个或更多的词合成一个词，如： loom-state意为“未染色的”，乃纺织业用语；look-ahead意为“（计算机的）先行智能（的）”；overgild意为面“在……上面镀金”；drift-net 意为“流网”，“漂网”等；motherboard意为“母板”、“主板”或“装配板”。
翻译合成词的时候往往可以根据构成它们的单词的意义进行猜测，但是应当尽量予以核实，杜绝想当然的现象。
混成是通过合成与缩略的手法，将几个被截短的词合并成一个新词。
如：telecon (telephone conference)，即电话会议；firex (fire extinguishing equipment)，即灭火设备；info-port (information port)，即信息港，等等。
科技英语中还含有大量的缩写词。
缩写词主要由词组中的首字母构成，其优点是书写简便，但是也给不熟悉它的人们带来了阅读和理解上的困难。
比如说N这个字母就可以作为二十个以上单词的缩写，而NAD一词就有nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide（〈生化〉烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸，辅酶）、National Academy of Design（〈美国〉全国设计院）、no appreciate disease （〈医〉未查出疾病）等几种释义。
又如IC一词，它可以代表immediate constituent（〈语法〉直接成分）、integrated circuit（〈电子〉集成电路）、incidental campaign expenditure（竞选附带费用）、interior communications（内部通信联络）、internal combustion（内燃）等若干词组。
通常，词形越短，异义现象出现的比率就越高。
除了同形异义现象以外，缩写词也不总是完全由词组中的首字母构成，它也可能由词组中的第一个字母或前两、三个字母构成，或者由音节中的首字母构成。
如PAS代表的就是para-aminosalicylic acid（对氨水扬酸），RADCM 代表的则是radar countermeasures（反雷达措施）。
此外，缩写词还可能是外来词语的首字母缩写。
可见，缩写词在形式上也是多种多样的。
随着科学的进步和人类对世界认识的不断加深，必然会不断出现新的学科和新的领域的新发明创造，因此，科技英语的词汇量和词汇的内涵外延必然也在不断的扩大中。
只有多接触时代信息，不断增长见识与词汇量，才能在科技文体的翻译中得心应手地处理专业词汇。
翻译时，我们往往会遇到一些词典里查找不到的新词，在这种情况下，我们除了请教专业人员以外，还可以通过研究文章的学科领域，并应用构词法分析新词各组成部分的含义，试着确定词义。
现代汉语中的专业科技词汇有很大比例最初由国外的词汇翻译而来，如“直流电”（direct current）、“磁场”（magnetic field）、“压缩机”（compressor），等等。
它们一般都能在英语中找到准确的对应词汇。
但是在长期的生产实践中，中国劳动者也为很多事物创造了符合自己的理解和习惯的叫法，如：“滚筒油印机”（mimeograph）、“红头蝇”（red-eyed fly）、“全身麻醉”（general anaesthesia）、“全能加速器”（omnitron）等。
在翻译的时候要切忌望文生义。
13.1.2. 非专业词汇科技文体中虽然大量使用专业词汇和术语，但是它的基本词汇仍然是普通的常用词汇。
在翻译科技文体这一特殊的文体中，一些普通词汇的词义有时比专业词汇更加难以确定。
这主要是因为科技文章有其独特的表达习惯。
有时候，译者必须根据上下文的需要对字面意思加以调整，使译文得体。
例如：1）Science is a servant of mankind.科学造福于人类。
2）With even more recent systems, using a combination of radar and other instruments on the aircraft and on the ground, the pilot can now land completely blind in perfect safety.(Richard Lewis, Radar)使用更新式的系统，将飞机和地面上的雷达及其它仪器结合起来，现在飞行员已经可以绝对安全地单凭仪表操纵着陆了。
3）The likelihood that our message will ever be received by beings of another world is impossible to predict. （Ann Druyan, Far-out Music）我们发出的信息被另一个世界的人收到的可能性有多大是无法预言的。
4）The intensity of the secondary radiations is weak compared with the intensity of the primary X-ray beam, and some of it, too, may not escape from the material.（Encyclopedia Britannica）这些次级放射线的强度跟原始X射线相比较弱，而且其中的一部分可能留在了那种物质中。
5）A black form, in which the ground colour, as well as the spots, is black, is widely known as the black panther; it is more common in the Far East than in other parts of the range ofthe leopard. （Encyclopedia Britannica）有一种底色和斑点都是黑色的豹类，就是众所周知的黑豹。
它在远东比在其它豹类生长区域更常见。
6）他是一位全能输血者。
He is the universal (blood) donor.7）在治疗过程中，医生必须能抓住精神病人的心理特点。
During the therapy, the doctor has to be able to understand the psychologicalcharacteristics of the mental patient.8）这台电脑专门负责处理在市场调查中收集的数据。