示踪剂知识

一，井间示踪剂技术概述：(1) 注水开发后期油田特征注水开发的油田，由于油藏平面和纵向上的非均质性以及油水粘度的差别及注采井组内部的不平衡，势必造成注入水在平面上向生产井方向的舌进现象和在纵向上向高渗透层的突进现象。

特别是在注水开发后期，油井含水高达90％以上，由于注入水的长期冲刷，油藏孔隙结构和物理参数将会发生较大变化，在注水井和油井之间有可能产生特高的渗透率薄层，流动孔道变大，造成注入水在注水井和生产井之间的循环流动，大大降低了水驱油的效率。

为了提高水驱油效率，目前提出了各种治理措施，如注水井调剖，油井堵水，打调整井和用水动力学方法改变液流方向等。

而这些措施是否有效，关键是对油藏的认识程度，从而提出要对油藏进行精细描述，井间示踪剂测试便是为这一目的而提出来的。

(2) 示踪剂类型及特征示踪剂是指那些能随注入流体一起流动，指示流体在多孔介质中的存在、流动方向和渗流速度的物质。

示踪剂的种类较多，按其化学性质可分为化学示踪剂和放射性示踪剂；按其溶解性质可分为分配性示踪剂和非分配性示踪剂。

化学示踪剂常见的有:离子型，如SCN-、NO3-、Br-、I-等；有机类，如甲醛、乙醇、异丙醇等；染料类和惰性气体；放射性示踪剂常见的有:氚水、氚化正丁醇、氚化乙醇等。

非分配性示踪剂只溶于水；而分配性示踪剂既溶于水，又溶于油，但在油、水中的分配比例不同。

一种好的示踪剂应满足以下条件：① 油层中背景浓度低；② 油层中滞留量少；③ 化学稳定、生物稳定、与地层流体配伍；④ 分析操作简单，灵敏度高；⑤ 无毒、安全；⑥ 来源广、成本低；(3) 井间示踪剂监测。

井间示踪剂测试是从注水井注入示踪剂段塞，从周围生产井中检测其产出情况并绘出示踪剂产出曲线。

通过对井间示踪剂产出曲线的分析来确定井间地层参数，并求出剩余油饱和度的分布。

井间示踪剂测试时，如果同时注入一种分配性示踪剂和一种水溶性示踪剂，由于这两种示踪剂的油溶性差别较大，水溶性示踪剂只溶于水，产出早；而分配性示踪剂既溶于水又溶于油，产出晚。

根据两种示踪剂的产出时间差和分配系数，即可求得剩余油饱和度。

除井间示踪剂测试外，还有单井示踪剂测试，即从同一口井注入和采出示踪剂来测定剩余油饱和度的方法。

通常是把低分子的酯作为第一示踪剂注入后，遇水分解，生成一种醇作为第二示踪剂。

这两种示踪剂在油水中的分配系数不同，第一种示踪剂是亲油的，第二种示踪剂是亲水的。

两种示踪剂在回采时发生分离，其峰值到达地面有一个时间差，根据该时间差即可求得剩余油饱和度。

井间示踪剂监测的目的（1) 分析油藏在平面和纵向上的非均质情况；（2) 判断地层中是否存在高渗透层，求出其厚度、渗透率等地层参数；（3) 确定调剖剂（4) 求出目前地下高渗透层及其它厚层的剩余油饱和度分布。

二，井间示踪剂常用分析方法：放射性同位素：用液相闪烁计数器测定放射性活度非放射性同位素：中子活化法，γ能谱仪等测定气体示踪剂：气体正比计数器测定：高放射性活度63Ni电子捕获技术化学示踪剂：分光光度法，色谱分离法微量物质示踪剂：ICP—MS或者LS－MS分析法追问：这些我都知道，主要是具体的原理，操作步骤，计算方法。

比如说，化学示踪剂里有水溶性示踪剂，其中常用的有硫氰酸胺，亚硝酸钠，硝酸钠，有机磷酸盐等等，每种示踪剂又有不同的原理，操作步骤，计算方法，以及适用范围，和优缺点。

你说的这些太泛。

回答：1，井间示踪原理：从监测注入井注入示踪剂段塞在周围目标生产井取样分析，监测其产出情况，绘出示踪剂产出曲线根据油藏动静态分析方法，利用专门解释工具，对示踪监测信息进行分析、处理和解释，定量或者定性的认识油藏井间、层间、层内和油水井周围的静态、动态信息在此基础上，进一步完成油藏重新地质建模、得到特征参数变化规律、进行数值模拟校正和完善、评价措施开发效果、设计措施工艺参数等。

2，如果你想知道具体的操作步骤，使用方法，建议你参考以下的资料：用井间示踪方法确定剩余油饱和度分布信息编号：KJGLB2009061419352 发布日期：2009-06-14 截止日期：不限地区：日照名称:用井间示踪方法确定剩余油饱和度分布联系人:安彦地址:邮编:电话:0633-8799168传真:0633-2221116Emailrzkjxx@发布时间2009-6-13地址:情况简介:研究内容如下：a1. 评价油藏非均质性，包括井间连通性、平面及纵向非均质性、方向渗透性及大孔道等，为调剖堵水提供依据。

2. 确定指标：井网的体积波及系数、水淹层的厚度及渗透率的大小、平均孔道半径、流体饱和度、井网注采指标和油藏岩石的润湿性。

3. 核实断层及封闭性。

4. 根据相邻层系井的示踪剂产出情况，判断射孔和层系间隔层性质，为层系细分调整提供依据。

5. 分析开发调整措施的有效程度。

井间示踪剂方法是一种确定井间地层参数分布较为先进的技术。

其技术含量高，理论研究基础扎实，解释参数可靠。

油田中广泛使用的示踪剂主要用来确定井间连通性与渗透率的变异情况，这对油田的开发调整、挖潜和三次采油的开展，具有重要的价值。

Techniques available include Gas Chromatography, GCMS, GCMS-Triple Quad, Liquid Scintillation, Thermal Desorption, IC and HPLC.proven chemical tracers, which are stable under reservoir conditions, resist biodegradation and arepassive to formation and other fluids within the reservoir.Czechoslovak Journal of Physics1999, Volume 49, Issue 1 Supplement, pp 861-866Publisher International Petroleum Technology Conference Language EnglishDocument ID 15312-MSDOI 10.2523/15312-MSContent Type Conference PaperTitle Fluorescent Nanobeads: A New Generation of Easily Detectable Water TracersAuthors Nicolas Agenet; Navid Moradi-Tehrani, Total Olivier Tillement, Université Lyon ISource International Petroleum Technology Conference, 7-9 February 2012, Bangkok, Thailand ISBN 978-1-61399-148-0Copyright 2011. International Petroleum Technology ConferenceDiscipline Categories 6.6 Reservoir Monitoring/Formation Evaluation 6.6.8 TracersPreview AbstractReservoir monitoring is an essential tool to optimize oil production. Among other techniques, water tracers are very useful to understand complex flow patterns that may arise between injection and production wells during waterflood operations. This paper proposes an innovative approach for developing new fluorescent tracers based on silica nanoparticles; it describes their synthesis and properties during coreflood experiments.The new nanoparticles can be coded with various fluorophores, which can be easily detected using on-site equipment offering direct tracer quantification and even on-line monitoring capabilities.Silica nanoparticles containing one or more organic dyes or lanthanide-based fluorophores were synthesized. The versatility of the synthesis procedure allows coding the nanoparticles with theoretically dozens of tagging combinations. The sol-gel synthesis technique yields 50-nm-diameter nanoparticles which are treated to tune their surface properties. The conservative tracer behavior of such nanoparticles is ensured by proper surface functionalization, and is demonstrated by coreflood experiments. This virtually large tracer library is combined to a unique time-delay fluorescence detection technique which allows simple on-site tracer quantification on multiple nanoparticle types with minimal sample preparation.IntroductionInterWell Tracer Tests (IWTT) are routinely used in the petroleum industry (Du and Guan 2005). This technique allows gathering informations on well-to-well connections and subsurface flow paths. Aqueous tracers can be split in two main groups upon their function: passive tracers which travel at the same velocity as the injected water and partitioning tracers which are partly soluble in oil, leading to a delay in their breakthrough. Used along with passive tracers, partitioning tracers permit to evaluate the remaining oil saturation in the contacted zone (Tang 1991, Tang, 1992, Tang 1995, Wood 1990, Deeds 2000, Dwarakanath 1999, Jin 1995, Jin 1997, Mariner 1999). Tracers can be selected inthe following families: naturally occurring tracers (isotopic or ionic composition footprints),radioactive isotopes, and chemical derivatives (Du and Guan 2005, Hutchins 1991). Eachfamily possesses its own advantages and limitation: restricting regulation on radioactivetracers can make them difficult to implement on field in some areas; chemical tracerssuch as fluorobenzoic acids (FBAs) have become routinely used for field tracercampaigns as they can be detected with a low detection limit. However they require fineanalyses which cannot be performed in standard labs. Moreover, in each family thenumber of available chemical tracers remains limited when repeated tracer campaignsare required on the same field over time.This paper describes the design of nanoparticles as tracers and coreflood tests to assesstheir propagation in porous media. Rare-earth based organometallic complexes areknown to possess a long fluorescence lifetime. A low detection limit of the nanoparticlescan be achieved by incorporating such complexes. Taking advantage of the fluorescencelifetime differences, background fluorescence from organic oil contaminant of the sampleis suppressed using time-resolved fluorescence detection. The nanobeads associate thetransport behavior of nanoparticles in porous media with the fluorescence properties ofrare-earth elements complexes to give access to easily detectable passive tracer. Publisher Society of Petroleum Engineers Language EnglishDocument ID 97704-MSDOI 10.2118/97704-MSContent Type Conference PaperTitle Development and Application of a Radioactive Sulfur Tracer for Use in Waterflood StudiesAuthors R.M. Moreira and A.M.F.Pinto, National Nuclear Commission Energy of BrazilSource SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, 5-6 December 2005, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaISBN 978-1-61399-001-8Copyright 2005. Society of Petroleum EngineersDiscipline Categories 6.6.8 Tracers6.6.8 Tracers6.6.5 Well Performance Monitoring, Inflow Performance5.5.7 Chemical Tracers6.5 Reservoir SimulationPreview AbstractDue to the multiplicity of injection and production wells in waterflooded oilfields, tracer studies may require the use of several tracers for the water phase. Tritiated water is usually the radiotracer choice, but other tracers must be available. Is not a novel radiotracer but is has been synthesized by tedious sequences of chemical oxidation and reduction steps, involving the manipulation of rather high activities. An alternative path is proposed aiming at easing this burden.Basically, potassium chloride is irradiated in an evacuated ampoule by neutrons inside a nuclear reactor, radiosulfur being generated by the [35]Cl(n,p)[35]S reaction. The [35]S are liberated from their sites in the KCl crystal lattice by heating at 500°C, carrier is added and sulfur is extracted with trichloroethylene; contact with air or water is avoided. Co-generated [32]P is eliminated with hydrochloric acid and the sulfur is reacted with potassium cyanide under heating and reflux with ethanol, K[35]SCN being obtained.The tracer was submitted to a bench test pushing a bank of its solution through a Berea sample and its performance compared satisfactorily with the tritiated water benchmark.A field test was performed making a simultaneous injection of both radiosulfur and tritium and the results compared. Unexpectedly the [35]S response showed itself ahead of the tritium. The reasons for that are still being scrutinized but it might be that a phenomenon of ionic repulsion occurred in which the [35]SCN- were repelled by the negatively charged inner surfaces of the smaller micropores within the reservoir. Further tests to clarify this point, using more refined analytical procedures are being planned.Graphs showing the measured responses of the lab and field tests are included.It is hoped that this new labeling method will contribute to waterflood tests by broadening the multitracer range available. Additionally it props the chemical synthesis and the radioanalytical supports of the tracer techniques applied in reservoir characterization.IntroductionAny technique aiming at the improved knowledge of the injection fluid behavior in oil reservoirs will certainly have a large economical significance. Thus the injection of tracers in reservoirs has become widespreadly used in order to quantitatively evaluate the performance of enhanced recovery processes as well as to supply information about many aspects regarding the behavior of the injected fluid and the reservoir characteristics. Such information could hardly be obtained by the sole use of other methods currently used in oil production. Whenever the reservoir is flooded with water during secondary recovery, the best tracer is tritiated water, which consists of a water molecule in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been substituted by its isotope tritium. This radiotracer emits a very soft beta radiation, which nonetheless can be accurately detected and quantified after suffering a huge dilution within the reservoir. Other radioactive tracers are even more easily detected, but tritiated water has the obvious advantage of behaving exactly as normal water does, i.e. it traces with absolute fidelity the water path and transit times. Presently tritiated water is the first choice when a tracer is to be performed for waterflood evaluation. However, it often happens that such evaluations require the definition of the contribution at different injection wells to some producer well of interest. In such cases distinct tracers need to be simultaneously injected in the contributing wells and be discriminated in the produced outflow. Radiotracers are again advantageous in this connection since they can be easily differentiated and quantified through a single counting of the samples of the producedwater, usually with little or no previous treatment. This application has prompted the efforts of many investigators after the development of other suitable substances tagged with radioactive isotopes. However large the number of natural or artificial radioisotopes known, only a quite restricted number of chemical compounds labeled with them can comply with the strict requirements demanded by reservoir applications.File Size 345 KB Number of Pages10New Passive Water Tracers for Oil Field ApplicationsC Serres-Piole, A Commarieu, H Garraud… - Energy & …, 2011 - ACS PublicationsWater tracers in oilfield applications: Guidelines, <img alt="Corresponding author contact information", <img∙a TOTAL, CSTJF, Avenue Larribau, 64018 Pau Cedex, France∙b CNRS/UPPA, Laboratory of Analytical Bio-Inorganic and Environmental Chemistry (LCABIE), UMR 5254—IPREM, 2 Avenue Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex9, FrancePetroleum Science and Technology 选择语言▼TranslatordisclaimerVolume 25, Issue 5, 2007Enhanced Oil Recovery: The Synthesis of Anthraquinone [1, 2-C] AlkylisoxazolePreviewAccess optionsDOI:10.1080/10916460500526940L. Dong a, Z. Li a, W. Qiao a, P. Li a & L. Cheng apages 585-590Publishing models and article dates explainedPublished online: 15 Jun 2007Article Views: 4Publisher Society of Petroleum Engineers Language EnglishDocument ID 157019-MS DOI 10.2118/157019-MS Content Type Conference PaperTitle Fluorescent Nanobeads: a First Step Toward Intelligent Water TracersAuthors Nicolas Agenet, Total, Pascal Perriat, MATEIS INSA Lyon, Thomas Brichart, Nicolas Crowther, Matteo Martini, and Olivier Tillement, Universite Lyon ISource SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference , 12-14 June 2012, Noordwijk, The NetherlandsISBN 978-1-61399-206-7Copyright 2012. Society of Petroleum Engineers Discipline 6.6.8 TracersCategoriesPreview AbstractReservoir monitoring is an essential tool to optimize oil production. Among other techniques, water tracers are very useful to understand flow patterns between wells (i) during regular waterflood operations, (ii) for EOR pilot or (iii) field development. This paper focuses on the elaboration of a new family of tracers based on fluorescent silica colloids for in situ real-time optical detection. Indeed, these architectures of nanometric size (nanoparticle diameter controllable between 30–100 nm) permit (i) the encapsulation of fluorescent dyes (the intrinsic signal of tracers) and (ii) a tailored interface with the environment (by specific surface functionalization). Dyes, such as organic molecules and/or rare-earth complexes could be quantified by conventional fluorescence apparatus. The smart incorporation of specific fluorophores of different nature within nanobeads allows multi-coding signal of tracers and therefore the possibility to supervise the properties of reservoir. We demonstrate that silica nanobeads could act as sensitive probes of physicochemical conditions of reservoir (volume, pH, temperature, oil ratio, salt content...), because of (i) their specific fluorescence coding, (ii) the long-term colloidal stability in seawater conditions, and (ii) the adaptable real-time monitoring detection setup. Actually, by the procedure described in this work, we are able to produce theoretically dozens of fluorescence tagging combinations based nanoparticles with suitable surface properties. The possible future utilization of fluorescent nanobeads as traces in well exploitation is also demonstrated by core-flood experiments.File Size Bytes Number of Pages13。