托福语法做题规律口诀：

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TOEFL考试备战冲刺阶段之语法篇

TOEFL 考试备战冲刺阶段之语法篇
语法篇(考试时间--25分钟)
一、结构题型：
1--15T，填空。

(难度较小！)
16--40T，挑错。

(难度较大！)
二、常考语法知识点：
1、完整：至少“主+谓”！同时主、谓保持数上的一致！
2、时态：若原文没有明确时间或表时间状态的说法，则与时态无关！
3、冠词：不定冠词a和an的使用！
定冠词the是否该用！
4、名词：单、复数同形的！
较抽象的名词不可加s！如：information！
5、修饰：名词A修饰名词B时，要确定A必须无形容词词形时，才可用名词词形！动词欲作修饰词时，必须在无名词形式的情况下，才可用动名词形式！
6、并列：并列结构中，要求对应点间，不但功能并列，而且要长相完全一样！
7、虚拟：只记----主句和从句差一个时态！
三、题型针对功略：
1、填空：(--可以给自己定下答满的目标哦！)
(1)读主干！----判断句子完整性问题！
(2)若不可第一时间选出，则从选项找提示！
2、挑错：
(1)先考虑固定搭配！(----可从划线两边找关系！！)
(2)空本身就错的，与线外无关！
(3)名词：----单复数问题、是否该是名词、等等！
四、难题功略：
1、尽可能用划线外的或空外的信息暗示答案！
2、最新考题的难题中，很可能完全用到意思！(此时考虑语法点错误没用！)
3、原则：不要追求特别细！大意对，即可！
最后，告诉各位T友：最后一天，最有可能提分的就是语法section！
【。

托福语法笔记

*主谓，谓错
三、平行结构
A，B，or/and C
A, B，C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找that
indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate, show,hold,
insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列，有确定的先后顺序
(B)当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系，相当于adj,所以中心词为名词
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词牲的名词，可以带宾语，与名词之间是动宾关系，
中心词是动名词
*Doing复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj),必须加宾补
(F)*what is now永远对
where + V永远错，因为where是adv.
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句

托福语法题作题技巧

⼝诀：⼀语法,⼆逻辑(语义),三⽤法,四硬币这⼀⼝诀概括的是托福语法题整体解题思路和策略,其含义是:⼀语法: 做托福语法题,⾸先从"语法"层次开始.在这⼀层次,正确答案与⼲扰项之间的区分在语法(或句⼦成分)的差别上.⽆须弄懂句⼦的意思即可做对.如: (1) -------------- were derived from Lation.A. All Romance languagesB. While Romance languagesC. There are Romance languagesD. With Romance languages上句中缺少的明显是主语,必须由⼀个名词性结构来充当.4个选项中,只有"A"项是名词性结构.答案只能是A.(2) The (scientific) revolution of the early 1900's (affected) education by (change) the nature of (technology).上句中介词by之后必须由名词性结构来充当宾语.后⾯的change虽然既可作动词,也可作名词,但由于其后⾯还有⼀个名词性结构,按照"两个名词不见⾯"的⼝诀------我们后⾯将具体讨论-------这⾥只能为动词,所以C项错,答案为changing.上⾯两道题均可以在不考虑句⼦意思的前提下即找到正确答案.这类题在托福语法"填空"部分占85%以上,在"改错"部分亦不低于60%.掌握这⼀规律并记住相应的规律和⼝诀可以⼤⼤地提⾼我们作题速度和质量.⼆逻辑(语义): 有⼀些题仅靠对句⼦成分地分析⽆法找出正确答案.这时,我们就必须以语义地层次来考虑语⾔或意思上的逻辑关系. 如:(3) She has not yet ---------- my invitation.A. acceptedB. will acceptC. exceptedD. accepting从"语法"即句⼦成分的⾓度看,缺少的是谓语动词,B,D两项显然不能⼊选,但A,C两项似乎都可以.这时就需要通过逻辑(语义)来加以分析.如选A项,句义为"她尚未接受我的邀请:.如选C项,句义为"她尚未把我的邀请排除在外",这显然不合情理,有悖逻辑.故答案只能是A.(4) Walt Disney (is) remembered by (an American family) everywhere for the distinctive and (irresistible) cartoon character he (introduced) to movies and television.此句中语法关系⾃⾝似⽆问题,但B项的an American family(⼀个美国家庭)与后⾯的 everywhere(到处,⽆所不在)从逻辑上相悖,为错.故答案是B.三⽤法: 有个别题从"语法"和"逻辑"的⾓度都可接受,这时就必须考虑从"⽤法"层次区分问题了.如: (5) Plants receive their nutrients --------- water,soil, and sunlight.A. whereB. overC. in fromD. from上句从语法的层次分析, A,C两项均不可取.但B,D两项⽆论从语法还是逻辑上看都是可以被接受的.此时只能看⽤法了.由于receive⼀词⽤法上只能与介词from搭配,答案只能是D.6) City officials (are) concerned (because) crime on public(transportation) (near) reached record highs this summer.⽆论是从语法还是逻辑的⾓度看,上句均⽆问题.near⼀词通常具有形容词,副词,介词3种词性,⽽且还可以⽤作动词.⽤副词修饰动词绝⽆问题,且near具有接近,靠近的含义,与reached搭配似乎也没有什么不妥.但从语法的⾓度看,作副词的near只能与draw ,come 等不及物动词搭配,此处为错.故答案为D.四硬币: 任何考试都有⼀个速度与质量相统⼀的问题.质量再⾼,速度太慢也难得⾼分.所以,如在正式考试种在上⾯3个层次分析后仍不能找出答案时,最不可"研题"或"抠题",以免延误时间,在规定的时间内作不完题.⼝诀⼆去掉独⽴成分,答案⾃然现⾝这⼀⼝诀主要是⽤来解"填空"题的.我们所遇到的情况更多是题⼲的句⼦较长⽽且关系复杂,如按传统的⽅法先搞清楚句⼦内部关系,分辨出句⼦的基本意思,再找出相应缺少的成分------不但耗时很多,⽽且把握不⼤.这⾥,我们介绍的⽅法则简便了许多:将具有"独⽴"意义的句⼦成分去掉------如果这时主句不缺少成分的化,也不予以考虑------只考虑剩下,不"独⽴"的成分.这样,关系简单了,正确答案也就容易找到了.⽽且绝⼤部分情况下,在"语法"层次----- 即不弄懂句义的情况下-----即可选出正确答案.那么,都有哪些成分时"独⽴成分"呢?主要有以下⼏种:1.副词和不是⽤作前置定语的分词;2.不定式,介词,分词,同位语等短语;3.所有的从句.这种⽅式究竟有多⼤的作⽤呢?下⾯我们来看⼏个例句:(7) Geophysicists have collaborated with archaeologists and anthropologists to study the magnetic properties of pottery and fireplaces at sites ------by early humans.A. occupiedB. occupyingC. whichD. were occupied如果按照上⾯提到的标准去衡量,这个句⼦的题⼲就应该时这样的:(Geophysicists have collaborated主句)(with archaeologists andanthropologists介词短语)(to study the magnetic properties不定式短语)(of pottery and fireplaces介词短语)(at sites介词短语)------(by early humans.介词短语)将这些"独⽴成分"都去掉后就只剩下"Geophysicists have collaborated".由于题⼲的主句及其它部分都不缺少成分,作为答案的选项也必须是⼀个"独⽴成分".在不考虑词义的情况下,A,B,C3个选项似乎都可以.但是,如果B项可以的话,C也⼀定可以.反⾯证明两个选项都不⾏,答案⾃然是A了.(8) During the late fifteenth century, ------ of the native societies fo America had professions in the fields of arts and crafts.A. only a fewB. a few butC. few, but onlyD. a few only还是按照前⾯提到的标准去衡量,这个句⼦的题⼲部分就会变成下⾯这样:(During the late fifteenth century介词短语),-----(of the native societies fo America介词短语)had professions (in the fields介词短语)(of arts and crafts 介词短语).把独⽴成分去掉后就只剩下 "------ had professions".⼀眼即可看出,句⼦缺少主语.答案⾃然就是A了.⼝诀三托福改错分两步:先是语感后正误这⼀⼝诀的含义是:做托福改错题时,分⼆个不同的步骤来考虑题.先凭语感直接判断;如果找不到正确答案,再从"理性"即语⾔规律或语⾔规则的层次解决问题.⾸先是"语感".托福改错题的"错误"----即正确选项-----有相当⼀部分处于表层,凭直觉或语感⼀眼即可识别. 如:(9) (Constantly) advances (made) by medicine and technology (extend)appreciably the average (person's) life expectancy. 题中的advances不可能是动词------因为托福语法不考祈使句,⽽且祈使句动词,需是原型.副词⼀般不能修饰名词------只有不是以"ly"结尾的"原型"副词可以,⽽且只能做后置定语所以, 只读前两个词即知答案.(10) (Alike) most (ethnic) groups is American society, Italians Americans (maintain) many fo the traditions of their (mother country).由于alike只能做表语或后置定语,决不会出现再句⾸,-----类似的以弱读a开始的形容词如alight,alive等基本上都是这样-----所以只读⼀个词即知答案.同时需要提到的是,like,unlike,likely和alike意义和⽤法的区分是托福结构(语法)-----特别是改错部分-----的⼀个经常性的题眼.其意义和⽤法上的区别如下:like是动词(喜欢)和介词(象);unlike是介词(不像)likely是形容词,通常作表语或定语alike是形容词-----通常作表语和后置定语;以及作副词通常作状语.这⾥我们似乎还应该加上dislike(不喜欢). 来源:考试⼤-托福考试。

TOEFL语法笔记

TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。

填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。

并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。

捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。

100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。

为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。

错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。

be done ，done and done。

※——，——，and——。

四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

新东方托福冲刺精讲班笔记吐血

Listening1.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头,先给出例子,再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点2.结尾——推断+细节3.注意重复的细节与观点4.举例——记例子主体,注意提示词5.定义解释——其中的关系6.注意可以的停顿7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today8.讲课中的问答9.因果关系10.听清层次——firstly secondly...11.注意转折12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea.Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For exampleFurthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should stop do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which meanssuggests that...In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next semester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups.The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading一方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has beenaroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent,at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim. 二方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing acceptance is that…. To large extent, I am on theside of this claim and reckon that it sensible and rational. Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：一1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误NeverthelessNonethelessthe claim—problematicAttention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重,危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时,支持弱者B is also significantOptional 4：当题目中X is the …est,质疑“最”X is not the …est. Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B二中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial与题目立场一致.限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some / particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误本质使然驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB B=n. –A functionA serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B B=adj. / n.A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of…would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from blueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要 for A>B 话题B is of great significance for …Great significance for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services.Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation betweenA and B.三、Body一1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3 .后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果,也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est for 最…话题There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/ relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.二方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is also effective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify /consolidate my claim that it is… that…事例the personal experience of … serves as an example / evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support to my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial, CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect of X can largelyundermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic /misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solution involves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whose definition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X.数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / . claimed that…With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts , the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形无视个案差异… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstances The other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident. On occasions that…,/ On conditions that… , the utmost significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched to other….Tip: 本段质疑言论的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂,解决/定义需要诸多 a combination of 努力 efforts/ 因素elements谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确not universally self-evident, 只有在…条件下,on conditions that…, 才合理,否则就不行X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attempts X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体 individual 大到整体 society/ system/ industry One point that is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction. The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual… and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions…can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance … can offer Disadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities it can offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for Btrade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end.This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.三思路框架：1.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in making a financially responsible adult is contaminated with several intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case, implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases. On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading and confusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end.EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounter like A, B, C andD are acknowledged as significant factors that play decisive rolesin minimizing the viability.In this sense, it is almost a mission impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--show no respect the legal principles--overlook the basic laws of nature--violate the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果,也很难达到目的个性化方案—选配--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水Paying teachers in accordance with their performance is awkwardin serving as a key to enhancing / improving/ promoting /upgrading the education.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A andB the result and the proposal.For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite for gaining a betterunderstanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium on A.Option 4--挽救B-B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches / solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility of driving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary and out of fashion. In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好本性使然… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C and D.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing B the absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composing our market. The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantelements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样,结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样,因为这样做不仅有益,而且无害;A andB can co-exist harmoniouslyA andB are not 2 mutually exclusive matters.A andB are compatibleA andB are 2 mutually exclusive matters. As a matter of fact, the former andthe latter can co-exist harmoniously.The existence/ advance of A does not act/ serve as a terminator forBThe existence / advance of A does not bring negative influence / consequenceon BTo sum up, I side on the opposite of the claim that… What is more, it is essential for us to pay more attention to …/ What is more, special attention is called for to四、Tip1.若要/为了X目的, 就得YX and Y are closely relatedthere is a direct causal relation between X and YY serves as the exclusive prerequisite for Xcreate—creativity,advent,reckon,doomed to be,the sin revelation 2.这样不好/不应该本性/本质使然be born with / to be inherit intrinsic natureinborn problematiclast, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.and more--an/ the increasing number of +可数名词--the increasing + 不可数名词--the increasingly + adj. + n.Give rise toof great significance for…great significance for… is closely attached to…great significance for your future career is closely attached to your study.great significance for the effectiveness of leadership is closely attached to the respect from the public.7.可能…, to large extent, …… bears the possibilities that…… runs the risk of…--This measure runs the risk of triggering disasters.switch alter convertDo undertake be engaged in estimate assess9.10.没有上过大学Lyndon Johnson AbrahamLincolnGrover Cleveland—honest + independent Andrew Jackson—the incarnation of courageMike Dell Stephen Jobs Zuckburge接受过优秀教育OxfordMargaret Hilda Thatcher David Cameron Bill ClintonStephen Hawking Mr. BeanHarvardFranklin Roosevelt Obama John F. KennedyGeorge W. Bush Gary Faye Locke素材accumulate the knowledge train the skills broaden the horizon experience the defeats/ failures strengthen the willsharpen the mind develop personalities shape valuespurify the soul detach the view12.媒体books:magazine; text book; bibliography; encyclopedia; novelTV programs; TV networksvideo; audience; display; screenread—reading—reader words; lines; passages重要影响力杂志New Yorker；the Times—实事评论性杂--through which we can extract insightful thoughts.Vogue；ELLE;—时尚杂志--let us breathe fashionable airReader’s Digest—综合性期刊National Geography—人文景观the Palace museumthe Louver Palacethe Expos—有必要出现暴力内容的娱乐the western movies—pioneering spiritGone with Wind--setting Atlanta on fire—chaosSchindler's List--Whoever saves one life, saves the world entireSaving Private Ryan-- the value of lifeBrave Heart-- shedding blood and sacrificing for just one chance for freedom Negative—过分暴力的娱乐-- Transformer 3-- justice do not have to be exchanged by extreme violencenor at the price of the whole Chicago City with thousandsof innocent lives.small step though it is for young people, a giant leap for the future life.That's one small step for me, one giant leap for mankind.Achilles’ Heelthe absence of innovation/ sympathy is acknowledged as the Achilles’Heel of our education.the absence of creditability is acknowledged as the Achilles’ Heel of political leadership.significant五、综合写作一HeadingThelecturerefutesobjects tosides on the opposite ofthepointsillustratedinthereadingmaterial.In accordance with With reference forAccordingto the listening,theprofessorthe lecturerclaims /asserts that。

托福口语之答题技巧

托福口语之答题技巧
1.尽量按照总分的结构进行叙述，单刀直入。

这是西方人习惯表达方式。

由一句主题句引出观点与中心，让考官能够清晰得知叙述的主题，从而打下良好的基础。

2.开门见山地回答问题
如果在考题中出现了问题，则应该开门见山地回答问题，切入主题，阐明自己的观点，从而为接下来的详细叙述理清层次以及节约时间，如果有多余的时间，则可以再增添一句总结的话语，使叙述详尽完整。

3. 答题时宁过勿缺
但若最后差几秒又实在想不出，则可说“That’s about it”或是“That’s everything I can say about this topic”之类的句子。

有时可用and将两个同义词连接，这样既可强调要表达的意思，又可延长一倍的时间。

4.多用习语、口语词
如“gonna”，“wanna”，“that will”=that will等。

5.开头不要说出数字，而说a few points等。

6.多用被动和升调。

7.注意不要喷麦，尽量避免一些模糊的词如something，someone等。

托福考试语法部分的最重要的规则（1）

TOEFL语法第⼀条：单数可数名词不能单独存在
例⼦：I LIKE THE FLOWER或I LIKE FLOWERS。

不能是：I LIKE FLOWER。

黄⾦规则1：
⼀个句⼦有且只有⼀个谓语，若有⼀个谓语就不能再有第⼆个谓语。

若有另⼀个谓语，就必有连词，关系代词，副词。

⼀个句⼦若有连词，关系代词，副词，那此句就⼆谓语，分句各有⾃⼰的谓语。

例⼦：I GO TO THE SCHOOL。

ALTHOUGH HE HITS ME，I DON’T HOLD THE GRADGE。

黄⾦规则2：
在时间，条件，让步，⽅式，状语从句中，如果从句的主句和主句的主语⼀致，并且从句的谓语构成中有BE动词，从句主语BE动词可以同时省略。

THE BUILDING WAS……，WHEN BUILT……
of⽤法：OF的后⾯⼀定是名词，OF的后⾯不⼀定⾮要是名词，但⼀般是名词。

简略式：N1 + OF +N2
AS的后⾯可以跟⼀个从句的。

例如：AS GOOD AS SHE IS。

等。

以上两个规则加上语第⼀条加上TOEFL的词组的特殊搭配，语法可以⼏乎得满分。

但上⾯的东西，各位T友⼀定要灵活运⽤。

这些可是新东⽅语法教育的精华。

更多的语法规则需要⼤家的总结。

希望各位T友积极动起来。

预祝⼤家语法满分。

TOEFL语法满分精要之精要

从句表语，宾语，定语从句1．That引导宾语从句时That可省，引导主语从句，表语从句不可省2．Wh-型代词和副词引导疑问句时要倒装，从句都不能倒装3．引导宾语从句的whether和if通常可以互换，但与or，not连用时只能用whether4．As if也经常用于引导表语从句5．某些形容词后，跟that引导的表语从句，that常被省略，这些词有：afraid, alarmed, amazed, amused, angry, annoyed, astonished, aware, clear, confident, depressed, disappointed, distressed, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, horrified, irritated, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful, upset等等6．关系代词在定语从句中必定担当一个句子成分，所以注意主语，宾语的重复，同时做主语的时候不可省略7．关系代词本身没有单复数区别，从句中的谓语动词取决于先行词8．在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which和whom9．关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语，修饰名词，该名词可以是人，也可以是物，且后者居多，表示of which10．定语从句中的语态取决于先行词（当关系代词做主语时）11． Such….as中as引导定语从句，不可替换成别的任何词12． The same ….as/that中，as表示同类，that表示not changed, not another（即该事物本身），如：you’ve made the same mistakes as I did(another) ; you’ve made the same mistakes as you made last time (itself)13． What不能引导定语从句14．先行词为all, nothing, everything, something, anything, much, little 等（复合）不定代词时，或先行词有序数次，最高级修饰，或被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句而不能用which15．介词＋关系代词引导定语从句时，人用whom, 物用that16．非限定性定语从句只能由which, who, whom引导17．先行词有多个（人和物并存），用that引导定语从句18．定语从句与强调句型需要注意区分，强调句型为it is/was + 强调成分+ that/who，在强调句型中，去掉is/was that/who 两部分仍然可成为一个完整句状语从句连接词：时间：when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, once, the moment, as soon as, by the time, since地点：where, wherever原因：because, as, since, now that目的：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case that, lest结果：so that, so….that, such….that条件：if, as long as, unless, provided让步：though, although, no matter, however, even if方式：as if, as though, as比较：than, as注意：状语在句子中不作为一个语法成分，因此状语也不仅仅限于从句，也可以由介词短语作为状语，并且介词短语有时在中文意思上和连接词完全一样，而介词只能接名词，连接词可以引导从句，需要注意区分常见介词与连词的混淆1．Despite, in spite of －介although, though－连2．During－介3．Because of, on account of, thanks to－介4．Too…..to….为不定式结构，so….that….为状语从句结构，不可混淆5．Since是介词和连接词，做连接词时，可以引导原因状语从句和时间状语从句，做介词时只能后面跟时刻6．Even为强调副词，不能引导状语从句，必须用even though, even if有几种状语从句中可以省略主语和部分谓语，有：When, while引导的时间状语从句If, unless引导的条件状语从句Though, even though, although, no matter how引导的让步状语从句As if引导的方式状语从句但是省略必须满足以下两点要求：1．从句主语和主句主语一致2．从句谓语必须包括动词be此时可以省略是主语和谓语部分中的动词be，其他连接词引导的不可省略同位语从句要点：1．可接同位语从句的名词（泛属于抽象概念，概括性，蕴涵性的需要一定解释的名词即可）信息：information, news, word, message, story, proof, announcement等思想：thought, idea, belief, truth等心理活动：hope, doubt, fear等问题回答：question, problem, answer, reply等建议劝告：suggestion, proposal, advice等许诺保证：promise, permission等2．同位于从句的引导词：that, whether, who, what, when, where, why, how同位语从句与定语从句判断标准：看前面的名词能不能与句子划等号That只要不是在从句中作主语都可省略，但that作从句中介词后的宾语则必须当that紧跟先行词时才可省略。

出国考试：托福语法做题规律口诀-出国考试

出国考试：托福语法做题规律口诀-出国考试托福语法做题规律口诀口诀一：一语法,二逻辑(语义),三用法,四硬币这一口诀概括的是托福语法题整体解题思路和策略,其含义是:一语法: 做托福语法题,首先从"语法"层次开始.在这一层次,正确答案与干扰项之间的区分在语法(或句子成分)的差别上.无须弄懂句子的意思即可做对.如: (1) -------------- were derived from Lation.A. All Romance languagesB. While Romance languagesC. There are Romance languagesD. With Romance languages上句中缺少的明显是主语,必须由一个名词性结构来充当.4个选项中,只有"A"项是名词性结构.答案只能是A.(2) The (scientific) revolution of the early 1900's (affected) education by(change) the nature of (technology).上句中介词by之后必须由名词性结构来充当宾语.后面的change虽然既可作动词,也可作名词,但由于其后面还有一个名词性结构,按照"两个名词不见面"的口诀------我们后面将具体讨论-------这里只能为动词,所以C项错,答案为changing.上面两道题均可以在不考虑句子意思的前提下即找到正确答案.这类题在托福语法"填空"部分占85%以上,在"改错"部分亦不低于60%.掌握这一规律并记住相应的规律和口诀可以大大地提高我们作题速度和质量.二逻辑(语义): 有一些题仅靠对句子成分地分析无法找出正确答案.这时,我们就必须以语义地层次来考虑语言或意思上的逻辑关系. 如:(3) She has not yet ---------- my invitation.A. acceptedB. will acceptC. exceptedD. accepting从"语法"即句子成分的角度看,缺少的是谓语动词,B,D两项显然不能入选,但A,C两项似乎都可以.这时就需要通过逻辑(语义)来加以分析.如选A项,句义为"她尚未接受我的邀请:.如选C项,句义为"她尚未把我的邀请排除在外",这显然不合情理,有悖逻辑.故答案只能是A.(4) Walt Disney (is) remembered by (an American family) everywhere for thedistinctive and (irresistible) cartoon character he (introduced) to moviesand television.此句中语法关系自身似无问题,但B项的an American family(一个美国家庭)与后面的everywhere(到处,无所不在)从逻辑上相悖,为错.故答案是B.三用法: 有个别题从"语法"和"逻辑"的角度都可接受,这时就必须考虑从"用法"层次区分问题了.如: (5) Plants receive their nutrients --------- water,soil, and sunlight.A. whereB. overC. in fromD. from上句从语法的层次分析, A,C两项均不可取.但B,D两项无论从语法还是逻辑上看都是可以被接受的.此时只能看用法了.由于receive一词用法上只能与介词from搭配,答案只能是D.6) City officials (are) concerned (because) crime on public(transportation) (near) reached record highs this summer.无论是从语法还是逻辑的角度看,上句均无问题.near一词通常具有形容词,副词,介词3种词性,而且还可以用作动词.用副词修饰动词绝无问题,且near具有接近,靠近的含义,与reached搭配似乎也没有什么不妥.但从语法的角度看,作副词的near只能与draw ,come 等不及物动词搭配,此处为错.故答案为D.四硬币: 任何考试都有一个速度与质量相统一的问题.质量再高,速度太慢也难得高分.所以,如在正式考试种在上面3个层次分析后仍不能找出答案时,最不可"研题"或"抠题",以免延误时间,在规定的时间内作不完题。

托福阅读指代题技巧

托福阅读指代题技巧指代题是托福阅读十大题型之一，虽然看上去考的是代词的使用，其实还涉及到对句间逻辑关系理解的视察。

有些童鞋在做题过程中容易懵，理不清头绪。

我教你五句口诀，只要记住这五句话就可以轻松HOLD住指代题不被考倒。

1、见到代词找指代，指代通常在前方这句话是代词指代题的总则，考生务必铭记：代词永远出现在原词之后，原词永远出现在代词之前。

依据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇，锁定正确答案。

2、主代主，宾代宾，所有格，就近找代词指代的语法规则非常严格，因此考生要优先合计代词在句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、还是所有格代词，然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。

仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目，例如：When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these living flowers， they are stung and eaten.题目中代词"they'在主句中充当主语成分，考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语"small fish'，题目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词：Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.题目中的所有格代词"their'之前有两个名词"florists'和"flowers'，语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才干弄清楚所谓"他(它)们的'究竟是谁们的?事实上依据"就近原则'，在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词，就可以锁定答案。

而上述句中距离"their'最近的名词时"flowers'，因此正确答案就是它。

【备考技巧】托福语法的5大技巧和6大要点

【备考技巧】托福语法的5大技巧和6大要点托福语法对于考生获得高分有巨大的帮助作用，从托福成绩的高低就决定了该名同学是否能成功出国。

因此，学好托福语法，就显得非常重要的。

学习方法非常重要。

往往同样的题目，让同一位同学用不同的方法去做，效率和准确率会有较大差别。

好的方法可以起到事半功倍的效果，好的学习方法首先应该弄清考查目的。

在这里点课台君就以填空题为例，给大家具体讲讲解答技巧及方法。

五大语法技巧一、填空题的完整做法：1、先找句子的分段点，即连词、介词、分词和标点符号，将句子分为几段，选摘要看的那部门句子，即只关注空格地址的那部门句子。

2、简化句子，简化原则是：以下句子成分可以直接划掉1）介词短语（主句句首除外），即prep.+n。

2）作定语（润色名词）的形容词或者分词短语3）副词、冠词、数词4）位于句首或句尾作啄暌癸的分词短语5）与空格无关的句子3、剖析句子结构，判定空格中所缺句子成分，给自己找一个选择谜底的依据。

4、对四个选项进行区分，连系句意和语感确定谜底。

熟练掌握这个方法后，无论是遇到难题还是简单题目，都能很快找到问题的关键。

二、做题不在多，重在积累总结同学们在平时做练习的时候，不要一味地大量去做题，而不去做相应的总结。

每次做错题后都要剖析和总结ETS的考绩目的，即考点，往后碰着近随问题问题不再犯同样的错误，这样才会有长足的前进。

无论句子形式或内容若何转变，考点是不变的，万变不离其宗，把握一个考点等于把握数十道题。

因此大家在做题过程中要有意识地去思虑ETS这道题考绩的是哪个考点，这一考点是否是自己的弱点，而万万不要为了做题而做题，应争夺做每一道题都有所思虑和收成。

三、掌握常考词汇很多同学在经由一段时间的刻苦训练后，发现托福语法并不难，每次做错题后一对谜底发现问题问题现实很简单，总有一种恍然大悟的感受，可是若干天往后又会再一次恍然大悟，走进一个一而再、再而三犯同样错误的怪圈。

原因很简单。

首先，可以肯定的是对于常识点必定是懂的;其次，由于同学们在做题时对考点涉及的常考词不敏感，视若无睹，根本想不起来。

托福口语的十三大法则

1 顺序对应原则(针对细节题：时间，地点，人物)2 重复原则(抓重复频率较高的词做答)3 主题思想原则(part C 预看选项，以听为主，抓住主题)A 原词做答(针对首尾两题)1)开头原词：本次主题，现在干什么2)结尾原词：下次主题，接着干什么B 十大信号词Part C头题选项：the+信号词+of sth。

C 导语+首尾原则1)开头句型：Let“s now focus on……I”d like to begin today“s lecture by……Today we”ll talk about/discuss/centre on……Following our discussion last time，we will discuss……2)结尾句型：Next time we meet ，we will discuss……We will continue our discussion next time……Finally，at last，all in all，in short，in a nut shell4 观点原则he + claim/ argue/ appointment/ maintain/ believe/ state +that……in one“s opinion，from his point of view5 建议原则A 注意段落结尾处的建议B 常出现在段落结尾处的三种建议句型1)Jerry十大常规建议句型2)Just+动原(祈使句表建议)3)maybe，perhaps，probably引导委婉语气表建议C* 建议句型的三种最新变化1)if从句虚拟语气表建议2)同B 3)3)同B 2)6 比较原则as……as，similar to，different from，original，compare to，contract7 因果原则A 段落头几句中提到的原因B 经常导出因果关系的结构Because，because of，as a result of，the reason is，consequently8 转折原则(十大转折词)but，however，while，to be honest，frankly9* 强调原则A 语义强调(important，emphasis，especially，only)1)解释性说明that is，that means，which means，that is to say，let”s put it this way，in other words2)强调句型(老师套话)just remember，once again，you should……，let me repeat，let me also point out，the first……is……，it is……that……，make sure to do，don“t forget3)ad。