世界发展报告 world development report 2000
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Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
The World Development Report
• An annual event since 1978 • This is the third one on poverty: 1980, 1990, 2000/1. • Each one reflects evolving views on poverty and how to reduce it.
• East Asia success in growth & poverty reduction • In contrast to Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe, where price distortions or underinvestment in human capital were seΒιβλιοθήκη Baiduere
Percent change in mean income
Note: Collection `of 150 country-level spells of poverty change and mean income change from poverty surveys 1980-1998.
Poverty
• Public actions focused on social priorities • Legal systems that promote legal equity and are accessible to poor people • Curbing corruption and bureaucratic harassment • Decentralization with broad participation
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Closing the gender gap in schooling boosts economic growth
Income growth
3
2
At East Asian pace of closing the gender gap in schooling Actual
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
1990 report influenced by experience of preceding decade
• 1990 WDR emphasized the need for:
– market-oriented reforms – building human capital – safety nets
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Initial inequalities reduce the pace of poverty reduction
Reduction in poverty associated with a one percent increase in income
3%
2%
1%
0 Low Inequality High Inequality
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
OPPORTUNITY
• Implementing policies for growth • Addressing inequalities • Making markets work for poor people • Expanding poor people’s assets
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
The new framework for action
• Opportunity • Empowerment • Security
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Security
Global Actions
SECURITY
• Preventing economic crises and natural disasters, and protecting poor people when crises occur • Helping poor people manage risk
Global Actions
Growth is strongly associated with reductions in income poverty
Percentage change in poverty rate per year
20% 10%
0%
-10% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
• WDR
Developing country policies to reduce poverty
– sets the stage for a comprehensive way of thinking about poverty reduction – provides a solid sense of direction in terms of policies
• Measures to mitigate social barriers
– legislative and judicial action – affirmative action where necessary – political inclusion
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Social protection during crisis
• Protect spending items that benefit poor people • Safety nets: public works, stay-in-school scholarships, cash transfers
• Market-opening by developed countries • Promotion of global financial stability • Financing of international public goods • Participation of poor countries -- and poor people -- in global forums • Increased aid and debt relief targeted at poverty reduction
1
0
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Middle East and North Africa
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
EMPOWERMENT Making state institutions work better for poor people
– counter-cyclical – instruments available on a permanent basis – funding must be ensured
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
GLOBAL ACTIONS
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Removing social barriers (gender, caste, ethnicity)
• Discrimination and exclusion
– hinder poverty reduction – threaten social stability
• Priorities and actions must be worked out in each country • Country strategy will build on all three pillars -- opportunity, empowerment, security
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
The World Development Report
• An annual event since 1978 • This is the third one on poverty: 1980, 1990, 2000/1. • Each one reflects evolving views on poverty and how to reduce it.
• East Asia success in growth & poverty reduction • In contrast to Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe, where price distortions or underinvestment in human capital were seΒιβλιοθήκη Baiduere
Percent change in mean income
Note: Collection `of 150 country-level spells of poverty change and mean income change from poverty surveys 1980-1998.
Poverty
• Public actions focused on social priorities • Legal systems that promote legal equity and are accessible to poor people • Curbing corruption and bureaucratic harassment • Decentralization with broad participation
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Closing the gender gap in schooling boosts economic growth
Income growth
3
2
At East Asian pace of closing the gender gap in schooling Actual
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
1990 report influenced by experience of preceding decade
• 1990 WDR emphasized the need for:
– market-oriented reforms – building human capital – safety nets
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Initial inequalities reduce the pace of poverty reduction
Reduction in poverty associated with a one percent increase in income
3%
2%
1%
0 Low Inequality High Inequality
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
OPPORTUNITY
• Implementing policies for growth • Addressing inequalities • Making markets work for poor people • Expanding poor people’s assets
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
The new framework for action
• Opportunity • Empowerment • Security
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Security
Global Actions
SECURITY
• Preventing economic crises and natural disasters, and protecting poor people when crises occur • Helping poor people manage risk
Global Actions
Growth is strongly associated with reductions in income poverty
Percentage change in poverty rate per year
20% 10%
0%
-10% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
• WDR
Developing country policies to reduce poverty
– sets the stage for a comprehensive way of thinking about poverty reduction – provides a solid sense of direction in terms of policies
• Measures to mitigate social barriers
– legislative and judicial action – affirmative action where necessary – political inclusion
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Social protection during crisis
• Protect spending items that benefit poor people • Safety nets: public works, stay-in-school scholarships, cash transfers
• Market-opening by developed countries • Promotion of global financial stability • Financing of international public goods • Participation of poor countries -- and poor people -- in global forums • Increased aid and debt relief targeted at poverty reduction
1
0
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Middle East and North Africa
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
EMPOWERMENT Making state institutions work better for poor people
– counter-cyclical – instruments available on a permanent basis – funding must be ensured
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
GLOBAL ACTIONS
Poverty
Opportunity
Empowerment
Security
Global Actions
Removing social barriers (gender, caste, ethnicity)
• Discrimination and exclusion
– hinder poverty reduction – threaten social stability
• Priorities and actions must be worked out in each country • Country strategy will build on all three pillars -- opportunity, empowerment, security