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农学英语作文模板高中生

农学英语作文模板高中生Agricultural Science English Composition Template for High School Students。

Title: Agricultural Science English Composition for High School Students。

Introduction:Agricultural science is a fascinating and important field of study that encompasses a wide range of topics such as crop production, animal husbandry, soil science, and agricultural economics. As high school students, it is crucial to understand the basics of agricultural science and its significance in our daily lives. In this composition, we will explore the key concepts of agricultural science and its relevance to the modern world.Body:1. Importance of Agricultural Science。

Agricultural science plays a vital role in ensuring food security and sustainable development. By studying agricultural science, students can understand the principles of crop production, soil management, and animal nutrition, which are essential for meeting the growing demand for food worldwide. Moreover, agricultural science also contributes to environmental conservation and natural resource management, making it a crucial discipline for the future of our planet.2. Key Concepts in Agricultural Science。

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UNIT1FUNDAMENTAL METHODS IN LIFE SCIENCEHow is it that scientists probe so skillfully into the monument of life and discover so much about its foundations?What is it about their manner of thinking that yields such precise results?The scientific method is a formalized way of answering questions about causation in the natural world.In principle, the scientific method has three main steps(although in practice scientists work in many different ways).The first step is to collect observations,phenomena which can be detected by the senses(vision,hearing,smell,taste,and touch). Observations can be also made indirectly,through use of special equipment (such as a microscope)that extended the range of perception.With practice, we can become skilled at making systematic observations.This means focusing one or more senses on a particular object or event in the environment, and screening out the“background noise”of information that probably has no bearing on our focus.Second,the scientist thinks of hypothesis,ideas about the cause of what has been observed.The third step is experimentation, performing tests designed to show that one or more of the hypothesis is more or less likely to be incorrect.Hypothesizing means putting together a tentative explanation to account for an observation.No scientist can put forward an idea and demand that it be believed as true,no questions asked.In science,there are no absolute truths. There are only high probabilities that an idea is correct in the context of observations and tests made so far.Instead of absolutes,there is suspended judgment.This means a hypothesis is tentatively said to be valid if it is consistent with observations at hand.You won’t(or shouldn’t)hear a scientist say,“there is no other explanation!”More likely you will hear,“Based on present knowledge,this explanation is our best judgment at the moment.”Often the weight of evidence is so convincing that the hypothesis becomes accepted as a theory:a coherent set of ideas that form a general frame of reference for further studies.In science,the word“theory”is not used lightly.It is bestowed only on hypothesis that can be relied upon with a very high degree of confidence.Testing the hypothesis through experiments is at the heart of scientific inquiry.Experiments must be designed so that their results are as unambiguous as human ingenuity can make them.For this reason, experiments have to include control treatments as well as experimental treatments.The two differ only by the factors(s)in which you are interested.Collecting and organizing test results is a necessary process in biological experiments.Data tables or graphs are used to organize and display information for analysis.Graphs are especially useful in illustrating trends of patterns.Data analysis is less mechanical and more conceptual than collecting and organizing the information.Often,statistical tests are used to determine if differences between experimental data and control data are significant or are likely due only to chance.If it can be argued that the differences are due to chance only,then it can also be argued that the independent variable had no effect.Generalizing from test results requires careful and objective analysis of the data ually,the hypothesis under test is accepted or rejected on the basis of conclusions drawn.A statement is written about what new insights(if any)have been gained into the original problem.Apparent trends are noted when the same data appear in test results gathered over a period of time.Often,further questions and hypothesis are posed in an attempt to guide additional studies of the problem.New words and expressionsprobe v.探索convincing a.令人信服的monument n.殿堂，纪念馆coherent a.相干的，连贯的formalize v.使……成为正式的bestow(on)v.赠与，授予causation n.起因，原因at the heart of在……核心observation n.观察（结果inquiry n.探索，探究，询问microscope n.显微镜unambiguous a.清楚的，明确的perception n.感知能力，感觉ingenuity n.智慧，机灵systematic a.系统的illustrate v.说明screen out排除mechanical a.无思想的，呆板的have no bearing on与……无关conceptual a.概念的，观念的experimentation n.实验，试验independent variable自变量，处理因子more or less差不多，大致insight(into)n.领悟，深刻的了解hypothesize v.提出假说pose v.提出（问题），引起put together组织suspend v.使悬而未决tentative a.暂时的，试探性的judgment n.判断，评价UNIT2ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN PLANT BREEDINGPlant breeders have devoted considerable attention to breeding for yield. These programs usually have emphasized selection for higher yields based on yield testing results.It is also true,however,that plant breeders have for decades sought to improve yield by manipulating what are often termed physiological components of yield.In this section we give two examples of improvements in crop plants resulting from selection of desirable plant types. These examples deserve special attention because they involve wheat and rice,which rank first and second in the world in providing food for the human population.In these crops,breeders have selected new gene combinations and new plant types that are highly productive under a wide range of growing conditions,especially when fertility is high.Rice BreedingThe development of short-stature rice varieties at the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI)in the Philippines began in the1960s following observations that short-strawed varieties yielded more than the taller,leafier indica varieties when given nitrogen fertilizer.A number of characters were associated with generally higher yields and the nitrogen response.The responsive selections were short and had many tillers and good resistance to lodging.Their leaves were short,thick,relatively narrow,erect,dark green,and remained functional until shortly before harvest.Subsequent genetic studies revealed that a single gene controlled many of the leaf characters as well as height and tillering.Two additional characters,early maturity and high floret fertility,though not controlled by the above mentioned gene,were incorporated into the genetic package that contributed to high yield under nitrogen fertilization.In breeding for new plant types at IRRI,a well-adapted tropical indica varieties were crossed with introduced varieties of either japonica or indica types,which served as sources of the desirable new traits.Observation of populations resulting from these crosses indicated that the desirable,short, less leafy plants were not competitive and hence were being eliminated from the breeding populations.The short,less leafy plants compete very poorly in the mixture with tall plants,but in pure stands the short plants yield more than the tall.Consequently,a mass selection procedure is used to increase the proportion of desirable short plants in the breeding populations.Thepopulations are planted sparsely so that the tall,leafy plants can be eliminated from the population.Seed harvested from the remaining plants is used for the next generation.Selection against the tall leafy plants is continued for several generations until all the remaining plants are short.Then the seed from individual plants is increased and conventional yield testing is initiated.Many of the short plants with the combination of useful characteristics described above have been highly productive.One plant,IR-8,gained worldwide recognition because of its very high yields,especially in response to nitrogen fertilization.Semidwarf WheatIn1935a wheat selection of hybrid origin,‘Norin10’,was released for use in Japan.Norin10was1/2to2/3as tall as common wheat varieties and had more heads.In the USA,Norin10was not useful as a variety,but as a parent in crosses it provided genes that started a revolution in wheat breeding.One breeder,O.A.Vogel,a USDA plant breeder at Pullman,Washington,crosses Norin10with ordinary wheats such as‘Brevor’,From these crosses came the first highly productive semidwarf wheats in the USA.The first new semidwarf,‘Gaines’,and a closely related semidwarf,‘Nugaines’,soon achieved great popularity,and other wheat breeders began to concentrate on semidwarf wheat.N.E.Borlaug,winner of a Nobel Peace Prize in part for his research on wheat,made extensive use of the Washington wheats and the Norin10genes. By1986semidwarf wheats were being grown successfully in the USA and in more than20foreign countries.As many as a dozen characters potentially contribute directly to high yield in short-stature rice.However,less is known about the physiological basis for high productivity in the semidwarf wheats.Semidwarf wheats are more resistant to lodging than their taller counterparts,but lodging resistance is not the entire reason for the yield difference because semidwarf varieties are often superior to tall varieties when lodging does not occur.Many of the semidwarf wheats have more heads per unit area than taller wheats and a higher ratio of grain to straw(higher economic to biological yield).The leaves of many productive semidwarf wheats are generally similar to the droopy,wide,and long leaves of taller wheats.Consequently,the productive semidwarf wheats and short-stature rices differ greatly in leaf characteristics.Whatever the basis for the higher yields in the new rice and wheat varieties their superiority suggests that crops can be made more productive by modifying their general form.New words and expressionsaccomplishment n.成就，成绩tropical a.热带的devote…to贡献，奉献cross v.,n.杂交decade n.十年introduce v.引进manipulate v.调节，操纵japonica n.粳physiological a.生理（学）的trait n.(相对)性状component n.构成因子compete v.竞争desirable a.有利的，理想的mixture n.混合（物）plant type株型pure stand单一群体population n.人口，群体mass selection混合选择fertility n.肥力，育性sparsely adv.稀short-stature矮秆generation n.世代straw n.麦秆，稻草semidwarf a.半矮秆的indica n.籼hybrid n.杂种nitrogen n.氮heads n.穗character n.性状variety n.品种be associated with与…联系起来parent n.亲本response n.响应，反应breeder n.育种家responsive a.有响应的ordinary a.普通的，一般的selection n.选系concentrate集中（精力）于tiller n.,v.分蘖droopy a.披（弯曲或下垂）floret n.小花modify v.修改，改良incorporate v.掺合form n.形态well-adapted a.适应性好的UNIT3CROP PRODUCTIONProduction of food is a problem of major concern in the world today.The world’s food supply,grossly inadequate in many countries today,will need to be increased greatly in the years ahead if the basic nutritional requirements of an explosive world population are to be satisfied.Otherwise,the specter of hunger,malnutrition,and famine,already a reality with two-thirds of the world’s people,will continue to spread and grow,and the nutritional gap between the developed and the underdeveloped countries will continue to widen.Field crops provide the principal source of the world’s food supply.Over 50%of the human food consumed comes directly from seven cereal grains; over40%comes from rice and wheat.Other foods of vegetable origin include the root crops,oilseeds,vegetables,fruits,and nuts.Forage and grain crops utilized as livestock feed may be consumed indirectly as meat,milk,or eggs.Field crops,in addition to their production for human food and livestock feed,are utilized for fiber,fuel,plastics,stimulants,and many other commercial uses.For these purposes we grow crops like cotton,jute,fiber flax, tobacco,soybeans,linseed flax,and corn.The potential for utilizing plants as sources of energy has been little exploited.When this happens the production of food may be placed further in jeopardy.To increase crop production,four important inputs need major attention: water,fertilizer,pest control,and crop variety.The first three-water,fertilizer, and pest control-relate to cultural practices that provide a more desirable environment in which to grow the crop.The fourth-the crop variety-relates to the inherent ability of the plant to produce within the environment provided.In other words,more productive plants and greater food production may result both by improving the environment for crop growth and by improving the heredity of the crop.Improving the heredity of a crop,stated most simply,is accomplished by breeding better varieties.Hereditary improvements in crop varieties are made in various ways.The improved variety may be more vigorous in its growth,thus producing a higher yield through the more efficient use of the sunlight,carbon dioxide,water,and plant nutrients available to it.Its structure may be altered so that it will stand until harvest with less loss from lodging or shattering.Plants may be selected with more tolerance to stress,so that a satisfactory yield will be harvested when environmental conditions over which the grower has no control are unfavorable.To accomplish this objective the breeder strives for early maturity,increased winter hardiness,or resistance to heat,drought,disease,and insect damage.Cultural practices to increase yield-fertilization,irrigation,application of chemicals for pest control-must be repeated with each new cropping season. Hereditary improvements are more or less permanent;by planting improved varieties,the benefits may be reaped over and over.Maximum crop production cannot be achieved either by use of superior cultural practices or by planting improved varieties alone.Without good production practices the high yield potential of a superior variety would by largely wasted.Neither will maximum benefits be realized from good production practices unless a potentially high yielding variety is grown.New words and expressionsinadequate a.不足的vigorous a.茂盛的explosive a.爆炸性的carbon dioxide二氧化碳specter n.幽灵,妖怪,缭绕心头的恐惧（或忧虑等）lodging n.倒伏malnutrition n.营养不良shattering n.裂荚（果）famine n.饥荒stress n.胁迫consume v.消耗，消费satisfactory a.令人满意的stimulant n.兴奋剂unfavorable a.不利的nut n.坚果strive for为实现…而努力jute n.黄麻maturity n.熟期，熟性flax n.亚麻winter hardiness越冬性linseed n.亚麻籽resistance n.抗性in jeopardy处于受损失的危险境地cultural practice栽培措施inherent a.内在的，遗传的permanent a.永久的productive a.高产的reap v.获得heredity n.遗传maximum a.最大的hereditary a.遗传的superior a.优越的UNIT4WHAT SHOULD A MODERN PLANT BREEDER LEARN?Botany.Plant breeders should be accomplished botanists in order to understand the taxonomy,anatomy,morphology,and reproduction of the plants with which they work..Genetics and Cytogenetics.The plant breeder needs a thorough understanding of the mechanism of heredity in plants since modern plant breeding methods are based on a knowledge of genetic principles and chromosome behavior.This knowledge is being extended to the molecular level with advances in biochemical genetics.Plant Physiology.Variety adaptation is determined by the response of plants to their environment,which includes the effects of heat,cold,drought, and soil nutrient response.The plant breeder strives to make inherent modifications of physiological processes that will enable the plant to function more efficiently.Plant Pathology.Plant disease reduces crop yields.Host resistance is an important means of combating many plant diseases.Evaluation of the response of the plant genotype to infection by the pathogen is an essential part of breeding for host plant resistance.Entomology.Biological control of insect populations by breeding for insect resistance is an important way of reducing insect damage in crop plants.Plant Biochemistry.Inherent improvements in the nutritive value of a crop variety are given attention by the plant breeder.Suitability for industrial utilization often determines the market demand for a particular variety of a crop. This includes such characteristics as the milling and baking qualities of a wheat variety,the cooking and eating qualities of a rice variety,the fiber qualities of a cotton variety.Biochemical genetics is contributing toward a better understanding of the structure and function of the gene.Statistics.The plant breeder compares the performance of many genetically different strains.Sound field plot techniques and suitable methods for statistical analyses of data are necessary to obtain reliable results and to interpret the results correctly.The application of statistical procedures has provided for a better understanding of the inheritance of quantitative characteristics and for predicting the possible genetic advance that may be obtained with particular systems of mating.Agronomy.In addition to all of these,the breeder of field crops should be a sound agronomist.Plant breeders should know crops and their production.They should understand what the farmer wants and needs in the way of new varieties.Only then will they be able to evaluate critically the breeding materials available to them,plan an efficient breeding program,and direct their breeding efforts toward the agronomically important objectives.These sciences are the tools with which the plant breeder works.The plant germplasms available to the breeder are the raw materials.The breeder uses knowledge of these sciences to fashion from the raw materials new and improved varieties of crop plants,just as an engineer uses knowledge of mathematics,physics,and chemistry in the construction of a new bridge,or a modern skyscraper.It is apparent that plant breeders cannot be specialists in all of these fields of plant science.In the practice of plant breeding they are not working exclusively in any of them.The work of plant breeders is to apply the whole of their knowledge of these sciences and their experience toward the development of superior varieties.If they should need additional information about the inheritance of a plant character with which they are working,or about a technique for measuring the resistance of plants to some environmental condition,they may conduct experiments to study those specific problems. Such specialized research is an adjunct to their plant breeding activities and the information gained may help them in the guidance and direction of their breeding research.Oftentimes a breeder may combine theoretical experimentation in one or more of these fields with breeding studies.This broadens understanding of these areas of knowledge and their relation to the breeder’s particular breeding problems and is a desirable activity to carry out in conjunction with a breeding program.Since the improvement of an important field crop like corn,wheat,cotton usually involves work in several of these fields of plant science,the most rapid advance is made when a team of specialists in genetics,plant physiology,plant pathology,entomology,and biochemistry work cooperatively with the plant breeder.The spectacular accomplishments in plant breeding are usually the result of such teamwork. Special knowledge and expertise may then be coordinated and directed toward the development of superior agronomic varieties.New words and expressionsaccomplished a.熟练的mill v.研磨botanist n.植物学家bake v.烘烤reproduction n.繁殖quality n.品质thorough a.彻底的，全面的performance n.表现genetic a.遗传的strain n.品系chromosome n.染色体sound a.正确的，合理的，有能力的，可靠的molecular a.分子的field plot田间试验biochemical a.生物化学的statistical a.统计的adaptation n.适应性，适应inheritance n.遗传host n.寄主quantitative a.数量的combat v.对抗，对付genetic advance遗传进展evaluation n.评价，鉴定mate v.交配genotype n.基因型system of mating繁殖系统pathogen n.病原agronomist n.农艺学家control n.防治agronomical a.农艺的suitability n.适合（性）adjunct(to)n.附属品，附加物germplasm n.种质in conjunction with与…一道fashion v.做成，制造cooperative a.协作的，合作的skyscraper n.摩天大楼spectacular a.出色的，辉煌的，精彩的specialist n.专家exclusive a.排他的UNIT5SELECTION AND BREEDING METHODSWhen initiating a breeding program for a physiological trait,the objective is to combine the physiological trait with other desired traits that have accumulated in elite selections or commercial varieties.Consequently,the breeder commonly makes controlled crosses involving two or more parental varieties.Three selection methods commonly used to manipulate plant populations in breeding programs are reviewed briefly in the following sections.Mass selectionMass selection refers to a procedure in which individual plants are selected in heterogeneous populations.The original populations may be obtained through artificial hybridization involving two or more parental varieties. Alternatively,they may be obtained by mixing seed of different sources and allowing interplant pollination to occur naturally.Seed from selected plants in each generation or cycle of selection is composited to form a new heterogeneous population and is used to grow the next generation.Selection may be for easily observed characters,such as higher or leaf angle,or for characters that require harvest and seed analysis,such as protein or oil content.The population is expected to be improved with each generation of selection.The improved population may be utilized directly as a new variety,or plants possessing desired characteristics may be selected and their seed increased to become a new variety.A third alternative is to utilize the improved population as a source of inbred lines in a hybrid breeding program.The likelihood of success using mass selection depends on many factors, including whether the crop is cross-or self-fertilized.In self-fertilized crops, little intercrossing occurs to the plants become homozygous at a rapid rate and new gene combinations are unlikely after a few generations.In contrast, crossing naturally occurs between plants of cross-fertilized crops;thus heterozygosity is maintained,and new gene combinations are formed each generation.However,effectiveness of selection is reduced by one-half in cross-fertilized as compared to self-fertilized species because seeds borne on cross-fertilized plants and used to advance to the next generation receive one-half of their genetic complement from a random(unselected)male parent.Another very important factor in determining the success of mass selection is the heritability of the character under selection.Traits such as yieldhave low heritability and are not well suited to mass selection of individual plants.However,mass selection can be effective for highly heritable traits.For example,it should be possible to effectively change leaf area,leaf angle,or shape and size of inflorescence by mass selection.Pedigree SelectionIn pedigree selection both families and plants within families are evaluated. Seed for the next generation comes from individual plants,and individual plant progenies are kept separate throughout the several generations of selection. The name pedigree is applied since it is usually possible to trace the lineage of a plant or line in an advanced generation back to the F2or F1plant from which it was derived.Pedigree selection is used extensively in breeding self-fertilizing crops and in developing inbred lines for use as parents of hybrid varieties.Plant material(populations)for pedigree selection often is obtained by crossing parental varieties that possess between them the traits and genes desired in a new variety.When each parent is homozygous,the F1progeny plants are genetically similar,and selection is not effective in this F1generation. In the F2generation each plant is genetically different,and desirable plants are selected.Effectiveness of selection in the F2generation depends on many factors,including the amount of genetic variation for the character being selected and the influence of environment on the character.As a general rule selection in the F2generation is not done for traits of low heritability or for traits whose measurement is time-consuming or expensive.The pattern of selection followed is similar in the F3,F4and F5generations. In these generations,the best families are chosen first,and then individual plants within the elite families are selected.Seed from the selected plants is used to grow the families of the next generation.Selection on the family basis, which is frequently very effective,is an important advantage of pedigree selection compared to some other selection methods.Each generation affords a repeated opportunity for family selection.Pedigree selection is more expensive than mass selection but the gain from selection may more than offset the increased costs.Also,plant breeders have found ways to mechanize planting and harvesting so that costs can be kept low.Following the F5generation,it is customary to begin replicated testing for yield and other lowly heritable traits such as milling and baking quality in wheat. Yield evaluation normally requires3to4years beginning with preliminary trails at one or two locations.Backcross MethodThe backcross method of breeding differs in objective and procedure from the mass and pedigree selection methods.The objective in most backcross programs is to improve an existing variety or inbred line by adding a desirable character not possessed by the variety.The procedure entails transferring the useful character from a donor line to the desirable variety or inbred line.The transfer is accomplished by making a cross between the desirable variety, called the recurrent parent,and the donor line.Repeated crosses (backcrosses)to the recurrent parent are made with progeny selected for the desired character from the donor.The proportion of the genes coming from the donor variety is reduced by one-half with each backcross to the recurrent parent;after n crosses and backcrosses the proportion is(1/2)n.Thus,with six backcrosses after the original cross,the proportion of germplasm from the donor parent theoretically is(1/2)7=1/128.Except for the gene transferred, donor genes are rapidly replaced by genes of the recurrent parent.The most extensive use of backcrossing has been to transfer single genes for disease resistance into standard varieties.These programs have shown that it is generally possible to transfer a character from one line to another when one gene controls the character being transferred.Backcrossing is less suitable for characters controlled by more than one or two genes.Another important consideration in backcross breeding is the extent to which all of the genes from the recurrent parent are recovered after repeated backcrosses. Failure to recover all of the genes of the recurrent parent is serious when undesirable genes are closely linked to the donor gene.The formula given above does not apply for genes linked to the gene being transferred.Backcrossing may be of special interest in breeding for physiological traits controlled by one or two genes found in otherwise inferior genetic backgrounds. When this is the case,the backcrossing procedure would be helpful in incorporating the desired trait into a good genetic background.New words and expressionsinitiate v.启动complement n.需要的数额program n.程序，计划genetic complement遗传组成（分）accumulate v.积累male parent父本elite n.精英，顶尖individual a.,n.个体（的）commercial a.商业的，商用的heritable a.可遗传的select v.选择inflorescence n.花序heterogeneous a.异质的，不同源的pedigree n.系谱，家谱hybridization n.杂交family n.家（系），科interplant a.植物间的progeny n.后代pollination n.授粉separate a.隔离的，分开的cycle n.轮，周期，循环trace back追溯composite v.混合，合成lineage n.血统，世系protein n.蛋白质line n.系，家系content n.含量derive(from)v.衍生，产生increase v.增加，繁殖hybrid variety n.杂种品种hybrid breeding杂种选育pattern n.模式，方式fertilize v.受精，施肥offset v.补偿，抵消cross-fertilized自由授粉mechanize v.使…机械化self-fertilized自花授粉customary a.习惯上的，依照惯例的intercross v.互交replicate v.重复，复制homozygous a.纯合的preliminary a.初步的combination n.组合trial n.试验heterozygosity n.杂合（性）location n.地点，位置bear v.结（实）backcross n.,v.回交advance v.提升，进步original a.最早的，原始的entail v.涉及theoretically ad.理论上transfer v.转移standard variety标准品种donor n.供体，提供者recover v.回复，恢复recurrent a.周期性的，经常发生的link v.连接，结合recurrent parent轮回亲本closely linked紧密连锁proportion n.比例，部分genetic background遗传背景UNIT6MAN AS AN EXPLOITER OF NATUREFor perhaps3,000,000years or more,man lived in reasonable balance with the organisms about him.Parasites,disease,and the difficult search for food kept man’s numbers low and he was on equal footing with other animals within the natural system.Although he utilized the plants and animals that surrounded him,the extent of his depredations was limited and reversible since his numbers were few.More than10,000years ago however,man learned to select and cultivate plants,a progressive step that helped free him from the labor of bare subsistence and allowed him to engage in creative endeavors and to congregate in ever larger groups for mutual benefits.His heightened capacity for reasoning,his memory,and his ingenuity led him to improve still further his well-being.It was then that the consequences of man’s activities began to extend beyond the borders of his limited fields and towns. He may have extinguished such Pleistocene animals as the woolly mammoth. His use of fire on the prairies appears to have maintained grasslands where otherwise trees might have grown.The smoke from these fires and from extensive slash-and-burn agriculture filled the skies with haze long before photochemical smog ever stung his eyes.By his ingenuity and inventiveness he learned to release energy by burning coal and oil,to manufacture machines that would greatly amplify the labors of his hands,to work metals and to forge new alloys,while at the same time selecting,and cultivating better crops and improving his domesticated stock of animals.These various skills and practices eventually encouraged the world-wide proliferation of man.Man discovered the benefits of mining the great ore deposits,pumping the reservoirs of oil,digging the rich coal beds from carboniferous strata,plowing and planting the prairies,cutting the forests,and generally helping himself to the abundant and apparently limitless resources of the world.In the process he became sedentary rather than nomadic,he improved his health,extended his life span,reduced his working time,added leisure hours,lived more comfortably,increased the abundance of his food supply,and increased in numbers exponentially(10to100to1,000).He could hunt,fish,harvest,and exploit without concern for the consequences to the environment.Then suddenly,very suddenly,within the most recent decades of man’s time on Earth,he began to realize that resources were limited and hastily instigated some attempts to conserve the environment.Still,his behaviour generally belied any conviction that he should live in a prudent society.Man’s population。

农业学术文献英语

农业学术文献英语Agricultural academic literature plays a pivotal role in the advancement of agricultural science and technology. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from soil science and crop management to agricultural economics and sustainable farming practices. The following is an excerpt from an academic paper that delves into the impact of integrated pest management (IPM) on sustainable agriculture.The Evolution of Integrated Pest Management in Sustainable AgricultureIn the quest for sustainable agricultural practices, the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has emerged as a cornerstone strategy. IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests and their damage, reduction of the risks associated with pests, and minimal use of chemical control. This approach is designed to be economically viable and socially acceptable while minimizing the negative impact on the environment and human health.The origins of IPM can be traced back to the early 20th century when farmers began to recognize the limitations of chemical control methods. The overuse of pesticides led to the development of resistance in pest populations, negative impacts on non-target organisms, and the contamination of the environment. In response, researchers and practitioners began to explore alternative methods of pest control that would bemore compatible with the principles of sustainability.One of the key components of IPM is the use of biological control, which involves the introduction of natural enemies of pests to suppress their populations. This can be achieved through the release of predators, parasites, or pathogensthat specifically target the pest species. Biological control has proven to be an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides, reducing the need for chemical inputs and the associated risks.Another critical aspect of IPM is the implementation of cultural practices that make the agricultural environment less conducive to pest development. This includes crop rotation, which disrupts the life cycle of pests by changing the host plants, and the use of pest-resistant crop varieties that have been bred to withstand pest attacks. These practices not only reduce the reliance on chemical control but also contribute to the overall health and resilience of the agricultural system.Monitoring and decision-making are also integral to IPM. Regular scouting and the use of decision-making tools allow farmers to make informed choices about when and how to intervene against pests. By monitoring pest populations and their natural enemies, farmers can determine the most appropriate control measures to take, minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and maximizing the effectiveness of other control methods.The integration of these various strategies into acohesive management plan is what distinguishes IPM from other pest control methods. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the agricultural ecosystem and the interactions between pests, crops, and the environment. By adopting an IPM approach, farmers can achieve better pest control outcomes while also promoting biodiversity, reducing chemical inputs, and ensuring the long-term viability oftheir farming operations.In conclusion, the adoption of Integrated Pest Management in agriculture is a critical step towards achieving sustainability. It represents a paradigm shift from areliance on chemical control to a more holistic and ecologically sound approach to pest management. As the world faces increasing pressures from population growth and climate change, the principles of IPM will be essential in ensuring that agriculture can continue to meet the needs of society while protecting the environment for future generations.This excerpt highlights the importance of IPM in sustainable agriculture and the various strategies employed to achieve it. It underscores the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to pest management that is both economically and environmentally sound.。

农业书籍介绍英文作文高中

农业书籍介绍英文作文高中英文：As a high school student, I have read many books on agriculture. Agriculture is an important industry that provides food and resources for people all over the world. In this article, I would like to introduce some of the best agriculture books that I have read.One of my favorite books is "The Omnivore's Dilemma" by Michael Pollan. This book explores the complex world of food and agriculture and how they are interconnected. Pollan takes readers on a journey through the food chain, from industrial agriculture to organic farming, and explores the impact of our food choices on the environment and our health.Another great book is "The Soil Will Save Us" byKristin Ohlson. This book discusses the importance of soil health and how it can help mitigate climate change. Ohlsoninterviews farmers and scientists who are working to improve soil health and shows how healthy soil can sequester carbon and improve crop yields.Finally, "The Lean Farm" by Ben Hartman is a practical guide for small-scale farmers who want to improve their efficiency and profitability. Hartman shares his experiences running a successful farm and provides tips on how to reduce waste, streamline operations, and increase productivity.Overall, these books provide valuable insights into the world of agriculture and food production. They are informative, thought-provoking, and offer practical solutions for farmers and consumers alike.中文：作为一名高中生，我读过很多关于农业的书籍。

农学专业英文作文

农学专业英文作文Title: The Crucial Role of Agricultural Science in Sustainable Farming。

Agricultural science plays a pivotal role in ensuring sustainable farming practices. With the ever-growing global population and the increasing demand for food, it becomes imperative to utilize scientific advancements to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted contributions of agricultural science towards sustainable farming practices.Firstly, one of the fundamental aspects of agricultural science is crop improvement through breeding programs. Through genetic manipulation and selection, scientists can develop crop varieties that are resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stressors. This not only ensures higher yields but also reduces the need for chemical inputs, thereby promoting environmentally friendlyfarming practices.Moreover, agricultural science facilitates the development and adoption of precision agriculture techniques. By leveraging technologies such as GPS, drones, and sensors, farmers can precisely monitor and manage their fields, optimizing resource utilization and minimizing wastage. This not only enhances productivity but also reduces the environmental footprint associated with traditional farming methods.Furthermore, agricultural science plays a crucial role in soil management and conservation. Soil degradation is a significant challenge facing modern agriculture, leading to reduced fertility and increased erosion. Through research and innovation, scientists develop sustainable soil management practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and agroforestry, which help improve soil health and resilience. Additionally, advancements in soil science contribute to the development of nutrient management strategies, ensuring efficient fertilizer use and minimizing nutrient runoff into water bodies.In addition to crop production, agricultural science also addresses challenges related to livestock farming. Sustainable livestock production requires efficient feed conversion, disease management, and waste disposal strategies. Agricultural scientists work towards developing feed formulations that maximize nutritional value while minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, research in animal genetics and breeding aims to enhance livestock resilience and productivity, thereby contributing to sustainable livestock farming practices.Another critical aspect of agricultural science is water management. With freshwater resources becoming increasingly scarce, efficient water use in agriculture is paramount. Agricultural scientists develop irrigation techniques that optimize water usage, such as dripirrigation and soil moisture monitoring systems. Moreover, research in water conservation and recycling technologies helps mitigate the environmental impact of agricultural water usage, ensuring long-term sustainability.Furthermore, agricultural science plays a vital role in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Climate variability affects crop growth patterns, pest dynamics, and water availability, thereby impacting agricultural productivity. Through climate-smart agriculture practices and resilient crop varieties, agricultural scientists help farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture.In conclusion, agricultural science is indispensablefor promoting sustainable farming practices. From crop improvement and precision agriculture to soil management and climate resilience, agricultural science encompasses a wide range of disciplines aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. By harnessing scientific advancements and innovation, we can ensure food security for future generations without compromising the health of our planet.。

英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品质量安全与农业环境保护研究

英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品质量安全与农业环境保护研究In the realm of agricultural science research and experimental development, the focus on agricultural product quality and safety, as well as environmental protection, plays a crucial role in sustaining global food security and ecological balance. Agricultural scientists and researchers worldwide are continually advancing techniques to ensure that farming practices not only meet but exceed stringent quality and safety standards while minimizing environmental impact.Research into agricultural product quality and safety encompasses a broad spectrum of disciplines, ranging from soil health and nutrient management to pest and disease control strategies. Central to this endeavor is the application of innovative technologies that enhance crop resilience, increase nutritional value, and reduce the reliance on chemical inputs that may pose risks to human health and the environment.Advancements in biotechnology and genetic engineering have revolutionized crop improvement, enabling the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) tailored to withstand pests and diseases while maintaining nutritional integrity. These technologies are rigorously tested to ensure they meet safety criteria before commercialization, addressing concerns about potential allergenicity and environmental impact.Moreover, precision agriculture has emerged as a transformative approach in optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental footprint. Utilizing remote sensing, GPS-guided machinery, and data analytics, farmers can precisely manage inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, thereby reducing waste and runoff into water bodies. This approach not only enhances crop yields but also mitigates soil erosion and preserves biodiversity.In parallel, sustainable farming practices emphasize integrated pest management (IPM), organic farming, and agroecological principles that promote biodiversity andecosystem resilience. IPM strategies advocate for the judicious use of biological controls, crop rotation, and habitat manipulation to suppress pests and diseases naturally, reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides that may accumulate in the environment.Efforts to safeguard agricultural product quality also extend to post-harvest management and food processing technologies. Cold chain logistics, controlled atmosphere storage, and food irradiation are employed to maintain freshness, extend shelf life, and mitigate microbial contamination without compromising nutritional content. These technologies are essential in ensuring that consumers receive safe and nutritious food products.Furthermore, research initiatives in environmental protection within agriculture focus on minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving water resources, and promoting soil health through sustainable practices. Conservation tillage, cover cropping, and biochar application are among the strategies implemented to sequester carbon, improve soil structure, and enhance water infiltration, thereby mitigating climate change effects and promoting long-term agricultural sustainability.Collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders is pivotal in advancing these initiatives globally. Through knowledge-sharing platforms, scientific conferences, and interdisciplinary collaborations, innovative solutions to challenges in agricultural product quality, safety, and environmental sustainability are continually refined and implemented.In conclusion, the intersection of agricultural science research with the goals of ensuring product quality and safety while protecting the environment is pivotal in addressing global challenges such as food security, climate change, and public health. By harnessing technological advancements and adopting sustainable practices, the agricultural sector can navigate towards a resilient future where nutritious food production is harmonized with environmental stewardship. This holistic approach underscores the critical role of agricultural research in shaping a sustainable and prosperous world for future generations.。

农学毕业论文参考文献(中英文范例)

农学毕业论文参考文献（中英文范例）参考文献是写作农学毕业论文不可或缺的一部分，导师可在审核学生论文时，可根据参考文献的引用、数量、时间及其权威性，来了解作者对本课题研究的程度，进而评价论文的水平和结论的可信度，由此可见文献的重要性，本文精选了50个"农学毕业论文参考文献";，含中英文文献，供广大学子参考。

农学毕业论文参考文献范例一：汤文光, 肖小平, 唐海明, 等. 不同种植模式对南方丘陵旱地土壤水分利用与作物周年生产力的影响. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(18): 3606-3617.【2】刘星, 张书乐, 刘国锋, 等. 连作对甘肃中部沿黄灌区马铃薯干物质积累和分配的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(7): 1274-1285.Qiu S J, He P, Zhao S C, et al. Impact of nitrogen rate on maize yield and nitrogen use efficiencies Northeast China. Agronomy Journal, 2015, 107(1): 305.Chuan L M, He P, Zhao T K, et al. Agronomic characteristics rrelated to grain yield and nutrient use efficiency for wheat production in China. Plos One, 2016, 11(9): e0162802.李书田, 金继运. 中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(20): 4207-4229.陈庆瑞, 赵秉强, 等. 四川省作物专用复混肥料农艺配方. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2014.陈印军, 肖碧林, 方琳娜, 等. 中国耕地质量状况分析. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(17): 3557-3564.西奥多-舒尔茨．改造传统农业．北京：商务印书馆，1987陈春霞．农业现代化的内涵及其拓展．生产力研究，2010（01）：54-56+267程绍铂，杨桂山，李大伟．长三角典型农业区农业现代化水平分区研究以江苏省兴化市为例．地域研究与开发，2011，30（04）：149-152+157迟清涛．中国农业现代化发展研究．吉林农业大学，2015崔凯. 粮食主产区农业现代化评价指标体系的构建与测算研究.中国农业科学院,2011.丁志伟，张改素，康江江，翟伟萍．中原经济区农业现代化的状态评价与定位推进．农业现代化研究，2015，36（05）：760-766傅晨．广东省农业现代化发展水平评价．农业经济问题，2010（5）：26-33+110高芸，蒋和平．我国农业现代化发展水平评价研究综述．农业现代化研究，2016，37（03）：409-415郭强，李荣喜．农业现代化发展水平评价体系研究．西南交通大学学报报，2003（01）：97-101Shibayama M Akiyama T. 1986.Aspectroradiometer for field use.Radiometric estimation of nitrogen levels in field rice canopies. 55(4): 439-445.柯炳生．对推进我国基本实现农业现代化的几点认识．中国农村经济，2000（09）：4-8何传启．农业现代化的事实原理和选择中国科学院中国现代化研究中心．科学与现代化）．北京：2012：11李黎明，袁兰．我国的农业现代化评价指标体系．华南农业大学学报（社会科学版），2004（02）：20-24李进平．河南省农业现代化评价与发展对策研究．华中师范大学，2015李林杰，郭彦锋．对完善我国农业现代化评价指标体系的思考．统计与决，2005（13）：34-36Geary B, Clark J, Hopkins B G, et al. Deficient, adequate and excess nitrogen levels established inhydroponics for biotic and abiotic stress-interaction studies in potato. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2014,38(1): 41-50.Alva A, Fan M S, Qing C, et al. Improving nutrient-use efficiency in Chinese potato production experiences from the United States. Journal of Crop Improvement, 2011, 25(1): 46-85.吕文广．甘肃农业现代化进程测度及特色农业发展路径选择研究．兰州大学，2010.农学毕业论文参考文献范例二：蒋和平．中国农业现代化发展水平的定量综合评价（世界银行、联合国环境计划署．"全球农业科技与发展评估";国际会议论文集）．北京．世界银行、联合国环境计划署：中国农业技术经济研究会，2005：10蒋和平．蒋和平：发展中国现代农业要稳定小农与发展大农并举．江苏农村经济，2012（01）：21孔祥智，毛飞．农业现代化的内涵、主体及推进策略分析．农业经济与管理，2013（02）：9-15李芳远．新型城镇化引领下的河南省农业现代化发展研究．郑州大学，2015李燕凌，汤庆熹．我国现代农业发展现状及其战略对策研究．农业现代化研究，2009，30（06）：641-645李周，蔡昉，金和辉，张元红，杜志雄．论我国农业由传统方式向现代方式的转化．经济研究，1990（06）：39-50刘巽浩．论中国农业现代化与持续化．农业现代化研究，1998（5）：17-21刘晓越．农业现代化评价指标体系．中国统计，2004（2）：11-13+10Broge N H, Leblanc E.2003paring prediction power and stability of broadband and hype rspectral vegetation indices for estimation of green leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll density.Remote Sensing Of Enviro nment, 76(2):156-172.潘世磊．粮食主产区农业现代化发展研究．重庆工商大学，2016沈琦，胡资骏．我国农业现代化评价指标体系的优化模型基于聚类和因子分析法．农业经济，2012（05）：3-5.孙纲．黑龙江县域农业现代化路径选择研究．东北林业大学，2016王宝义．中国农业生态化发展的评价分析与对策选择．山东农业大学，2018Everitt J H, Pettit R D Alaniz M A.1987. Remote sensing of room snake weed(Gutierrezia sarothrae)and spiny aster(Aster spinosus).Weed Sei, 35(2):295-302.许志发．福建省农业现代化发展水平评价研究．福建农林大学，2017宣杏云．国外农业现代化的模式及其借鉴．江苏农村经济，2006（05）：16-17朱剑峰，朱媛媛．安徽省农业现代化水平区域差异与发展模式研究．中国农业资源与区划，2013，34（04）：120-124辛岭，蒋和平．我国农业现代化发展水平评价指标体系的构建和测算．农业现代化研究，2010，31（06）：646-650杨秀艳．农业现代化指标体系与评价方法研究．西北农林科技大学，2004伊霞．山东省农业现代化发展水平评价．辽宁大学，2017Pinter P J, Jackson R D, Idso S B. 1983.Diurnal Patterns of Wheat Spectral Reflectances. Jackso Remote Sensing, 21(2): 156-163.赵文英，付仁玲，何佳琪，李瑞敏．我国各省农业现代化发展水平综合评价．中国农机化学报，2018，39（12）：94-100张宝丹．山东省农业现代化发展研究．山东大学，2018张成龙．广西农业现代化发展水平研究．广西大学，2014张航，李标．中国省域农业现代化水平的综合评价研究．农村经济2016，（04）：53-57。

农业经济学的英文文献综述,很全的。

U NDERSTANDING I NTERNATIONAL T RADE INA GRICULTURAL P RODUCTS:O NE H UNDRED Y EARS OFC ONTRIBUTIONS BY A GRICULTURAL E CONOMISTST IM J OSLING,K YM A NDERSON,A NDREW S CHMITZ,AND S TEFAN T ANGERMANNThe study of international trade in agricultural products has developed rapidly over the pastﬁfty years.In the1960s the disarray in world agriculture caused by domestic price support policies became thefocus of analytical studies.There followed attempts to measure the distortions caused by policies alsoin developing countries and to model their impact on world agricultural markets.Tools were advancedto explain the trends and variations in world prices and the implications of market imperfections.Challenges for the future include analyzing trade based on consumer preferences for certain productionmethods and understanding the impact of climate change mitigation and adaptation on trade.Key words:agricultural trade;commodity prices;trade policy;agricultural trade distortions;measure-ment of agricultural protection;modeling agricultural trade.JEL Codes:F13,F55,Q17.The study of the economics of international trade in agricultural and food products is a rela-tively new area of specialization in the agricul-tural economics profession.Certainly the three mainstream areas that dominated theﬁrstﬁfty years of the American Agricultural Economics Association(AAEA)—production economics, marketing,and policy—each acknowledged the existence of international trade,but they largely ignored the analytical challenge of understanding the behavior of international markets and their role in resource-use efﬁ-ciency and income distribution.By contrast, most agricultural economists trained since the1960s have been exposed to interna-tional trade theory and recognize the per-Tim Josling is Professor Emeritus,Food Research Institute,and Senior Fellow,Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies, Stanford University.Kym Anderson is the George Gollin Professor of Economics and former executive director of the Centre for International Economic Studies at the University of Adelaide; Andrew Schmitz is the Ben Hill Grifﬁn,Jr.Eminent Scholar and a professor of Food and Resource Economics,University of Florida,Gainesville;a research professor,University of California, Berkeley;and an adjunct professor,University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.Stefan Tangermann is Professor Emeritus,University of Göttingen and former Director for Trade and Agriculture at OECD.We would like to thank the many members of the Inter-national Agricultural Trade Research Consortium(IATRC)who responded to an informal poll on the most inﬂuential writings in agricultural trade in their experience.vasive inﬂuence of international economic events on domestic markets and policies. Trade agreements have evolved to where they constrain domestic policy,and interna-tional commodity prices are usually trans-mitted at least to some extent back to the farm level.Even the“newer”areas of agri-cultural and applied economics,such as envi-ronmental and resource economics,develop-ment economics,and consumer economics,are inﬂuenced by the institutions of international trade.This review aims to document the growth of the study of international agricultural mar-kets and institutions by identifying some of the main contributions of the profession to our understanding of the key issues.It is a subjective assessment of the development of professional thinking on several of the main areas where contributions have been made to the understanding of the nature of inter-national trade in agriculture and food com-modities.Each of these advances illustrates the cumulative contributions made by economists working in universities and research agen-cies of national and international institu-tions.We apologize at the outset to the many whose work we have not been able to mention.Amer.J.Agr.Econ.92(2):424–446;doi:10.1093/ajae/aaq011Received December2009;accepted January2010©The Author(2010).Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.All rights reserved.For permissions,please e-mail:journals.permissions@ at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded fromJosling et al.Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products425Changing Trade Issues over the Past Ten DecadesAgricultural economists,by the nature of their discipline,are attracted to the issues of the day. It follows that those who work on international trade issues in the main respond to emerg-ing trade situations that demand analysis and explanation.Theoretical developments and improvements in analytical technique often accompany these attempts to understand and explain current problems.As a backdrop to the more detailed discussion of the contributions of economists to the study of international agri-cultural trade,we therefore begin by tracing the evolution of trade issues over the100years since the founding of theAAEA.This will illus-trate the tumultuous nature of the changes that have called out to be addressed by economists, as well as the dramatic advances in theoretical and analytical tools that have been developed to understand these issues.Agricultural trade historically has been a signiﬁcant share of total commerce,and for many countries has played a dominant role in determining foreign policy.As late as1890, agricultural exports accounted for75%of the total exports from the United States(Johnson 1977,p.298).By the time the AAEA came into existence in1909,the export share was about 50%,and that share fell steadily until the1940s before reviving in the immediate postwar era to about20%.For the world as a whole,agri-cultural trade has steadily declined as a share of total trade in goods and services and is now less than8%,even though it has been increas-ing faster than world agricultural production. Yet trade in agricultural products remains very important for both high-income and develop-ing countries,and agricultural trade policies typically are among the most sensitive in any international trade negotiations.Theﬁrst two decades of the AAEA,from 1909to1929,was a period of steady decline in trade from the high point of the nineteenth-century globalization period to the growth of protectionist movements and the collapse of European empires in the devastation of World War I.Though the founding fathers of the AAEA were well aware of the geopol-itics of the period and the impact on agri-cultural tradeﬂows,few books or articles by agricultural economists stand out as dealing systematically with trade issues during that ernment intervention in agricul-tural markets was not on the horizon,and agricultural tariffs were generally low relative to barriers to trade in manufactured goods and services.During the1920s,the situation began to change.With domestic farm policy emergingas a way to boost rural incomes,pressure grewto use trade policy as part of the strategy.The McNary-Haughen Act was an early attemptto use trade policy to inﬂuence domestic mar-kets,and the same trend toward protectionismwas occurring in other countries.1The book by Edwin Nourse(1924)introduced a more holis-tic view of world markets as well as a cogent explanation of their signiﬁcance for U.S.agri-culture.At this time,trade theorists began to expand on the determinants of trade,and thesigniﬁcance of resource endowments emergedas a major factor in the explanation of tradeﬂows.By the third decade of the AAEA’s exis-tence,trade policy was a matter of high polit-ical interest and international contention.TheGreat Depression was widespread and pro-tracted in part because of increased trade pro-tection,and agricultural trade was not spared.The1930Smoot-Hawley tariff bill was origi-nally designed as an agricultural tariff increasebut ended up more generally applied to all goods.Did the profession sit idly by while theworld trade system disintegrated and economic autarchy reigned?It is not easy toﬁnd sem-inal articles from this period on agriculturaltrade and the collapse of markets,with the notable exception of T.W.Schultz’s,who wroteon world agricultural trade and the serious implications for U.S.markets(Schultz1935).The fourth decade was not one of major contributions to the agricultural economics lit-erature in the area of trade.Wartime condi-tions were not conducive to academic pursuits,since many members of the profession wereco-opted into government posts and presum-ably made contributions that may never be revealed.2However,the postwar trading sys-tem was being constructed in the1940s,and agricultural issues were often at the heart of the discussion.3The debates between such notable economists as James Meade and Keynes and1Agricultural economists commented on these issues,in the con-texts of both domestic policy and the trade system.Aﬁne exampleis the study by Black(1928),who warned of the consequences ofthis policy.2An exception was Henry C.Taylor’s book on world agriculturaltrade,emphasizing the importance of the European market(Taylorand Taylor1943).3The debate on managing commodity markets is an example;see the discussion below of the writings by Davis(1942)and Tsouand Black(1944).at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded from426April2010Amer.J.Agr.Econ.their American counterparts explicitly dealt with the inclusion of agricultural trade in the postwar system but were notable for their assumption that these issues were of such a high political importance that the arguments for freer markets were unlikely to prevail.Mean-while the theory of international trade took major steps forward:Samuelson’s(1948)arti-cle on factor price equalization appeared,and the basis was laid for modern trade theory. The decade of the1950s saw the start of a serious professional interest in agricultural and commodity trade.D.Gale Johnson published a book on the inconsistency between U.S.trade and agricultural policies:the one advocating open markets,the other maintaining protec-tive barriers(Johnson1950).For twenty years Johnson reﬁned this message and had a pro-found impact on the profession(if not on policy),as is detailed below.Condliffe(1951) included some insightful comments about agri-cultural trade in his book The Commerce of Nations,in addition to showing the complexi-ties of trade regulations at that time(Condliffe 1951).4The link between commodity trade and economic development and growth also began to be considered during this period.In fact this was the start of development economics as the colonial system disintegrated.Even the begin-nings of the political economy of agricultural trade can be traced to this period.Kindleberger (1951)introduced interest-group analysis into the explanation of national tariff policies,set-ting the stage for later political economy work on agricultural trade.By the start of the1960s the issue of agri-cultural commodity trade became a signiﬁcant international concern.The1960s saw sharp increases in agricultural protection in indus-trial countries.The trade system staggered under the burden of the disposition of sur-pluses built up under high price supports. Developing countries saw a different side of this with their requests for market access(on concessional terms)rebuffed by strong domes-tic political forces and their export earnings depressed by low commodity prices in interna-tional markets.Much of the professional writ-ing in the United States on agricultural trade in 4Condliffe inﬂuenced a generation of students at Berkeley, including Hillman,who began to ask systematic questions about the issues facing agricultural trade.Hillman(1996)shows some frus-tration over the lack of earlier studies on trade,declaring:“[A]bout the only works relating to agricultural trade were a1920s book by Nourse and Gale Johnson’s work on the trade policy dilemma of US agriculture.”this period focused on how to increase exports,either commercially or through food aid.The1960s saw another development thathas had a profound impact on agricultural trade:the rebirth of regional economic integra-tion and somewhat less ambitious free trade areas.European economists,as well as theirNorth American counterparts,were intriguedby the bold experiment of the European Eco-nomic Community(EEC)but were concernedabout the protectionist Common AgriculturalPolicy(CAP)that formed an integral partof the agreement.The tensions between theEEC(later the EU)and the United Statesover agricultural trade were a major theme for economists during this period and indeed untilthe mid-1990s,when the World Trade Orga-nization(WTO)internalized some of theseconﬂicts.Both trade theory and the theory of eco-nomic integration were developing rapidly,asreal-world events challenged accepted expla-nations.In the1960s,trade theorists paid increasing attention to international capital movements within the context of standardtrade theory:Capital movements could be a substitute for product trade.5Agricultural eco-nomics as a whole stuck close to its microeco-nomic roots and to a“closed economy”viewof the agricultural sector.There was still a dis-connect between the teaching of agricultural marketing and domestic policy on the one handand teaching about the functioning of the inter-national trade and monetary system on the other.This meant that the profession was some-what slow in responding to the emerging tradeissues of the1960s.6By the1970s a host of new issues had arisenwhich emphasized the importance of external economic events.A sharp rise in oil prices, together with droughts in India,Africa,and the USSR,caused agricultural commodity marketsto spike upward.Two devaluations of the dollar5Schmitz and Helmberger(1970)then developed a modelin which they demonstrate that capital movements and producttrade can be complements,in that increased capital movementsbring about increased product trade.Their examples chosen werefor agriculture and natural resource industries and presaged thegrowth of agricultural and food trade linked to foreign direct investment that has continued to this day.6In an editorial introduction to the otherwise impressive col-lection of articles on agricultural economics published by theAmerican Economics Association(AEA)in1969,the editorsadmit that the“decision to emphasize a limited number of topicsresulted in the exclusion of a number of areas in which agricultural economists have specialized.Among the more importantﬁelds thathave been excluded[is]...international trade”(AEA1969,p.xvi).D.Gale Johnson was on the selection committee for this volume,so presumably he found inadequate material in this area to include.at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded fromJosling et al.Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products427and the virtual abandonment of the Bretton Woods monetary system added more shocks to markets.Increased macroeconomic instabil-ity and chaotic commodity market behavior showed up the dysfunctionality of domestic policies.D.Gale Johnson’s seminal bookWorld Agriculture in Disarray and his work on sugar markets encapsulated this situation(Johnson 1973,1974).G.Edward Schuh(1974)reminded the profession of the importance of macroeco-nomics to agricultural markets and the signif-icance of exchange rates to agricultural trade patterns.And,in an extensive survey of“tra-ditional”ﬁelds of agricultural economics from the1940s to the1970s(Martin1977),policies related to agricultural trade were deemed wor-thy of a full section,authored masterfully by D.Gale Johnson(Johnson1977).The1980s ushered in a remarkable period of conﬂicts over agricultural trade and of policy reform that sowed the seeds for their rec-onciliation.The reform of multilateral trade rules for agriculture had to await the neces-sary changes in domestic policy,but this reform eventually emerged from a mix of budget pressures and paradigm shifts.7The Interna-tional Agricultural Trade Research Consor-tium(IATRC,discussed in a later section) became a focus for work on trade.It was also a period when economists were becoming increasingly sophisticated in the art of building models of markets and estimating behavioral parameters.The international trade literature in general was changing over this period,with an examination of imperfect competition mod-els and of the importance of geography,the study of the political economy of protection, and the issue of regional integration.Agricul-tural economists became adept at translating and applying these new areas of exploration into the world of agricultural product trade and associated policies,as discussed below.The decade of the1990s saw a signiﬁ-cant change in the international rules gov-erning national trade policies for agriculture makes.That set of changes made this an active decade for agricultural trade professionals. Despite the signing of the General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)in1947 by the advanced industrial countries,and the progressive reduction of tariffs on imports of manufactures,there had been little progress on reducing agricultural trade barriers.The 7Policy dialogue in international bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development contributed signiﬁ-cantly to the paradigm shift,and this dialogue was an extension of the academic discussions of the time.changing paradigms of economic policy that started in the mid-1980s led eventually in1995to the full incorporation of agriculture intothe successor to the GATT,the World Trade Organization.8Multimarket and economy-wide models became still more sophisticated.This was an age of detailed empirical workon agricultural trade rather than one of con-ceptual improvements.But agricultural tradewas becoming mainstream in agricultural eco-nomics curricula,and domestic policy coursesin the United States and the EU began to include some“open economy”issues.Mean-while,agricultural trade itself was changingwith the globalization of the food industry, posing novel challenges for economists.It is clearly too early to judge the lasting nature of contributions since the beginning ofthe new millennium,but the expansion of the range of trade issues connected with environ-mental,consumer,animal welfare,water,and climate change issues has greatly broadenedthe focus of agricultural trade analysts.Recent concerns over the impact of price spikes onfood security and of the use of agriculturalcrops as biomass for fuel have kept agricul-tural trade issues high on the international agenda.Rapid growth in processed and high-value agricultural and food products,and a revolu-tionary spread of retail supermarkets accom-panied the“second wave”of globalization inthe modern era,so that it is no longer fancifulto talk of a global market for farm prod-ucts.Some economists focus on WTO issues, which have become a signiﬁcant subﬁeld of agricultural trade research and analysis.Oth-ers take a development view:Much empiricalwork on agricultural trade now is done by those examining developing-country issues,includ-ing questions such as the use of trade policyas an element in food security or antipoverty programs.Still others study regional or bilat-eral trade arrangements in all their glory, pondering the balance between the beneﬁtsof partial liberalization and the costs of giv-ing preferred access to high-cost producers.Many contributions are now made by those working in(or with)multilateral institutions (such as the World Bank,the Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD],and the United Nations Confer-ence on Trade and Development[UNCTAD]),8However,trade negotiations have continued to pivot on thethorny issue of liberalization of farm product trade,as evidencedby the current problems in the WTO’s Doha Round.at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded from428April2010Amer.J.Agr.Econ.often in collaborative studies.This seems to reﬂect a shift in the way in which agricultural trade research has been organized,a topic to which we return at the end of the paper.As a way of highlighting the ways in which the profession has responded to these chang-ing events,we organize our subjective survey around six areas.Each area is an example of a cumulative advance in understanding,starting with one or two articles and books and devel-oping into a body of more or less accepted wisdom.Contribution#1:Understanding the behavior of international commodity pricesOne of the most persistent questions in agri-cultural trade is whether there are consistent long-run trends in international market prices for agricultural commodities.On the one hand, supply constraints(limited land area)in the face of demand growth(population and per capita income)could push farm product prices ever higher.On the other hand,as consumers spend a high share of rising incomes on non-food items(the Engel effect),economic growth will cause a shift in demand away from basic foods.Relatively rapid agricultural productiv-ity growth will lower the costs of farm produc-tion and hence tend to lower farm prices.The evidence for much of this century appeared to point to a declining price trend.9However,the signiﬁcance of this trend became a matter of considerable controversy in the1960s.The variability of prices has also been a major topic for investigation over the years. High prices in the early1970s brought this issue to the fore,and a more recent price spike in 2007–8has renewed concerns about the corro-sive economic impact of market instability.Pri-mary product prices in international markets are notoriously more volatile than prices for other products.How much of the price volatil-ity is due to the characteristics of markets(e.g., supply shocks from weather or disease)and how much to government intervention became a subject for study in the1970s and1980s. Commodity Prices and the Terms of Trade The behavior of prices of agricultural com-modities on world markets has been an understandable obsession with economists.Of speciﬁc interest to agricultural trade analysis is 9This is in contrast to recent evidence for the period from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century(Williamson2008).the trend in the relative price of agricultural products compared with nonagricultural prod-ucts.The terms of trade for agricultural(andother primary)products have featured promi-nently in debates about the possible bias ofthe trade system toward particular groups of countries.The debate on whether the economic system generated outcomes that were stacked against developing countries was highly visiblein the1960s.Prebisch(1950)and Singer(1950)had come independently to the conclusion thatthere was a structural reason for the observed decline in the price of agriculture relativeto manufactured goods,reinforcing the ten-dency due to the different income elasticities. Imperfect markets in industrial goods allowed manufacturers to retain much of the beneﬁtsfrom productivity increases rather than pass-ing them on to consumers,whereas agricultural productivity gains were passed directly to con-sumers(or at least processors)in the formof lower prices.As a consequence,the termsof trade turned progressively against the rural “periphery”in favor of the industrial“center.”The concept proved powerful in political termsand was a major motivation for the foundingof UNCTAD in1964and the calls for a New International Economic Order by developing countries in the1970s.The Prebisch/Singer hypothesis has donebetter as a political call to arms than as a statis-tical conclusion.A major revision of the datathat had originally been used was publishedby Grilli and Yang(1988),which broadly con-ﬁrmed a downward trend.10But other analysts disagreed with the interpretation of the data: Trends in prices over the past100years areby no means smooth.There have indeed beensharp declines in agricultural prices(particu-larly in1920)but also periods where the trendis upward(over theﬁrst part of the twenti-eth century),when it disappears(from1920until the late1970s),and when a strong down-ward trend begins(until1990)(Ocampo andParra2002).Cashin and Mc Dermott(2002, 2006)conﬁrm these results and reject boththe existence of a long-run trend and the evidence of structural changes in the series used.The past decade has seen a recovery of prices,and many argue that the trend maybe upward for at least a few more years to come.Moreover,the link between terms oftrade and economic development has become10Their data have since been updated to2000by Pfaffenzeller, Newbolt,and Rayner(2007).at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded fromJosling et al.Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products429more blurred.Identiﬁcation of“primary prod-uct exporters”with“developing countries”looks increasingly dated:For many key farm commodities,high-income countries are the major exporters,and for many developing countries—especially in Asia—manufactured goods now dominate their exports.The recent revival of the idea that agricul-tural prices may be on a long-term upward trend owes much to three phenomena:rapid growth in emerging countries,particularly in China,India,and Brazil,with its implication for dietary improvements;the extraordinary increase in oil prices in2007,which raised energy costs in agriculture and led to gov-ernmental mandates and subsidies for biofu-els;and the apparent stagnation in technical advance in agriculture as a result of declin-ing research expenditures.Contributions to the understanding of these price movements have been somewhat contradictory.Someﬁnd a sig-niﬁcant role for speculation(Gilbert2008); others for biofuel policies(OECD and Food and Agriculture Organization[FAO]2008). But what seems generally agreed is that agri-cultural commodity prices now have a direct link with the price of petroleum,once it exceeds a threshold level at which biofuels become a privately proﬁtable substitute for fossil fuels. International Price ShocksThe importance of commodity priceﬂuctua-tions and of the domestic policy responses to them was made apparent in the1970s.The quadrupling of petroleum prices in1973–74 and their doubling again in1979–80,when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coun-tries(OPEC)coordinated major reductions in supply,triggered a renewed focus on analyzing the consequences of such nonfarm shocks for the agricultural sector.Initially the focus of this literature was on analyzing the impact on con-sumers andﬁrms,as producers faced sharply higher energy costs.But the magnitude of the petroleum price stimulated massive and rapid exploration for and exploitation of new energy reserves.Such supply reactions were incorpo-rated in the analysis of price impacts,leading to what became known as the“Dutch Disease”literature that sought initially to explain the effects on other sectors of the Dutch economy following the discovery and exploitation of nat-ural gasﬁelds off the coast of the Netherlands. Gregory(1975)made an early contribution to this literature on the impact of nonfarm sector booms:He found that the direct effect is a rise in the demand for labor in the booming nonfarm sector that will initially draw workersfrom other sectors to the booming sector butthat this is followed by an indirect impact on agriculture and other sectors as the change inreal income in the economy affects the demandfor all products.The same core theory has been used to ana-lyze the inter-and intrasectoral and tax policy impacts of agricultural commodity price boomsand busts.In the context of sub-SaharanAfrica,it was common practice for governments totax away windfalls from export price booms, either for depositing in a stabilization fund tobe drawn on to support farmers during periodsof price collapses or to boost treasury coffersso as to allow the boom to be shared withthe rest of the society,including nonboomingfarm industries.But recent analysis has castdoubt upon the ability of governments to effectsuch transfers.Trade economists have also been concernedwith the impact of storage policies on inter-national market price stability and on the optimal storage policy for an open economy.The early theoretical work on stabilization was stimulated by Hueth and Schmitz(1972),who showed the distributional effects in both a closed and an open economy from price stabi-lization brought about through storage.Feder, Just,and Schmitz(1977)analyzed storage poli-cies under trade uncertainty and showed cases where trade would be greatly reduced under ahigh degree of uncertainty.Just et al.(1978) analyzed the welfare implications of storagefrom an international perspective using non-linear assumptions,and Newberry and Stiglitz (1981)expanded the framework for optimal policy intervention under instability for open economies.The persuasive nature of their argu-ments,that private and public storage are code-termined and so the latter might just take theplace of the former,together with the return tolower prices in world markets,has effectively dropped the topic of intergovernmental stor-age agreements from the policy agenda sincethe1980s.11Domestic Policies and Market InstabilityThe argument that governments may exac-erbate international marketﬂuctuations bytheir own attempts to stabilize domestic prices11The topic did not totally disappear:Williams and Wright (1991),for instance,added additional insights into the welfareimpacts of commodity storage in both trade and no-trade situations.at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded from。

农学概论英语

农学概论英语English:Agricultural science, also known as agronomy, is the study of farming, including the cultivation of soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. It also includes the study of plant and animal genetics, soil science, pest control, and sustainable agriculture practices. Agricultural science is important for ensuring food security and sustainability, as it seeks to improve crop yields, animal health, and environmental conservation. It is a multidisciplinary field that incorporates elements of biology, chemistry, economics, and environmental science to address the complex challenges of food production and agricultural sustainability.中文翻译:农学，又称农艺学，是农业的学科，包括耕种土地种植作物和饲养动物生产食品、羊毛等产品的研究。

它还包括植物和动物遗传学、土壤科学、害虫防治和可持续农业实践的研究。

农学对于确保食品安全和可持续性非常重要，因为它致力于改善作物产量、动物健康和环境保护。

农学类英文文献

3.7 Postharvest PPO activity in lemon flavedo of MJ and SA
4、Discussion and Conclusion
4.1 Discussion
In this study, both MJ and SA were used as postharvest
(Raimbaultet. 2011).
The beneficial effect of plant hormones such as methyl
jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating CI
has been demonstrated in zucchini squash (Wang and Buta, 1994), avocado, grapefruit, bell pepper (Meir et al.
1996) and tomatoes (Ding et al.2002).
Preliminary results suggest that combined concentration of MJ and SA (10μM MJ+2 mM SA) may reduce CI in
lemon fruit (Siboza and Bertling, 2013).
been considered a defense mechanism of fruit to withstand stress (Lafuente,1997), therefore chilling can affect PAL activity levels (Ballesta, 2000).
Tomás-Barberán (2001) reported that POD and PPO are involved in the oxidation of antioxidants, the enzymes POD and PPO have been associated with tissue browning during plant stress (Martí nez-Téllez 1997).

农业英文普刊

农业英文普刊Agriculture Journal1. Title: Agriculture T oday- Topic: This journal focuses on the latest developments and advancements in the field of agriculture.- Articles: Research papers, case studies, and reviews related to agricultural practices, innovations, and technologies.- Audience: Scientists, researchers, professionals, and students interested in agriculture.2. Title: Sustainable Agriculture Quarterly- Topic: This publication aims to promote sustainable farming practices that minimize environmental impact and ensure long-term viability.- Articles: Articles on organic farming, agroecology, crop rotation, and other sustainable agricultural practices.- Audience: Farmers, agricultural consultants, policymakers, and researchers interested in sustainable agriculture.3. Title: Crop Science Journal- Topic: This journal focuses on various aspects of crop scienceincluding breeding, genetics, physiology, and production techniques.- Articles: Research articles, crop variety evaluations, and reviews on crop science-related topics.- Audience: Crop scientists, researchers, agricultural engineers, and plant breeders.4. Title: Livestock Farming Review- Topic: This publication covers all aspects of livestock farming including breeding, nutrition, health, and management practices.- Articles: Research papers, case studies, and expert opinion articles on livestock farming techniques and advancements.- Audience: Livestock farmers, veterinarians, animal scientists, and those involved in the livestock industry.5. Title: Agricultural Economics Digest- Topic: This journal focuses on the economic aspects of agriculture, including market trends, policy analysis, and agricultural development.- Articles: Economic studies, policy analysis articles, and reviews on agricultural economics.- Audience: Agricultural economists, policymakers, agricultural business professionals, and researchers in agricultural development.。

农学英文文献及全文翻译

英文文献：Household biogas use in rural China: A study of opportunities andconstraintsYu Chen a,c, Gaihe Yang b,c,*, Sandra Sweeney a, Yongzhong Feng b,c ABSTRACT：As a renewable energy, biogas is not only an important part of the development of rural new energy, but also an important aspect of sustainable development in China. The development process and present status of household biogas, specifically the opportunities and constraints of household biogas in rural China, are discussed in this paper. Only about 19% of the biogas potential has been utilized in rural China.There are several opportunities for household biogas development in rural China, including the problem of rural household energy consumption, the availability of biogas fermentation materials, national financial subsidies, legal and international clean development mechanisms. Also, more research needs to be done in straw fermentation and cold fermentation technology. Training should be conducted to raise the level of biogas customers in comprehensive biogas utilization. Measures should be taken to improve the follow～up services and management of biogas plants. The information presented in this paper will be helpful not only to the sustainable development of household biogas in rural China, but also to the development of biogas in similar countries around the world.1.IntroductionThe development and utilization of renewable energy resources has becoming an important component of a sustainable global energy strategy [1]. In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass [2]. China has a long history of renewable energies use including biomass, solar, geothermal, ocean and wind energy [1]. These resources represent massive energy potential,which greatly exceeds that of fossil fuel resources [3]. Biogas is distinct from the other renewable energies on two fronts: one, it is a comparatively clean high methane fuel, and two, it is important in the collection of organic waste material from which both fertilizer(s) and water for agriculture uses can be produced [4]. As the strategy applying of building new socialism rural and sustainable agriculture in 21 century, The development of rural household biogas is an important way to promote agricultural structural adjustment, increase rural incomes, enhance the ecology of rural areas, and improve the quality of both rural life and agricultural products [5]. The number of household biogas plants in rural China is the highest in the world [6]. By 2007, there were 26.5 million biogas plants, whose output had reached 10.5 billion m3 (equivalent to more than 100 million tons of standard coal). Household biogas digesters are found throughout the country, mainly in the Yangtze River Basin. Sichuan Province has the largest number of biogas plants, with 2.94 million running [7]. The rapid development of biogas is closely tied to the country’s rich experience in developing biogas, the availability of large amounts of fermentation materials, and the strong support of state funds. However, limiting factors still exist. In this paper, we present research on the development process and present status of household biogas in rural China, concentrating on current opportunities and constrains.2. Household biogas use in China2.1. Household biogas development processThe research and use of biogas in China has a long history, and the use of hydraulic digesters has been in use for nearly a 100 years [8]. In the 1880s, the first test to ferment biogas was undertaken in Guangdong. Rectangular hydraulic digesters were invented by Luo GuoRui in 1920 in Taiwan, China. A chronology of biogas development events in China is shown in Table 1.Table 1. Chronology of biogas development in China.Year Biogas related activity1880s The first test to ferment biogas took place in GuangdongClose of 19th century The simple biogas digester appeared1920 Rectangular hydraulic digesters were invented by Luo GuoRui in Taiwan, China 1929 First Chinese institutions to promote biogas established1931 Biogas was popularized throughout the country for the first time1933 The training of biogas technology was begun1958 Biogas was popularized throughout the country for the second time; biogas research institutes established1970s Biogas was popularized throughout the country for the third time2000 The Ministry of Agriculture proposed the “Biologically Enrichment of the Countryside Project”2003 The Ministry of Agriculture proposed the“Rural Household Biogas State Debt Project”2007 The Ministry of Agriculture proposed the “Project of Rural Biogas Project”The large-scale development of household biogas in China began in the 1970s [9]. Fig. 1 shows the number of biogas digesters installed between 1973 and 2005 in China [10]. From 1973 to 1983 development fluctuates dramatically; from 1984 to 1994 an adjustment period follows characterized by slow development;from 1995 to 2000 the pace of development steadily increased annually; and by the 21st century, the construction of household biogas digesters had entered a new, sustained and rapid stage.Fig. 1. Number of biogas plants installed in China [modified after 11].2.2. Household biogas digester designLuo GuoRui～type biogas digesters were set up in 1920s [8]. This hydraulic biogas digester, constructed of clay, brick, and concrete, was widely used in rural areas in the 1970s [7]. By Chinese national standards, this biogas digester was constructed in 6, 8 and 10 m3 volumes, and noted in the world for ‘‘China’s model of biogas digester’’ [11].In 2000, commercial household biogas digesters made of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GRP) entered the market [12]. The GRP digester has a thickness of 6–8mm, a tensile strength of 93.5MPa,and a bendingstrength of 109 MPa. The volume range is from 6 to 10 m3 [13]. A comparison of the key technical indices between the concrete digester and the GRP digester is shown in Table 2 [13]. From Table 2 we can see that GRP digester has a lower coefficient thermal conductivity, a longer operational life, lower maintenance costs, and a shorter construction cycle than the concrete one.Table 2. The compare of the key technical indexes between concrete digester and GRP digester.The style of biogas digester Thethick-ness ofthewall(cm)Thermalconductivity(kJ/min)Volume (m3)Operationlife (a)Constructioncycle (d)Price(Yuan)Weight (kg)Materials MaintenanceConcrete digester 10 5.44 8 20 10 1800 200×4clay,brick,concrete2～3a needa smallmain～tenance 4～5a need abigmaintenanceGRP digester 8～10 1.42 8 20～30 0.5 1700 200 glassfiberreinforcedplasticsNo need tomaintenance2.3. Household biogas eco-agricultural models2.3.1. ‘‘Three in One’’ eco-agricultural modelThe ‘‘Three in One’’ eco-agricultural model, which combines the biogas digester with a pigpen and toilet, is popular in southern China [14]. The main purpose of this model is simultaneously to solve the rural energy crisis and to improve household hygiene in the rural environment. Biogas can be used as fuel for lighting and cooking, as a fertilizer for growing fruit trees, vegetables and grain, and as a pest control agent [11]. Green food can be developed from the pattern. By connecting the toilet to the biogas plant the spread of disease caused by mosquito breeding can be eliminated. To some extent, it also prevents the occurrence of infectious diseases and the contamination of drinking water by human and animal fecal matter. The ‘‘Three in One’’ eco-agricultural model construction requires less capital input and is quickly effective, which has both strenghtened utility and extended value in the poor economic conditions of the area [14].2.3.2. ‘‘Four in One’’ eco-agricultural modelThe ‘‘Four in One’’ ec o-agricultural model, which combines the biogas digester, pigpen, solar greenhouse, and toilet, has been proposed for northern China [15]. The greenhouse in this model can be used to increase the temperature of the biogas digester increasing the efficiency of cold weather biogas production. Biogas can be used to increase the temperature of greenhouses. With the temperature of greenhouses increased, vegetables can grow well and pigs are well-fed [16]. Used as a spray for vegetables, the slurry inhibits disease and boosts yields [17]. Because solar greenhouse construction requires a largerinput of capital and the growth of greenhouse vegetables more water this model is suitable for regional development in the North where solar energy is abundant, better economic conditions prevail, and water resources are available [18].2.3.3. ‘‘Five in One’’ eco-agricultural orchard modelThe ‘‘Five in One’’ eco-agricultural orchard model, which combines the biogas digester with solar-powered barns, watersaving irrigation system, water cellar, and toilet is proposed for northwest China [19]. Biogas fertilizer is used to grow fruit trees to improve the quality of the fruit [20]. Water resources collected in a water cellar are used in the biogas fermentation, orchard spraying and irrigation. The introduction of water-saving devices, greatly ease the pressure on water resources especially those created by the demands of orchard irrigation making this model is suitable for regional development in the Northwest where severe water shortages exist [21].3. Opportunities for household biogas use in ChinaIn 2007, 60% of China's population or 0.9 billion people lived in rural area China. The per capita consumption of standard coal is 960 kg, of which 539 kg or 56% is used for daily life, from which straw accounted for 32.8%, fuel wood 21.2%, coal 34.3%, and biogas a mere 1.5% [7]. According to China's rural biogas planning project (2006–2010), by 2010, 0.139 billion rural households are suitable for biogas construction. However, only about 2.65 million households are presently using biogas meaning that only about 19% of the biogas potential of rural China has been achieved [22].3.1. The problem of rural household energy consumptionOver the long-term, rural household energy consumption in China has mainly depended on traditional biomass energy, such as straw and firewood [23]. At present, straw still accounted for 32.8%, fuel wood accounted for 21.2% and coal accounted for 34.3% of the total consumption [7]. The three energy sources were mainly used for cooking and house heating, which leads to low-energy efficiency and serious environmental degradation. For cooking, the thermal efficiency of straw and firewood is about 20%, and of coal is 30%, but that of straw and firewood is only about 10% if they are burned in traditional stoves [24]. Today, mankind faces two major global climate problems: global warming which is mainly caused by emissions of CO2, and acid rain, caused by emissions of SO x as well as NO x. The direct buring of straw and firewood leads to large emissions of CO and other toxic gases. Coal combustion is not only an important source of CO2emissions, but also the main source of increases in SO2emissions [25]. Apart from that, coal is also facing the danger of exhaustion. Faced with these problem, we must enhance the efficiency of the conventional energy and increase the proportion of renewable energy sources in the total energy budget.3.2. Opportunities for renewable energy policy3.2.1. Financial subsidyBy the 21st century, the Chinese government had begun to focus on supporting rural biogas projects. In 2003, the Central Treasury decided to implement the rural biogas projects. The programs will have invested 61 billion RMB from 2003 to 2010, of which 15 billion RMB is from the National Investment Fund [26]. In 2003, the Ministry of Agriculture Development and Reform Commission started the Project of Rural Household Biogas State Debt and invested 840 million RMB for the construction of household biogas in 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). In 2004, the movement continued to provide 1 billion RMB of national debt for constructing rural household biogas digesters; in 2005, central investment in the construction of rural biogas funds rose to 2.5 billion Yuan, of which 2 billion was slated for the construction of household biogas digesters and 0.5 billion for the construction of large andmedium-sized biogas digesters [9]. As Rural Biogas Construction State Debt Program Management Method stipulates, central fin ance subsidizes the “one pool and three reforms” in accordance with the following standards: 1200 RMB/household in the northwestern and northeastern areas, 1000 RMB/household in the southwestern area and 800 RMB/household in other areas [27].3.2.2. Law on renewable energyOn 28 February 2005, PRC Law on Renewable Energy, bringing the exploitation and use of renewable energy to the strategic height of “increasing energy supply, improving energy structure, guaranteeing energy safety, protecting the environmental and realizing the sustainable development of economy and society” [28].3.2.3. Clean development mechanismTo tackle the problem of global warming, the clean development mechanism (CDM) was put forward in Kyoto Protocol. The clean development mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex B countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. As a consequence, the development of CDM biogas technology projects and the sale of verified carbon emission reductions (CER) has opened up new channels of finance for medium-sized biogas project in China, including household biogas digesters in rural areas, leading to an increase projects rate of economic return.3.3. Biogas fermentation material availabilityLivestock and poultry manure, most of which is from cattle, pigs and chicken, and agricultural residues are the main resource for biogas fermentation in rural China. The potential quantity of manure can be estimated by the number of livestock and poultry and the annual dry excrement production of one livestock or poultry [29]. Calculated according to current livestock and poultry production, the total physical quantity of dry excrement resources in China is 1467 million tons, of which 1023 million tons can be collected, equivalent to 107 million tons of standard coal [30]. According to the plan for livestock industry development, livestock and poultry manure in 2010 and 2020 will reach 2.5 billion tons and 4 billion tons, respectively, from which the collected amount is equivalent to 120 and 160 million tons of standard coal, again, respectively [31].The quantity of agricultural residues available as a resource is mainly due to the output of crops, the collection of coefficients and consumption purposes [32]. The main approaches to straw utilization in China are papermaking, forage, rural energy resource, and recycling in field and collection (including some losses), accounting for 2.1%, 28%, 53.6% and 16.2%, respectively [33]. According to current crop production, there are about 681 million tons of agricultural residue produced annually in China, of which 546 million tons can be collected. Apart from other uses, about 290 million tons can be used as an energy resource, equivalent to 145 million tons of standard coal. Judged over the long-term, the total amount of straw will continue to maintain growth with population growth [30]. After 2030, 400–500 million tons can be used as a modern high-efficiency energy resource, equivalent to 200–300 million tons of standard coal.4. Constraints on household biogas use in China4.1. Straw fermentation technologyCellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, pectin and wax are the main organic component of straw, which is lacking in effective nitrogen and phosphorus components, hindering microbial fermentation [8]. In the process of straw anaerobic methane fermentation, the anaerobic microbe has a weak degradation of digestion ability for lignocelluloses, leading to a slow hydrolytic process and a low degree of hydrolysis, which affects the subsequent acidification and gasification process. As a result, the anaerobic digestion ofcrop residues is inefficient and time-demanding, produces less gas and results in poor efficiency of input–output, which keeps crop stalks from being used in large-scale biogas production [34]. Many researchers have achieved some success on the pretreatment of straw by physical, chemical and biological methods to increase the utilization of straw [35]. However, many problems still exist. First, the pretreatment increases the cost; second, the chemical pretreatment of straw causes secondary pollution. Moreover, the biological pretreatment of straw is still in the experimental stage presenting difficulties for large-scale applications. Therefore, finding a suitable method for pretreating straw is the focus of future research.4.2. Cold fermentation technologyIn rural China, the fermentation temperature of household biogas is at normal temperatures, generally between 8 and 25 °C. The minimum temperature for biogas production is 10 °C, with the rate of production increasing with increased temperature [36]. Winter (November to March) conditions in northern China are unsuitable for biogas production because the daily mean temperature is lower than 10 °C. As a result, the time available for the digester to produce biogas efficiently and rapidly are 8–9 months [37]. Therefore, more research needs to be done to increase the efficiency of biogas production in colder regions.4.3. Low comprehensive biogas utilizationThe technique of comprehensive biogas utilization reduces costs and improves economic benefits, ameliorates rural ecosystems, raises rural incomes, and contributes to sustainable development [38].The majority of biogas users have not received technically training. As a result, they are unable to combine biogas technology with eco-agriculture technology. Instead, biogas is used only for lighting and cooking. Biogas fermentation products have a low level of use in China, the potential rate of economic exploitation is less than 1%, and the rate of ecological exploitation is only 4% [39]. In 2005, there were 6.73 million rural households using multipurpose technology for biogas, accounting for 37.3% of total rural household users [7]. So, training should be conducted to raise the level of comprehensive biogas utilization.4.4. Poor follow～up services and management of biogas digestersThe follow-up services and management of biogas digesters, is a key question of rural energy construction and development. The development of household biogas in rural China focuses mainly on construction and fails to consider management. Thus, a number of biogas projects have broken dawn due to a lack of follow-up services and management. This national phenomenon is attested to by the 2007 statistic: of the 26.5 million biogas digesters in China's rural areas, only 60% of which were operating normally [12]. Biogas technology literate staff are in short supply. Most provinces have only small county-level rural energy offices whose employees number between three and seven. Staffs are unable to adapt to the rapid developments taking place in the field of rural household biogas digester technology. This also seriously affects the efficiency of biogas construction and sustainable development [40] K. Sheng and Y.L. Zhang, On sustainable development in rural marsh gas construction in China, J Huazhong Agric Univ (Soc Sci Ed) 4 (2007), pp. 50–52 [in Chinese].[40]. Biogas lights, stoves and other equipment are all professional equipment, which is difficult to buy in the market; even when available, farmers are unable to correctly install them [37]. So measures to improve household biogas digester follow-up and management services need to be taken.5. ConclusionsThe development process and present status of household biogas, specifically the opportunities and constraints of household biogas in rural China, are discussed in this paper. There are several opportunitiesfor household biogas development in rural China, including shortage of rural energy, the availability of biogas fermentation materials, national financial subsidies, legal and international clean development mechanisms. Constraints encountered in developing household biogas in rural China include straw and cold fermentation technology, low comprehensive biogas utilization, poor follow-up services and management of biogas digesters. Also, more research needs to be done in straw fermentation and cold fermentation technology. Training should be conducted to raise the level of biogas customers in biogas comprehensive utilization. Measures should be take to improve the follow～up services and management of biogas plants.中文翻译：中国农村家庭沼气的利用:一项机会与限制并存的研究陈豫a,c, 杨改河b,c,*, 桑德拉斯a, 冯永忠b,c摘要：作为可再生能源，沼气不仅是一种农村新能源的重要组成部分, 也是我国农业可持续发展的需要。

园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献

园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献以下是一些关于园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献的例子：1. Title: "Vegetable Crop Production and Management"Authors: John M. Swiader, Ron MorseJournal: Horticultural ReviewsYear: 20142. Title: "Sustainable Vegetable Production: From Urban Gardens to Market Farms"Authors: Vernon P. Grubinger, Ruth HazzardJournal: HortTechnologyYear: 20163. Title: "Principles of Vegetable Production"Authors: George J. Hochmuth, Carl J. GermanJournal: Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food SystemsYear: 20144. Title: "Garden Vegetables: Best Practices forProduction and Marketing"Authors: Charles W. Marr, Robert T. WallaceJournal: HortScienceYear: 2012这些文献可以提供有关园艺蔬菜栽培的详细信息，包括栽培技术、管理实践和市场营销等方面的内容。

请注意，这只是一些示例，您可以通过在学术搜索引擎上查找相关关键词来获取更多文献。

农业专业英文文章

农业专业英文文章以下是一篇关于农业专业的英文文章：The Importance of AgricultureAgriculture is the foundation of human civilization, providing food, fiber, and other essential products for human survival and development. As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for agricultural products is also increasing. Therefore, agriculture has become an increasingly important field of research and development.One of the important aspects of agricultural research is to improve agricultural productivity. Through the development of new technologies and varieties, farmers can increase the yield and quality of crops, thereby meeting the growing demand for food. At the same time, agricultural research can also help farmers reduce production costs and increase economic benefits.In addition, agricultural research also focuses on sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture refers to the use of agricultural production methods that can meet the needs of current and future generations while protecting the environment and natural resources. This includes the development and application of organic farming, precision agriculture, and other sustainable agricultural technologies.Furthermore, agricultural research also involves the study of agricultural policies and markets. By analyzing agricultural policies and market trends, researchers can provide policymakers and farmers with valuable information and advice to help them make informed decisions.In conclusion, agriculture is an extremely important field that plays a crucial role in human survival and development. Through continuous research and innovation, we can improve agricultural productivity, promote sustainable agriculture, and ensure global food security.。

农科学术英语

农科学术英语Agricultural science is a broad and multifaceted field that encompasses the study of the production, processing, and distribution of food, fiber, and other agricultural products. It is a crucial discipline that plays a vital role in meeting the increasing global demand for food and sustainable resource management. In this essay, we will explore the diverse aspects of agricultural science and their significance in the modern world.One of the core components of agricultural science is crop science, which focuses on the cultivation and improvement of various plant species. Agronomists, plant breeders, and horticulturists work to develop new crop varieties that are more resilient, productive, and adaptable to changing environmental conditions. Through innovative breeding techniques and the application of modern biotechnology, they strive to enhance crop yields, improve nutritional quality, and reduce the reliance on harmful pesticides and fertilizers.Animal science is another essential branch of agricultural science, dealing with the study of livestock production, health, and welfare.Animal scientists conduct research on animal physiology, nutrition, genetics, and behavior to optimize livestock management practices. This includes developing efficient feeding strategies, designing optimal housing and environmental conditions, and implementing effective disease prevention and control measures. By improving the well-being and productivity of farm animals, animal science contributes to the sustainable and ethical production of animal-based food products.Soil science is a critical component of agricultural science, as it focuses on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Soil scientists investigate the complex interactions between soil, water, and plant life, and develop strategies for maintaining and enhancing soil fertility. This includes the study of soil nutrient cycling, soil erosion control, and the development of sustainable soil management practices. By understanding the complexities of soil systems, agricultural scientists can help farmers and land managers optimize their land use and adopt more environmentally friendly farming techniques.In addition to these core areas, agricultural science also encompasses a diverse range of interdisciplinary fields, such as agricultural engineering, agricultural economics, and agricultural extension. Agricultural engineers design and develop innovative technologies, machinery, and infrastructure to improve the efficiency andsustainability of agricultural production. Agricultural economists analyze the economic, social, and policy implications of agricultural practices, informing decision-making and policy development. Agricultural extension professionals work to bridge the gap between scientific research and practical application, providing farmers and communities with the knowledge and tools they need to adopt sustainable and productive agricultural practices.The importance of agricultural science cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role in addressing the global challenges of food security, environmental sustainability, and rural development. With a growing world population, the demand for food and agricultural products is constantly increasing, and agricultural science is at the forefront of efforts to meet this demand in a sustainable and equitable manner.Moreover, agricultural science is closely linked to the emerging field of sustainability science, which focuses on the development of integrated solutions to complex environmental and socioeconomic problems. By incorporating principles of sustainability into agricultural practices, such as the use of renewable resources, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the promotion of biodiversity, agricultural science can contribute to the broader goals of environmental protection and climate change mitigation.In conclusion, agricultural science is a dynamic and multifaceted field that is essential for the future of our planet. Through advancements in crop science, animal science, soil science, and related interdisciplinary fields, agricultural scientists are working to develop innovative solutions that can ensure food security, promote sustainable resource management, and enhance the overall well-being of communities around the world. As we face the challenges of the 21st century, the continued progress and application of agricultural science will be crucial in shaping a more sustainable and prosperous future for all.。

农学专业英语作文模板及范文

农学专业英语作文模板及范文英文回答：Introduction。

Agriculture, the science and practice of cultivating plants and livestock, has a profound impact on human society. It provides us with sustenance, raw materials, and supports entire industries. As the world's population continues to grow, ensuring a sustainable and efficient agricultural system is paramount. Agricultural science plays a crucial role in this endeavor, and professionals in this field are in high demand.Agronomy。

Agronomy focuses on the cultivation of crops. Agronomists study soil science, crop physiology, and plant breeding to optimize crop yield and quality while minimizing environmental impact. They develop innovativecropping systems, manage pests and diseases, and improve soil health to ensure sustainable agricultural practices.Animal Science。

Animal science revolves around the health, nutrition, and management of livestock. Animal scientists study animal anatomy, nutrition, and genetics to improve animal productivity, welfare, and product quality. They develop feeding strategies, manage breeding programs, and implement disease control measures to ensure the sustainable production of meat, milk, and other animal products.Agricultural Economics。

有关农业的英文参考文献

有关农业的英文参考文献Agriculture is the backbone of many economies, providing sustenance and raw materials for a variety of industries.It's a sector that has evolved significantly over the centuries, from simple subsistence farming to high-tech precision agriculture.The impact of climate change on agriculture is a critical topic, with studies showing how temperature fluctuations and water scarcity can affect crop yields. It's essential to understand these impacts to develop strategies for sustainable farming practices.Technological advancements have transformed the agricultural landscape. From genetically modified crops to drone monitoring, the integration of technology has increased efficiency and productivity in farming operations.The role of small-scale farmers in global food security is often overlooked. These farmers, who make up a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, contribute to local economies and food supply chains, highlighting the importance of supporting their livelihoods.Soil health is a foundational aspect of agriculture. The quality of the soil directly influences crop growth and sustainability. It's crucial to research and implement soil conservation methods to ensure long-term productivity.Agricultural biodiversity is vital for the resilience of farming systems. A diverse range of crops and farming practices can help mitigate the risks of pests, diseases, and environmental changes.The concept of agroecology combines ecological principles with agriculture to create sustainable and resilient farming systems. It's a holistic approach that considers the social, economic, and environmental aspects of farming.Urban agriculture is an emerging trend, where farming is integrated into urban landscapes. This can help address food security issues in cities and provide fresh produce to urban populations.The future of agriculture lies in innovation and adaptation. As the global population grows and resources become scarcer, it's essential to explore new methods and technologies that can sustainably feed the world.。

园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献

园艺蔬菜栽培的英语专业文献Gardening Vegetable Cultivation in English Professional LiteratureVegetable cultivation in the field of horticulture is a fundamental practice that involves the growth and care of various plant species for the purpose of harvesting edible fruits, stems, roots, leaves, or flowers. This article aims to delve into the English professional literature related to gardening vegetable cultivation, discussing important concepts, techniques, and trends in the field.1. Introduction to Gardening Vegetable CultivationGardening vegetable cultivation involves the process of planting, growing, and harvesting vegetables for personal consumption or commercial purposes. It requires knowledge in areas such as soil preparation, plant selection, pest control, irrigation, and crop rotation. English professional literature on this subject provides valuable guidance to horticulturists, farmers, and enthusiasts worldwide.2. Soil Preparation and Nutrient ManagementSuccessful vegetable cultivation begins with proper soil preparation. English professional literature emphasizes the importance of soil fertility, texture, drainage, pH levels, and organic matter content. Techniques such as composting, mulching, and cover cropping are recommended for maintaining soil health and optimizing plant growth. Nutrient management, including the use of fertilizers and soil amendments, is also extensively discussed in the literature.3. Plant Selection and Seed StartingSelecting the appropriate vegetable varieties based on climate, season, and intended use is crucial for a successful harvest. English professional literature provides comprehensive information on vegetable characteristics, disease resistance, and yield potential, aiding gardeners in making informed decisions. Seed starting techniques, including germination requirements, temperature control, transplanting, and hardening off, are also covered.4. Pest and Disease ManagementGardeners face various challenges due to pests and diseases that can damage crops. English professional literature provides detailed insights into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including cultural, biological, and chemical control measures. The literature emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring, early detection of pests and diseases, and the use of environmentally friendly solutions for sustainable vegetable production.5. Irrigation and Water ManagementProper irrigation is essential for the health and productivity of vegetable plants. English professional literature explores different irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and furrow irrigation. It discusses factors influencing irrigation scheduling, including soil moisture levels, weather conditions, plant water requirements, and water conservation practices.6. Harvesting and Post-Harvest HandlingKnowing the right time to harvest vegetables and handling them properly post-harvest ensures optimal quality and shelf life. English professionalliterature provides guidance on techniques such as proper harvesting methods, temperature and humidity control, washing, sorting, packaging, and storage. It also covers topics related to quality assessment, transportation, and market requirements for commercial vegetable production.7. Sustainable Practices and Emerging TrendsEnglish professional literature in the field of gardening vegetable cultivation highlights the importance of sustainable practices for long-term crop productivity and environmental conservation. It discusses emerging trends such as organic gardening, permaculture, vertical farming, and hydroponics. The literature encourages the use of innovative techniques and technologies to address challenges related to climate change, water scarcity, and urbanization.8. ConclusionGardening vegetable cultivation is a dynamic field that constantly evolves with new research and practices. English professional literature serves as a valuable resource for individuals involved in vegetable cultivation, providing knowledge, techniques, and insights to enhance productivity, sustainability, and overall success in this area. By accessing and utilizing this literature, horticulturists and farmers can stay informed about the latest developments and contribute to the advancement of vegetable cultivation practices.。

关于农学的英语作文

关于农学的英语作文English: Agriculture, also known as farming, is the practice of cultivating crops and raising animals to produce goods such as food, fiber, and fuel. It plays a crucial role in sustaining human life by providing nutritious food for consumption. The field of agriculture encompasses various aspects, including agronomy, animal husbandry, and agribusiness. Agronomy focuses on crop production and soil management, while animal husbandry involves the breeding and care of livestock. Agribusiness involves the marketing and distribution of agricultural products. Modern agriculture has seen technological advancements such as genetically modified crops, precision farming, and mechanized equipment, which have significantly increased productivity and efficiency in the industry. However, the agricultural sector also faces challenges such as climate change, environmental degradation, and food insecurity. Sustainable agricultural practices are becoming increasingly important to ensure the long-term viability of the industry and protect the planet for future generations.Translated content: 农业，也被称为农业，是种植作物和饲养动物以生产食品、纤维和燃料等商品的实践。

英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品加工与农业产业化研究

英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品加工与农业产业化研究Agricultural science research and experimental development play a crucial role in the advancement of agricultural products processing and agricultural industrialization. The integration of scientific research and practical application has significantly contributed to the improvement of agricultural productivity, the enhancement of food quality and safety, and the sustainable development of the agricultural industry.One of the key areas of agricultural science research is the development of new and improved methods for processing agricultural products. This includes the study of post-harvest handling, storage, and preservation techniques to maintain the quality and freshness of agricultural products. Research in this area also focuses on the development of new processing technologies to create value-added products from raw agricultural materials. For example, the utilization of advanced techniques such as freeze-drying, vacuum packaging, and microencapsulation has enabled the production of high-quality processed agricultural products with extended shelf life and enhanced nutritional value.Furthermore, agricultural science research is instrumental in the investigation of the utilization of by-products and waste materials from agricultural production processes. Researchers are exploring innovative ways to convert agricultural waste into biofuels, bioplastics, and other valuable products, contributing to the reduction of environmental pollution and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, the development of biorefinery technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from agricultural by-products has opened up new opportunities for the production of functional food ingredients, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals.In parallel with the advancements in agricultural products processing, agricultural science research also plays a pivotal role in the promotion of agricultural industrialization. Through the integration of cutting-edge technologies and scientific knowledge, researchers are working to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of agriculturalproduction systems. This includes the development of precision agriculture technologies, the utilization of biotechnology for crop improvement, and the implementation of smart farming practices to optimize resource utilization and minimize environmental impact.Moreover, agricultural science research is driving the development of novel agricultural products and marketable innovations. By conducting comprehensive studies on consumer preferences, market trends, and food regulations, researchers are able to identify new opportunities for the diversification of agricultural products and the creation of value-added agricultural brands. This involves the exploration of niche markets for specialty crops, the development of functional foods and beverages, and the introduction of organic and sustainable agricultural products to meet the demands of health-conscious consumers.In conclusion, agricultural science research and experimental development are essential for the advancement of agricultural products processing and agricultural industrialization. Through the continuous exploration of new technologies, the utilization of agricultural by-products, the enhancement of production systems, and the creation of marketable innovations, researchers are driving the transformation of the agricultural industry towards sustainability, efficiency, and economic prosperity. The integration of scientific research and practical application will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of agriculture and ensuring food security for the growing global population.。

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thereby decreasing the antioxidant status of the fruit.
Phenolic compounds are plant secondary metabolites involved in fruit quality (Tomás-Barberán,2001). These
Content
Introduction Experimental Materials and Methods Results and Analysis
Discussion and Conclusion
1、Introduction
1.1 Background
Chilling injury (CI), a physiological disorder disrupting normal cell metabolism, is one of the most significant
3、Results and analysis
3.1 Effect of MJ and SA on CI of lemon fruit during cold storage Cold
3.2 Changes in electrolyte leakage in lemon flavedo of fruits inresponse to MJ and SA treatment and storage
Storing lemon fruit at -0.5 ℃ may have led to suitable conditions for phenolic production, which could have been enhanced by
10μM MJ plus 2 mM SA treatment.
1.2 Objective
In this study, our objective was to determine
how MJ and SA promote accumulation of
phenolics and increased PAL activity ,while inhibiting enzymes oxidizing phenolic
The combined effect of temperature and postharvest chemical treatment with 10μM MJ plus 2 mM SA may have played a role in
cold acclimation against CI. Probably through inducing defense
compounds are powerful antioxidants (Grace, 2000)
capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (González-Aguilar,2004). However, their physiological
functions have not been completely elucidated
3 materials source ：Tala Valley Citrus Estate、 New Venture Farm Sun Valley Estates Design: a randomized complete with five replications.
2.1 Experiment index and method
contributors to postharvest losses in citrus fruit
(Sala,2005) In citrus fruit, CI is manifested as pitting, rind staining,
red blotches and necrosis on the flavedo (Sala,1999).
treatments on lemon fruits to investigate whether they
play a role in maintaining fruit quality during cold storage by triggering the activity of phenolics and PAL.
Citrus fruit contain antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, that can mitigate cellular damage under chilling stress (Grace, 2000).
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the key
Salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate improve chilling tolerance in cold stored lemon fruit Journal of Plant Physiology
（IF :2.77）
author:Xolani Irvin Sibozaa,∗, Isa Bertlinga
Tomás-Barberán (2001) reported that POD and PPO are involved in the oxidation of antioxidants, the enzymes POD and PPO have been associated with tissue browning during plant stress (Martí nez-Téllez 1997).
1、Determination of CI index：by Sala and Lafuente （0 = normal, 1
= slightpitting、2 = moderate pitting、3 = severe pitting）
2、Determination of membrane permeability ： Electrolyte leakage according to Cohen. 3、Determination of membrane lipid peroxidation：TCA 4、Extraction and assay of total phenolics ：determined using the method of Pérez-Tello et al. 5、Determination of PAL activity 6、Determination of POD activity 7、Determination of PPO activity
mechanisms involved in cold acclimation (phenolics and PAL activity) and inhibiting the accumulation of POD activity and membrane lipid peroxidation.
3.5 Postharvest metabolism of PAL in lemon flavedo of MJ and SAtreated lemon fruit
3.6 Postharvest POD activity in lemon flavedo of MJ and SA treatedlemon
1996) and tomatoes (Ding et al.2002).
Preliminary results suggest that combined concentration of MJ and SA (10μM MJ+2 mM SA) may reduce CI in
lemon fruit (Siboza and Bertling, 2013).
store（0、7、14、21、28 days ） room tementration ：0（Control）、 10 μM（MJ）、 2 mM （SA）、and 10 μM（MJ）+ 2 mM（ SA） 3 storage temperature ：−0.5 ℃、2 ℃、4.5℃
Postharvest storage temperatures may also play a role in chilling susceptibility of lemon fruits. Lemon fruit were more chilling
tolerant when stored at −0.5℃ than when stored at 2 ℃、4.5 ℃.
compounds, such as PPO and POD, which
may be one of the mechanisms of improved
chilling tolerance in cold stored lemon fruit .
2、Materials and Methods
Materials: ‘Eureka’ lemon fruits Materials source :
enzyme at the entrypoint of the phenylpropanoid
pathway ,which is involved in defense and acclimation against chilling (Rivero, 2001). The
induction of PAL activity in response to stress has
Phenolics and PAL are thought to be involved in the
alleviation of CI during cold storage. However, PPO and POD are believed to be antagonistic to the action of PAL.

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