山东交通学院专业英语试卷

1、所有地表以下的土都处于受压状态，说得更精确些，这些土承受与作用在其上的土柱重量相等的压力。

答：All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it.2、建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、环境、及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。

答：The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors.3、建筑学要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。

答：Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids, of height to width, of length to breadth.4、许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。

答：Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods.1、They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work.答：事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动。

2、They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.答：他们也可以管理规模从几个到数百个雇员的私营工程公司。

3、Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required.答：因为所需墙体的厚度很大，承重墙结构限制了建筑物的高度。

4、The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area.答：该体系由间距很小的柱子构成的外框筒与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成。

1、结构工程----------------------------------structural engineering2、geotechnical engineering ---------------岩土工程3、本科毕业生-------------------------------undergraduate students4、refuse disposal----------------------------垃圾处理5、水资源工程------------------------------- water resources engineering6、framed tube--------------------------------框架筒7、转包合同-----------------------------------subcontractors8、as discussed above ------------------------如上所述9、钢筋混凝土---------------------------------reinforced concrete10、ultrahigh-rise building--------------------超高层建筑）Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.答：混凝土体系：尽管钢结构的高层建筑起步早，但钢筋混凝土结构的高层建筑以非常快的速度发展，这足以向用于办公楼和公寓楼的钢结构体系提出严峻的挑战。

Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries（泥浆） (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine ①pipeline design, ② the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, ③the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, ④or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, ⑤methods for testing pipeline strength, and ⑥controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.答：管线工程：在土木工程的这个分支专业中，工程师们建设管线和有关运送液体，气体，或煤泥浆（煤和水的混合物），半流体废品，水，油，和各种易燃和不易燃的气体的设施。

工程师们进行管线设计，并估计管线项目对所跨区域的经济环境影响，确定各种要用的材料－钢材，混凝土，塑料等，确定各种材料组合方法即安装技术，制定测试管线强度的方法，制定保持和控制被运送材料的合理流速和合适的压力。

当运输有害物质时，主要还要考虑安全问题。

3、Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building. An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely, and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape, even though both schools fulfill the same function.答：环境可能影响建筑物的形状和外观。

城市的学校可以用间隔围墙将它完全与城市隔开，而乡村学校可以开发一个完整的风景，即使这两种学校都能实现相同的功能，便它们的形状和外观大不相同。

4、Architecture is the art of building. Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific building—ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home—should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within. These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other. Furthermore, the movement of human beings within the building—“circulation” in architectural parlance（n.谈话，说法，用法）—requires halls, stairs, or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic. The plan of a structure, always the first consideration of an architect, is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building. Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him, perhaps subconsciously（潜意识地）,by visibly（显然）relating the several units of the edifice（大厦，大建筑物）.Conversely, a bad plan results in inconvenience, waste, and visual confusion.答：建筑学是建筑物的艺术。