05.《“抓主题”训练》课堂笔记

阅读理解抓主题训练——说明文&议论文【高考阅读理解命题趋势】1.应用文：新形式！2.说明文：新事物！（不同阶段/不同方面）3.议论文：新观点！（五种结构型）4.记叙文：新故事！【共同特点：主题明确！】●说明文：说清一个人或一个事物（说明对象）●议论文：说清一个观点说明文说明文：{文章特点}●，●后面各段从不同方面/不同阶段对其进行解释。

{做题方法}Step1：两首一尾定主题Step2：逐个题目找答案【全文最容易成为主题句的位置】1.首段首句2.首段尾句3.but之后4.第二段首句(As data and identity theft becomes more and more c ommon),the market is growing(for biometric（生物测量）technologies)-(like fingerprint scans)-(to keep others)(out of private e-spaces).(At present), these technologies are still expensive,though.Researchers(from Georgia Tech)say(that they have come up)(with a low-cost device)（装置）(that gets)(around this problem):a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,the keyboard can determine people's identities,and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to-regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn't require a new type of technology(that people aren't already familiar with). Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.(In a study)(describing the technology),the researchers had100volunteers type the word"touch" (four times)(using the smart keyboard).Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.The team hopes(to make it)(to market)(in the near future).（1）Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A.To reduce pressure on keys.B.To improve accuracy in typing.C.To replace the password system.D.To cut the cost of e-space protection.靠主题（2）What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?puters are much easier to operate.B.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C.Typing patterns vary from person to person.D.Data security measures are guaranteed.（3）What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?A.It'll be environment-friendly.B.It'll reach consumers soon.同义替换原则C.It'll be made of plastics.D.It'll help speed up typing.（4）Where is this text most likely from?A.A diary.B.A guidebook.C.A novel.D.A magazine.vary变化v.various各种各样的adj.variety种类n.a variety of种类议论文·Passage One{文章特点}1.观点论证型：文章开头提出一个观点，整篇文章论述这个观点。

2.现象解释型：文章开头描述一个现象，整篇文章解释这个现象。

3.问题解决型：文章开头描述一个问题，然后分析问题、解决问题。

4.观点对比型：第一段讲第一种人的观点，第二段讲第二种人的观点，最后讲作者的观点。

5.大众批驳型：文章开头提到“很多人”或“大多数人”的想法，后面对此进行批驳，并给出作者独到的见解。

{注意}如果文章第一自然段是“记叙”（时间/地点/人/做事），应立刻看一下第二段或第三段首句，看看后面是否还在“记叙”。

如果第二三段还在“记叙”，说明这篇文章是记叙文；如果第二三段转为“议论”，则这篇文章是议论文，首段只是个背景（描述现象/描述问题）。

(During the rosy years)(of elementary school)（小学）,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes东西, (which allowed me)(to keep my high social status).I was the queen(of the playground).Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not(by being friendly)but(by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes)(on others),(among whom I soon found myself).【社会地位】Popularity is a well-explored subject东西(in social psychology).Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers.The likables’plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable(as the cool kids)(may have seemed),Dr.Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences东西.Those who were highest in status in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are"most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior."(In one study),Dr.Prinstein examined搞the two types(of popularity)(in235adolescents), scoring the least liked,the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）."Wefound that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those(who were high)(in status).It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment,high status has just the opposite effect on us."Dr.Prinstein has also found(that the qualities)(that made the neighbors want you)(on a play date-sharing,kindness,openness)-carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.(In analyzing his and other research),Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related(to positive life outcomes),but it is also responsible(for those outcomes),too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,”he said.（1）What sort(of girl)was the author(in her early years)(of elementary school)?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.慷慨的adj.靠找D.Cool.（2）What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The classification of the popular.靠主题B.The characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interpersonal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.（3）What did Dr.Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?A.They appeared toB.They tended to beC.D.TheyIt likability can lead to healthy high status has just theopposite effect on us."Those(who were highest)(in status)(in high school),as well as those least liked(in elementary school),are "most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior."We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.（4）What is the best title for the text?A.Be Nice-You Won't Finish LastB.The Higher the Status,the BetterC.Be the Best-You Can Make ItD.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness侵略性Passage Two（观点+论证）Does Fame Drive You Crazy?(Although being famous might sound)(like a dream come true),today’s star,(feeling)(like zoo animals),face pressures(that few of us can imagine).They are at the center of much of the world’s attention.Paparazzi(狗仔队)camp outside their homes,cameras ready.Tabloids(小报)publish thrilling stories about their personal lives.Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature.(According to psychologist Christina Villareal),celebrities—famous people—worry constantly(about their public appearance).Eventually,they start to lose track of who they really are,seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them,not as the people they were before everyone knew their names.“Over time,”Villareal says,“they feel separated and alone.”The phenomenon(of tracking搞celebrities名人)has been around(for ages).In the4th century B.C.,painters followed Alexander the Great into battle,hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the19th century,his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨)about his lack of privacy.Tabloids of the1920s and1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.Being a public figure东西today,however,is a lot more difficult(than it used to be).Superstars cannot move about(without worrying)(about photographers)(with modern cameras).When they say something silly or do something ridiculous,there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their“story”alive forever.(If fame is so troublesome),why aren’t all celebrities running away(from it)?The answer is there are still ways to deal with it.Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities.They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place.Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still,even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous already.63.It can be learned(from the passage)(that stars today).A.are often misunderstood by the publicB.can no longer have their privacy protected主题C.spend too much on their public appearanceD.care little(about)(how they have come)(into fame)64.What is the main idea of Paragraph3?A.Great heroes of the past were generally admired.B.The problem(faced)(by celebrities)has a long history.靠主题C.Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids.D.Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.65.What makes it much harder(to be a celebrity today)?话题一致原则A.Availability of modern media.靠找B.Inadequate social recognition.ck of favorable chances.D.Huge population of fans.66.What is the author’s attitude(toward modern celebrity)?建议态度看文尾！！！！A.Sincere.真诚的adj.B.Sceptical.怀疑的adj.C.Disapproving.不赞成的adj.D.Sympathetic.同情的adj.靠找Passage ThreeWealth starts(with a goal)(saving a dollar)(at a time).Call it the piggy bank strategy(策略).There are lessons(in that time-honored coin-saving container).Any huge task seems easier when reduced to baby steps.I f you wished to climb a12,000-foot mountain, and could do it a day at a time,you would only have to climb33feet daily to reach the top in a year.If you want to take a really nice trip in10years for a special occasion,to collect the$15,000cost,you have to save $3.93a day.If you drop that into a piggy bank and then once a year put$1,434in a savings account at1% interest rate after-tax,you will have your trip money.When I was a child,my parents gave me a piggy bank to teach me that,if I wanted something,I should save money to buy it.We associate piggy banks with children,but in many countries,the little containers are also popular with adults.Europeans see a piggy bank as a sign of good fortune and wealth.(Around the world),many believe a gift(of a piggy bank)(on New Year’s Day)brings good luck and financial success.Ah,but you have to put something in it.Why is a pig used as a symbol of saving?Why not an elephant bank,which is bigger and holds more coins?In the Middle Ages,before modern banking and credit instruments,people saved money at home,a few coins at a time dropped into a jar or dish.Potters(制陶工)made these inexpensive containers from an orange-colored clay(黏土)called“pygg,”and folks saved coins in pygg jars.The Middle English word for pig was“pigge”.While the Saxons pronounced pygg,referring to the clay,as“pug”,eventually the two words changed into the same pronunciation,sounding the“i”as in pig or piggy.As the word became less associated with the orange clay and more with the animal,a clever potter fashioned a pygg jar in the shape of a pig,delighting children and adults.The piggy bank was born.Originally you had to break the bank to get to the money,bringing in a sense of seriousness into savings. While piggy banks teach children the wisdom of saving,adults often need to relearn childhood lessons. Think about the things in life that require large amounts of money---college education,weddings,cars, medical care,starting a business,buying a home,and fun stuff like great trips.So when you have money, take off the top10%,put it aside,save and invest wisely.41.What is the piggy bank strategy?A.Paying1%income tax at a time.B.Setting a goal before making a travel plan.C.Aiming high even when doing small things.D.Putting aside a little money regularly for future use.42.Why did the writer’s parents give him a piggy bank as a gift?A.To delight him with the latest fashion.B.To encourage him to climb mountains.C.To help him form the habit of saving.D.To teach him English pronunciation.43.What does then underlined word“something”(Paragraph3)most probably refer to?语意理解题：只要把句子读懂，单词意思会自然浮现！A.MoneyB.GiftsC.Financial successD.Good luck44.The piggy bank originally was_________.A.a potter’s instrumentB.a cheap clay container靠主题C.an animal-shaped dishD.a pig-like toy for children45.The last paragraph talks about________.A.the seriousness of educating childrenB.the enjoyment of taking a great tripC.the importance of managing money靠主题D.the difficulty of starting a business。