医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译与答案
医学专业英语翻译及答案（供参考）
医学专业英语翻译及答案（供参考）Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学专业英语 阅读一分册 第二章
Human DiseasesThe brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学与生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了一个大致的印象。
然而如果我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化的学科，上述的人体概论就不是完整的。
实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与生理学方面的密切关系，强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基础的重要性。
Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损害时的一种状态。
医学专业英语 阅读一分册 第三章
肌肉( Passage One)肌肉是坚韧而又具有弹性的组织，能使身体部位活动。
除了最低级的动物外，所有的动物都具有某种形式的肌肉。
人使用肌肉进行各种运动，如走路、跳跃或投掷。
肌肉在人体成长和保持健康所需的活动中亦有帮助作用，例如，使用腭部的肌肉来咀嚼食物。
消化道的其它部位肌肉可帮助食物在胃部和肠道中移动，帮助消化。
心肌和血管肌肉迫使血液循环。
没有胸部的肌肉，呼吸也是不可能的。
肌肉的类型人体主要肌肉有600多块，其中240块有专有的名称。
总体上，肌肉可分为以下三类：(1)骨骼肌，(2)平滑肌和(3)心肌。
骨骼肌把骨架的各种骨头组合在一起，使人体有了一个形状。
它们也使身体能够运动。
骨骼肌在腿、手臂、腹部、颈和脸部的组合中占有很大的比例。
这些肌肉视作用之不同，大小差异很大，例如，眼肌的体积就很小，且相对的脆弱，但是大腿的肌肉体积就很大，而且很强壮。
人直立时，许多骨骼肌都产生收缩，使身体直挺。
骨骼肌也可以使身体的一部分运动而另一部分继续地保持强直。
骨骼肌能同时做两动作，这是因为肌肉的成对运动。
每对中有一块肌肉被称为屈肌，它令关节弯曲，使肢体靠近躯体。
而另一块肌肉伸肌，则做相反的动作。
具体说，前上臂的肱二头肌就是一块屈肌，当它运动时，肘部弯曲，前臂和手就向肩部运动。
而后上臂的肱三头肌则是一块伸肌，当它运动时，肘部就伸直，而前臂和手就离开了肩部。
与此同时，肱二头肌放松，使肱三头肌能够把它恢复到原位。
如果您愿意的话，您可以通过曲臂来感受到你上臂肱二头肌的肌腹。
试着用手掌去抬桌子边，就可感受到肱二头肌，它应该更加坚实，因为它正在做更强有力的收缩。
顺肌腹摸向肘关节，可感受到肱二头肌的肌腱，如果你想感受一块肌肉时，可令它做某种运动以使肌腹强有力地收缩而更容易被察觉。
肱二头肌、肱三头肌和其它类的骨骼肌也被称为随意肌，这是因为它们接受入主观意愿的驱使。
随意肌均由肌性部位（肌腹）和末端的腱性部分（肌腱）组成。
肌腱跨过关节牢固连接相邻的两块骨头，而肌腹则与骨头紧密相接。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译与答案解析
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学专业英语阅读一分册第二版答案
医学专业英语阅读一分册第二版答案1、51．People usually ________ the prices before they buy something. [单选题] *A．receiveB．payC．spendD．compare(正确答案)2、—Who came to your office today, Ms. Brown?—Sally came in. She hurt ______ in P. E. class. （）[单选题] *A. sheB. herC. hersD. herself(正确答案)3、( ) What other books have you read___ this English novel? [单选题] *A. besides(正确答案)B. exceptC.inD. about4、More than one student_____absent from the class yesterday due to the flu. [单选题] *A.areB.hasC.isD.was(正确答案)5、39．—What do you ________ my new dress?—Very beautiful. [单选题] *A．look atB．think aboutC．think of(正确答案)D．look through6、--_______ I borrow these magazines?--Sorry, only the magazines over there can be borrowed. [单选题] *A. MustB. WouldC. May(正确答案)D. Need7、—______ is the concert ticket?—It’s only 160 yuan.（）[单选题] *A. How manyB How much(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How long8、Tony is a quiet student, _______ he is active in class. [单选题] *A. soB. andC. but(正确答案)D. or9、I couldn’t find Peter,_____did I know where he had gone. [单选题] *A.nor(正确答案)B.eitherC.neverD.as10、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among11、She returns home every year to _______ the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. celebrate(正确答案)B. shareC. watchD. congratulate12、I took?some _______of the Great Wall?in China last year. [单选题] *A. potatoesB. tomatoesC. photos(正确答案)D. paintings13、The storybook is very ______. I’m very ______ in reading it. （）[单选题] *A. interesting; interested(正确答案)B. interested; interestingC. interested; interestedD. interesting; interesting14、How many subjects are you _______ this year? [单选题] *A. takesB. takeC. taking(正确答案)D. took15、I _____ of her since she left school three years ago. [单选题] *A. didn’t hearB. haven’t heard(正确答案)C. was not hearingD. shall not heard16、You can borrow my book, _____ you promise to give it back to me by the end of this month. [单选题] *A.even ifB. as long as(正确答案)C. in caseD. even though17、Since the war their country has taken many important steps to improve its economic situation. [单选题] *A. 制定B. 提出C. 讨论D. 采取(正确答案)18、The three guests come from different _______. [单选题] *A. countryB. countrysC. countryesD. countries(正确答案)19、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that20、Tony can _______ the guitar.Now he _______ the guitar. [单选题] *A. play; plays(正确答案)B. playing; playingC. plays; is playingD. play; is playing21、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine22、Will you see to（）that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season? [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. meC. oneD. yourself23、We have _______ a double room with a bath for you in the hotel. [单选题] *A. boughtB. reserved(正确答案)C. madeD. taken24、I don't know the man _____ you are talking about. [单选题] *A. who'sB. whose(正确答案)C. whomD. which25、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought26、—Where ______ you ______ for your last winter holiday?—Paris. We had a great time. （）[单选题] *A. did; go(正确答案)B. do; goC. are; goingD. can; go27、He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [单选题] *A. anyB. someC. few(正确答案)D. many28、( ) You had your birthday party the other day,_________ [单选题] *A. hadn't you?B. had you?C. did you?D. didn't you?(正确答案)29、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in30、65．There is a big sale on in the shop! Every-thing is ________ price. [单选题] *A．bigB．fullC．zeroD．half(正确答案)。
医学英语阅读uint-2中英对照
第一篇人体疾病第一章对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识,这两个学科就是解剖学与生理学.然而不把病理学包括进去,这种概述是不完整的,因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科.实际上,现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系,并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理学基础的必要性.The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not plete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态.每一种生物,无论植物还是动物,都会生病.例如,人类常常被微小的细菌感染,但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染.Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.世界上有数百种疾病,每一种都有其特定的症状和体征,这些都是医生诊断疾病的线索.症状是病人自己能觉察到的,比如,高烧、流血或者疼痛.而体征则是医生能够观察到的,比如,血管扩张或内器官肿大.Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.疾病可按不同的标准来分类.例如,流行病是感染某一地区许多人的疾病.当它年复一年地发生在同一地区,就成了一种地方病.急性病发作快、病程短.例如,急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆,而且会很快致命.慢性病发病缓慢,但病程有时会长达数年.风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性病.介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型被称为亚急性.Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a munity. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute.疾病也可以依其病原体来划分,例如,传染病指可以在人与人之间传播的疾病,如可通过咳嗽或打喷嚏造成的飞沫进行传播.极小的有机体,如细菌和真菌,可导致传染病.病毒和小虫子也可以.不论病原体是什么,只要它存活于受感染的人体内就能传染给别人.有时,一种致病菌侵入人体后,该人却没有显示患病的症状.于是无症状的病原携带者甚至在自己也不知情的情况下就把疾病传染给了他人.Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents.For instance,an infectious, or municable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses and tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a personwho shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.非传染性疾病是由身体机能失调引起的,这包括器官或组织退化、异常细胞生长以与异常的血液生成和血液循环.当然也包括胃、肠、内分泌系统和泌尿生殖系统的紊乱.一些疾病也可能由饮食不足、身体抵抗力下降或神经系统运行不良造成.Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body’s defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.心理因素和社会因素也会引发残疾和疾病.这些疾病包括毒品成瘾、肥胖、营养不良和由污染造成的健康问题.Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems.而且,上千种乃至更多的遗传性出生缺陷由基因变异引起.由于小小的基因负责产生许多身体所需的化学物质,它们的缺失或者运行不良都会严重损害健康.影响人体化学反应的基因失调被称为先天性代谢失调,某些智力发育迟缓有遗传性.Furthermore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns. Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.病菌如何侵袭身体人类生活的世界里有许多其他生物为食物和繁衍而竞争.很多致病生物,即病原体,通常被广义地称为病菌,能侵入人体并利用其细胞和液体来满足自己的需求.一般来讲,身体防御系统能够抵抗这些入侵者.Humans live in a world where many other living things pete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs that cause many diseases, are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the body’s defense system can ward off these invaders.病原体能通过多种方式进入人体.一些病原体是被吸入人体的,如引起普通感冒、肺炎和结核病的病菌；有的是通过性接触进入人体的,如引起性病的病原体；还有的是通过受污染的食物、水或器皿进入人体,比如引起肝炎、霍乱和伤寒的病原体.Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some—such as those that cause the mon cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis—are breathed in. Others—such as those that cause venereal diseases—enter through sexual contact of human bodies. Still others—such as those that cause hepatitis, colitis, cholera, and typhoid fever—get in the body through contaminated food, water or utensils.昆虫作为媒介或者病原体携带者传播疾病.苍蝇能将病菌从人类的排泄物或其他腐烂的物质带到食物和饮料中；蚊子、虱子或其他媒介动物的叮咬也会将病菌传入人体.Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector. 身体如何抵抗疾病作为第一条防线,健康的身体有许多物理屏障来抵御感染.覆盖在体表或者器官开口处的皮肤和粘膜能在很大程度上抵抗细菌或其他感染体的入侵.如果这些物理屏障遭到损坏或烧伤,身体对感染的抵抗力就会下降.在一些较轻的病情中,可能只会发生疖子和丘疹.在较重的情况下,身体的大面积区域则可能会被感染.As a first line of defense, a healthy body has a number of physical barriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resistance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however, large areas of the body might bee infected.呼吸道尤其容易受到感染.幸好,呼吸道内覆盖了能分泌粘液的细胞,它们能捕获微生物和尘埃.另外,呼吸道内覆有一层叫纤毛的细小绒毛,能象麦田里的小麦一样舞动,轻轻地将异物扫出呼吸道.另外,呼吸道内的异物还常通过擤鼻涕、咳嗽、打喷嚏和清嗓子而被排出.然而,反复感染、抽烟或其他原因会损坏呼吸道,使之容易受感染.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mucus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing. Unfortunately, repeated infection, smoking and other causes can damage the respiratory passageways and make them more susceptible to infection.很多潜在的入侵者不能在体温〔华氏98.6度或摄氏37度〕下生存.即使能在这种温度下生存繁殖的病菌,在体温升高发烧时也会被杀灭.Many potential invaders cannot stand body temperature <98.6o F or 37o C>. Even those that thrive at that temperature may be destroyed when the body assumes higher fever temperatures.外耳道里的蜡质和泪管里的眼泪能减缓一些细菌的生长速度,而胃酸也能毁掉某种吞食进去的病菌.Wax in the outer ear canals and tears from eye ducts can slow the growth of some bacteria. And stomach acid can destroy certain swallowed germs.身体的第二条防线是血液和淋巴.某些白细胞群聚集在被感染区,通过形成脓肿使感染限于局部.如果脓块不破裂,里面的脓不排出,感染很可能会扩大.发生这种情况时,感染首先被该区域的淋巴腺阻挡.例如,手上的感染向上传到手臂时,手臂上会出现红痕,腋窝淋巴腺肿胀,有触痛感.如果感染得不到控制,将会导致血液中毒.The body’s second line of defense is in the blood and lymph. Certain white blood cells flock to infected areas and try to localize the infection by forming pus-filled abscesses. Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread. When this happens, the infection is first blocked by local lymph glands. For example, an infection in the hand travels up the arm, producing red streaks and swollen, tender lymph glands in the armpit. Unless the infection is brought under control, it will result in blood poisoning.Phagocytes are located at various sites to minimize infection. One type in the spleen and liver keeps the blood clean. Others in such high-risk areas as the walls of the bronchi and the intestines remove certain bacteria and shattered cells.位于身体不同部位的吞噬细胞能最大程度地减少感染.肝和脾内的吞噬细胞能保持血液清洁.位于支气管壁和肠壁等高危区域的吞噬细胞能清除某些细菌和破碎的细胞.第二篇诊断与预后诊断在大多数临床就诊过程中,病人会向医生提出一些基本的问题,例如："我怎么了？"、"我的病是什么原因引起的？"这些问题促使医生做出诊断,即确定生病的原因.诊断包括病史、身体检查和实验室检查.In most clinical encounters, the patient presents basic questions to the doctor: What’s wrong with me? What is causing my illness? These questions set the stage for making a diagnosis, i.e. determining the cause of an illness.And a diagnosis is acplished with history, physical examination and laboratory testing.疾病的诊断过程由采集病人的病史开始,医生向病人询问当前和过去所患的疾病、家族病史、生活习惯等等.下表是一个标准病历应包含的内容.The process of diagnosing a disease begins with the person’s heal th history. The physician asks the patient questions on both present and past illnesses, family history of disease, habits and so on. The following table presents typical contents of a standard medical history.病人的一般情况年龄、性别、民族、职业和生育情况〔适用于女性〕主诉用四到五个字,最好是引用患者的自述,陈述就诊的目的与病痛的持续时间.偶尔也可将患的请求作为主诉,如："我需要注射流感疫苗".患者的其他医生##、地址、以与患者的关系现病史每种主要症状,包括什么症状、发生部位、发生时间、轻重程度、时间经过、症状好转或加重的影响因素、既往诊治情况与可能缩小诊断范围相关的问题既往史既往疾病与住院情况、免疫情况、用药情况、过敏史、饮酒、吸烟与有无药物成瘾等社会与职业史描述患者日常生活中典型的一天以与目前疾病对其生活的影响；患者可获得的社会支持〔自家庭、朋友或同事〕与职业史家族史家族中的遗传病史,家族成员的寿命与死亡原因各系统的评估主要器官系统的系统性评估：皮肤、造血系统〔包括淋巴结〕,头、眼、耳、鼻、口、喉颈、乳房、呼吸系统、心血管系统、胃肠道系统、泌尿生殖系统、肌肉骨骼系统、神经系统内分泌系统和精神系统Description of patientAge, gender, race, occupation and parity <for woman>Chief plaintFour or five words, preferably quoting the patient, stating the purpose of the vis and the duration of the plaint. Occasionally the patient states a request inste of a plaint such as I need a flu shot.Other physicians involved in the patient’s careName, address, telephone number, and relationship to the patientHistory of the present illnessFor each major symptom, what, where, when, how much, chronological course, what mak the symptom better or worse, past medical care, questions to narrow diagnost possibilitiesPast medical historyPrevious illnesses and hospitalizations, immunizations, medications the patie takes, allergies, and alcohol, tobacco and drug habitsSocial and occupational historyDescription of a typical day in the patient’s life and how the present illne affects it, social supports <family, friends, and colleagues> available to t patient, and occupational historyFamily historyHistory of genetically related diseases in the patient’s family and longevity a cause of death of family membersReview of systemsSystematic review of major organ systems: skin, hematopoietic system <includi lymph nodes>, head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat, neck, breasts, and respirator cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, nervouendocrine and psychiatric systems询问病史之后是全面的身体检查,内容包括测量身高、体重和血压,对心肺听诊,检查眼、耳和口腔.听力和视力检查有时在常规身体检查中进行.反射检查是简单的神经传导检查,有好几项,包括用橡皮锤在某些部位〔如膝盖〕敲打.Asking the patient’s medical history is followed by the general physical examination which inc ludes measuring height and weight, and taking blood pressure; listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope; and examining eyes, ears, and mouth. Tests of hearing and vision are sometimes performed in routine physical examinations. Reflex tests are simple tests of nerve conduction that involve, among several other tests, tapping with a rubber hammer in areas such as the knee.由于体液常常揭示了关于疾病性质的重要信息,所以实验室检查对于确诊疾病起着非常重要的作用.血液检查能判断病人是否贫血,即正常红细胞数量不足,判断病人是否有感染或血液病如白血病.血液分析还能显示是否有营养不良和其他疾病.葡萄糖耐糖试验用于诊断糖尿病,通过检测血糖水平来测量胰岛素的活性.Since body fluids often reveal important information about the nature of the disorder, laboratory testing plays an important role in determining the patient’s disease. Blood tests can determine whether the person has anemia—that is, an insufficient amount of healthy red blood cells—infection, or a blood disease, such as leukemia. Blood analysis can also uncover nutritional deficiencies and other disorders. The glucose-tolerance test, which is used to diagnose diabetes, measures insulin activity by monitoring the level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood.尿液检查用于检测其中是否有葡萄糖、细菌、蛋白质与其他物质.尿液中存在葡萄糖有时是由糖尿病引起的.尿液中有细菌表明肾脏或膀胱有感染,尿液中存在蛋白质可能源于某种肾脏疾病.粪便样品检查旨在寻找致病微生物和便血,便血是肠道病的一个常见症状.Urine is also tested for glucose as well as for bacteria, protein, and other materials. Glucose in the urine is sometimes caused by diabetes. Bacteria in the urine can indicate a kidney or bladder infection, and the presence of protein may result from a kidney disorder. A stool sample is tested for disease-causing microorganisms and for blood, which is often a symptom of intestinal disease.当怀疑有神经系统病变时,常常通过脊液检查来发现微生物和其他不正常成分.鼻腔和喉部的粘液检查常常可用于确定引起呼吸道感染的微生物.Spinal fluid is examined for microorganisms and other unusual contents when a nervous system disorder is suspected. Mucus from the nose and throat can be tested to identify the organisms responsible for respiratory infections.活检是指从人体的某个器官或部位采集组织样品,然后把该样品切成非常薄的切片,用特殊的染料染色,再置于显微镜下观察,以发现细胞的病变.A sample of tissue can be taken from an organ or any other part of the body by a process called biopsy. The tissue is then sliced into very thin sections, stained with special dyes, and studied under the microscope to discover abnormalities in the cells.放射照片〔即X光照片〕被用来检查身体的各个部位.比如,胸片有助于诊断肿瘤、肺炎和结核.X光片也可以显示骨折和肌肉骨骼系统的其他疾病.Radiographs, or x-ray photographs, are used to examine various parts of the body. A chest x- ray, for example, can help diagnose tumors, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. X-rays can also show bone fractures and other conditions of the musculoskeletal system.计算机断层扫描〔CT〕扫描仪是一种特别的X射线相机,它可以获得硬组织和软组织的高清图像.通过每次对身体组织的一个断层进行扫描照相,CT扫描仪可以检测到非常小的肿瘤和其他疾病.puted tomography <CT> scanners are specialized X-ray cameras that take highly detailed images of hard and soft tissues. By picturing one layer of the body’s tissues at a time, CT scanners can detect very small tumors and other disorders.核磁共振〔即磁共振成像〕是一种无副作用、无创的检查方法,运用强磁场下的无线电波来对患者进行检查,并生成脑、心脏、肝脏与其他器官的薄层可视图像.由此产生的对比度高、具有不同色调的图像可以发现肿瘤、缺血组织与斑块.Nuclear magnetic resonance, or magnetic resonance imaging, is a hazard-free, non-invasive method that uses radio waves in the presence of a strong magnetic field to probe a patient and generate visual images of thin slices of the brain, heart, liver, and other organs. The high-contrast, variable-toned images that result can uncover tumors, blood-starved tissues, and plaques.超声检查对于检测肺部和腹腔肿瘤很有效,它使用超高频声波来形成内部器官的电视图像.由于超声波无任何辐射,有时用于确定妊娠期胎儿的大小和位置.Ultrasonography is useful in locating tumors of the lung and abdominal cavity. It employs ultra-high frequency sound waves to form television images of internal organs. Because it produces no radiation, ultrasound is sometimes used during pregnancy to determine the size and position of the fetus.心肌和神经系统产生的电脉冲可以通过特殊设备测量出来.心电图可用于诊断某些心脏疾病,将电极贴在胸口,就可以记录病人在休息或活动时的心脏电活动,如在跑步机上行走时的心脏电活动.脑电图通过连接在头部的电极测量大脑电活动,可检测大脑中的某一区域是否存在波动,如发生癫痫时.肌电图记录肌肉神经的活动,它对于诊断诸如多发性硬化症的退行性神经疾病很有帮助.Both the heart muscle and the nervous system produce electrical impulses that can be measured with special machines. The electrocardiograph is useful for diagnosing certain heart conditions. With electrodes t aped to a person’s chest, the electrical activity of the heart can be recorded while the patient is either resting or performing some activity, such as walking on a treadmill. The electroencephalogram measures the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the head. This test detects whether there is an area of irritability in the brain, which, for example, occurs in epilepsy. The electromyogram <EMG> records the activity of nerves in muscles. The EMG is helpful in diagnosing degenerative nerve disorders such as multiple sclerosis.肺功能检查主要检测肺和呼吸道的呼吸能力,通过向一根与肺量计相连的管道呼气就可以获得有关呼吸功能的信息.Tests of pulmonary function measure the breathing capacity of the lungs and airways. By exhaling into a tube connected to a machine called a spirometer, information is obtained on respiratory functions.光纤技术使医生能够看到以前只能通过手术才可看到的部位,光纤仪器主要是细如发丝的玻璃纤维,可以进入细小区域,并且深入体腔.光纤技术可用于检查结肠和肺部支气管.Fiber optic technology has allowed physicians to see parts of the body that previously could be seen only by performing surgery. Fiber optic tools are essentially hair-thin glass fibers that can enter small areas and can be moved deep into the body cavities. Fiber optic technology can be used to examine the colon and the bronchial tubes in the lung.盆腔检查用于评估女性的生殖整体健康情况,巴氏涂片可检测宫颈癌.乳房检查能够发现可能是癌症的肿块.乳房X线照相术使用特殊的X射线产生乳房的软组织图像,是一种检测肿瘤的更可靠的方法.A pelvic examination is performed to assess the general reproductive health of a woman. The pap smear is a test for cancer of the cervix. A breast examination can detect lumps that may indicate cancer. Mammography, a procedure that involves using special x-rays to produce an image of the soft tissues of the breast, is a much more reliable way to detect tumors.皮试用于诊断过敏,心理测试用于诊断学习和精神障碍.Skin tests are used to diagnose hypersensitivity conditions, or allergies. Psychological tests are used to diagnose learning and mental disorders.预后医生可能会遇到另一类问题,如："你觉得我的病能康复吗？"或"你能使我病情好转吗？".病人是在询问他们的预后,即关于其疾病的可能性结果的预测.事实上,对于很多患者来说,预后是他们最关心的问题.A physician may encounter another type of questions, such as "Do you think I can get recovered from my condition?" or "Can you help me to stay well?" The patient is asking their prognosis, the forecast of the probable results of his/her disease. In fact, for a great many patients, the prognosis is their biggest concern.因此,将诊断结果告诉病人并与病人讨论治疗过程是非常重要的.如果病情很可能治愈并无后遗症,那么安慰一下患者就行了.然而,最难讨论的预后是关于那些致命性疾病的,尤其是众多癌症.即使是不好的预后,大多数患者也想知道,但在多大程度上告知病人情况主要是由病人而不是医生来决定,医生有责任让病人意识到讨论预后与否将取决于病人的意愿.详细的讨论最好在随访时进行,即在双方有机会相互了解之后.最高明的医生在告知病人事实时也会给予希望,帮助病人走出震惊、否定、抑郁的复杂情绪,并最终接受绝症这一事实.最重要的是,他们会让病人知道医生不会放弃他们.So, it is important to tell the patient the diagnosis and discuss what to expect from the clinical course of the condition. If the illness is likely to resolve without sequelae, reassurance is often all that is needed. However, the most difficult prognoses to discuss are those for fatal illnesses, especially many cancers. Most patients want to know even bad prognoses, but how much a physician tells a given patient should be determined primarily by the patient, not the physician. The physician has the duty to make the patient aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis. Often detailed discussions are best conducted at follow-up visits, after the two have had a chance to get to know each other. The best physicians blend honest fact and hope together, helping the patient through the plicated steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness. Most importantly, they make it clear that they will not abandon the patient.第三篇接近病人病人就诊是为了寻求医生的帮助──帮助他/她恢复健康或保持健康,医生的任务就是为病人的健康服务.为此,医生必须努力减轻疾病、缓解痛苦,为有残疾的病人提供帮助,防止病人早逝,最大限度地使病人满意.有人把这些行为概括成为解决五个"D"的问题──疾病〔disease〕、不适〔disfort〕、残疾〔disability〕、死亡〔death〕和不满〔dissatisfaction〕.在上述各个方面医生有时均能获得成功,在最理想的情况下,医生能够预防疾病并帮助病人保持健康；而有时,面对疾病和死亡,医生却无能为力.有时上述的各个方面一无所成,但即便如此,医生也不应放弃努力.针对病人的健康问题,医生应该尝试各种临床手段来挽救病人的健康.When a patient sees a doctor, the patient is seeking help—to regain or retain health. The physician’s task is to work for the patient’s health. The doctor does so by trying to attenuate1disease, by relieving disfort, by assisting the patient with any disability, by preventing premature2 death, and by maximizing contentment3. Some have summarized these activities as tackling "the five D’s" of health—disease, disfort, disability, death, and dissatisfaction. Sometimes there is success in all these areas. In the best of circumstances, the doctor is able to prevent disease and help the patient remain healthy. In other cases, disease and death defeat us. In some cases none of the goals is achieved, but even that oute must not stop us from trying. By focusing on the health of the patient, the doctor tests the myriad4 activities of clinical medicine against the health oute of the patient.治疗和预防越来越多的病人就诊的目的不是诊断而是对正罹患的疾病进行治疗.即使当一个医生必须作出诊断时,也应牢记仅仅作出诊断无法改善病人的健康状况,只有治疗和预防可以.Increasingly, patients visit doctors not for diagnosis but for treatment of ongoing medical problems. Even when a doctor must make the diagnosis, it is important to remember that making a diagnosis alone cannot improve the health of a patient. Only treatment and prevention can.需牢记两条治疗的总则.首先,医生既治疗疾病也治疗病人.每一次临床接触中,医生都应努力让病人感到因为医生病情在好转.对病人来说,当给予具体治疗时,缓解症状,尤其是疼痛和恶心,与使用抗生素控制感染同样重要.其次,疾病治疗的成功,特别是对不住院病人的治疗,通常要求病人的积极配合.Two general principles should be kept in mind about treatment. First, the physician should treat the patient as well as the disease. With every clinical encounter, the physician should strive to ensure that the patient feels better just for having been with the doctor. When prescribing specific treatment, alleviation5 of symptoms, especially pain and nausea6, is often as important to the patient as, say, antibiotics7 for an infection. Second, successful treatment of an illness, especially outside the hospital, usually requires the patient’s active participation.[治疗过程]治疗过程如手术、放疗、血管成形术、化疗〔和有创诊断化验〕必须向病人解释透彻；多数情况下,必须获得病人的签字同意.医生必须帮助病人了解在治疗过程中可能发生的情况、预期的结果和这种结果的发生概率、治疗过程中的副作用与其出现的可能性.知情同意书是医疗相关法律的要求,同样重要的一点,它也是优质临床护理的基础.医疗技术的进步是复杂的,常常花费昂贵,且大多数时候都可能有潜在的并发症.真正的知情同意对医生的临床技巧有很高的要求.医生应以病人的利益为重,做他们的代言人.医生应让病人了解一切必要的情况,但不能用那些深奥难懂的技术细节与一连串听起来十分可怕而医疗过程中又不大可能出现的副作用让病人不知所措.医生应坦诚地给病人以专业性的忠告,同时也应清楚地表明最后的决定仍取决于病人本人.如果经过充分的讨论之后病人对某项医疗措施仍然犹豫不决,多数情况下最好推迟决定治疗是否进行.如果病人由于感到医生的压力而接受有一定风险的检查或治疗,一旦出现并发症,病人会感到特别心烦.Therapeutic Procedures. Therapeutic procedures such as surgery, radiation, angioplasty8,and chemotherapy <as well as invasive diagnostic tests> must be explained thoroughly to the patient; in most cases, signed consent9must be obtained. The physician must help the patient understand what will happen during the procedure, the hoped-for oute and its probability, and adverse effects10of the procedure and their probabilities. Informed consent is a medical-legal requirement, but, just as important, it is a cornerstone11 of excellent clinical care. Technologic advances in medicine are plex, often costly, and rarely without the potential for adverse plications12. True informed consent requires a great deal of clinical skill on the doctor’s part. The physician should act as the patient’s advocate13. The patient should be given the necessary facts but not overwhelmed with inprehensible technical details or a long list of terrifying and improbable adverse effects of a procedure. The physician should freely give professional advice but clearly municate that the final decision is the patient’s. If the patient remains undecided about a procedure after a thorough discussion, in most cases it is best to delay the decision. A patient who feels pressured by the doctor to undergo a risky procedure may be particularly upset if plications arise.[药物治疗]医生的医嘱在医院里可以得到执行,但对于门诊病人来讲则很难保证.用简洁的话语将用药向非住院病人进行解释,说明用药目的、剂量安排,持续用药时间等,这一点特别重要.Medications. pliance14 with physicians’ medication orders is a given in hospital, but this is certainly not true in the ambulatory15 setting. With ambulatory patients it is especially important to explain the medication to the patient, its purpose in simple terms, its dosage16schedule, and how long the patient should continue the medication.应要求病人每次随访时把所有药品都带来,这样做是有好处的.很多病人不知道自己所用药物的名称,所以就瓶中的药片进行说明比单纯解释抽象的药名要容易得多.医生也经常能通过瓶中药片的多少来估计出病人遵医嘱用药的大致情况,虽然在开始服用某一药瓶的药之前,持续用药的病人可能把前后要服用的药物合并在一个瓶子里,也可能把重新买来的药物装入原来的瓶子中,因此想对遵医嘱用药情况作出准确判断有时是不可能的.有时,医生会发现病人没有服用处方中开出的某一种药,医生可能也会发现病人正在服用另一位医生开的药.对于谈到的每一种药,医生都应询问病人的服药时间与是否有什么问题.如果病人服药不当,医生就应确定问题出在哪里：是不了解还是忘记了用药剂量？或是因为药有副作用？或是因为药费昂贵或其他原因等等.It is useful to ask the patient to bring all medicines to each follow-up visit. Many patients do not know the names of their medicines; discussing pills in bottles is easier than abstract medication names. Often the doctor can make a rough estimate of medication pliance by the level of pills in the bottle although for ongoing prescriptions patients may bine bottles or refill prescriptions17before beginning to take the medication in a particular bottle, thus making accurate pliance measurement impossible. Sometimes the physician discovers that the patient does not have one of the prescribed medicines. The doctor may discover that the patient is taking medication prescribed by another physician. For each medicine discussed, the doctor should ask how often the patient is taking it and if there are any problems. If the patient is taking the medicine incorrectly, the physician can determine whether the problem is misunderstanding of the dosage schedule, forgetfulness, an adverse side effect, the cost of the drug, or some other reasons.。
[整理版]医学英语原文翻译1至5单元
![[整理版]医学英语原文翻译1至5单元](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/02c93e93b8d528ea81c758f5f61fb7360b4c2bcb.png)
1. 生理学是研究生物体正常功能的一门科学。
它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。
这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。
生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。
尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的，如基因编码的复制，但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。
鉴于此，将这门学科分成不同部分研究如细菌生理学，植物生理学和动物生理学是有必要的。
Physiology is the study of thefunctions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations . The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite mac hines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for example —many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. 2.正如要了解一个动物如何活动，首先需要了解它的构成，要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语课后翻译答案完整版
Translation：Unit one1 医院,在现代意义上,就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构,通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗;它的历史意义,直至最近,是给退伍战士提供服务的地方;2 在现代社会,从广义上说,医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助,或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来;目前,为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门,医疗机构,赢利或者非赢利的,医疗保险公司或者教会,包括直接由教会提供捐赠;在历史上,医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助;与此不同的是,现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成,在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成;3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗,然后离开,不在医院过夜门诊病人；也有一些病人被收入院,在医院过夜,甚至长达几个星期或几个月住院病人;医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务,以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定;医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力,而其他一类通常称为诊所;Unit two1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务;下一级别的为城镇医疗中心,这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人提供门诊医疗服务;每一个中心有十到三十个床位,中心的专业医生为医士助理医师;这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统,为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务;2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期,在那个时候,共产党开始有大批的人口流动,动员群众参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”,目的在于改进较差的环境卫生,预防某些疾病;3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响,合作医疗缺乏资金来源,致使赤脚医生数量减少,这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫,在一些村庄,卫生状况和饮用水水源检测这个大家自己看哈很少得到监控;Unit three1金刚烷阻碍阻断了由m2蛋白质形成的离子通道,这一通道在vRNPs释放进入细胞质的过程中是至关重要的;对金刚烷的排斥耐药迅速形成,大多数的人类传染性H1N1和H3N2病毒,一些H5N1病毒,大多数的欧洲猪H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒都能抵制耐受金刚烷;2然而,万一一旦发生流行性疾病大流行,鸡蛋供应就会短缺,相反的是,细胞培养是可高度控制的系统,可以促使疫苗的大批量生产,包括这些对抗高致病性H5N1的禽流感病毒可以促使包括那些针对高致病性H5N1病毒在内的疫苗大批量生产,通过以狗肾传代细胞或者非洲绿猴子肾细胞生产的流感疫苗的纯度和免疫能力免疫原性与鸡蛋胚胎中产生的疫苗的纯度和免疫能力免疫原性是一致的;3几种新的疫苗途径方法目前正处于发展的不同阶段;一种基于M2蛋白质保存的保守的就是指序列不容易改变的意思胞外域基础上的万能疫苗可以防止流感病毒在动物之间的传播动物感染流感病毒;各种病毒样子的分子病毒样颗粒含有表达HA和NA蛋白质,一些还含有与MI和M2蛋白质结合已经通过了抗原性和保护效能免疫效力的检测;Unit five1有三百多种目前广泛使用的中药有长达至少两千多年的历史;在这么长的时间里,在这些中药的临床应用上积累了大量的丰富经验;根据中医的临床研究,经过几个世纪被收入到有用的中药目录里面的这些中药和其他一些中药这些中药及经过几个世纪被收入到有用的中药目录里面的其他中药,可以极大地提高现代西药药物的治疗效果,减少它们的副作用,有时候甚至可以完全替代它们;2大约有6000多种使用的类别目前使用中的药物大约有6000种,包括大概1000多种来自动物的中药和100多种矿物质,所有这些都被归为广义的中药类别;中药有各种各样的加工方式,根据最能有效的发挥作用的制作方法,比如有清洗、浸泡、切片和烘干根据最能有效的发挥作用的制作方法,中药有各种各样的加工方式,比如有清洗、浸泡、切片和烘干;这些药材被组合成一个方子；这些成分和每一种中药的使用数量剂量取决于病人的身体状况需治疗的疾病的性质;3有一些中成药标签上说明只含有中药成分,但是也有一些含有几种西药;一些来自中国的中成药只包含西药瓶子上的标签也这样用中文标注,但是购买者通常没有意识到这一点,因为他们通常会被告知,这是来自中国的一种有效的药物,因此,进口自中国的中药产品应该只有在有经验的专业医师开的处方的基础上使用; Unit six1NICUs新生儿监护室是五六十年代由儿科医生建立起来的,目的在于提供更好的温度支持,隔离感染,提供专业化的喂养,以及能够使用专业的设备和资源;婴儿被放置在保温箱里;一些出生时低体重的婴儿需要呼吸支持,包括提供氧气通过头罩或鼻管来产生持续的正气压或者是机械呼吸;一些低出生体重儿需要从吸氧通过面罩或鼻管到正压通气或机械通气程度不等的呼吸支持;2物理治疗是一个保健职业,可以为病人评估健康状况和提供治疗,使病人能最大限度的发展、保持和恢复运动功能;这包括提供治疗由于年老、受伤、疾病或环境因素造成的运动和功能障碍为由于年老、受伤、疾病或环境因素造成的运动和功能障碍提供治疗;3 PACU麻醉后监护室的工作人员主要由受过高级训练的护士组成,她们能承担麻醉后和手术后病人的多项重要监护任务;这些基本的任务包括监控重要的指标生命指征心率、血压、体温、呼吸频率；应对术后疼痛,处理术后呕吐症状,监控手术现场手术部位出现的大出血、引流、肿胀、血肿和发红红肿等;。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案前言本文主要是对医学英语阅读一分册所涉及的文章进行翻译和答案解析。
医学英语是一门专业性很强的英语，阅读一分册的内容涉及到医学领域的相关知识点。
通过研读本册内容，可以帮助学习者扩充 medical 的词汇量，增强阅读和理解能力。
文章一：Medical Insurance翻译医疗保险是一种保障人们健康的保险，它可以减轻因疾病引起的财务压力。
如今，医疗保险不仅是居民的福利，也是企业员工的权益之一。
不同的医疗保险有不同的政策，例如政府提供的医疗保险、商业化的医疗保险等，这些保险可以针对个人的需求进行选择。
医疗保险可以为病人提供帮助的同时，也为医疗机构提供利益。
由于医疗保险可以减轻病人的财务压力，病人对医疗的需求增加，这就提高了医疗机构的收入。
此外，医疗保险也有助于推进新的医学技术和治疗方法的研发。
在选择医疗保险时，需要考虑自己的需求和能力。
如果有家庭成员患有慢性疾病或需要经常看病，选择保险的时候需要考虑保险的报销额度和覆盖范围。
此外，不同的保险公司收取的费用也不同，在选择的时候需要做好比较和分析。
答案解析1.What is medical insurance for?Medical insurance is for protecting people’s health and reducing financial pressure caused by illness.2.What kind of policy do different medical insurances have?Different medical insurances have different policies, such as government-provided medical insurance and commercial medical insurance.3.What benefits can medical insurance provide for medical institutions?Medical insurance can increase the demand for medical treatment, promote the development of new medical technologies and treatment methods, and provide benefits for medical institutions.4.What should be considered when choosing medical insurance?When choosing medical insurance, people should consider their own needs and capabilities, including the reimbursement limit and coverage range of the insurance as well as the fees charged by different insurance companies.文章二：Heart Health翻译心脏健康是人们健康的重要组成部分，然而最近的研究表明，越来越多的人患有心脏病。
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译与答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; thestudy of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译与答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3.Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are puttogether and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; thestudy of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductivesystem and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in thisarticle.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及其规范标准答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
(完整版)医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
(完整版)医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
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Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。
The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made.骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。
它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。
人体有206根骨头。
骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。
许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。
A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.关节把骨与骨连接起来。
颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。
但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。
如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。
Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。
它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。
它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。
一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、骨化，使婴儿长大成人。
The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated muscles can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as when bending a finger. Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.肌肉系统使躯体运动，肌肉收缩产生的热有助于维持一个恒定的体温。
人体能够有意识地控制条纹肌。
结缔组织使肌肉末端附着于不同的骨面上，所以当肌肉收缩时，两骨彼此靠近而产生运动。
这也就使整个人体可以运动起来，如走路，运动躯体某个部位，如弯曲手指。
心脏收缩和平滑肌收缩就不是被意识所控制的。
器官壁内层的平滑肌，如胃肠壁的平滑肌把胃肠中的物质运送到全身。
The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the body's defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders. 循环系统：机体的所有部分需要营养物质和氧气来使之发挥功能和生长，也需要在这些器官所产生的废物积聚而危害生命之前将其排除。
循环系统运送有用物质，排泄废物。
心血管系统是循环系统的组成之一；心血管系统包括心脏、血管及血液。
血液也是机体防御系统的一个部分，血液中有抗体及白细胞来防止机体受到外来的侵袭。
The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins. 心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉。