自考国际商务英语学科考试复习要点演示教学
商务管理专科自考国际贸易实务二课程重点考试要点串讲教程精品文档36页
商务管理专科自考国际贸易实务(二)课程讲义要点-何昌周专题1 国际贸易背景知识第一章国际贸易导论一、国际贸易的含义1.国际贸易–是指世界各国（地区）之间货物（商品）和服务的交换活动，是世界各国在国际分工的基础上进行相互联系的主要形式，又称为世界贸易或全球贸易。
2.对外贸易–是指一国（地区）与其他国守（地区）之间货物和服务的交换活动。
3.国际贸易与对外贸易之间的关系–国际贸易与对外贸易既有联系又有区别。
国际贸易与对外贸易都是跨越国界的货物和服务的交换。
国际贸易主要是从世界范围内考察国家与国家之间的货物与服务的交换活动，而对外贸易则是从一个国家的角度来研究。
二、国际货物贸易1.国际货物贸易–也称为有形贸易，它的对象是看得见摸得着的，有一定物理形态的商品。
2.国际贸易商品分类–根据联合国编制的《国际贸易商品标准分类》（简称SITC），分为10大类、63章、233组、786个分组和1924个基本项目。
其中0～4类为初级产品，5~8类为工业制成品。
3.对外贸易额–以货币表示的按现行价格计算的一国一定时期的对外贸易总额。
一般以美元表示。
⑴贸易差额–一国在一定时期内出口额与进口额相比的差额。
⑵贸易顺差（出超）–即一国出口额大于进口额。
⑶贸易逆差（入超）–即一国进口额大于出口额。
4.国际贸易额–同一货币单位表示的世界各国货物出口或进口总额，通常以美元表示。
5.对外贸易量–按不变价格计算的对外贸易额已经排除了价格波动的影响，反映了对外贸易的实际规模。
6.对外贸易结构–是指一国各类进出口货物的构成状况。
主要由该国经济发展水平、自然资源状况、对外贸易政策等国素决定。
7.国际贸易货物结构–是反映国际货物发展水平的主要指标，是指各类货物在国际贸易中所处的地位，通常以各类货物在国际贸易总值中的比重来表示。
8.对外贸易地理分布–指一个国家或国家集团在一国对外贸易中所占有的地位，通常以它们在该国进出口总额或出口总额（进口总额）中的比重来表示。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(复习要点)
International Business EnglishLesson 1International Business/国际商务Business Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systems 法律体系B.Differences in currencies 货币C.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA. Trademodity trade 商品贸易b.Service tradeB. Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb.Portfolio investment 证券投资C. Other typesa.Licensing and franchising 许可经营和特许经营b.Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生产c.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goodsproduced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance,consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises orassets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other thancontrolling.7.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the moneylent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm inanother country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（许可费）.12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another,franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.Trade Mark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos andoperating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerialor other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Value chain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with aforeign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.24.BOT建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contract manufacturing承包生产30.GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权33.Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
自考国际商务英语课件
International Business English
LESSON TWO Income level and the world market
Business Knowledge
GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP (gross national product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.(国民原则). GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy（国土原则）. The major difference between them is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place; the former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter ,the value of the products themselves. And we can use them interchangeable. Per capita income and per capita GDP Per capita income is calculated by dividing its national income by its population. per capita GDP is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population. Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.
自考-国际商务英语(复习资料)
本科毕业论文设计题目：小故事，大作为--小学英语教学中的故事教学Stories,make a deference--Stories Teaching works in Primary English Teaching学院：继续教育学院姓名： xxxxxxxxxx专业：英语教育年级： 2013级_指导教师： xxxxxxxxxxx时间： 2015年11月14日致谢这篇论文是在我的论文导师谢枝龙博士的悉心指导下完成的。
成文之际我向他给予的细心指导和帮助表示由衷感谢。
感谢所有教过我的老师们，在老师们的悉心教导和严格要求下，我的知识不断的积累和丰富，为今后的工作和生活做好了更充足的准备。
感谢我的父母，感谢他们对我的养育之恩。
他们给我的不但是物质上的养育，更有精神上的教育。
他们朴实的品格和吃苦耐劳的精神深深地扎根于我的思想中，激励我勇往直前!小故事，大作为--小学英语教学中的故事教学学科专业：英语教育指导教师：xxxxxxxxxx论文作者：xxxxxxx 毕业学校：江西师范大学[摘要]：故事是儿童成长过程中不可缺少的一部分，故事对儿童具有一种普遍的吸引力，生动、有趣的故事不但能够唤起学生学习的兴趣，为学生提供各方面的语言训练，还能培养学生的想象能力、思维能力、理解能力以及写作能力。
本文从以故事为载体，通过听故事、讲故事、演故事、编故事等多种方式，进行生动活泼的英语教学，阐述故事教学的魅力。
Stories, make a deference--Stories Teaching worksin Primary English TeachingMajor: English TeachingSupervisor: xxxxxxxxxxxAuthor: xxxxxxxxxxSchool Graduated: Jiangxi Normal University[Abstract]: Children's growth story is an indispensable part of the process, the story of the children to have a universal appeal, lively, interesting stories not only to arouse students 'interest in learning, to provide students with various aspects of language training, but also to cultivate students' imagination ability, thinking ability, comprehension and writing skills. In this paper, as the carrier from a story by listening to stories, telling stories, my story, stories and other means, lively teaching English to explain the story of teaching charm.[关键词]：英语教学故事趣味快乐[Key words]: English Teaching. Stories. Fun. Happy目录内容摘要 (2)Abstract (2)第一章绪论1.1引言 (4)1.2研究故事教学的意义 (4)1.3故事教学的重要性 (5)1.3.1激发学习兴趣，活跃课堂气氛 (5)1.3.2 形成健康人格，培养合作精神 (5)第二章如何运用英语小故事进行教学 (7)2.1故事教学法在词汇教学中的运 (7)2.2故事教学法在会话教学中的运用 (7)2.3故事教学法在语法教学中的运用 (8)第三章故事教学过程中的活动设计 (9)第四章故事教学的延伸——话题与故事 (10)第五章应用故事表演需要注意的问题 (11)5.1故事的选择：改编与创作 (11)5.2表演活动的设计.... .. (11)第六章结论 (13)[参考文献] ..... ...... ................... (14)第一章绪论1.1引言故事教学法是教师在课堂上根据所讲授的内容穿插些相关的简明、短小故事、以说明注解强调所讲内容，或者干脆就用故事内容代替讲课内容，吸引学生注意、激发学生听课兴趣、启发学生思考、直接从故事中悟到蕴涵的道理、掌握其中的知识技术等的一种深入浅出、化繁为简、寓教于乐、喜闻乐见的教学方法。
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 10
other risks
➢ political risks - war, quotas, foreign exchange control
➢ commercial risks - market change and exchange rate fluctuation
➢ language barriers
exporter
draft and the shipping document
bank
customer
importer’s bank
document will not be released to the importer until payment is affected
D/ P at sight
sales on this basis are usually paid for by periodic payment
the exporter must have sufficient financial strength to carry to cost of the goods until receiving payment
/
debtor /ˈdetə(r)/
debit /ˈdebɪt/
adj. 国内的 n. 状况 n. 汇款 n. 债务人 v. 将……记入 借方；n. 借方
financial standing standing n. 地位；级别；身份；名声
credit worthiness /ˈwɜːðinəs/ default /dɪˈfɔːlt/ ban /bæn/
fluctuation /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
财务状况
资信可靠 状况
n. 违约 n./ v. 禁 止
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 4
adj. 有作用 的
n. 国际化
n. 设施， 设备
v. 把…… 归类为
※employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ assets /ˈæsets/ incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/ purport /pəˈpɔːt/ headquarters
v. 用，使用 n. 资产 v. 吸收，合并 v. 声称，自称 n. 总不
adj. 庞大的， 巨大的
v. 干预，干涉
n. 投入 技术进步 n. 获得
day-to-day running ※run v. 经营，管理
decentralize /ˌdiːˈsentrəlaɪz/ wield /wiːld/
jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/
vehicle /ˈviːəkl/
value
acclaim /əˈkleɪm/
adverse /ˈædvɜːs/ adversity /ədˈvɜːsəti/ n. 逆境，厄运
controversial /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃ(ə)l/ controversy /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi/ n. 争议
n. 要素，组 成部分 n. 价值观 v. 欢呼
wide geographical
02 spread
longevity and rapid
03 growth
The behavior of MNEs is very much determined by their needs. These needs are often identified as goals. The purpose of organization is to facilitate the MNEs operations and the purpose of its operations is to achieve its organizational goals.
自考国际商务与国际营销(11746)完整课件含真题习题串讲
与相关课程的联系与区别
• 本书与商务管理或金融管理证书其他课程的内容密切联系。比如，与第一 阶段共同课中 的《市场与市场营销》、《企业组织与经营环境》和《商 务沟通方法与技能》的部门内容都 有关联。与《战略管理与伦理》课程 中关于两种极端的管理方式的内容也有较大联系:制度 化管理(它建立在测 量、管理会计、信息系统和运营研究基础之上，从而形成事实驱动的、 冷酷的管理形式)和人性化管理(它建立在将组织视做社会系统的观念之上， 更多地关注人 的情感)。因此，《国际商务与国际营销》是一门跨学科的 课程。
• 使学生具备识别和分析问题以及收集相关数据的能力，从而能够制定、 实施有效的计划和政策，并进行有效地监督和控制。
• 帮助学生形成自我管理的能力，以及在团队活动中发挥积极作用的能力。 • 增强学生的自信心、判断问题的自主性和独立性、自我激励的能力、进
取心、事业心及自觉性。 • 为学生在合适的时候进入更高阶段的学习做好准备。
学习目标
基本要求：
1、国际贸易的本质； 2、绝对优势与比较优势的区别； 3、限制国家之间开展贸易的因素。
学习目的：
1、理解国际贸易的本质及其背后的动因，学会运用比较成本数据 计算开展国际贸易的可能利益，从而掌握国际营销。
• 第四章 国际贸易和国际营销环境 • 第一节 国际市场营销 • 第二节 国际市场营销环境 • 第五章 国际市场调研 • 第一节 国际市场营销调研 • 第二节 国际市场细分和选择
• 第六章 国际营销组合
•
第一节 国际产品策略
•
第二节 国际定价策略
•
第三节 国际促销组合
•
第四节 国际分销
• 第七章 国际市场营销战略、计划和控制
学习成果
• 学习完本课程后，学生应能够: • 理解外汇基本知识以及明确外汇市场的主要特征 • 理解政府如何控制货币的跨国流动 • 理解企业从事外汇交易的原因，并且能够解释汇率变化如何影响商业政策
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 8
商品交易 会
长途电话
n. 询盘， 询价
n. 报价
adv. 主动 地
indispensable /ˌɪndɪˈspensəbəl/ dispense v. 发放，分配 dispensable adj. 不必要的，可有可无的
validity /vəˈlɪdəti/ period validity n. （法律上的）有效，合法 valid adj. 有效的
adj. 有约束力 的
/
enforceable /ɪnˈfɔːsəbəl/ enforce v. 使服从（法律）；（强制）
实行，执行，把…强加于
adj. 可实施的
sue /suː/
v. 起诉
trade fairs trunk call enquiry (inquiry) /ɪnˈkwaɪəri/ ※quotation /kwəʊˈteɪʃən/ voluntarily /ˈvɒləntrəli/
3. the signatures
4. the stipulations
the signatures of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer
on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
自考国际商务英语学科考试复习要点
国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Lesson 1 International Business商务术语：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色书10-11页)考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business）A．Trade（贸易）：a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade )b. trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade)B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资)b. portfolio investment (证券投资)C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营)b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)翻译练习:1.随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2.BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货)creditor country ( 债权国) (紫色书25页)考点:国民生产总值和国生产总值(GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods ands produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP:refers to the market value of all goods ands produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada翻译练习:1.国民生产总值和国生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。
2020年10月自考00015英语二复习串讲讲义资料
2020年10月自考00015英语二复习串讲讲义资料课程介绍一、课程性质英语（二）是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）本科阶段的公共基础课。
二、题型及分值类型题型分值总计考点选择题阅读判断10×1'10'快速阅读阅读选择5×2'10'深度阅读概括段落大意和补全句子10×1'10'概括段落大意提取关键信息填句补文5×2'10'文章结构，段落连贯性填词补文10×1.5'15'单词认知，词性判断非选择题完形补文10×1.5'15'单词认知，词性转换短文写作1×30'30'100词左右合计100'三、本资料介绍针对英语（二）试题中第一题到第四题，本资料给出对应的解题技巧及真题举例；第五题和第六题主要涉及到英语语法，本资料将近5年真题涉及到的语法知识进行总结，详细解释并举对应的真题为例；针对第七题作文部分，本资料给出写作模板及参考例文。
如果您能认真阅读本资料并掌握其中的解题技巧和语法知识，那么您一定能顺利通过考试！目录第一部分语法知识 (4)第一单元名词形容词副词介词 (4)第一章名词 (4)第二章形容词 (5)第三章副词 (8)第四章介词 (10)第二单元谓语动词 (11)第一章系动词 (12)第二章情态动词 (12)第三章时态 (13)第四章英语语态 (16)第三单元非谓语动词 (17)第一章动词不定式 (18)第二章分词 (19)第四单元从句 (21)第一章名词性从句 (21)第二章形容词从句（定语从句） (21)第三章副词从句（状语从句） (21)第五单元并列结构 (22)第二部分应对技巧 (24)第一章阅读判断 (24)第二章阅读选择 (28)第三章概括段落大意和补全句子 (33)第四章填句补文 (36)第五章填词补文 (38)第六章完形补文 (40)第七章短文写作 (41)第一部分语法知识第一单元名词形容词副词介词第一章名词一、概念名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
自考《英语二》高频考点串讲汇总归纳复习资料PPT
creatively
前缀列表中，重点记忆构成否定的前缀 1．dis－加在名词、形容词，动词之前。 disadvantage（缺点）, dishonorable（不光彩的）, disagree（不同意） 2．in-加在形容词，名词之前 incorrect（不正确的），inability（无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的） 3．im-加在字母 m,b,p 之前 impossible（不可能的），impolite（不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻）
2024/10/20
6．-some 意为：像……一样的；引起……的；有……品质的（like； causing； having the quality of）例词：troublesome，burdensome， wholesome，tiresome，bothersome, awesome, handsome
自考《英语二》高频考点串讲汇总 归纳复习资料
2024/10/20
目录
一、考什么 二、考试题型 三、如何备考 四、学习方法讲解 五、做题方法讲解（真题）
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一、考什么？
考试要求：
1. 较系统的英语语法知识； 2. 约3800个英语单词&约750个词组； 3. 一定的英语写作能力
重点：基本词汇和语法 目的：培养阅读能力 优势：没有听力
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11．-ous 意为：富含……的；有……品质的；像……的（full of；having the quality of；like） 例词：glorious，erroneous，malicious，gracious
8．mis－加在动词、名词之前 misunderstand（误解），misjudge（误判），misleading（误导性的）， misfortune（不幸） , misbehave, misspell, mistaken, misprint
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 18
the World Bank - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
three affiliates
the International Development Association (IDA)
the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) established in 1945 source of its capital:
subscribed by its members finances its lending operations
channel /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ (n. 频道；海峡)
financial resources / ……
subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ (订阅) subscription /səbˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/ n.
※finance /faɪˈnæns/
adj. 多边的 v. 开辟途径 资金 v. 任捐 v. 提供资金
the significance of the World Bank
financed all kinds of capital infrastructure
its development strategy emphasizes investments that can directly affect the well-being of the masses of poor people of developing countries by making them more productive and by integrating them as active partners in the development process
国际商务英语中级考试ppt课件
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂 拥而出 或留恋 财物， 要当机 立断， 披上浸 湿的衣 服或裹 上湿毛 毯、湿 被褥勇 敢地冲 出去
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国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Lesson 1 International Business商务术语：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色书10-11页)考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business）A．Trade（贸易）：a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade )b. service trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade)B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资)b. portfolio investment (证券投资)C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营)b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)翻译练习:1.随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2.BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货)creditor country ( 债权国) (紫色书25页)考点:国民生产总值和国内生产总值(GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada翻译练习:1.国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。
GNP and GDP indicate a country’s total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its national income.2.欧盟作为三方组合的一个分支，在使我们的市场多元化方面起着相当重要的作用EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our marketLesson 3 Regional Economic Integration商务术语:tariff rates(关税率) settlement (协议) cartel (卡特尔) free trade areaNAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement北美自由贸易协定) 紫色书41页考点:1.地区一体化的主要目标(Major objectives of regional integration)To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members2.地区经济一体化的四个层次( Four levels of regional economic integration)A.Free trade area (自由贸易区)----经济一体化程度低,内部团结,但各成员对外采用各自的贸易政策B.Customs Union (关税同盟)---所有成员对外都实行相同的贸易政策mon market (共同市场)---共同的对外政策,生产要素也在各成员国间流动D.Economic union( 经济联盟)----经济一体化程度最高, 共同的对外政策,生产要素也. 在各成员国间流动, 统一协调各国在经济金融领域的国内政策,统一货币3. 掌握EU (欧洲联盟) , APEC(亚太经济合作组织). OPEC (石油输出国组织)翻译练习:1.共同市场具有使商品, 服务,劳动力甚至资本,技术在各成员国之间自由流通的特点.The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labor.2.欧盟是一个机构齐全的实体,其历史可以追溯到1952年.The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952.Lesson 4 Economic Globalization商务术语:Shareholders（股东），board of directors（董事会），parent company（母公司），affiliate （子公司），day-to-day running（日常管理），multinational corporation（跨国公司），home country（母公司所在国），host country（东道国）紫色书63-64页考点：1．经济全球化的基本特征和优劣势：A．B asic feature：a. free flow of commodity，capital，technology，service and informationb. optimized allocation of resources（资源优化配置）B. Advantages and negative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic developmentb. mutual benefits from economic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globalb. not balanced benefits3.跨国公司(multinational corporations)anization---parent and affiliates (组织----母公司与子公司)B.features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread (广阔的地域分布)c. needs ,goals and roles (需要, 目标和作用): profits, securityC. four types: a. multi-domestic corporationb. global corporationc. transnational corporationd. world company4.翻译:a.经济全球化使得各国经济更容易受到全球各地不利事件的伤害。
Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.b.安全对任何一个跨国企业而言都极为重要,因为没有安全,跨国企业组织的生存便无法保证。
Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNE’s survival can never be assured.Lesson 5-6 International Trade (1) (2)商务术语:services(劳务), primary commodities(初级产品), absolute advantage(绝对利益), comparative advantage(比较利益), quota(配额), customs union(关税同盟), ad valorem duty(从价税), specific duties(从量税), drawback(退税), MFN(最惠国待遇), non-tariff barrier(非关税壁垒).紫色书: 90页110页考点:1.国际贸易的定义(definition):It refers to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another2.国际贸易的两个缘由( Two reasons for international trade)a.the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesb.international specialization(国际专业化)3.国际专门化的两个理论(Two theories for international specialization)a.The theory of absolute advantage(绝对利益理论):a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital, land, and labour)b.The theory of comparative advantage(相对对利益理论):Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.关税壁垒和非关税壁垒( tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers)a.tariff barriers: export duty(进口税), import duty(出口税), ----specific duties 从量税ad valorem duty. 从价税Compound duty 混合税b.non-tariff barriers: quotas----the most common form of non-tariff barriers5.翻译练习a.比较优势理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international tradeb．关税壁垒是限制贸易最常见的形式Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction.Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000商务术语：EDI (电子数据交换)，customers clearance (结关)，dispatch (发运)，ICC（国际商会）Roll-on-roll-off(滚装滚卸), incoterms (国际贸易通则)，FOB(起运港船上交货价)，CFR (成本加运费价)，CIF (成本加运费加保险费价) 紫色书132-133页考点:1.《国际贸易术语解释通则》的必要性和目的The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms The purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade and avoid uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.3.三个最常用术语(The three most commonly used terms)FOB: Free on Board 装运港船上交货CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加运费CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本,保险费,加运费翻译练习:a.折扣是指卖方按照商品的原价给买方以一定比率的价格减让Discount means that sellers offer to buyers a certain percentage of reduction on the original price.b.买卖双方在制定合同时,如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照,他们就肯定能简单可靠地确定各自的责任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.Lesson 8 Business Contract商务术语:Inquiry(询盘,询价), quotation(报价单), validity period(有效期), offer(发盘), counter-offer(还盘), offeree(收盘人), sales confirmation(销售确认书), Consignment(寄售), fore majeure(不可抗力), business line(业务范围), contract proper(合同正文), article number(货号).紫书150-151页考点:1.合同的定义(definition)A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties2.谈判过程及签定合同(the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract)inquiry--→quotation---> offer and acceptance-→counter-offer3.合同的种类(The types of contracts)a. sales contractb.purchase contractc.sales confirmation4.合同的构成(the setting up of a contract)a.the title (合同名称)b.the contract proper(合同正文)c.The signature of the contracting parties(缔约双方签字)d.The stipulations on the back of the contract(合同背面的规定)翻译练习:a. 在实盘情况下,我们通常保留有效期三天In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers open for three daysLesson 9 Modes of Trade商务术语:Counter trade(对销贸易), hyperinflation(极度通货膨胀), Reichstock（德国国家银行），protectionism（贸易保护主义），Clearing system(票据交换制度), net positions(净头寸), compensation trade(补偿贸易), barter(易货贸易), counter purchase(互购贸易)Buyback(回购贸易), centrally planned economies(中央计划经济国家), processing trade(加工贸易), consignment(寄售贸易), leasing trade(租赁贸易)，aution(竞卖／拍卖), agency(代理) 174-175页考点：1.对销贸易的主要优点(major advantages of counter trade)a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortagesb. promoting exportsc, reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsd.bypassing international price agreemente. helping countries with debt problems to import goods3.对销贸易的缺点(the drawbacks of counter trade)a.very risky business (conceal the real prices and costs of transactions)panies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor qualityc. a form of proctectionism翻译练习a.“互相捆绑”是易货贸易,回购贸易和互惠贸易的共同特征“Bundling” is the feature common to barter, counter purchase and buyback.b.作为一种捆绑贸易,对销贸易一般是在成熟市场经济国家和市场机制不完善的国家间发生的贸易As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution..Lesson10 International Payment商务词汇:debtor(债务人), debit(收方/借方), financial standing(财务状况), credit worthiness(信誉), periodic payment(分期付款), cash in advance(预付现金),usance draft(远期汇票), documentary draft(跟单汇票), clean draft(光票), documentary collection(跟单托收), D/P(付款交单), D/A(承兑交单).194-195页考点:1.国际贸易支付的复杂性(the complexity of payment in international trade):Mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc.2.在一定条件下的两种支付方法:a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance (预付现金和部分预付现金)b.open account(记账交易)3.汇票(the draft/ bill of exchange)a.definition: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someoneon demand or at a fixed time in the futureb.sign draft and usance draft (即期汇票和远期汇票)c.clean draft (光票:汇票不附单据) and documentary draft (跟单汇票:随同汇票一起的有相关的单据,如提单,发票,保险单)4.跟单拖收(documentary collection)a.D/P: 付款交单: documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effectedb.D/A: 承兑交单: documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill ofexchange drawn by the exporter翻译练习:a.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的,汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bankor a customer to payb.即期汇票要求受票人见到汇票后立即付款A sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Lesson11-12 Credit (1),(2)商务术语:Applicant (申请人), opening bank(开证行), corresponding bank(关系行), advising bank(通知行), confirming bank(保兑行). Reimburse(付款), unit price(单价), partial shipment(分批装运). Clean credit(光票信用证), revocable credit(可撤消信用证), irrevocable credit(不可撤消信用证). Maturity(到期日,偿还日), capital turnover(资金周转率), face value(面值), discount(贴现), deferred payment(延期付款), revolving credit(循环信用证). 紫色书220页345页考点:1.信用证独特的具有代表性的特征The bilateral security—双边保证2.信用证的相关当事人及其在信用证业务中的作用---联系淘宝的例子A. the applicant (开证)B. the opening bank(开证行)C. the advising bank(通知行)D. the negotiating bank(议付行)E. the confirming bank(保兑行)4.信用证的局限性(limitation)a.inability to provide absolute securityb.being more expensive than other forms of payment翻译练习1.信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国际支付提供便利The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthness of the bank.2.信用证极大地方便并促进了国际贸易,然而它并不能给缔约双方提供绝对安全The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it can not provide absolute security for the contracting parties.Lesson13 Major Documents Required in World Trade商务术语:Documents(单据), take delivery of (提货), bill of lading(提单). Consignee(收获人), air bill(空运提单), cargo receipt(铁路运单), commercial invoice(商业发票), certificate of quality(品质证书). Insurance policy(保险单) 紫色书上269页考点:1,主要单据(major types of documents)a. commercial invoice 商业发票b. packing list 装相单c. the bill of lading 提单d.insurance policy and insurance certificate 保险单和保险证书e.various certificate 其它各种证书翻译练习:1.提单的签发日期绝不能晚于信用证所规定的时间The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit2.货物一装上船,请即电告收发人You are requested to notify the consignee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped.Lesson14 International Transportation商务术语:Finished products (制成品), deregulation(撤消管制规定), productivity(生产率), cost economies(成本节约), intermediate products(中间产品), natural product provinces(产品自然领域), Inventory(存货,库存), freight transportation(货物运输) 紫色书292页考点:1.五种主要运输方式The five major modes of transportationWater ,rail, truck, pipeline, and air2.改变运输业的四大因素The four factors that are substantially changing transportationa. transportation deregulationb. just-in-time inventory systemsc. competition based on high level of customer serviced. globalization of business翻译练习:a.在当前市场竞争十分激烈的情况下,出口商必须加快货运,以快取胜At a time when competition is fierce, exporters can beat their competitors by speeding up shipment.b.运输对工业社会的发展和运行起着至关重要的作用Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.Lesson15-16 Insurance (1), (2)商务术语:Insured(保户), Insurer(承保人), margin(保险金), underwriter(保险商), pool(共同款项), cargo insurance(运输保险), marine insurance(海上保险), indemnity(赔偿), ruin(损失), insurable interests(可保险权), principle of utmost faith(最大诚信原则), forwarding charge(远期费用) 紫色书307,322页考点:1.保险的定义(definition)’It can be defined as a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk2.保险的三个主要原则(Three main principles of insurance)a. insurable interestb. utmost good faithc. indemnity两个辅助原则(two sub-principle of insurance)a. contributionb. suborgation翻译练习:a. 货物保险通常有火险, 海上保险和意外事故保险Cargo insurance includes fire, marine and accident insurance.b. 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。