细胞内的细胞器

• The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it
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LYSOSOMES
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Lysosome Animation
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CYTOPLASM
Protoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane
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Think about building a model of a ship (that's the molecule). Then take that model and put it in a bottle (that's the vesicle).
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Golgi apparatus
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Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.
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CELL MEMBRANE
holds the cell together keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the cell controls what goes in and out of the cell Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny holes in it
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Mitochondria
Mito = Mighty / Power The Power-House of the cell They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria
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EXOCYTOSIS- The release of intracellular molecules (hormones or proteins)
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Osmosis-
the movement of water across the cell membrane
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GOLGI APPARATUS
VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches off a part of its membrane 18
MOVEMENT of VESICLES
**The vesicle can then move to the Golgi apparatus or the cell membrane 1) If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane, the proteins are going to be sent out of the cell……or (exocytosis) 2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the proteins will be used inside the cell
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Smooth ER
Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things Shaped slightly tubular Creates steroids
Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balancedHale Waihona Puke Baidu
LYSOSOMES (primarily animal)
•They combine with the food taken in by the cell •The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior) • Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria
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CYTOPLASM
cytoplasm
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CYTOSKELETON
• Chief functions include: – movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis
– maintaining the shape of the cell
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How does the cell membrane work?
Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER
Bi means two
The layers are made up of molecules called phospholipids **THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of bread and some stuffing on the inside
Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS One end of the molecule is “afraid” of the water and one end “loves” being in the water. Proteins are stuck inside the membrane Proteins are across the bilayer and make the holes that let ions and molecules in and out of the cell
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The Mitochondria structure has three main parts:
OUTER MEMBRANE: covers the mitochondria INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here So…the more space it has the more energy it 14 can create
It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
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NUCLEOLUS
The dark area in the nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
also known as the “ER” it is an organelle inside the cell that is made up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of the cell There are two different Smooth ER Rough ER
Nucleus
the nucleus
carry the information that Chromosomes – determines what traits a living thing will have
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell
Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus
Cytosol: – Mostly H2O – Contains organelles – Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients
*Rough ER & Smooth ER
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Nucleus
The “brain” of the cell Controls all of the cellular activities DNA is inside the nucleus
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CHROMOSOMES- are found inside
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Rough ER
It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough” appearance Bumps are called RIBOSOMES ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them
MATRIX: a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together (like a solution) •The proteins take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy
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LYSOSOMES
• When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) – Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted • Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally – “Suicide Sacs” – UV light damages lysosome membrane
•Also called the Golgi Complex
•It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs …like a loose stack of pancakes WHAT DOES IT DO?
1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules. 2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC end
•HYDRO = means water •PHOBIC = means afraid •PHILIC = means loving 10
-nucleus -nucleolus -cell membrane -mitochondria -golgi Apparatus -lysosomes
-cytoplasm -cytoskeleton -vacuole -chloroplast -centrioles -ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
– keeping the cell from getting smashed
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VACUOLE
• Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell