Differences between Chinese and Western Table Manners中西方餐桌礼仪的差异
中西餐的区别英语作文
中西餐的区别英语作文（中英文版）English Essay:Title: The Differences between Chinese and Western CuisineCuisine is an integral part of any culture, and the distinct differences between Chinese and Western cuisine are a reflection of the diverse culinary traditions of these two regions.The disparities extend beyond ingredients and flavors to cooking techniques, dining etiquette, and the philosophy behind food preparation.Firstly, the variety of ingredients used in Chinese and Western cuisine differ significantly.Chinese cuisine employs a wide array of ingredients, including a variety of vegetables, meats, and spices.The use of ingredients like tofu, bamboo shoots, and seaweed is prevalent.In contrast, Western cuisine tends to focus on a narrower range of ingredients, such as potatoes, tomatoes, and cheese, with an emphasis on dairy products.Flavors also set Chinese and Western cuisine apart.Chinese cooking often emphasizes the balance of flavors, combining sweet, sour, spicy, and salty elements in one dish.In contrast, Western cuisine typically features distinct flavors in separate dishes, such as a main course being savory and desserts being sweet.Cooking techniques vary greatly as well.Chinese cuisine employs methods like stir-frying, steaming, and boiling, which preserve the naturalflavors and textures of the ingredients.On the other hand, Western cuisine frequently uses techniques like roasting, baking, and grilling, which often result in a more substantial and robust taste.Dining etiquette reflects cultural differences too.Chinese meals are communal affairs, with dishes being shared and placed at the center of the table.Chopsticks are the primary eating utensil, promoting interaction and a sense of community.In contrast, Western meals are more individualistic, with each person having their own portion and eating with a fork, knife, and sometimes a spoon.Lastly, the philosophy behind food preparation differs between the two cuisines.Chinese cuisine is deeply rooted in the principles of balance and harmony, with an emphasis on the health benefits of food.The concept of yin and yang is often applied, where certain ingredients are believed to have healing properties.Western cuisine, while also considering health aspects, tends to focus more on the presentation and creativity of dishes, often influenced by culinary trends and individual expression.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Western cuisine are multifaceted, encompassing ingredients, flavors, cooking techniques, dining etiquette, and the philosophy behind food preparation.These distinctions not only make each cuisine unique but also offer a fascinating window into the diverse culinary heritages of the world.中文作文：标题：中西方饮食的差异饮食是任何文化中不可或缺的一部分，中西方饮食之间的显著差异反映了这两个地区多样的烹饪传统。
中西差异 英语作文
中西差异英语作文The Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultures。
Culture is an important aspect of human society, and it plays a significant role in shaping people's behaviors, beliefs, and values. Chinese and Western cultures are two of the most influential cultures in the world, and they have many differences in terms of customs, traditions, and social norms. In this essay, I will explore the differences between Chinese and Western cultures and discuss how these differences impact people's daily lives.One of the most obvious differences between Chinese and Western cultures is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In Western cultures, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to pursue their own goals and ambitions. On the other hand, Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism, and the needs of the group are often prioritized over the needs of the individual. This can be seen in the way Chinese people make decisions, asthey often consider the impact on their family and community before making a choice.Another key difference between Chinese and Western cultures is the approach to communication. In Western cultures, direct communication is valued, and people are encouraged to express their thoughts and opinions openly. In contrast, Chinese culture places a high value onindirect communication and saving face. This can lead to misunderstandings between people from different cultures, as Westerners may perceive Chinese people as being evasive or insincere, while Chinese people may view Westerners as being too blunt or confrontational.Furthermore, the concept of time is viewed differently in Chinese and Western cultures. In Western cultures, time is often seen as a finite resource, and punctuality is highly valued. On the other hand, Chinese culture has a more flexible approach to time, and people may not place as much importance on being punctual. This can lead to misunderstandings between people from different cultures, as Westerners may perceive Chinese people as beingdisrespectful or unreliable, while Chinese people may view Westerners as being too rigid or inflexible.In addition, the role of family in Chinese and Western cultures is also quite different. In Western cultures, the nuclear family is often the primary source of support and socialization for individuals. In contrast, Chinese culture places a high value on the extended family, and people are expected to prioritize the needs of their family members over their own needs. This can be seen in the way Chinese people make decisions, as they often consult with their family members before making a major life choice.Despite these differences, it is important to recognize that both Chinese and Western cultures have their own strengths and weaknesses. By understanding and respecting the differences between these two cultures, people can develop a greater appreciation for diversity and foster better cross-cultural relationships. Ultimately, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures enrich our global society and provide us with the opportunity to learn from one another.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures are vast and complex, and they impact many aspects of people's daily lives. By recognizing and understanding these differences, people can develop a greater appreciation for diversity and foster better cross-cultural relationships. Ultimately, the coexistence of Chinese and Western cultures enriches our global society and provides us with the opportunity to learn from one another.。
中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文
中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文Cultural Differences Between Chinese and Western PeopleCulture plays a significant role in shaping the behavior, values, and beliefs of a society. When it comes to comparing Chinese and Western cultures, there are numerous differences that one can observe. These differences have evolved over centuries and continue to influence the way individuals interact and perceive the world around them.One of the fundamental differences between Chinese and Western cultures is the emphasis on individualism versus collectivism. Western cultures, such as those in Europe and North America, tend to prioritize individual rights, freedom, and personal achievements. In contrast, Chinese culture values the collective over the individual, emphasizing harmony, conformity, and group cohesion. This distinction is manifested in various aspects of daily life, including decision-making, communication styles, and social interactions.Another significant difference between Chinese and Western cultures lies in the perception of time. Western cultures typically adhere to a linear concept of time, where schedules and deadlines are strictly followed. In contrast, Chinese culture oftenfollows a more flexible and circular notion of time, where events may be influenced by external factors or the flow of nature. This can lead to misunderstandings and frustrations when individuals from different cultural backgrounds try to collaborate or negotiate.Additionally, the concept of hierarchy and authority differs between Chinese and Western cultures. Western societies tend to value equality and democracy, where individuals are encouraged to question authority and challenge the status quo. In contrast, Chinese culture emphasizes respect for authority figures, such as elders or leaders, and values hierarchical relationships within social structures. This can influence the way decisions are made, conflicts are resolved, and relationships are maintained in both cultures.Communication styles also vary between Chinese and Western cultures. Western cultures often value direct and explicit communication, where individuals express their thoughts and feelings openly. In contrast, Chinese culture tends to prioritize indirect and implicit communication, where messages may be conveyed through nonverbal cues, gestures, or silence. This can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations when individuals from different cultures communicate with each other.Moreover, the perception of personal space and physical contact differs between Chinese and Western cultures. Western cultures often value personal space and boundaries, with individuals maintaining a certain distance from others in social interactions. In contrast, Chinese culture may have a more relaxed attitude towards personal space, with closer physical proximity and more frequent physical contact in daily interactions. This can create discomfort or unease for individuals from different cultural backgrounds when navigating social situations.Despite these cultural differences, there is also a sense of shared humanity and universal values that connect Chinese and Western cultures. Both cultures value virtues such as kindness, honesty, and respect for others, and seek to achieve happiness, success, and fulfillment in life. By recognizing and appreciating these cultural differences, individuals from both Chinese and Western backgrounds can learn from each other, broaden their perspectives, and foster greater understanding and harmony in an increasingly interconnected world.In conclusion, the cultural differences between Chinese and Western people are complex and multifaceted, influenced by historical, social, and psychological factors. By exploring andunderstanding these differences, individuals can cultivate greater empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for diverse cultural perspectives. Ultimately, embracing cultural diversity can enrich our lives, deepen our relationships, and create a more harmonious and interconnected global community.。
中国文化和西方文化的不同英语作文
中国文化和西方文化的不同英语作文Differences Between Chinese Culture and Western CultureCulture plays a significant role in shaping societies and individuals. China and the West, represented by countries in Europe and North America, have distinct cultural characteristics that influence their people's beliefs, values, and behaviors. In this essay, we will explore the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in various aspects.One of the most notable differences between Chinese culture and Western culture lies in their historical and philosophical traditions. Chinese culture is deeply rooted in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which emphasize harmony, collectivism, and respect for authority. On the other hand, Western culture is influenced by the Greek and Roman civilizations, as well as Judeo-Christian traditions, highlighting individualism, rationality, and the belief in progress.Another significant difference between Chinese and Western culture is the concept of time. In Chinese culture, time is perceived as cyclical, with a focus on the past and present, while in Western culture, time is seen as linear, with an emphasis onthe future. This difference in the understanding of time influences people's planning and decision-making processes.Furthermore, Chinese culture values hierarchy and social harmony, whereas Western culture prioritizes equality and individual rights. In China, respect for authority and elders is important, and people are expected to conform to societal norms and expectations. In contrast, Western societies promote equality, freedom of expression, and individual autonomy, encouraging people to challenge authority and pursue their own interests.Cultural attitudes towards relationships and communication also differ between Chinese and Western cultures. Chinese culture values collectivism, interdependence, and maintaining "face," which refers to preserving one's reputation and social standing. In contrast, Western culture emphasizes individualism, self-expression, and open communication, leading to a more direct and assertive communication style.Moreover, Chinese and Western cultures have distinct culinary traditions, art forms, and aesthetic preferences. Chinese cuisine is characterized by a harmonious balance of flavors, textures, and colors, while Western cuisine tends to prioritize meat, dairy products, and baked goods. In terms of art, Chineseculture values calligraphy, painting, and ceramics, while Western culture is known for its literature, music, theater, and visual arts.In conclusion, Chinese culture and Western culture are rich and diverse, each with its own unique characteristics and values. By understanding and appreciating these cultural differences, we can foster mutual respect, cooperation, and cross-cultural understanding in an increasingly globalized world. Ultimately, cultural diversity enriches our collective human experience and contributes to a more harmonious and inclusive society.。
英语演讲：中外文化的差别
Chinese vs western
Chinese vs western
Food Wedding buildings
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Chinese vs western
Chinese vs western
Thank you!
例如在美国你总是谈论个人权利而不是将整个社会上面你自己
The Difference between chinese and western culture
Chinese vs weБайду номын сангаасtern
周丽玲 43
Chinese vs western
• Chinese Culture is a culture based on masses （民众）. People placed country and family above your own self. • Western culture is based on individualism (个人主义） rather than on mass . For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. • 中国文化是一种基于大众文化。人们把国家和家庭超过你 自己。 • 西方文化是建立在个人主义而不是质量。例如,在美国,你 总是谈论个人权利,而不是将整个社会上面你自己。
Chinese vs western
Chinese vs western
• To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. (天人和一) • Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship. • 解决人与自然之间的关系,中国试图融合人 类和“天堂”。 • 西方文化是基于科学,它试图解决人与自然 的关系。
DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternEducation中美教育差异
Differences between Chinese and WesternEducationBrief：As the matter of fact, the argument about advantages and disadvantages between Chinese Education and Western Education is keeping on all the time. To find out the most suitable way for each individual, we shall gather more information and compare both matters in China and foreign countries. Keywords: Differences, Chinese and Western Education The basic issue of education is what kind of people we want to cultivate to be, and how to cultivate them. The concept of value, purpose of education and method of education between Chinese Education System and Western Education System are differentiated in many academic fields.What are the significant characteristics of both Chinese Education System and Western Education System? Let’s have a compare and discuss as follows:1）concepts of education valueTeaching concept is commonly used in Chinese family education and Chinese Education System. Students learn knowledge through classes that are conducted byteachers inside the classroom, and perceive knowledge by listening to what the parents have told them and textbooks which parents ask them to read.It resulted that Chinese primary education is with no doubt strongly-built, especially during primary school and middle school period.Guiding is the main concept of education wildly used in western countries. It emphasizes the rights and respects of children, which is base on a trust motion. Westerners intend to offer children opportunities to develop themselves, discovering their potential specialties and abilities. They encourage children to study with interest under pleasure, doing what they want to do and trying the best they can. Thus western children are more responsible and confident; they have a higher grade of self-esteems because of the process of self-learning. Chinese Education System is good at demonstrating and building moral students always following traditional rules and regulations. But western children show more aggressiveness in personal development, they become the master of their own destiny. They are more ingenious and creative.2）Chance to enter high educationThe primary education in China is unilaterally seeking for the rate of upgrading.Only those high scored students have the opportunity to enter famous school. As a result of this, some of the students who have lower scores may not have a fair chance to develop. It causes huge stress burden on both schools’ and students’ shoulders. Schools care about their reputation, certainly more pressure is given to the students. Students care about are afraid of discipline or elimination, with no choice, they have to tolerate the pressure. However, those high education properties such as colleges and universities still have a low percentage of students among all the citizens in China.In western, every student may have a chance to enter high education properties. They mainly emphasize the personal development skills of students and set creativeness as a major purpose of education. In their opinion, personal development is according to personal need and demand. Every one has their own character and ambition, educate children toward their interest and specialty is helpful to discover their potential capacityand talent. It is not only for the need of personal development, but also good for social development.3) Education methodsChina students have been told that they should have the good manner of studying hard towards goals as a Chinese tradition. Most parents start teaching children simple calculating and writing when they are 3 or 4 years old. Almost every Chinese have the memory of being forced to Chinese ancient poems in their childhood. However, in the 21st century today, only reciting poems and textbooks, expecting high scores in exam, studying without other activities are evidently limited for the multi-changed diversity world. It is even harm for teenagers if dominate their life by studying only, because the ability of innovation is eradicated.In western countries, people more look into children’s perceive abilities.Western students just have to keep sufficient attendance and points, they can graduate easily. They have the opportunity to manage their leisure time, develop their interests. We could obviously find out that western people are normally more positive and easy going. They have various knowledge about life and naturewhich is out of textbooks, also they have better communication skills to getting along with different people.To sum up, Chinese Education System and Western Education System have their own advantages and disadvantages. Chinese emphasizes foundational knowledge whereas Western thinks highly of creativeness. If we could join two systems together, there is going be more Chinese performers on the 21st century stage.。
the difference between china and western中西方文化差异
China: conservative VS the West: opening
Major Traditional Chinese clothes
female Chinese
Cheongsam旗袍
The cheongsam is a dress with distinctive Chinese features and enjoys a growing popularity in the international world of high fashion.
Wide, easygoing, elegant is the basic elements of traditional Chinese costume.
In Chinese clothing culture, there some traditional and important color like red.
Western-style clothes, pattern is split apart by the mutual suture pattern and cut into clothing.
Clothing in the west often acts as a part of human art.
Chinese Tunic Suit 中山装
Chinese Tunic Suit, also called “Zhongshan Zhuang” in Chinese, is a kind of traditional male attire.
Modern clothes in China
Chinese wear pattern structure is mainly straight, few arcs and curve.
The differences between Chinese and western education 中西方教育的不同
The differences between Chinese and western educationThe prosperity of a nation depends on the development of education. Any development in science and technology throughout the world is due to the development of education which brings up scientists and inventors. It is difficult to emphasize just how important the role of education is. Education is also vital to the development of an individualThere are many differences between Chinese and Western education, such as educational requirements, concepts, ideas; teaching methods; the content of courses, education system ,and so on.education systemIn Chinathe education is divided into three categories: basic education, higher education, and adult education. The Compulsory Education Law of stipulates that each child have nine years of formal education.Basic EducationBasic education in China includes pre-school education, primary education and regular secondary education.Preschool, or kindergarten, can last up to three years, with children entering as early as age three, until age six, when they typically enter elementary school. The academic year is divided into two semesters.Secondary education is divided into academic secondary education andspecialized/vocational/technical secondary education.Academic secondary education is delivered by academic lower and upper middle schools.Lower middle school graduates wishing to continue their education take a locally administered entrance exam, on the basis of which they will have the option either of continuing in an academic upper middle school or of entering a vocational secondary school. Vocational schools offer programs ranging from two to four years and train medium-level skilled workers, farmers, and managerial and technical personnel. Technical schools typically offer four-years programs to train intermediate technical personnel. “Schools for Skilled Workers” typically train junior middle school graduates for positions requiring production and operation skills. The length of training is typically three year. Higher EducationHigher education at the undergraduate level includes two-and three-year junior colleges(sometimes also called short-cycle colleges, four-year colleges, and universities offering programs in both academic and vocational subjects. Many colleges and universities also offer graduate programs leading to the master’s or Ph.D. degree.Chinese higher education at the undergraduate level is divided into three-year and four-yearprograms. The former is offered not only at short-cycle colleges, but frequently also at four-year colleges and universities. The latter is offered at four-year colleges and universities but do not always lead to the bachelor’s degree.Myriad higher education opportunities also fall under the general category of adult education. Adult EducationThe adult education category overlaps all three of the above categories. Adult primary education includes Workers’ Primary Schools, Peasants’ Primary Schools, and literacy classes. Adult secondary education includes radio/TV specialized secondary schools, specialized secondary school for cadres, specialized secondary schools for staff and workers, specialized secondary schools for peasants,in-service teacher training schools and correspondence specialized secondary schools. Adult higher education includes radio/TV universities, cadre institutes, workers’ colleges, peasant colleges, correspondence colleges, and educational colleges. Most of the above offer both two- and three-year short-cycle curricula; only a few also offer regular undergraduate curricula.In westThe American education system requires that students complete 12 years of primary and secondary education prior to attending university or college. This may be accomplished either at public (or government-operated) schools, or at private schools. These 12 years of schooling (or their equivalent) may also be completed outside the USA, thus giving foreign students the opportunity to pursue the benefits of the American education system and obtain a quality American education. Perhaps one of the most impressive facts is the large number of presidents, prime ministers and leaders from other countries who have experienced the American education system and graduated from a university or school in the USA. In many fields and industries, the American education system offers the most cutting-edge,sought-after programs at the world's best schools. That is why graduating from an accredited American school and being exposed to the rigors of the American education system is an investment in your future.Teaching methodsIn Chinateachers teach student according to the text books and their own knowledge . The education is based on the text book. All of the work to be done is in the text book and requires no additional research.Teachers are strict and emphasis the marks .From kindergarten, children are told to remember what they are taught. There is a widely accepted idea that whatever said by “teachers” or printed on books is unquestionable (in fact, no one would bother to question it, maybe because of laziness), and the teachers expect the students to do whatever they ask them to do. If the students doubt what the teachers said, the teachers will be embarrassed and offended. Students are allowed to asked questions which are closely related to what they are taught and which will be considered worth answering. If one’s question is too tricky, his teacher will be unhappy and may refuse to answer it. To put it simple, in China, students areexpected to “remember what it is”and don’t ask too many “why”s. The teachers’ teaching ability is judged according to the scores of the students.In westThings are different in western education system, where more emphasis is put on skills and creative thinking rather than learning by rote. Teachers are more active and are expected to interact with their students during classes, and it is believed that the more interactions there are during a class, the more valuable the lesson is. Questions, interruptions and even arguments from the students are greatly encouraged. The ways in which the students learn are more valued than the knowledge they gain fromclasses.It involves the text book, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the teacher. THey would also be given assignments that can last over a few week to work on. In their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student, so theoreatically, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent.PurposeChinese education is for knowledgeAmerican education is for the cultivation of students’ creativity.Conceptthere are two basic concepts of education value, teaching and guiding.Teaching concept is commonly used in Chinese Education System which is base on textbook contents. Students learn knowledge through classes that are conducted by teachers inside the classroom. Besides it is being used in Chinese family education; students perceive knowledge by listening to what the parents have told them and textbooks which parents ask them to read. This concept is well effected in raising so called “good student” who always abbeys rules and regulations, inheriting traditions and general habits. It resulted that Chinese primary education is with no doubt strongly-built, especially during primary school and middle school period. That is also the reason why Chinese students can win scores of prize in Olympic competitions every year.Guiding is the main concept of education wildly used in western countries. It emphasizes the rights and respects of children, which is base on a trust motion. Schools provide students with fulfilled self-management, support them to control themselves. At home, parents see children as one equal member of the family; they have identical duty and responsibility for the family. Western children have more freedom and private without much instruction; they are more persuaded by enlightening and leading. Westerners intend to offer children opportunities to develop themselves, discovering their potential specialties and abilities. They encourage children to study with interest under pleasure, doing what they want to do and trying the best they can. Thus western children are more responsible and confident; they have a higher grade of self-esteems because of the process of self-learning.Family educationIn Chinaparents always tell us that we should have the good manner of studying hard towards goals as a Chinese tradition. Most parents start teaching children simple calculating and writing when they are 3 or 4 years old. Almost every Chinese have the memory of being forced to Chinese ancient poems in their childhood. However, in the 21st century today, only reciting poems andtextbooks, expecting high scores in exam, studying without other activities are evidently limited for the multi-changed diversity world. It is even harm for teenagers if dominate their life by studying only, because the ability of innovation is eradicated.In Westpeople more look into children’s perceive abilities. In primary school, teachers conduct classes in discussion and games. Students have little homework but more handwork, they are studying under pleasure. All the subjects in middle school practice the point system, exams are only a small part of course module. Western students just have to keep sufficient attendance and points, they can graduate easily. They have the opportunity to manage their leisure time, develop their interests. We could obviously find out that western people are normally more positive and easy going. They have various knowledge about life and nature which is out of textbooks, also they have better communication skills to getting along with different people.FinancingIn ChinaThe government provides the main support and fund and it play a important role .The number of state school is more than private school and generally speaking ,state school is better than private school.In westThe government provides support while communities ,entrepreneur ,。
中国和西方文化礼仪的差异 The Differences between Chinese and Western Etiquette
中国和西方文化礼仪的差距摘要礼仪是人与人之间交流的规则是一种语言也是一种工具由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰的不同使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪由于各国的历史和文化底蕴不同各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异特别是中西方之间礼仪上的差异很大为了达到这种语言的共鸣中西方礼仪应该得到重视由此可见了解中西方交往的习惯差异是很有必要的往大处来说一个国家无论是在政治上还是在经济贸易中了解对方国家的礼仪习惯将有利于各国之间的交往随着中西方文化的不断发展中西方的礼仪正在相互融合西方人逐渐接受了中国文化中重情感等合理因素中国人也逐渐接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式我们得承认当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪为此本文探讨研究了中西方礼仪的差异为了减少中西方文化礼仪上的差距使中西方人们之间的交往更加容易本文通过对中西方各个方面文化礼仪的不同展开讨论差距是有取其精华进行中外文化礼仪上的上的交流和沟通学习关键词：礼仪差异中国的礼仪西方的礼仪AbstractEtiquette is the rules of communication between people and it is a language but also a tool Since the formation of a major source of ritual –the difference of religious beliefs what making the world believe in different religions that people follow a different liturgical As different countries with different historical and cultural heritage Needless to say there are many differences in habits when people of all countries dealing during the ceremony Particularly in the etiquette between Western and Chinese is very large in order to achieve the resonance of the language the differences should be taken seriouslyThis shows that the habit of understanding between Chinese and Western communication is necessary Look at the big run a country both in politics or in economy and trade to understand the ritual habits of the other country it will be conducive to the exchanges between the countries With the continuous development of Chinese and western culture the Chinese and western etiquette is mutual confluence and westerners gradually accepted in Chinese culture such as heavy emotion and reasonable factors and the Chinese also gradually accepted the western culture advanced civilization etiquette and communication mode We must admit that todays international etiquette is basically the etiquette of western therefore this paper studied the differences between Chinese and western etiquette In order to reduce the gap between the Chinese andwestern culture etiquette make the interaction between Chinese and western people more easily This article discusses on various aspects of differences between Chinese and western culture etiquette Athough there are many differences and we should extrct its essence we can take a tall on chinese and wester cultural ceremonial exchanges and communication and learningKey words：Etiquette Differences Chinese etiquette Western etiquetteChapter one IntroductionEtiquette is people in social interactions as it is due to historical tradition customsreligious beliefs and the trend of The Times that the formation of the influence of such factors Both for people identity and for the people had to follow For the purpose of establishing harmonious relationsand the sum of the various line with the spirit and requirements of ritual code of conduct First we must understand the different etiquette is based on their cultural roots The Concept of Etiquette and the Reasons for Studying Etiquette Etiquette is the process and means to show waht respect to each other in interpersonal relationship Etiquette can be said to be a persons external appearance of inward cultivation and quality From the aspect of communication interpersonal etiquette can be regarded as a kind of art and a method of communication It is a common respect for person and a friendly practice in interpersonal relationshipsFrom the respect of transmitting interpersonal rituals can be roughly divided into chief etiquette business etiquette service etiquette social etiquette foreign etiquette and several other major branchesAn important reason that different countries have different histories and cultures there are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremony especially between China and the West the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding is not unusual This shows that theunderstanding of the different etiquettes between Chinese and the Westerners is absolutely necessary In the office to understand each others customer will be conductive to the exchanges between the countries A person who understands others rituals and folk customs can be seen as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the other side Along with the constant development of Chinese culture and the Western culture Chinese ritual and the Western ritual are fusions The Westerners have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture and other important feelings Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the Western culture and etiquette style However in real life the etiquettes impact due to cultural differences between China and the West still exists The paper explores the differences between Chinese etiquette and the Western etiquette to make Chinese communicate with the Westerners more easilyThe Origin of Chinese EtiquetteIn China etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony The essence of etiquette is the method of dealing with people and the belief in ghosts and spirits People consider that all things are controlled by the ghosts which can not be seen Therefore the etiquette is originated from the belief in ghosts and spirits as well as a special form of belief in ghosts and spirits China is a state of ceremonies Back to five thousand years ago etiquette used to be the core of traditional culture Up to now the etiquette has been really reformed Thusit becomes rituals of modern civilization Chinese etiquette in Chinese culture plays a quasi-legal role Etiquettes origins can be traced back to the early time of human beings It should be said that at the very beginning of the history of the Chinese nation etiquette was generated along with the human activities and with a primitive religion Etiquette is the system to deal with the three relationships among the people God and the ghosts It is said that there were five ceremonies in ancient China In fact etiquette can be divided into two main parts one is politics and the other is life Chinese legal system was bred during the establishment and implementation of the protocol The essence of etiquette is the way how to deal with people and the belief in ghosts and spiritsOur group culture attaches great importance to the family friends relationship regard it as of society cells But in western countries advocating independence self-improvement and self-reliance Chinese people value their traditional favorable king-subject honestly seniority hierarchical while in Anglo-American countries elders and junior dont dispute between equal status with young boundaries friends Chinese traditional ideas always advocating "four generations" "family reunion" has a "parents not in the words ancient preceptIn the Western countries the word etiquette used to mean keep off the grass Louis XIVs 路易十四gardener noticed that the aristocrats were walking through his gardens and then he put up signs etiquetteto warn them off The dukes and duchesses walked right past these signs Due to this blatant disregard the king of Versailles decreed that no individual was to go beyond the bounds of the etiquettes The meaning of etiquette would later include the ticket to court functions that lists the instructions on which a person would stand and what was to be done Etiquette like language has evolved but it still means literally keep off the grass Until the 1960s the importance of good manners was taught without question but with the liberated 70s it came a decline in the popularity of teaching proper etiquette In 2004 a new emphasis has been placed on returning to traditional values Proper etiquette and protocol have given children and adults a vital tool that provides not only a competitive edge but a sense of confidenceTravel" While in Anglo-American countries 18 children still lives at home depend on their parents life is incredible things they must rely on our own hands to live independently Similarly older parents even lost self-care ability general wont drag childrenThe Integration between Chinese and the Western EthicsIn modern society it seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller people are very active in frequent exchanges Human decency plays the basic role of social ethics It is the part which is the most straightforward and the easiest to operate during the process of globalization It has become a code of conduct guidelines and the ceremony together with the goal of establishing a harmoniousrelationship in social intercourse The international etiquette combines ritual characteristics of various countries and people and can be understood by the people of different countries and nations International etiquette can be shared by more and more different cultures and customs because etiquette itself is a cultural phenomenon Culture includes both ideas and customs and both spiritual habits and physical habits The etiquette obviously has the cultural identity which combines ideas and customs habits of mind and bodies It reflects the sense of the organic unity of moral and ethical behaviors Therefore many countries are paying great attention to combining international etiquette with national etiquette creatively Individual Freedom and TeamworkThe Westerners cherish individual freedom and independence They are not willing to be subjected to any limitation Chinese culture mostly emphasizes on collective interests They subordinate their personal interests to advocate collective interests They advocate unity cooperation and unisonThis means that etiquette in the Western and Chinese society is in a more appropriate locationChapter two Differences in several aspectThe differences of daily communicationDaily to greet Chinese people mostly used to say Did you eat " "Where are you going "etc It reflects the interpersonal kindness But for westerners this greeting will make them feel suddenly embarrassed even unhappy because westernerswill put this friendly greeting that just for Chinese to understand the "questioned" it means they are questioned because something and they feel others in their private lives In a word the behaviour make them feel uncomfortableIn the west daily to greet they only say "Hello" or due to the time saying "good morning" "Good afternoon" and"Good night" it is ok The Englishman meet you and he would say "it is a fine day today"If you are not very busy when you meet the people who are strangeryou can say "hello" and the answer to you should also be "hello" If someone want to shake hands with you of course you should shake hands with him and the same time you must remember to refuse to shake hands is very impolite Usually by older or the woman first give the hand On the appellation in Chinese only between several best friend and very closed people can directly call " first names" But in the west the rang of people directly call" first names" is wider than it in China In the west commonly used "sir" and "madam" represent the people who is a stranger you dont know the name You can call ten or twenties woman "young lady"and married women could be called "lady" etc Between family members it can absolutely regardless of degress generally can call the name each othe In the homethey can directly call father and mothers names For all the male elders they can call "uncle"and to all female elders they can call "aunt" It is in China is no good Chinese people mustdistinguish degress young and old otherwise they will be thinked of impoliteGenerally speaking you really cant accept the invitation you can politely declined to say you cant go and explain the reason Just say "I cant go to" or "I dont go to" is not polite Say "sorry" is not enough Just say "thank you" it can make the person puzzlinghe dont know you exactly mean wether you accept the invitation or decline the invitationWhen you meet people firstly you usually shake hands In addition long-lost friends when we meet and we usually shake hands However when they met and dont shake hands with a bow slightly bow and a smileit is also very politeChinese and western languages have many different farewell laguages If you farewell to patients Chinese people will say the word of"drink more water" "put on more clothes"and "sleep early" and so on to express the carefullness to patient But westerners never say that words such as "drink more water" because this words will be thought the backseat driver For example they will say "take care" or "I hope you will soon recover" etcDining etiquette differenceChinese people have a words that called "People regard food as their heave "民以食为天thus diet in the Chinese idea ia very important so Chinese people look the daily diet as their top thing Chinese dishes are exquisitely prepared deliciousChinese peoplepay more attation to food color smell taste shape meaning sometimes more than on nutrition to pay attention toBoth we think of foods delicious and beautifuland the nutrition is always be ignored Western diet attach importance to rang in food nutritions and absorptionit is a science diet idea Westerners pay more attention to the foods nutrition and neglect of the food color fragrance taste shape meaningTheir diet is to survive and health it seems does not important to tasteIn the dining atmosphereall of the Chinese like lively mood while their have a dinner Many people sit together to eat and drinkthey are talking and laughing Everybody together to build a kind of a warmly lively dining atmosphereExpect it is in a very formal banquets Chinese people have not very special etiquette on the table While the westerners in the dinner all of them like quiet and gracful environment They think they must pay attention to manners when they are on the table and not to lose courtesy For instance when they have a meal and can not with a very unpleasant soundWhen Chinese and western host a dinner it also has its own characteristics In China most of them base on the left for honour throughout the ages When fete guests we will firstly arrange the honorest guest seat on the left positionand arrange others in turn In the west right is for honour men and women seat interval and the couple also separatly seat Female guests seats is slightly more honour than male guests seatsfor the man he ready for the chair to the woman in his right is to show his respect In addition westerners have meal must sit upright they think bend down with the mouth gather to food is very rude but this is exactly the way Chinese people usually to eat Eatting western-style food owners do not advocate drink the more alcohol in Chinas table wine is essential thing With the wine drinking sometimes in order to show respect for each other and drinking the wine upChinese table is lively western table is quiet Chinese people want to use words and deeds to advised friends to drink and eat westerners just using the words to advise In the Chinese history Wine culture is regarded as business make friends and so on the social occasions essentials In the westpeople usually drink beer wine and they dont like urge others to drink In China the banquet demands to have dishes in a tablewhile westerners think it is not health practicing separate eating When Chinese banquetsthey toast each other and dance and sing Westerner requires less noise and less action and there is many dining programsDress etiquette differenceWestern man usually wear a conservative style suit in formal social occasions they wear white shirt and tie inside They like black so they usually wear black leather shoes Western lady usually wear a dress suits in formal occasions Another custom is woman wear earrings when they go out Western countries especially in the United States people like to wear leisure clothes at ordinary times such asT-shirts with jeansTodays Chinese dress increasingly westernized more and more people change their ideasjust as traditional qipao 旗袍and ZhongShanZhuang中山装and so on have withdrawn from the stage of history Formal occasions men and womens dressing have noting difference with the west In the usual civic lifeyou can see many people wear vest shorts and slipperswhich are not keep up with etiquette In all ages dress represents a kind of social culture which embodies a persons knowledge and aesthetics it is a persons identity temperament and the inherent quality wordless recommendation In a sense the dress is an art dress can convey emotion and meaning that isnt even use words can replace In different situations dressing oneself appropriately and moderately people give a person a favourable impression and dressing inappropriately then lower the ones identity and damage his own image In a social situation appropriate dress is a polite behavior to a certain extent it directly influences the interpersonal harmonyInflunce factors of the dressing effects the important one is to have a culture and elegant aesthetic ability the so-called "Knowledge makes a gentleman"腹有诗书气自华Second it has a sports bodybuilding quality Strong and handsome body is natural condition for dressing beauty Third is to grasp ordinary knowledge of dressing dress principle and dress etiquette knowledge this is indispensable conditions that reaching the inside and outsideharmonious and unified beautyWesterners pay attention to identity they ragard the clothes as the symbolwhile Chinese pay attention to lasting appeal 韵味If the western dress culture painstakingly pursue to performance beauty and totally ignore the dress ethics so China dress culture retains some moral systems more or less because it was affected by the traditional ethical values But the most representative dress is our countrys ZhongShanZhuang and western representative outfit is suitWearing the Maosuits 中山装not only we must buckle on all the buttons but also must be fastened collar button and rolling up sleeves is not allowed When wearing the double platoon suit you must buckle on all the buttons Wear single side three tablets buckle suit only can buckle up one button or two buttons that medium and first clasp Wear single side two claps suit only buckle up one button and dont allow to buckle on single-breasted suits all the button When wearing a suit the proper wear is white shirts and a tie the standard length of the tie is its foot arrive the straps bottomGenerally speaking Clothes makes the manand saddle makes a horse 人靠衣装马靠鞍Although judging a man only by his appearance is not pleasant 以貌取人不可取but in the modern life dress become an more and more important part of etiquette and dress properly or not not only is the embodiment of the individual grade more it can become the scale ofthe consideration that people to each other a of The great British author Shakespeare had said "A mans dress which is the most true portraiture of his upbringing grade and the status" 一个人的衣着是他的教养地位品味的最真实写照So in daily work and interactions especially in the formal occasions and dress is a problem that is more and more important and we are modern people pay more attentionBackground difference between China and WesternThe eastern civilization and western civilization is boring and developing in certain social historical conditions without which is excellent or worse The history of the west it is only 200 yearsa very short history and its people from various places and they came here to immigrateso many different nationalities and races got togetherThey embrace the oath "As long as what we can dream of what we will be able to realize 只要是我们能够梦想的我们都能实现" This is the western spirit which was built by the foundation of heroism and devotion With it just 200 years history could creat the splendid civilization in humans history the productive forces it have created highly more than all the productivity that all the past generation had created this is western charm What makes different of etiquette between Chinese and western is the eastern and western culture different environment and it is the root cause It makes the people of all countries have a totally different moral standards system and valuesThe difference between Chinese and western ideasEastern culture value collective and teamly spirit peoples dependence is very strong While western culture advocating independence and individual freedom For example China focus on cultivating individual moral characterrunning the family unisonmanage the nation in orderand peace will prevail throughout the universe 修身齐家治国平天下The personality is vital and this kind of personality is built on caring about the country love the collective harmonious family interpersonal harmony and so on basic thingsWhile people in the west their concept of legal system is stronger In this premise they advocate personal freedom and dont wish to be disturb from the government the church or other organizations they all like persist themselves old ways 我行我素In the family children were taught by concept that a infusion of self-reliance Young people are always hoped themselves can independent early and try to get rid of parents bundle they dont want to rely on family and parents otherwise they will lose freedom and lose others respect for them On this point Chinese culture is differentFamily is the most attentional collective life in China Parents cherish their children more than themselves lives and extremely want to ready everything and whatever they thought of for the children When children grew up and married parents would held a big wedding feast for theirchildren when the child has their own baby who is their grandson they will sacrifice their old ages to take care of her grandson namely they give all hope on their childrenand take care of the children over care is proved their children self-dependence ability is poor even in todays China which a planned economy to a market economy In the transition state-owned company worker extremely unwilling to loss the so called "iron rice bowl" 铁饭碗the dependence is the heritage of traditional Chinese culture The cultural differences between Chinese and western ideas which result in great difference between Chinese and western etiquette and there is a big foundamental differenceChinese and western to privacy different viewsIn the conversations remembering not to talk about personal business such as age marriage income religion etc Seeing that others buy things cannot ask its price If you see others return also cannot ask where he gone or where he is from otherwise they will disgust at you usually western use the sentence of "nose come into the somebodys private life " to express their disparagement to the people who askedWhile in China people take littal attention to boundaries of privacy people would not care about others in their own lives and not take any behavior to people who want to get a general understanding But between Chinese and American people Chinese always take very common words to ask each other familys life Americans might think you violated hisprivacy having a hidden purpose and a business would probably have be killedWhen Chinese people meet we often like noding heads and shaking hands or to salute with the hands folded 拱手致礼or slightly take a bow欠身then shake hands while the Westerners think the bow seemed inferior In the West especially in European and American countries hugging ritual is very common manners when you meet and leave kissing faces and kiss the hand ritual are also very common manners among westerners Shake hands date from western human half-barbaric half civilized period Today this habit gradually is regarded as meet and leaves shaking riyual and it have been accepted by most countries in the word In our country the handshake ritual not only it is often used when people meet and leave but also it is as a common behavior in congratulations and appreciate or encourage each other and so on some occasions So it is the most widely used etiquette in social communication The etiquette of meeting and leaving grandually evolve to today is "hello" and "goodbye" two phrases If we want to give more polite behavior we will shake hands again with each other In the disease popular today this habits of shaking hands which shows to us is more concise health and decent However in western countries meet will first touch the face kissing ritual and kiss the hand ritual this let us very uncomfortable and also cannot accept itDifferences in educationEtiquette education in China is deeply influenced by cultural and moral decency in the prominent position etiquette education in China emphasizes the moral law of etiquette education and the integration of practice etiquette education in China shows characteristics of a strong state intervention While in the west the combination of Etiquette Education and Moral Education of School Ceremonies can be found in moral education of the Western countries that etiquette is the major subject of moral education On the moral lesson in many countries people often teach students the etiquette knowledge in direct way The Western countries pay attention to comprehensive permeability of moral education rather than forcefully indoctrinate Etiquette education is not accepted They are generally not allowed to insist on instilling certain values They think the values of education can not be limited to a few hours teaching in a day but they pay attention to diversifying the form of moral education in schoolsIn educational culture there are many differences in various educational level between Chinese and western developed countries and responesd in different forms Untill today higher education of the differences between two countries is more and more wide In American universities according to the individual elective subjects the students can imply credit system 学分制Different subjects its credits is different as long as a student fufill enough credits who can graduate and get diplomasand degrees Previously we can see from relevant newspapers in the United States the student obtained several degrees this is normal Now we can understand American university system is very flexible college students studying at the college can learns a few professional course and just take enough credits they would be able to obtain the professional degreeWhile in Chinese universities where just confirmed professional direction a persons life his only lifetime is engaged in a profession it is possible to ignore his potentials in other respects And some aspects of language in Chinese education also different with westerns In China there are "差学生" but in America it is not this word they think it is considered bad mannersthis is a form of discriminationIn the thinking mode the Chinese thinking are abstract westerners is more specific The Chinese way of thinking from is from large to small such as address from a national provincial municipal and county township and village etc which embodies the overall thinking of the Chinese orders namely nature and human in a whole coexsitence of human and nature 天人合一world On the contrary westerners are from small to large from point to surface they think the whole is made up by parts The same way but not the same content and results which allows us to ponder Different of religionBuddhism佛教was introduced into China for more than a thousand years people believe in that there is "the Lord Buddha" 佛祖in the world and this related to many languages suchas 借花献佛"平时不烧香急来抱佛脚" etc The influence of religion in the western society is profound it involves in political economic social and all aspects of life especially of Christian cultures influence on English countries is more deep and rooted In in many western countries especially in Britain people believe in Christianity 基督教and they always says"God help me" They always get marrige in church Chapter three Theoritical Foundations1 Important Symbol of Human CivilizationProtocol is the product of the historical development of social etiquette It has distinctive characteristics of the times People have different understanding of the content of the protocol in different ages for different ethnic awareness The definition which is the origin of the earliest civilization culture is generally not in doubt Etiquette is the standard of human civilization It is also an important part of the community A nation which has a good quality of the nation is a polite and compliant one The formation of educational attainments is a gradual process Therefore every country in the world considers doing things properly as a symbol of civilization2 The Immortal Essence of the Western CivilizationModern etiquette is evolved from the traditional rituals The ceremony combines with criteria and become immoral essence of the Western civilization Along with the development of the times the nations and the。
中国和西方的不同英语作文
The Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures: A Comparative Analysis China and the West, separated by vast distances and vast cultural differences, have each developed unique cultural identities and traditions that have shaped their respective societies. While there are similarities in some aspects, such as the quest for knowledge, the pursuit of happiness, and the respect for family values, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures are profound and wide-ranging.**Philosophy and Beliefs**Chinese culture is deeply rooted in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which emphasize harmony, balance, and respect for authority. These philosophies promote collectivism and a hierarchical social structure where individual goals are often subordinated to the needs of the group. In contrast, Western culture is influenced by Greek philosophy and the Judeo-Christian tradition, which emphasizes reason, individualism, and the primacy of the individual's rights and freedoms. This leads to a moreindividualistic and competitive society where personal achievements and self-realization are highly valued.**Social Structure and Relationships**In Chinese society, relationships are central to social interaction, and personal connections often precede professional or transactional relationships. The Confucian ideal of "ren" (humaneness) promotes kindness, compassion, and respect for elders and authority figures. In contrast, Western society tends to be more individualistic and transactional, with a focus on personal achievements and competitiveness. Westerners value efficiency and directness in communication, often preferring to address issues directly and objectively.**Art and Aesthetics**Chinese art and aesthetics are often characterized by simplicity, elegance, and harmony with nature. Traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy, for example, emphasize the flow of energy (qi) and the expression of the artist's inner world. Western art, on the other hand, has a longer history of representing reality and exploring the boundaries of human perception and expression. Westernartists have experimented with a wide range of techniques and media, from impressionism to abstract art, reflecting a diversity of aesthetic preferences and values.**Education and Learning**Education in China is highly valued and often focuses on memorization and mastery of subject matter. The Confucian ideal of "scholar-official" promotes the integration of learning and morality, with a focus on cultivating virtuous and capable leaders. Western education systems, on the other hand, tend to be more diverse and innovative, emphasizing critical thinking, creativity, and independent learning. Western universities, for example, often encourage students to explore different fields and pursue interdisciplinary studies.**Conclusion**The differences between Chinese and Western cultures are numerous and profound, reflecting their unique historical, geographical, and philosophical backgrounds. While there are similarities in some aspects, such as the quest for knowledge and the pursuit of happiness, the distinctive features of each culture contribute to the richdiversity of human experience and understanding. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, it is important to appreciate and respect these differences while seeking common ground and mutual understanding.**中西文化的差异：比较分析**中国和西方，尽管相隔遥远，文化差异巨大，但各自都形成了独特的文化身份和传统，塑造了各自的社会。
中西方文化差异英语作文
Difference betweenChinese and Western culturesUndoubtedlythereare so many differences between Chinese and Western culture, such as manners, language and so many others. Maybe history is one of the major cause of it .Chinese culture is older than 5000 years, and Chinese people have developed their own music, musical instruments, painting techniques, traditional Chinese medicine, and not to forget, cooking methods as wellwhich is completely different and unique when compared to Western culture.So this time I’m going to pick some aspects and talk about it.Like what mentioned above, cooking methods of China is totally different from the westerns’.N ot like west people, we have so many ways to deal with foods.It is said that there are more than fifty ways for a Chinesecook to choose every time he dealing withthe same kind offood.No wander to be a great cook in china you have to start training from young child. ComparedwithChinese, westerns seems to be more casual when they are cooking. They usually cook food by frying or stewing. Because they would like to put emphasis on food’s nutrition not the taste of it.When it comes to the aspect of men’s behavior, there is a vast difference in the rules of behavior between Chinese and Westerns. Westerns are more willing to change the environment rather than adapting themselves to it, which is opposite to Chinese people. Affected by the ancient philosophies of China, we believe in that we must get ourselves into one certain environment. For example, once we come into a new group, we are always told to follow others so that we can become one of it. But westerners would like to make them change and teach them to work in his way.Besides the behavior of people from two distinct culture, the realization of self-worth is different for Chinese and westerns. Affected by the Confucius’s philosophy from the ancient time. We believed that we should put our countryahead of our own interests. One can be respected only by making contribution for his country, like some war heroes. But westerns do respect those who succeed in his own lives. They believe that man who achieve goals of happiness and success by working hard is worth others’ respecting. Maybe that can explains why so many millionaire inChina can’t have the equal reputation compared to those westerns’.Anyway, Westerners usuallyfind the Chinese culture complex, and hard to understand, as the Chinese culture has its own values, background and belief system.。
The differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture 中西饮食文化对比
The differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture摘要This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. In the complex world culture spin, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. Different countries have their own dietary cultural. Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, or tableware, these differences are obvious. But as development of the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.介绍introductionDiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition. In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings. But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology. Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in people’s daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture. Facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. We can’t only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food. However, it is obvious that we shouldn’t aimlessly reject all the new objects. Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners. Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides can’t adapt to each other. If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner.A new kind of concept called Fusion Food has another name that is Global Cuisine and it has been popular in the fashionable diet circle in international cities, such as Paris, New York, London, Sydney. Now it is starting to come into China. The connotation of this Fusion Food is to merge the raw material, condiment and cooking skills together in a creative way from countries all over the world. Besides, it introduces the exoticism to the native diet by takes doctrine to discard the dross and select the essential. It is a cooking revolution flagged with fusion. Through the fusion of gourmet food, the thing it brings is not just the food, is more like the enjoyment of a variety of culture, a kind of interest and a type of art.The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonald’s are the typical food in American. But it is not the fact. The fact is American food is very complex and they generally eat the Mexico food, Chinese food, Thailand food and India food.Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil and dietary tableware. Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries. Tostudy both parties’ dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, toleration and acception to foreign culture. Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world.正文ConceptChinese dietary conceptIn Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough. The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste. In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste. Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese diet. The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept. But it does not take no count of the collocation of nutrition. The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that diet therapy is better than medical treatments, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times. However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition.Western dietary conceptIn western dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation. They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand. Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian. For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed. Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglection of color, aroma and taste. Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive. For another word, it just like refuels the machine. As to westerners, the taste is the secondary. If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food. Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability. There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.Dietary dishesChinese dietary objectThe Chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which decides the Chinese dietary structure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing. What’s more, there is a plen ty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting. On the contrary, animal breeding is rare in China so much so that it is very common for people to eat the grain. Chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food; only in holidays or at the higher living standards do they have the meat. It is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food. The main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetablewith a little meat. Therefore, when Chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat. What’s m ore, rice and noodles are the principle food; tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chinese dietary culture. Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. In the Chinese long history, the distribution of south rice and north wheat has formed this situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food. Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing.According to a study of western zoophytologist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China. It is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation. As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries. The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes. They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a three-high characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary. Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese. Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet,you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables. What’s more, bread and meat are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.In the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material. Since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish. They devote particular care to the taste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat. That is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat. Any variety of cheese that is worshiped by westerners is the necessary thing should be appeared on the table. On the contrary, for most customers in China, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.Condiment/seasoningThe condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes. In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. What’s more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use. But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China. In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish. Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use. In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking. Because bothvanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. For instance, when they cook the 杂莱汤、spaghetti及汁料、酿馅、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano. In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life.Side dishThe side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure. The side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one. Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China. It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need. Then a complete dish comes into being. As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in 刀工, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product. Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on. And all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables. In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material. However, in all the collocation of side dish, the collocation of nutrition is the most special because it not only contains the function to restrict, to eliminate or to rectify the detrimental elements in the raw material used in cooking, but also includes the theory of complementation in nutrition and balanced dietary.For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in 热菜dishes. As usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a smallamount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side. Thus a complete piece of dish completes. It is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish. A case in point is that French fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger in the KFC or McDonald’s. Thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between Chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish. However, the effect they exert is the same. They both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish. For example, all kinds of side dish are most made with different color vegetables. What’s more, the side dish is asked for being processed to the definite shape under meticulous requirement, such as条状、olive状、球状、棋子状、腰鼓状and so on. Most of the deep-frying meat and roasting meat are deserved with three side dishes which are potato and two different color vegetables. They are considered to be a set of side dish. There are a lot of cases we can illustrate. For example, it is a set of side dish that French fries is arranged with boiling pea and carrot in olive shape as well as roasting potato arranged with 黄油菜花and tomato in piece. However, the characteristic dishes usually choose one kind of side dish made with potato to keep the special aroma, such as the fish. On the side, the dishes with much汤汁is used to provide with the rice or noodles. Whereas it is rare in Italian dish, such as curry chicken with butter rice and Italian beef with macaroni.WineIn Chinese diet, there are a few kinds of wine used in cooking and they are only used with a little in the diet. The Shaoxing wine is the common people always use in their daily life. When it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grain wine that takes grain as the material to make Shaoxing wine and white spirit. There is a piece of vast field in China, most of which are endowed with good farmland and fertile soil. It is very suitable for grain to grow up under the temperate weather so that China has become the leading power in agriculture by and by for his increasingly fast development in agriculture. Furthermore, it not only has a great deal of production,but also cultivates tremendous diversities in the five cereals so that people use a lot of grain to make the Shaoxing wine and white spirit, which are endowed with Chinese characteristic.It is another outstanding characteristic in western dish that they put different wine in diverse dishes. Owing to the characteristic of different kinds of wine they own, such as the醇厚, aroma, 甘冽、浓馥、清凉and so on, different wine should be compatible with distinct dishes. After they were put in the dish, the wine will mix with original taste, spice and aroma to make the special characteristic come out from the dish. As to the side dish, there are still some definite rules in cooking with wine. There is a case in point. In the famous French diet, clear soup is with雪莉酒 or 白葡萄酒 to bring up the taste; and seafood or aquatic product is with brandy or白葡萄酒to season. As is known to all, when it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grape that takes grape as the material to make wine and brandy. As we know, the western countries mostly give first place to rear livestock or business and give second place to agriculture. It is not suitable for most grain to grow up because of the weather and soil. On the contrary, it is extraordinarily moderate for grape to grow up under that weather. In addition, the quality and production of grape are the first of all in the world. As a result, people can make a considerable quantity of wine with excellent quality.Kitchen wareIn China, there is a great deal of methods in cooking. Nevertheless, it is extremely surprising that kitchen ware have been the same look since one thousand years ago in China. Since our ancestors came into the age of铁器, the kitchen ware have been never changed again in their surfaces. The main kitchen wares we often use are ladle, spatula, cooker, steamer and wok. The鼎 which is a pottery in the shape of roundness is one of the most primary kitchen wares in the age of new stone. In order to exert a sufficient effect on the collocation between burdening and different kinds of food to manifest the dainty of Chinese dietary, the design of the kitchen ware plays an indispensable role in this aspect. So they try their best to design the kitchen ware toreach the purpose that it could make any kind of food mix together completely. In people’s daily life, the wok and ladle are the two most representative kitchen wares in China. The reason why the wok can be on behalf to the representative kitchen ware is that the chef can churn all food sufficiently in the wok. However, why the ladle can also stand for the representative kitchen ware is that ladle not only can be used to stir-frying the dish and to 舀 the soup, but also be able to add condiment to dish or soup. In addition to the above, the ladle could adopt to a tremendous number of condiments which are in diverse shapes with distinct sizes.What’s more, there are two types of cooking that the westerners won’t use or use later than us. They are steam and stir-frying. The formation of these two particular ways cannot separate from the usage and development of Chinese ancient kitchen ware. The cooking way of steam cannot be away from the invention of steamer. The steamer is the most common kitchen ware among the common people in ancient times. Even though in the modern times, the steamer is still a very important kind of indispensable kitchen ware in family. It is the same that the cooking way of stir-frying cannot be away from wok. And the invention of wok cannot separate from the advantageous technology of wrought iron in ancient China. China is the earliest country to invent and make use of pig iron in the world. The wok has been used in folk family since the Western Han Dynasty and it is still used now. As a result, the method of stir-frying becomes the most primary cooking way in dish. Most of them cannot deviate stir-frying or any variant way of stir-frying from the dish whether made by common people in their daily life or made as the famous dish for the aristocracy. Although the westerners are a little familiar with the steamer now, they still do not know how to put to use the skill of steam to cook the food constantly. On the contrary, we can have the delicious food made by the steamer everyday if we want to. Not only the steamed stuffed bun, but also the chicken or fish can we have. What’s more, for western ware, it is not a patch on the wok. As is known to all, we can put anything into the wok to stir-frying, even if it is in a little size with different shape and bone, which is incapable for the westerners to achieve. The reason is that they are not used to have a big piece of meat with bone. Furthermore, they are fond of the vegetables without boiling so that the vegetables are seldom to put into the pan, which has the relationship with their dietary concept and dietary habits.With the increasing fast development of science and technology, to some extent, the countries must promote the communication of culture under mutual efforts. As a result, a great number of convenient and fast household appliances start to enter into the market in China, such as microwave, electric rice cooker and oven which the westerners get used to use in their daily life. However, our main kitchen wares pass current on the ancient so that we do not break away from track in essence even though we will use the induction cooker or something else from the west to cook the food. Some people agree with the opinion that the wok is better than the pan in frying out the aroma of Chinese dish. They always said that there is something missing in the dish they make out with the usage of frying-pan. In addition, the soup boiled by the tile pot that Chinese used all the time is far more delicious than boiled by the western stew-pan made by stainless steel. Except for electric rice cooker, few Chinese families will make staple food with microwave, or oven, or any other western kitchen ware.The dietary is more perceptual than rational in expression in all times in China so that the Chinese dietary culture is full of imagination and creativity. However, the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners must lead to the various demands of kitchen wares. In the modern city, the Chinese customers don’t reject those household appliances, such as the microwave, with the convenient and fast function. But it does not mean that it can satisfy the dietary requirements from Chinese customers. On the contrary, it can’t because of the dietary structure made from convenience and speed. The recipe based on the rice in Asian is unable to fuse very well with the effect in cooking exerted by the household appliances from westerners. Combined with the realistic situation from the differences between the both sides, we can analyze and study adequately the living style between the two nations which provide a great help to design and ameliorate the kitchen ware. Maybe it is more important for oriental nation who are facing the impact from western culture and living ways to consider comprehensively the guiding principle of the design in cultural diversity. The design of kitchen ware should be compatible with the specific environment in dietary culture. Therefore, under aiming at different environment in dietary culture, it will exert a positive effect on designing or ameliorating the kitchen ware with consciousness.Western kitchen wareIn the west, there are a lot of cooking ways, but the way of roasting, pan-frying and deep-frying are the main methods in cooking. As a result, the kitchen wares they often use in their daily life are frying-pan, stew-pan and oven, which have a very close relationship with their dietary object, cooking ways and tableware. A great deal of examples can be given. For instance, most of the westerners prefer to meat rather than vegetarian dish in their daily meal. Besides, they are used to have a meal with knife and fork so that it is more suitable to process the raw material into a big size and shape. Of course that it is the best choice to process them into a massive and thick piece without too much bones or stabs. It is quite rare for westerners to mix several kinds of food together when they are cooking. They spend most time on considering what the collocation should be made to show the beauty in vision, especially the collocation between shapes and colors. Therefore, all kinds of burdening are always put on the plate after they are cooked respectively. The pure of the taste which is the second important aspect during their cooking is the performance that how much the orient taste can be reflected from the material itself. The above customs decide that the main characteristic in western kitchen ware is the function of boiling. They will not churn the food to mix together as Chinese when they are cooking so that the bottom of frying-pan is almost flat or the pan is in the shape of bucket, which is beneficial to enhance the warming area and to enlarge the capacity of the kitchen ware.What’s more, the west is earlier than China to come into the electric age so that the invention and application of electrical equipment are also earlier than us. With their dietary concept and the increasing development of science and technology, the microwave, oven, electric rice cooker, blender and other ware come into their life step by step. A case in point is that they often use the frying-pan when they want to cook the steak or pancake with some spice or side dish. There is no doubt that the mashed potato is one of the contents in the side dish. And the mashed potato is made out by blender. It is also the fact that they like to roast something to eat, such as the toast and roasting chicken, therefore, oven is one of the necessaries in their kitchen. In addition, the westerners love the sweet food very much so they generally use oven to baking some kind of cakes or desserts which can be served as the afternoon tea with a cup of coffee or black tea. It is obvious that the coffee extractor is also indispensable in western families. The kitchen wares, including oven, microwave and so on, all。
Differences Between Chinese and Western Language论中西方语言上的差异
AbstractDue to different countries and nations have different customs, social traditions, folk customs, thus causing the differences in language. Understanding of the different cultures, so that we can understand the cultural heritage of the world better. The culture of any country in the labor creates a lifestyle of accumulation, thereby affects the different languages.The specific historical development in the formation of culture, the main content includes some allusion idiom, proverb and dialect. The differences between Chinese and western culture in language are reflected in the meaning of the words. Undering the different cultural background, people has different expressions and understanding on the same things, This article express the difference in the natural environment, customs and other aspects of the comparative study of Chinese and western language.Key words: Natural environment Customs language difference摘要由于不同国家和民族有不同的习俗，社会传统，民俗风情，从而造成语言的差异。
The differences between Chinese and western higher education 中西高等教育的差别
The differences between Chinese and westernhigher educationLast year the president of Peking University criticizes the education of the US and praises Peking University in a speech for the high students in his hometown of Changsha which leads a fierce debate in our country. Here I want to say something about differences between Chinese and western higher education.Firstly, I want to say is the way how the students attend the college. As we all know that in our country we can attend some colleges only when we get the certain grades in the university entrance exam. But in the US, if you want to attend one college you must achieve the requirements of five aspects and they are the SAT, the grades of high school, the grades of middle school, the recommendation and the interview of the college. But I must say that their grades get not only from their exams which make their students do many things that they are interested in during their high schools. But in our country, the students have to do much more exercises so that they can get high grades in the last exam which may decide to their fate, so they have no time to pursue their own interests.Secondly, the recent years more and more universitiesenlarge the enrollment which makes matriculate quality drop year after year and this is bad for improving the overall level of the university, let alone entering the world's prestigious list. We know that many western colleges have a few freshmen every year from they found their school which make them foster more excellent students.Thirdly, while our universities try to make themselves to be comprehensive universities, the western colleges still insist on their own orientation. For example, our school wants to be a comprehensive university, but now the best profession becomes worse and worse, which is so mournful.Fourthly, it is the students that should be the center in the school. But in our country the teachers are always be the center and the students are only the participants which is different from western where teacher are only the participants and students are protagonists. Students' mind is not used to fill a container of knowledge, but a fire to be lit. Teachers’responsibility is to help students make the flame lit. I think this is the truth according to students and teachers.Fifthly, the teacher source is different. In Chinese universities, many teachers are academic and many teachers graduate from the university and teach in the same one. Inwestern university, their own graduates seldom teach in their Alma master and their teacher always come from all over the world and even some are from the government and the company which can enlarge the view of their students.Sixth, it is the differences between the Postgraduate Cultivation. With the population of postgraduate becoming larger and larger, the universities avale the limit which leads to the quality of postgraduates dropping. But in western the postgraduates cultivation is very strict and it has very high requirements so that they can foster the true talents.The differences between China and western has many reasons, but what we should pay attention to is that which type can foster the true talents those can change the world and promote the development of the civilization of the human society.。
Differences between China and the West 中西差异
Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept and pattern.The first difference between Chinese and western food culture is about different main food. Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southern and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as coarse cereals. The Han nationality’s staple foods have colorful and various cooking methods and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products. Nowadays, the northeast regions in China still give first place to cooked wheaten food. Meat, milk and bread are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of soup, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can often see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice. Second, let us look at the difference between Chinese and western drinks. Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known to all that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew technology in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in China and they have become an essential part of Han national food culture in the past thousands of years. They greatly influence other countries all over the world. While the grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm. In Britain, bars meet your eyes everywhere on the streets and become second living rooms. The British are experts in drinking and beer is their favorite drink. Normally, there are three kinds of beer which are divided by flavor: Bitter, Lager and Cider. In recent years, it has come into vogue to drink wine and the wine consumption in Britain is the greatest in the world. Simultaneously, juice is also a very popular drink in western countries. Usually people drink juice atbreakfast. Juice gets unique welcome in Britain, the annual average consumption amounts to 19.1 liters in Britain.。
中西方差异的英语作文
中西方差异的英语作文Differences between Chinese and Western English。
As we all know, English is an international language that is widely used all over the world. However, there are some differences between Chinese and Western English that we need to pay attention to. In this essay, I will discuss some of the key differences between the two.Firstly, pronunciation is a big difference between Chinese and Western English. Chinese people tend to have difficulty pronouncing certain sounds in English, such as "th" and "r". This is because these sounds do not exist in Chinese. In contrast, Westerners may find it difficult to pronounce Chinese words due to the tones used in the language.Secondly, grammar is another area where Chinese and Western English differ. Chinese grammar is much simpler than English grammar, with fewer verb tenses and noarticles. In addition, Chinese sentences tend to be shorter and more direct than English sentences. Westerners may find Chinese grammar challenging due to the use of characters and the lack of a clear subject-verb-object structure.Thirdly, vocabulary is also a major difference between Chinese and Western English. Chinese vocabulary tends to be more formal and academic, with a focus on written rather than spoken language. In contrast, Western English uses a lot of slang and colloquialisms, which can be difficult for non-native speakers to understand.Finally, cultural differences also play a role in the way Chinese and Westerners use English. For example, Chinese people tend to be more indirect and polite in their communication, while Westerners are more direct and assertive. This can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations when communicating in English.In conclusion, there are many differences between Chinese and Western English, including pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and cultural nuances. As Englishbecomes increasingly important in the global economy and society, it is important for both Chinese and Westerners to understand and appreciate these differences in order to communicate effectively.。
中西文化区别英语作文
中西文化区别英语作文When it comes to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, there are a lot of things to consider. For example, in Chinese culture, it is common for people to greet each other with a bow or a nod, whereas in Western culture, a handshake is the more common form of greeting. Additionally, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on family and respect for elders, while Western culture tends to prioritize individualism and personal achievement.Another key difference between Chinese and Western cultures is the way that time is perceived. In Chinese culture, time is often seen as cyclical, with an emphasis on the present and the past. In contrast, Western culture tends to view time as linear, with a focus on the future and progress. This can lead to differences in communication styles and attitudes towards planning and punctuality.Food is another area where Chinese and Western cultures diverge. Chinese cuisine tends to be more diverse andincludes a wide range of flavors and textures, while Western cuisine often focuses on simplicity and the use of specific ingredients. Additionally, the way that meals are structured and the types of dishes that are considered appropriate can vary greatly between the two cultures.In terms of social interactions, there are also differences between Chinese and Western cultures. For example, in Chinese culture, it is common to show respectby addressing others with formal titles and using polite language, whereas in Western culture, people tend to bemore casual and direct in their communication. This canlead to misunderstandings and cultural faux pas if not understood and respected.Overall, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures are vast and varied, encompassing everything from social norms and communication styles to food and time perception. It's important to approach these differenceswith an open mind and a willingness to learn and understand, as they can greatly impact how we interact with and understand people from different cultural backgrounds.。
Etiquette differences between China and Western countries(中西方礼仪差异)
Etiquette differences between China and Western countries（中西方礼仪差异）Fairway and tea ceremonyIn addition to their own golf and a fool, love is love tea, especially tea. Because of its warm, mellow taste and color of your products. Aged Pu'er seem to be on the vicissitudes of history and ancient Mongolia. Recently, friends cry love, send two and a box of fine Pu'er Pu'er tea related books. But when to read the book. Read the book about a popular tea ceremony in Japan. The story from which the tea ceremony of the Epiphany some high reason and deep thought. To share with friends of the ball:In seventeenth Century a northern tea maker to Edo, for fear of the road is not peaceful, dressed up as the appearance of a samurai sword in the body, can give their courage, but also can deter some harbor malicious people. Unexpectedly, he worried that things happened, like a ronin the samurai proposed to fight him. Carpenter wanted to put tea personal belongings to him, and then walk away, but I want it too vexed; and to a head-on fight, and that it is not worth to die in such a way, he suddenly remembered that he had met a Kendo hall on the way to do can master to learn a few tricks to get there, so that we can have a decent and dignity in death than the sword, at least, is a first-class tea master die position. So he asked that rogues pretended to have business in the body, it must go, come back with his sword, the ronin agreed. Tea Carpenter quickly came to the fencing hall, illustrates his ideas to the master, master after listen to Hadaha laugh: my apprentice hasalways been to learn the knack of winning, you did not expect is to learn to die swordsmanship, see you with sincerity, I teach you. Since you are an excellent tea maker. I teach you the conditions for me make a pot of tea. Tea maker think this may be the last time in my life to make tea, they forget their dying things, be absorbed in swing open potential bubble tea, as if the world is the only important thing, he tea without clear. To divine, Juesu expression to normal sword was touched, and convinced that this is his life have been the best tea. So master said with emotion: in fact you need not learn what method to die, you just fine tea with seven gods, and whether any warrior will win the battle Ah! You go with the appointment of the ronin warriors, please follow the rules really calm and strict in demands to prepare to wrap the head, round belt, the waist on the open hole, finally drew up his sword...... Would you just look for tea. After tea maker thanks, who went to the ronin there, he taught his approach to master in quiet out of the duel rack, knife stand, the moment of confrontation between the two sides, the ronin suddenly saw a totally different person: definitely, without me, condensed, wei...... It is still a ronin sword, and kowtow, and go bad.Since the very love this story. I think of their favorite tea, golf suddenly want to touch the bar also has nearly three years, scores in not always, no breakthrough. Reading the story: the tea ceremony is epiphany: play fairway also needs in quiet, confident, well now focus on playing every ball if I enter the ball. The boundary is good to see more than once. The jar's words as senior master, golf is the mentality, complex technology and psychological.The tea ceremony, or fairway is the way of life, in fact, is the road connected. Life often fear and worry, the best way is to find the concentration, focus on the moment to do things, so full of confidence on the moment of life; waste time, we need passion in life, beyond the self, in no clear my realm (from scottgol.Golf EtiquetteGolf because of its leisure, fashion and other characteristics, more and more respected by many friends of the ball, and the combination of golf and business activities has become increasingly popular golf business like nature itself. Business negotiation and communication as the top priority of business Golf activities, there are some things you should know.Notice 1: put aside the purpose of sportUsually, professional golf events,Athletics is the first goal of a race. However, for business golf, competition is not its purpose, business negotiation is the first priority.Here, golf is just as a form of business activity, although for golf enthusiasts, it seems to get the original fashion, charming leisure sports lose the essence, but if for a keen Golf partner, but the business activities transferred to the golf course very satisfied.Note two: taboo "business topic" too longIf you want to talk business on the pitch, don't start talking in the first hole. "The business topic" long delay playing golf business taboo. Note that you can control the tempo and ask questions you want to know on the tee or on the green. This is to give the other team time to think and respond.The main purpose of business golf is to promote understanding among golfers and develop personal relationships rather than talking about the substance of business on the pitch. The best time for business communication is after the ball. When you know something about it, go to a restaurant or bar, order some dishes, drink a little wine, talk about business.To understand that not many people love playing ball while also thinking about work, Never mind occasionally make a point, do not look at the play when the business around the content of chatter without stop.Note three: play speed, see things, personalityPlay with a business partner, but your partner will analyze your personality through the pace of your game. Most people like to be quick and agile partners.No one likes to play with a snail. Try only one swing before each stroke, or up to 15 seconds to 25 seconds. If your ball flew into the long grass or bushes, not to rule all with five minutes allowed to find the ball. If you can't find the ball in 3 minutes, bring back a ball to hit it.Note four: ball products such as personalityPeople who like to drink often use a word: "wine, such as character.". For business golf, the ball is also like personality.Everyone has a ball fault, and if you have this kind of problem, don't get too angry, thus affecting your image in the heart of the ball friend. Cheating on the court may evolve into cheating in the business world, so be honest.Note five: putter is a plus weightIf you and your business partner are playing the best ball game with your team, maybe your skill and strength can't contribute to the group, kick off or attack the green stroke, then practice the putter in advance. For it is possible that you will receive the task of pushing the final push, even if it is less than a foot away. A key putter can add a lot of impressions to you, because when your business is working, your partner needs you to be able to give a perfect shot at the most critical timeChristian etiquette(Gospel times) since ancient times, Chinese has the reputation of a state of ceremonies. The gospel has been introduced into China for thousands of years. Does it require etiquette, etiquette and belief in the church? Is there a conflict? In worship, etiquette has nothing to do with worship Staff visited the Shenzhen times Gospel Church, to listen to the ShenzhenBaoan District city Baoan Christian Church Pastor entitled "Dongsheng leaves to Christian worship etiquette" sermons.Ancient Chinese imperial sacrifices were similar to Biblical sacrificesFirst of all, ye pastor from the "ceremony" of the traditional characters, fonts analysis. The ceremony is phonogram, is knowing the word. On the left is the picture, which shows the Chinese God in the ancient Chinese language. It is the day Chinese say. God, it's the biggest god. On the right is the up and down structure, with a gift on it, a piece of jade, and a bean like vessel below: a piece of jade on the vessel. In Chinese, the said of our ancestors to the best jade, respectfully dedicated to God, in order to respond to God's love and grace of God for us.Because he gave the sun and rain, and a bumper grain harvest. In Oracle, Li also means giving the best to heaven, to God, and to the blessings of god.The ancestors were very polite. From the beginning of Yan Emperor, to worship every time, there is a grand ceremony. Rituals include prayers, prayers, music, etc.. By the time the Tang Dynasty began, Changan had Tiantan, dedicated to God in Tiantan. The Tiantan, the altar offering sacrifices to the sky. The common people cannot sacrifice directly, but the emperor sacrifices them instead. In the Tiantan for sacrifice, live and work in peace, pray for peace and prosperity, the grain harvest.The Bible also has many places recorded in the Old Testament,when the nation of Israel created their God, the God of heaven and earth. They offered sacrifices to god. When offering sacrifices, the Israelites would only give sacrifices to the priests, and the priests would sacrifice them in accordance with ritual in the temple.Worship is the moment when God meets man and worship is ceremonialWe need to know that etiquette is important in a person's life and in human relationships, and that the relationship between the state and the state is also very important. Without etiquette, it is difficult to say, is the so-called moral righteousness, no rules, no Cheng Fangyuan. As a Christian, he is both a people of God and a citizen of China. He has dual identity. We must follow the rules of the earth and obey the rules of the heavens. That's why we need to be polite when we come to church and worship god. The beginning of the church, is generally not used to so many rituals. Most people think that week of prayer, hearing it. Pastor Ye reminded that there is no ceremony, can not become a church. We habitually call Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday......" In fact, we worship each other every day and worship our true god.The New Testament Hebrews 9: 1-6 written rules of worship, the Old Testament has also been mentioned in the week when there is outside the hospital, the sanctuary, Candlestick, bread, table, etiquette etc.. Worship in ancient Hebrew, referring to kneeling on both knees. There are many explanations for the word "worship", one of which is that worship is the moment when God meets man. This moment is very noble, holy, most valuable andmeaningful. In the holy hour, God comes to us and faces us. He listens to our prayers and praises.There are 365 days in a year, 52 weeks in a year. Do you experience the joy of being close to God and meeting each week? If you feel happy, then you really go into adoration. Like two lovers falling in love, it's not appropriate to stay one minute longer, but I can only describe it in this way. That is why it is sacred and honorable to say that God meets man. God sets up marriage on the ground, and through marriage he can understand the relationship between God and man and the feelings of people and people, to reflect the relationship between God and man. True worship is when we meet and close to the good times with humble hearts, loyal hearts, and god.On etiquette differences between China and Western countriesEtiquette is the social moral norms of human social activities followed by normal people, in mutual respect, mutual caring and friendly exchanges in the natural formation, is the objective needs of human life, is the modern people to maintain social civilization, promote the communication and development of the code of conduct.Our country is in a state of ceremonies known to the world civilization, is a typical representative of the western countries abide by the norms of etiquette. The following differences between China and Western countries on its impact on etiquette.(1) religious beliefs are differentChinese feudal dictatorship for two thousand years from the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty "deposed 100, only Confucianism" to the Tang Dynasty set up the six provinces system to the light re Wen Wu, set - and the mutual supervision, financial power centralization, and the waste place three division, the prime minister, and the Qing Dynasty established symbol of imperial power to the military at the peak, means to strengthen the imperial power step by step, and gradually formed a "supreme emperor, the throne hereditary imperial supremacy" of the situation, rather than imperial theocracy, occupy the dominant position of the distant.Generally speaking, China is a non religious country, so Chinese etiquette not religious; in the west, Christianity has been dominant, in the fourth Century, Christianity as the state religion of the Empire of Rome, has become the spiritual pillar of the Western feudal system. According to statistics from the late twentieth Century, the population of the world is estimated at more than 58.9 million, with 4 billion 800 million faiths participating in more than 1500 different religious groups and religious activities. That is to say, more than 80% of the world's population is a religious believer. China, by contrast, has more than 90% people who are not religious. Therefore, western etiquette has strong religious overtones.(two) difference of sense of hierarchyChina is a hierarchy of the country, the spring and Autumn period there is a heaven, feudal literati scholar - - "this was the rank order, the ceremony also became to maintain the ratingsystem, the early Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty thinkers Dong Zhongshu put the Confucian etiquette specifically summarized as" Five Virtues "" it is: "the ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband and wife", which undoubtedly adds a hierarchy of chains. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, foreign envoys visit, the Qing Dynasty insisted on foreign envoys in the face of etiquette China see the emperor, three call nine worship gift, foreign insisted by Western etiquette, to the basic personality equality for the purpose of the bow, shake hands instead of. In Kangxi and Qian Long, envoys from western countries to China were forced to salute.(three) interpersonal differencesThe Chinese emphasize that "caring for others is better than caring for yourself", so people don't mindPeople's lives for their own general knowledge, therefore, to other people's greetings will probably involve the privacy of others, such as: age, marriage, family, work, income, religion and so on, in the view of Chinese, it is said that reflects the warm and friendly to others, others will win a good impression. In the west, people are very sensitive to the privacy issues in general, and when talking to Westerners, not the other party take the initiative to talk about personal privacy, not to mention, in the West where, too "enthusiasm" is undesirable. In western families, people are suspected of being too enthusiastic, and there are still instances of disgust. Also, Westerners is generally a hug, kiss, Chinese general practice handshake, ancient popular Baoquan ritual.(four) personality differencesEastern people pay attention to modesty and make no public comments, for example, in terms of social politeness and language,Often use a variety of modest appellation, in nouns to their own or with the people and things in front of the general and the particular derogatory words, such as "brother, sister, I, I, I, in my house," and so on, and when people praise yourself, to love the opposite meaning praise to reply, such as: friends praise XX food cooked delicious, XX usually said: "is not good, not good" or "where, where, in the opinion of Chinese, this is a kind of humility, while the Westerners often puzzled. Western culture advocating independence and personal freedom, similar to the "level is not high, the limited capacity of" modesty but will think this is not to regard it as right, lack of confidence. Westerners do not be shy about habits, one is one, two is two, they treated in the praise of others, often accepted, sometimes also added some examples to confirm each other's view is correct, in order to show respect.(five) gender, seniority respecting differencesIn Chinese, men often respected, mainly because of patriarchal feudal etiquette in viewRead, the early Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu put the Confucian etiquette specifically summarized as "Five Virtues", "three cardinal guides" is the "ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband and wife", "husband and wife" laid thefoundation of male shrouded women thought, the social status of women on the humble. In modern society, equality between men and women is achieved verbally, but in reality, women are often given reasons for their physical, physical and other reasons,Its status is still inferior to men. In western countries, such as Europe and America, respecting women is their traditional custom, and "ladies first" is one of the principles of communication among Western countries. In any public place, men take care of the ladies. "Ladies first" is also one of the criteria for measuring gentlemen's manners.In dealing with the relationship between young and old, China early in the spring and Autumn period, Mencius proposed "expand the love of the old, the true saying our children and young people", such as the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. When the festival is celebrated, it is common sense for children to be reunited with the elderly. In the west, because parents advocate the independence of children from childhood, the children and their parents become less and less with each passing day, which makes many old people often feel lonely, and their later life has a sense of desolation.(six) the concept of justice and benefit and the difference of legal conceptIn China, due to the influence of Confucianism, the people of justice, but also light.The tendency, such as public places, littering, spitting, defecate, loud noise, red light, crossing the road at random,although most people know that this is not a good habit, but because of the mentality and the weak legal awareness of these repeated acts. And Western countries, people have a strong sense of legal system, coupled with a better sense of environmental protection, so these aspects are doing very well.The fundamental reason for the difference between Chinese and Western etiquette is the difference between Chinese and Western cultures. We should be good at grasping these differences, so as to better communicate with people in different countries. (Gospel times) since ancient times, Chinese has the reputation of a state of ceremonies. The gospel has been introduced into China for thousands of years. Does it require etiquette, etiquette and belief in the church? Is there a conflict? In worship, etiquette has nothing to do with worship Staff visited the Shenzhen times Gospel Church, to listen to the Shenzhen Baoan District city Baoan Christian Church Pastor entitled "Dongsheng leaves to Christian worship etiquette" sermons.Worship ceremony as much as Baoan hall worship ritual normsMany of the Old Testament, worship, and worship God offering sacrifices to the priest, to sacrifice without blemish; and the priest shall wash in the washing basin, and then came to the altar; sacrifice, have certain etiquette program. In the early church, believers prayed, sang, gathered, exchanged, shared, and gradually perfected church worship. Later, the church formed a sect with different sectarian rituals. As in Hongkong, the Anglican Church is the Anglican liturgy, Wesleyan Methodist Lutheran Lutheran with etiquette, etiquette, each faction etiquette is not the same, but the center is the only one --Christ centered.Actually, since the reform and opening to the outside world, the church in China has not promoted the sects and entered the post sectarian period. This is a Chinese Christian church. In the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, brothers and sisters from different parts of the country have different sectarian backgrounds. Such as Zhejiang, Fujian believers, is the main Anglican Episcopal etiquette is etiquette; if from the southeast of Guangdong, Chaozhou, Shantou or Meizhou, a Presbyterian, Lutheran, etiquette and the Council of Rhenish etiquette; if it is from Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing here, there may be Norway or northern European Lutheran etiquette; if from the Loess Plateau area of the believers may have mainland etiquette background. This is the characteristics of the faith background of the believers in the Shenzhen special economic zone.Now some brothers and sisters have settled in Baoan District, fixed in Baoan, worship in the church, and lived a life of worship here. We need to have a uniform, standard etiquette. Etiquette, however, is not arbitrary, and we must follow the principles of the apostles, the church, the Scriptures, and the rules of the Church of china. The etiquette of Baoan hall will also be standardized and make it more perfect.Every procedure and meaning of etiquetteThe New Testament, John, Chapter 4, verse 23, "those who truly worship the father should worship him in honest hearts, for the father will ask such a man to worship him.".At present, the procedure of etiquette in the Baoan Hall of Christianity is divided into four parts, containing four meanings.First, honest hearts, worship, praise. In the week, a prelude, silence, calling, singing, praying, and shall sing, etc.. Fully equipped for us to the temple of God, and prepare yourself, for our god. When the prelude begins, brothers and sisters to silent prayer, quiet, choir, officiating, pianist, conductor, preacher, came together. By the time the preparations were made, the officiating led the announcement and sang the liturgical poetry.Reverend Ye specifically mentioned the importance of prayer. What is the most important thing as a church? Prayer. The temple of God is the temple of prayer for all nations (Isaiah 56:7). What's the first thing to do in church? It is prayer, not speech, nor singing. Wait for the choir to come in and worship God together.The heart is honest and worship. We are quiet in front of God. What will the Lord ask us to do? Sing for the spirit of God in our midst, prepare our minds; and then calling, calling of purpose is that the congregation came to the throne of God, to worship him in spirit and truth; all the congregation to sing, the congregation solemnly stood before God, sing and worship praise God, Scripture should Kai; content, often associated with preaching content, relationship and preaching information; Rev should after choir. We hear God's word and answer it.In second, in the last meeting. It is important to recite the Apostles' creed, proclaim our salvation and proclaim our faith.I believe in God, father almighty...... I believe in eternal life, amen. I believe it is a very happy announcement, a sure announcement. What a sacred announcement. God hears our announcement and accepts our announcement. At the same time also will read the ten commandments, declare their worship lover standard warning.Third, respectfully listen to God's teachings. Reading the Bible has something to do with preaching. The celebrant read or read the sermon text for Taoist believers. The preacher, is listening to, listen to the first time. Preach, speak clearly of the word of God, and keep the grain on time. Believers, respectful to God's teachings, said after a Thanksgiving, to sing.Fourth, with his physical and mental devotion. Family sharing, singing, prayer and blessing, prayer, to return. This is the last part. Share the housework, the church is God's family, we're going to have the house of God with care; listen to the words of God, according to the word of God to share; after, with the Lord's prayer, blessing God; in our midst, he will bless us. In the end, sing, Amen, Amen (four stacks). After the prayer in the temple music to return, is fully equipped for, the word of God, back to our home, back to our community and to our real life.A complete worship, is from the beginning to the end of the prelude, music hall. We must prepare ourselves, and do not move about in preaching and gathering. For that moment was when Godmet us. We have to worship and praise God, because this time, God is with us, listen to my prayer, and I met.business etiquetteA suit to trimIn modern society, social activities, people generally believe in Western dress and leather shoes "is a modern man's regular occupation dress, so wear a suit in business activities, but also the most secure and appropriate, therefore, become the first choice for many business attire suits the general staff. However, wearing a suit also has a lot of stress:(1) the choice of colors. It is better to wear dark suits, grey and dark blue. They give a steady, reliable, loyal, simple and able impression.(2) the choice of fabric. Clothes made of natural fabric. The sheen and texture of artificial fabrics give people a cheap feel. Usually, unlike fabric made of natural fabric, there is a kind of attractive "sag" feeling. Moreover, this fabric often leaves a human body odor and is not easily removed. From a more subtle point of view, it's never good to connect you with an artificial person,Because it gives people a false sense of depth and lack of depth.(3) a suit should be appropriate. Thin people, if wearing a dark blue or coarse Shutiao suit, will expose the delicate, thin defects, wear beige, grey rat Nuanshaidiao, pattern selectionof lattice or herringbone suits, will become more plump and strong. The tall man, wear double breasted or three piece suit, the texture and the warm feeling of the fabrics, do not use the profile of narrow and sharp suits. When a short person wears a suit, he can use chest bags to decorate his handkerchief. In order to increase the thickness of the chest, it can also load the purse, notebook and other articles in the inner bag. Fat people can wear dark blue, dark gray, dark brown, beige, gray suit, bogey expanded color, if it is patterned suit, should use the 0.5 - 2cm bar. The suit can choose linear models of American style, it looks sharp and slim profile.In addition, double four button suit, can cover a slight stomach. Chunky people can also wear three sets, so that the body does not show the parting line, and pocket as much as possible no object. Tall and fat people should wear a suit with three buttons and a one-piece suit. The part of V is long and elegant. When wearing a one-piece suit jacket, you should wear a dark coat and a light colored trousers with the same color. This will not only cover up your shortcomings, but also make you look smart.Other men's suits:The trousers avoid short, standard length trousers trousers shoes cover;The shirt on the outer trousers bogey;Avoid shirt collar is too big, there is space between collar and neck;The color of the tie to avoid glare;Avoid tie too short, general tie length should be tie tip cover belt buckle;To avoid not buckle buckle shirt tie;The jacket sleeves should avoid long, short sleeves shirt than 1 - 2 cm;A jacket and trousers bag and avoid suit in baggy;To avoid a suit and a pair of sports shoes;The shoes and shoelaces bogey inconsistent colourTwo. Shirts should be idealShirts must be long sleeves. Some shirts have simple chains on their cuffs, giving them extra attention to detail. Shirts should be white or light blue with no design or stripes. Like suits, the best fabrics for shirts are natural fabrics. To wear those carefully sewing, professional washing, moderate (Crisp) sizing cotton shirt.Three, tie to chooseSome experts say a tie is first noticed when you shake hands with someone. It can make an expensive suit look cheap, or you can wear ordinary clothes to give a better impression. The tie。
中西方饮食文化差异(中英对照)
Differences between Chinese and Western diet cultureCan you imagine the difference between the Western diet culture and the Chinese diet culture？First of all, I will introduce the general characteristics of Western diet culture.Western diet historyItaly cuisine is the originator of the Western diet culture, French cuisine is the Western diet culture king, American food is the Western diet culture upstart.Western food making skillsIn the production of the Western diet, they love the pursuit of perfection, but also attach importance to cooperation with a delicacy.Western diet varietiesThe famous dishes are Italy, French, American, German, Russian, etc. famous drinks include wine, coffee and black tea.Do you know,why there are so many differences between Chinese and Western diet culture?just like the menu,western diet is very tidy and serious,but the Chinese is multifarious.Now, you have known the difference of the menu,but do you know why diet has a strong regional character?Actually, western diet due to geographical characteristics, environment, customs, appears in cooking methods of differencesin eating habits. People in western countries like to eat pizza, while Chinese people like to eat dumplings.Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture.事实上，西方饮食由于地域特色、环境、风俗习惯，出现烹调方法不同程度的差异。
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Differences between Chinese and Western TableMannersAbstractChina is a nation of etiquette, whose table manners have a long history. In fact, western countries have their own peculiar dining custom.With the development of China’s opening-up, more and more Western culture gets into our sight. As we face with unfamiliar cultures and countries, some inevitable cultural conflicts might happen in the communication, which will seriously affect the contacts being carried out smoothly. Table manners have a decisive position in the communication between China and Western countries. During communication we will show our best image and avoid cultural conflicts. Learning and using the right etiquette will not only step up our own impression, but also promote the benefit and strife of the company.This paper mainlydiscusses the differences of table manners between the West and China from severalaspects. Knowing these differences, we can communicate well witheachother.Key Words: China, western countries, table manners, differences.中西方餐桌礼仪的差异摘要中国是礼仪之邦，其餐桌礼仪源远流长。
西方餐桌礼仪也是很有讲究。
随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的文化越来越多地映入了我们的眼帘。
由于我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，严重影响了交往的顺利进行。
餐桌礼仪在交际当中已经占据了重要的地位，学习和运用正确的餐桌礼仪，已不仅仅是自身形象的需要，更是提高双效益、提升竞争力的需要。
本文主要从几个不同的方面论述了中西方餐桌礼仪的差异，了解了它们的不同，我们彼此之间才能更好的交流。
关键词: 中国，西方国家，餐桌礼仪，差异CONTENTSAbstract in English (I)Abstract in Chinese .......................................... ... . (II)1 Introduction (1)2 Literature Review (1)3 Main Factors Causing the Differences (3)3.1Geography (3)3.2Tradition (4)3.3Custom (6)4 Different table manners between China and West (6)4.1Table setting (7)4.2 Dinnerware (8)4.3 The order of serving (9)4.4Rules when enjoying the meal (10)5 Conclusion (11)6Bibliographies (11)Differences between Chinese and Western Table Manners 1. IntroductionDue to the Chinese people and foreigners have different life styles, the way of thinking, cultures, the table manners between china and western countries show a big difference. Chinese table manners have a long history, which date from Zhou Dynasty, at that time table manners have a quite complete system. Those table manners gradually go to a level of mature and perfect, moreover, they took an important part in the past and still have a deep influence in the modern society. Western dining customs originate in Merovingian Dynasty, France, and in the 20th century, Italian culture came to France, table manners and menu turned to be more elegant and delicate, from that time, books of etiquette are published gradually. Today, table manners inherit in Europe. Table manners in Western countrieshave influence on Chinese table manners because of World Integration. In order to protect our table culture, we can make the two table manners integrated, which is good for us communicating with foreigners. So, it is necessary for us to know the differences of the two table manners.2．Literature ReviewAs we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstadter, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas. China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history. Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization. To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviors, communication and so on. The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table. Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Vassar takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner. From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual. She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show thedevelopment of the world civilization. In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr. Yi Zhongtian (2004) saysthat the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness. Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want. On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought. In the book Differences and Syncretism of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr. Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society. Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language. It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3. Main Factors Causing the Differences3.1 GeographyAs we all know, different areas have different culture and custom. Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon orthings. The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures. China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork are the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners. You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment. Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo. There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China. So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks. The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks. According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback. They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked. From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.3.2 TraditionThe different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition. Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. As the core of Chinese traditional culture,Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society. Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”. Taoists advocated “customizations nature”, “pure”and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”. In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr. Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness. In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture. They believe in god created man. The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference. This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food. But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware. The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness. Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class. Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work. If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed. It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation. And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization. Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.3.3 CustomCustom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits. The differences of custom between east and west are various. Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls. For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten”or “where are you going”. While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem. They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten”“does he want to invite me to have dinner”. When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words. The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more. Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon. It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table. And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others. Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.4. Different table manners between China and West4.1Table settingIn China: We prefer to the round table in the Chinese banquets. If there is just a round table in the family dinner, so it has no table order. But if the banquets are held in a restaurant or a hall and there are two or over two round table, then it must have the table setting order. The rule of table setting is that the top table is the round table which is back to the restaurant or the hall and the right of which is senior and the left is inferior. If there are three round tables, then the table in the middle is senior, the right is next and the left is second. Anyway, the right is honor and the left is low, whatever how many the tables are.There are four basic ways of setting arrangement: First host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief guest on the left. Second, when the banquets arrive to the scale of more than one table, every table should have a representative of host and the setting is on the same way of the host, sometimes he or she can face to the host on the main table. Third, taking the table of the host sitting as the sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low. Fourth, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host can ask guest to sit where the host should have seated and the host sit on his right. As for the dinning of less than five people, its table setting can follow those four rules: right is honor and the left is low; the middle seat is senior; the seat of facing the door is the top; flexibility arrangement.In west:In the west, the long tables are the choice in the banquet. They also think that the right is honor and the left is low. In the banquet, the host and hostess sit from each other, gentleman of honor sit near the host, his Madame sit near the hostess and the others follow them. In the informal party, it follows that women is first. If a man and a woman have a diner, the man should let the woman sit on his right and don’t let she sit near to the passageway; anyway the man ought to let the woman sit inside. When there are two couples, ladies should sit against the wall and the opposite are their husbands. When two men with a woman, men should let woman sit in the middle place. When two people have a dinner, the senior sit inside. Besides, men should remove the chairs and let women sit first.4.2 DinnerwareIn China:The dinnerware we use are those: the chopsticks, small dishes, spoons, bowl and so on. In the banquet, water glass is on the left of the dishes and wineglass is on the right. Chopstick and soup spoon can be put on the special seat or in the paper sleeve. And the toothpick and ashtray is necessary.In west: They prefer to use the knife and fork, spoon, dish, glass and so on. In the way of setting, Chinese dinner is easy but western dinner is complex. The setting ways of the western dinner in the world is basically unified. The common principle is: under plate is placed in the middle; fork is on the left and knife is right, knifepoint keeps upward and knife edge inward; spoon is putted on the front ofplate; main dish is left and dinnerware is right, the others are putted by circumstances. Besides, the number of wine glasses equal to the variety of wine. And the putting ways are in the order of that strong wine glass, wine glass, champagne glass, beer glass. The napkin is placed on the plate. If the guest wants to put something in the plate before the dinner, the napkin can be putted beside the plate.There is one sentence concluding their using rule: right hand with knife and left hand with fork, the whole dinnerware using is ecto-entad.4.3 The order of servingIn China: The first dishes are cold dishes, beverage and wine; then the hot dishes; next staple food; at last the sweets and fruit. When the banquet has many tables, each table should be on every dish at the same time. Besides, hot dishes should be served from the left side opposite the seat of the guest of honor, single copies of vegetables or side dishes and snacks should be given to the guest first then the host. Plastic dishes like whole chicken, whole duck, and whole fish can’t put their heads and tails toward the h ost seat. In general, there are several ways of serving: First, the big dish is putted side, self-served by the people. Second, a waiter holds a dish one by one to each guest. Third, it is in full bloom with small dishes, and then each one enjoys those dishes. In the banquet, each dish like slide show, each time a dish is served.Some tips: in the wedding banquet or other red banquet, theplates on the table can be overlapped, meaning that a good thing comes again and again. While, in the White Banquet like funeral the plates cannot be overlapped, the reason, I think, you can guess.In west:Western serving steps are usually that: bread and butter, cold dishes, soup, seafood, main course, dessert, coffee and fruit. Eating the cold dishes, soup and bread at the same time. Cold dishes, also known as appetizer dish, served as the first course, usually with an aperitif. And soup includes stains soup and cream soup. The main course has fish, pork, beef, and chicken and so on. Dissert usually has ice-cream, pudding etc.4.4 Rules when enjoying the mealIn China:Chinese food its atmosphere is lively, people like chatting over eating. But talking and laughing loudly is not polite. While eating, the older is first, when a dish served the young can’t eat until the older eat. When a person has a cough, he or she should turn his or her back.In west:Men should move the seat for women. People always talk with their neighbors when eatin g, they don’t talk loudly. They do not use their own utensils for others to take their food; do not cut food on a plate after a good use of all right hand fork to eat; do not put the bones and food that don’t eat on the floor or on the tablecloth, while put them on the on the plate of iceberg. Besides, the polite way is eating out the food on your plate.5. ConclusionTable manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behavior and language. Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other. In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other. Thus we can decently communicate with each other. Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society. In summary, the Chinese table manners and western table manners have many similarities and differences. Understanding the western table manners is of great help to the development of Chinese civilization and the survival abroad. We should behavior ourselves in the banquet.6. Bibliographies[1]Albala, K. The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M]. America: Picture Window Books, 2007.[3]King, Mia. Table Manners [M]. America: Berkley Trade, 2009.[4]杨柳，田丹丹，宛富山.中美餐桌礼仪刍议.内江师范学院学报，2008.6.[5]彭健.浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异.《新西部》，2009.12.。