2019年中国海洋大学620基础英语考研真题硕士研究生专业课考试试题

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2019年考研英语真题及解析

2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright.Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a(n) 7 process— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal we’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1.[A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2.[A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3.[A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4.[A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5.[A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6.[A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7.[A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8.[A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9.[A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10.[A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11.[A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12.[A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13.[A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14.[A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15.[A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16.[A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17.[A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18.[A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19.[A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20.[A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of famili ar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same contextas creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try — the more we step outside our comfort zone — the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, h owever, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year IWill...and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it foste rs commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. In Wordsworth’s view, “habits” is characterized by being .[A] casual[B] familiar[C] mechanical[D] changeable.22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be .[A] predicted[B] regulated[C] traced[D] guided23. “ruts”(Line 1, Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to .[A] tracks[B] series[C] characteristics[D] connections24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that .[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind[B] innovativeness could be taught[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas[D] curiosity activates creative minds25. Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standardized t esting[A] prevents new habits from being formed[B] no longer emphasizes commonness[C] maintains the inherent American thinking model[D] complies with the American belief systemText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly)wisdom —or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore — and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since theyfirst become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists —and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors — numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s _________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to ________.[A] locate one’s birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is ________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab[D] Lies Behind DNA TestingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts — a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economi c growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides fi nding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce tosubstantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries ___.[A] is subject to groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventionally downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system _______.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _______.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged ______.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hungry[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph, development of education ________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers ofEuropean culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One won ders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England_________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life[B] intellectual interests were encouraged[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated NewEnglanders were often _____.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different intellectual backgrounds[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41) ____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42) _____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boasdeveloped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43) _____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44) _______________. Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45) ________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheimdeveloped a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function ofsociety and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural andimportant, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.(48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in theirattitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a commonlife we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White Pollution” is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly, and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)网络的“近”与“远”2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。

2019年山东省中国海洋大学综合英语考研真题B卷

2019年山东省中国海洋大学综合英语考研真题B卷Part One Literature and Culture(30points)I.Direetions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Judge whether they are true(T)or false(F)and write the letter"T"or"F"in the properplaces of the Answer Sheet.(20points,1×20)()1.Old English differs from Modern English in spelling,pronunciation and grammar.()2.The most widely read and enjoyed of all literary genres employed during the Middle Ages was the novel.()ton's influence on English poetry has been immense.He has been justly called"the poet's poet".()4.Shakespeare's sonnets,written in the mid-1590s,use the Elizabethan or Shakespearian form-rhyming abab eded efef gg-rather than the Petrarchanform.()5.John Dryden was the leading poet of the Restoration in which the most prominent subject of poetry is political and religious infighting.()6.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in Italy and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. ()7.Great Expectations tells the story of Philip,known as"Pip",an orphan. ()8.Thomas Hardy was the most significant novelist in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.()9.T.S.Eliot was an English novelist,playwright and critic,who lived in America from1915.()10.Stream of Consciousness is a term used to refer to particular techniques of presentation which a number of Romantic novelists developed.()11.The principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as puritanism. ()12.Philip Freneau's"The House of Night,"is one of the first distinctly romantic novels in American literature.()13.Irving's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the series of thefive novels that comprise the Leatherstocking Tales(1823-1841).()14."Song of Hiawatha"is the first famous epic of American Indians in American literature.()15.Most of Hawthorne's stories are allegorical.()16.Melville is known for his sea stories which include Typee,Omoo,Mardi,and his masterpiece,Moby Dick.()17.In literature,the term realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the18*century and the early years of the19century.()18.The Gold Bowl(1904)is the subtlest and most difficult and also the most poetic of James's dramas.()19.In1899,while serving a three-year prison sentence for alleged embezzlement in Columbus,Ohio,Kate Chopin began to write short stories published underthe pseudonym of O.Henry.()20.The Waste Land is Eliot's most memorable poem and one that set the tone of the postwar era,Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one or more words,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word for each blank only,and you are not allowed tochange the letter given.(10points,1×10)1.New Worlds are the key to the R__,the"rebirth"of learning and culture, which reached the peak in I____in the early s_______century and in Britain during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I from1558to1603.2.Clarissa or The History of a Young L_(1747-8)is R_'s most epistolarynovel and his masterpiece.3.Unlike the early-romantic writers whose writings were imitative,the late r_ writers such as E_,Thoreau,Hawthorne,M_and Whitman were instrumental,in one way or another,in creating an indigenous American literature.4.The Red B_of Courage,the novel of the Civil War,is C_____'s most famous work and has long been regarded as one of the classics of Americanliterature.Part Two Linguistics(45points)I.Explain the following terms.(15points)(1)language(2)phonetics(4)antonymy(3)Universal Grammar(5)endocentric constructionI.What is Suffixation?List any FIVE ways of Suffixation.For each of the ways, there should be at least THREE examples.(15points)ment on the contribution Prague School made to modern linguistics.(15 points)Part Three English Language Teaching(37.5points)I.What are the differences between traditional pedagogy and language in reallife so far as language is concerned?(12.5points)Ⅱ.Name some ways to consolidate vocabulary and explain each of them in detail.(12.5points)Ⅲ.How to design a task in task-based language teaching?(12.5points)Part Four English Writing(37.5points)Task1Directions:Introduce a birthday gift you have ever received.Give specific reasons why you like(or dislike)it.You should write at least200words.(12.5points)Task2Directions:Write an essay in at least350words expressing what makes happinessessential.(25points)。

2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版

2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版Section I: Reading ComprehensionPart A1. D2. C3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. CPart B11. B 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Use of EnglishPart A21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. BPart B41. interprets 42. considered 43. enhance 44. authorities 45. complex 46. hypothetical 47. obtained 48. influence 49. abstract 50. breakthrough Section III: Listening ComprehensionPart A51. B 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A56. B 57. A 58. C 59. A 60. CPart B61. D 62. B 63. A 64. C 65. D66. A 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. ASection IV: TranslationPart A71. The key to a successful career is continuous learning and self-improvement.Part B72. I will stay up late to finish this project, only if it is absolutely necessary.Section V: WritingPrompt: Discuss the impact of global warming on the environment and propose possible solutions.Global Warming: Impacts and SolutionsIntroduction:In recent years, the issue of global warming has become a major concern for both scientists and the general public. This essay explores the impacts of global warming on the environment and offers possible solutions to tackle this complex problem.Impacts of Global Warming:1. Rising temperatures: Global warming has resulted in a significant increase in average temperatures worldwide. This has led to the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, threatening the habitat of many species and leading to rising sea levels.2. Extreme weather events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, have been observed to increase due to global warming. These events have devastating consequences for both human beings and ecosystems.3. Disruption of ecosystems: Global warming has disrupted ecosystems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns, causing shifts in habitats and loss of biodiversity. This can lead to the extinction of vulnerable species and affect the overall balance of ecosystems.Possible Solutions:1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Implementing stricter regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. This can be achieved through promoting renewable energy sources, encouraging energy efficiency, and adopting cleaner transportation methods.2. Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests is an effective way to mitigate global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, acting as natural carbon sinks. Additionally, forests help regulate local temperatures and support diverse ecosystems.3. Public awareness and education: Educating the public about the impacts of global warming and the importance of sustainable living is essential. This can be done through educational programs, campaigns, and media platforms to raise awareness and promote responsible environmental practices.4. International cooperation: Addressing global warming requires international collaboration. Countries must come together to shareknowledge, resources, and technologies in order to develop innovative solutions and implement effective measures on a global scale.Conclusion:In conclusion, global warming poses significant threats to the environment, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption. However, by implementing solutions such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and move towards a more sustainable future for our planet.总结 (Conclusion):在这篇文章中，我们讨论了全球变暖对环境的影响，并提出了可能的解决方案。

2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及答案Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C,D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题Today,we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps are all available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than were alize.3you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you4can't find north,a few tricks may help you navigate5to civilization,one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well6a trail,but not in a completely7 area,you have to answer two questions:Which8is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill,and follow any H20you find,you should10see signs of people.If you've explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve 15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night scan the horizon for17light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18,assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks, and other features can20you to civilization.1.【完形填空】第1题答案是_____.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All正确答案：C参考解析：此题考查词义辨析和上下文语境。

2019考研英语二真题及参考答案解析-启航考研

2019全国研究生考试英语二真题及参考答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 . As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I also use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensit y remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. However D. Besides2. A. Cares B. warns C. reduces D. helps3. A. Solely B. occasionally C. formally D. initially4. A. Lowering B. explaining C. accepting D. recording5. A. Set B. review C. reach D. modify6. A. Depiction B. distribution C. prediction D. definition7. A. Regardless of B. aside from C. along with D. due to8. A. Rigid B. precise C. immediate D. orderly9. A. judgments B. reasons C. methods D. claims10. A. Though B. again C. indeed D. instead11. A. Track B. overlook C.conceal D. report12. A. Approval of B. hold onto C. account for D. depend on13. A. Share B. adjust C. confirm D. prepare14. Features B. rules C. tests D. results15. A. Anxious B. hungry C. sick D. bored16. A. Secret B. belief C. sign D. principle17. A. Necessity B. decision C. wish D. request18. A. Surprising B. restricting C. consuming D. disappointing19. A. Because B. unless C. until D. if20. A. Dominating B. puzzling C. triumphing D. obsessingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A few years ago, researchers in Germany set out to plumb the moral consciences of small children. They invited a series of 2- and 3-year-olds to play with a marble track in a lab. Close to the track—inauspiciously close—was a block tower that one of the adult experimenters claimed to have painstakingly constructed. Just before turning her back, she asked them not to damage it. Needless to say, the game was rigged. After a few runs, a marble would knock over part of the tower, at which point the experimenter responded with what the resulting journal article described as a “mildly sad” tone. “Oh no,” she would say, then ask what had happened. In some versions of the experiment, the child seemed to be to blame; in others, an adult who was helping with the experiment toppled the tower. The kids’ reactions revealed a lot about how social-emotional development progresses during these key years. While many of the 2-year-olds seemed sympathetic to the researcher’s plight, the 3-year-olds went beyond sympathy. When they believed that they’d caused the accident, they were more likely than the 2-year-olds to express regret and try to fix the tower. In other words, the 3-year-olds’ behavior varied depending on whether they felt responsible.Their actions, according to Amrisha Vaish, the University of Virginia psychology researcher who led the study, de monstrate “the beginnings of real guilt and real conscience.” Vaish is one of a number of scholars studying how, when, and why guilt emerges in children. Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in con junction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination, o f course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understa nding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt isand what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though t hey hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”Malti describes guilt as a self-directed emotion, elicited when you act in a way that’s out of keeping with your conscience. Sympathy and empathy are other-directed. A child who isn’t inclined to feel bad for a classmate whose toy car she stole might nevertheless feel uncomfortable with the idea of herself as a thief—and return the toy. Guilt can include sympathy, Malti says, but it doesn’t have to. She’s agnostic about which of the two paths children take, so long as they treat one another well.This is a provocative idea at a moment when parents and educators have come to almost fetishize empathy—when a child’s ability to put herself in another’s shoes seems like the apex of goodness. Parents encourage children to consider how their peers feel when they don’t share their toys. Presc hool teachers instruct students to consider one another “friends,” implying that good behavior is predicated on affection. Elementary schools base anti-bullying curricula around altruistic concepts like love and kindness.When it comes to helping kids mana ge relationships and tamp down aggression, “schools and programs have almost exclusively focused on empathy promotion,” Malti says. “I think it’s incredibly important to nurture empathy, but I think it’s equally important to promote guilt.”If you still fi nd the idea of guilting your child unpalatable, keep in mind that we’re talking about a very specific kind of guilt. This is not telling your child that her disobedience proves she’s unworthy, or describing how painful it was to give birth to her. This is not pressuring your grown son or daughter to hurry up and have babies before you die. In short, this is not your grandmother’s guilt-trip.You don’t want a child to feel bad about who she is (that’s called shaming) or responsible forthings outside her control (which can give rise to maladaptive or neurotic guilt; see the child who feels guilty for her parents’ divorce). Malti points out that a child’s age and disposition are also important considerations; some may be temperamentally guilt-prone and require a lighter touch. The point is to encourage both goodness and resilience. We all make mistakes, and ideally we use them to propel ourselves toward better behavior.Proper guilting connects the dots between your child’s actions and an outcome—without suggesting anything is wrong or bad about her—and focuses on how best to repair the harm she’s caused. In one fell swoop it inspires both guilt and empathy, or what Martin Hoffman, an emeritus professor at NYU known for his extensive work on empathy, has termed “empathy-based guilt.” Indeed, you may already be guilting your child (in a healthy way!) without realizing it. As in: “Look, your brother is crying because you just threw his Beanie Boo in the toilet.” Hopefully, the kid is moved to atone for her behavior, and a parent might help her think through how to do that.Work by Renee Patrick, a psychology professor at the University of Tampa, shows that it’s important for parents to express themselves in a warm and loving way: A parent who seems chastising or rejecting can induce anxiety in a child, and do nothing to encourage healthy behavior. Patrick’s work also shows that kids whose parents used a strategy intended to elicit “empathy-based guilt” during their adolescence tended to see moral concepts like fairne ss and honesty as more central to their sense of themselves. (A related technique that’s been found effective in adolescents involves what Patrick calls “parental expression of disappointed expectations”—which is as harrowing as it sounds.)Joan Grusec, a psychologist and researcher in parenting and children’s development, and a colleague of Malti’s at the University of Toronto, says it’s important to make the what-you-can-do-about-it part a discussion between parent and child, instead of a sermon. Forcing a child to behave morally may prevent her from internalizing the lesson you’re trying to impart. And, she says, such a conversation may work better “once everybody has simmered down,” rather than in the heat of a dispute. She points to research on what aca demics call reminiscence, which suggests that discussing a transgression after the fact may better help children understand what they did wrong.Of course, knowing when to feel bad and what to do about it are things we could all benefit from. Malti’s resea rch may focus on kids, but guilt is a core human emotion—an inevitability for people of every age. And she believes that it has the potential to be especially helpful now, in a world that is growing more divided and atomized.She argues that guilt may have the ability to bring us together, not despite but because of its focus on the self. The proposition is radical. What if the secret to treating one another better is thinking about ourselves not less, but more?21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help__________.A. regulate a child’s basic emotionsB. improve a child’s intellectual abilityC. intensify a child’s positive feelingsD. foster a child’s moral development22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still guilt to be _________.A. deceptiveB. addictiveC. burdensomeD. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.A. an emotion can play opposing rolesB. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. emotions are context -independent24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can bring about emotional satisfactionC. can result from either sympathy or guiltD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (line4 para5) is closest in meaning to________.A. wrongdoingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. teachingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 —financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise runon fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years. State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.26. “One of the harder challenges” implies ___A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks", we may need to _A.preserve diversity of speciesB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ___A. restore its forests quickly after wildfires.B. cultivate more drought resistant trees.C. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California's plan according to para. 5?A. To obtain enough financial supportB. To carry it out before 2020C. To handle the areas in the serious danger firstD. To perfect the emission-permit auctions30.the author's attitude toward California's plan can be best described as ____A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautiousText3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If thisdoesn't change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either----not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren't allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S. needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workersD. Decline of job opportunities in U. S. agriculture32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ?A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33. What is the much-argued solution the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back farmingC. To use more robots to grow high-value cropsD. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for itsA .slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower VS. Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to s your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.If only I’d realized that we can buy our way out of the problem except we can’t.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets.The problem of perpetuating this individualistic narrative is that it's not going to get us very far and the plastics crisis we face is immense. Our oceans are blighted by the stuff. It's in our drinking water (including bottled water), and we could even be breathing it in.I'm not dismissing individual actions like ordering straw-free drinks at bars, or opting for a reusable water bottle over a cup that's going in the trash as soon as you've used it. I can't imagine not at least trying to minimize my own plastics footprint, whether it's lugging home my newly-refilled gallon bottle of washing-up liquid every few months, or buying packaging-free food, clothing and toiletries where possible.On their own, however, none of these things is enough.Part of my worry about leaving it up to the individual is that we're all just guessing at what's going on out there-and that's if we haven't been scared off from doing anything to start with in the face of such a huge challenge. As consumers, we have little idea about how much plastic has been used and discarded along the supply chain, for example. It's also hard to compare, say, going to a bulk store that sells plastic-free products but requires you to drive some distance versus a more Iccal shop where you may end up taking home some packaged items.There’s also a time and cost issue. Realistically, I'm not going to start making my own laundry detergents so I can avoid the plastic bottles they come in, and there can be extra costs associated with environmentally friendly products.My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plasticstraws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions---a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018's key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example. Why not?It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argue that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will” eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” Ther e are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies t hat shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. we have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our governments to lead the combat39. De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost- effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA. can be too aggressiveB. are far from sufficientC. can be too inconsistentD. are far from rationalPart BDirections: you are going to read a list of headings and a text, choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）How seriously should parent take kid’s opinions when searching for a home?In choosing a new home, Camille Mc Clain’s kids have a single demand a backyard.That seemingly reasonable request turned the Chicago family’s home hunt upside down, as th ere weren’t many three-bedroom apartments on the North Side — where the family was looking —that came with yard space. Still, McClain and her husband chose to honor their 4- and 6-year-old’s request.“We worked with a few apartment brokers, and it was st range that many of them didn’t even know if there was outdoor space, so they’d bring us to an apartment, we’d see that it didn’t have a yard, and we’d move on,” said McClain, who runs Merry Music Makers in Lakeview, a business focused on music education for children.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.Renters paid attention to their kids’ preferences even more: 83 percent said their children’s opinions will be a factor when they buy a home.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes。

中国海洋大学研究生英语考试题

Final English Exam for Master Candidates ( 工B )(January 2021)Part I Listening prehension (25%)Section A Short Conversations (5%)Directions:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked (A), (B), (C) and (D) and then decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A. He doesn’t like the woman, so he doesn’t want to see her.B. He is shy to meet the woman because he doesn’t know what to sayC. He is busy with his work and wants to spend the time reading.D. He prefers being alone to being alone to being with other people.2. A. She cannot use her puter to meet her deadlines.B. Busy phone lines means she has to call the secretary.C. She has to call tech support for help.D. She needs to take a deep breath, she feels sick.3. A. Go shopping for cooler clothes.B. Look to see how much energy we use.C. Buy and use energy efficient appliances.D. Enjoy the warmer weather.4. A. Vegetables that are grown in dirt are organic.B. Vegetables grown in a greenhouse garden.C. Vegetables that are more expensive than other vegetables.D. Vegetables grown without pesticides or chemical fertilizers.5. A. Because the class was better than her classmate expected.B. Because she wants to use the puter.C. She is excited to be taking biology.D. Because the puter is stranger to her than the microscope.6. A. It doesn’t want to spend money now.B. It doesn’t think it needs to clean up.C. It doesn’t care about air pollution.D. It thinks only poor areas are polluted.7. A. Because he is going to Laos next summer on a bike.B. Because he will ride a bicycle over mountains and it’s dangerous.C. Because he hates to sit still while on vocation.D. Because he will rest himself on this adventure.8. A. Because if we believe intelligence is inherited, nothing else matters.B. Because their parents didn’t choose the right marriage partners.C. Because we have never cared about our children’s environments.D. Because all children will get a good environment at their home.9. A. He can wear jeans to work.B. He has to dress up at work.C. He can wear shorts to work.D. He has to wear a T-shirt.10. A. Low gravity environments are easier to find.B. Natural places for research are easier to find.C. Very clean environments are easier to find.D. Strong fields of gravity are easier to find.Section B Passages (10%)Directions: Listen to the following two passages. Each passage is followed by FIVE statements. Listen to the passage and decide whether the statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false on the answer sheet.Passage 11.Researchers fit polar bears with radar so they can monitor the effect of global warming on them.2.Polar bears e to land earlier this spring because they have developed enough fat reserves tosurvive.3.Polar bears are particularly selected for study because they can be followed for many years whichhelp researchers get deeper insight into what is happening.4.The objective of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change is to call on developing countries toreduce the carbon emission.5.It is hard for polar bears to reproduce due to global warming.Passage 26.mercial and recreational fisheries contribute $ 80 billion to the U.S. economy every year.7.To maintain a sustainable and disease-free seafood supply is a national priority because it hasimpacts on ocean environment.8.Scientists are researching new ways to improve aquaculture practices to reduce people’sdemand of wild fish.9.Some technologies are applied to forecast the potential disease that might attack fish to protectthe health of public.10.The genetic make-up of bacteria that might hit seafood is teased apart by scientists in order toprovide us with more nutritious seafood.Section C pound Dictation (10%)Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 8 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 9 to 11 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Analysts at the U.S. Census Bureau have a (1)_______forecast for America’s population in 2050, when today’s 25 year-olds will be knocking on the door of age 65.If (2)_________ hold, not only will there be more than TWICE as many people 65-and-over in(3)______numbers as there are now, but their percentage of the population will jump from 12 percent today to 21 percent. That means more than one in five Americans at mid-century will be what we call "senior citizens." And if current demographic trends continue, a much greater (4)_______ of the nation’s elderly will be Hispanic, African-American and Asian-American.Linda Jacobsen at the Population Reference Bureau, a private (5)_____ that helps make sense of demographic data, helped us sort out the (6)________.Primarily, she says, in 2050 a whole lot more people 65 and older will be on the job outside the home. In part, that’s because many more than today will be well educated and in (7)____ health, and will simply WANT to keep working.Others won’t have a choice, since they won’t be able to get Social Security benefits as the (8)_______age keeps rising—quite possibly to 70 or beyond by 2050. And as private panies cut costs, (9)_________________________________________________________ .Today, women more often than men are the ones who stay home to care for Mom and Dad in their last years —while men contributemoney to their elders’ care.But in 2050, (10)___________________________________________________________________ .So, Linda Jacobsen points out, young Americans had better be saving money right now in the increasing likelihood they’ll have to care for themselves in their advanced years.But, (11) ______________________________________________________________________________ . In 2050, Americans who are 65 may be considered "middle-aged." By then, only what demographers today call the "oldest old" —the 85-and-over crowd —will be thought of as truly "old."Part IIVocabulary(15%)Section ADirections: There are 20 inplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that can best plete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.The Sex Discrimination Act has not ____ discrimination in employment.A.MaintainedB. expelledC. eliminatedD. recovered2.To guarantee the pany’s success, our Directors developed and ____ stringent policies.A.carried aboutB. carried forwardC. implementsD. implementedA.provenanceB. originalC. measuresD. donor4.The British police have no ____ over foreign bank account.A.eliminationB. constraintC. incumbentD. jurisdiction5. Amid the _____ job market blues, this is the kind of report that gets my attention.A. persuasiveB. pervasiveC. persuadingD. permanent6. We seek to harness progress in science and technology to ensure effective disaster preparedness and _____.A. intensityB. severityC. excuseD. mitigation7. Asians are right to be proud of their region’s ____ in the global financial crisis.A. resilienceB. occurrenceC. propertyD. deformation8. Most Chinese carmakers are years behind their western counterparts ____________ quality, technology and service.A. in terms ofB. with regarding toC. as toD. in that9. China reaffirmed that it is not looking at pursuing a ____ trade surplus with the United States.A. substanceB. substantialC. subversiveD. subjective10. Tax revenues have ____ significantly due to a severe recession and tax changing policy choices.A. inclinedB. declinedC. being declinedD. been inclining11. Nobody could b elieve the politician’s ____________A. fishing timeB. crying stinking fishC. fishing in troubled waterD. fish story12. The sea became rougher and the boat rolled from side to side; many passengers began to look__.A. in low waterB. in hot waterC. going by the boardD. white about the gills13. With only half an hour to get everything ready, we’ll need _______ if we want to win the victoryA. all hands to the pumpsB. fish in troubled watersC. go by the boardD. miss the boat14. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used mercial _____ agent.A. bleachingB. vulnerableC. actingD. breaching15. Because human skin has weak ____, so that we can protect the skin, prevent the bacteria.A. acidB. acidityC. substanceD. illness16. These small _____ fishes live in open waters and usually consume a variable mix of phytoplankton and both herbivorous and carnivorous zooplankton.A. biotinB. molluskC. pelagicD. bivalve17. Marine construction technology like this is very plex, somewhat ___________ to trying to build a bridge under water.A. ameliorateB. analogousC. judiciousD. stringent18. China currently has 11 active actors, _____________ pared with the 104 in the U.S., according tothe International Atomic EnergyA. a drop in the oceanB. batten down the hatchesC. go by the boardD. fishing in troubled waters19. I must move to a larger house or spend money extending this one; either will be expensive, so I am ____.A. between the devil and the deep blue seaB. at seaC. any port in a stormD. over head and ears20. We are now striving hard to establish a ______ parliamentary democracy.A. opaqueB. transparentC. understandingD. aboveboardSection BDirection: plete the following sentences with proper prefixes.1.Loyal armed forces launched a ___-attack against the rebels.A.counterB. upC. homoD. sub2.Somali government forces have failed to ___due militiamen who refuse to recognize governmentauthority in the south of the capital Mogadishu.A.BioB. subC. disD. counter3.The term "__graph〞is a word that is spelt like another word but has a different meaning fromit, and may have a different pronunciation.A.bioB. upC. homoD. sub.4.In some parts of the world, ____gamy is still allowed, which is unfair to women.A.polyB. microC. subD. out5.Although invisible to the human eye, the virus can be seen clearly when examined under a___scope.A.subB. polyC. microD. out6.If you are ___head in your work or achievements, you have made more progress than youexpected to and are performing well.A. aB. enC. overD. in7.It stressed that the government would go on with its task to protect its citizens, ___arm terroristsand hold accountable the perpetrators of terrorist acts.A.inB. overC. enD. dis8.This may result in lessons which are too easy, ___relevant, or otherwise inappropriate, as theresearch suggest.A.irB. nonC. multiD. over9. A __cultural approach to language learning in education is quite useful.A.overB. ecoC. nonD. multi10.It is the work of forensic scientists to examine the physical evidence, and using the methods ofscience, to ___construct the events that constituted the crime.A.overB. unC. re d. coPart III Reading prehension (25%)Section OneDirections:There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneTraditional media may be declining in much of the rich world, but in poor countries it is booming. The growth in private media in developing countries has spurred much of the demand, as has new technology. That is stoking journalism training in far-flung places, in many shapes and sizes. They range from full degree programmes to the short-term specialist training offered widely across Asia, Africa and Latin America. Groups offering such courses include the BBC World Service Trust, the Reuters and Thomson Foundations, the Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR) and Internews Network, a media-development charity based in America.These days the donors are particularly interested in niches, such as investigative reporting and science writing. But that approach sometimes fails. The need for basic reporting skills is still central. Trainers stress the need for flexibility. Participants in the courses praise the results, while plaining about the lack of focus and co-ordination among some providers. Shapi Shacinda, the Reuters correspondent in Zambia and chairman of the press club in the capital, Lusaka, says that foreign-backed training in business and economic reporting has helped bring more skeptical coverage. Previously, news stories used to be taken straight from officials' statements, he says.But governments are harder to teach. Encouraging students to probe sensitive topics may threaten their lives or livelihoods. An Iraqi journalist trained by and working with the IWPR was shot dead earlier this year. Just this week, Zambia's minister of information asserted that state-run media should not criticize the government. In Russia, an organization founded by Internews has been closed by the authorities, who were apparently suspicious of its American backing. Rich-country governments can be a problem too. Some try to influence the "messages〞that trainers deliver, for example by insisting that their diplomats talk to classes on a regular basis. The big training groups insist that they control their own content. Blurring the boundaries can be dangerous both for journalists and the programmes that support them, he notes. But others may be less choosy.More is not always better. Quality varies wildly. Places like Bangladesh and Rwanda have been showered with training in recent years. Gratitude is mixed with the wish for better co-ordination. David Okwemba of Kenya's The Nation newspaper, who also helps train journalists, bemoans(哀叹) overlap between courses and providers' failure to share information.Some courses aspire loftily to build democratic societies through a free press. The BBC trust says it aims to give a say to the mon man by holding institutions—public and private—to account. Such arange of goals makes measuring results difficult. Teaching how to point a camera or write a news story may be easy pared to raising awareness of broader issues such as HIV/AIDS.Many old news hands laugh at the notion of formal journalism education. A well-stocked and inquiring mind plus sharp writing skills are the main assets, they reckon. But even the most grey-haired veterans of rich-world journalism still seem glad to earn extra money tutoring new hands in poor countries.1. Traditional media is booming in poor countries because of the following reasons except_____A. the private media is developing at a fast pace.B. the new technology provides technical foundation.C. there are many journalism trainings in various shapes and sizes.D. the demand for traditional media has been in steady increase.2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the present training in those poor countries"A. The trainers are paying more attention on skills of investigative reporting and science writing.B. The courses are mostly extensive rather than being intensive.C. The training puts emphasis on the flexibility of basic reporting skills.D. Some trainees are satisfactory with the training courses while some are plaining.3. Shapi Shacinda think foreign-backed training in business and economic reporting has helped bring more skeptical coverage because_____A. there is a conservative tradition of news reporting in these countries.B. the foreign-backed training is skeptical about the previous news stories in these countries.C. there exist some problems in the concept of news report in these countries.D. the governments order that news stories should be taken from officials’ statements.4. From the third paragraph, it can be inferred that Shapi Shacinda thinks_____A. the training is in short of teaching the tactics to deal with different government.B. it is still mon for governments of less-developed countries to interfere with journalism.C. the training had better not involve itself into unnecessary disputes.D. the training should stress more on journalism independence from the government. 5．Towards the journalism training, the attitudes of veterans of journalism can be said to be _____A. critical.B. despicable.C. inconsistent.D. supportive.Passage 2When Princeton, the University of Virginia, and Harvard announced last fall that they would drop their early admissions options because they gave an unfair advantage to wealthy students, many college counselors held their breath. Would early decision go the way of kegs in dormitories" Not for now, at least. Early admission is still going strong at many colleges and universities, including many top-tier schools.Early decision in particular--in which a student mits to a first-choice institution--is often touted as a plus for both schools and students. Colleges can lock up half of their class before January, and acceptance rates are typically higher than under regular admission. The major drawback of early decision is that it leaves students who are in the market for the best financial aid package out in the cold. By applying early, you must enroll if accepted, so paring awards with those of other schools is out of the question. Schools like that, of course, because it helps their bottom line. But there is apossible end run: Ask if a school will release you from your obligation should its aid package fall short. In some cases, a school will roll you into the regular admission pool, allowing for parison shopping e springtime.While some schools admit almost the same percentage of applicants during early and regular admission, many favor the early pool. Johns Hopkins University took 44 percent from its early round and 24 percent from the regular pool. Early birds at Hopkins make up a third of this fall's freshman class. Nonetheless, college counselors have seen borderline students get a boost by applying early decision. "If they aren't legacies, athletes, or an underrepresented minority, early decision may be the only hook that some students have," says Jim Conroy, chair of post-high-school counseling at New Trier Township High School in Winnetka, Ill. But you need to be realistic. "If a school is out of your reach, it's out of reach whether you apply early decision, early action, or regular admission," says Sarah Wilburn, a college counselor at Campus Bound in Quincy, Mass. "Move on and set some new goals."Advantage or not, applying early decision makes sense only if you're convinced that a school is a good fit for you. Erin Murray decided to apply to Dartmouth early despite the advice of her college counselor and others. They wanted her to improve her transcript after she had spent a semester of high school in Italy. But the teenager from Cheyenne, Wyo., wisely played up her experience abroad (her 4.0 GPA and top-class board scores didn't hurt, either) and was accepted. "I probably would have fit well at a number of schools," she admits, "but Dartmouth was the only place I could see myself walking across the greens. It was an instinctive reaction."If you lack the same certainty but clinching a slot before New Year's is appealing, consider other early admissions plans. Early action is a nonbinding alternative that allows you to apply by November 1 and hear back before the regular application deadline. Some highly selective schools require that you submit only one early action application--called single-choice early action--meaning you can't apply early elsewhere. Another option is to apply early to rolling admissions, where an application that arrives in the fall may stand out more than one that arrives with most of the others in January.1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of early decision"A. Early decision is a mon strategy adopted by universities to secure high rate of student enrollment.B. Early decision begins to be abandoned by top American universities.C. Early decision is a special treatment for rich students, athletes and minorities.D. Early decision will still be in practice for a fairly long time.2. The major disadvantage of early decision is that_____A. students can enjoy a less attractive the financial aid package if he chooses early decision.B. it excludes students who are from lower social class or poor family background.C. it does not allow students to choose the other better schools.D. it excludes students who want to have parison shopping.3. What Sarah Wilburn wants to suggest students is that____A. early decision is not so advantageous as people think.B. students should not regard early decision as the sole way to college.C. students should evaluate themselves objectively before making early decision.D. students should not limit themselves in early decision.4.Wyo applied to Dartmouth because_____A. she was quite confident due to her rich experience of studying abroad.B. the university’s beautiful lawn aroused her affection.C. she found Dartmouth the only one that fit her after researching a bunch of universities.D. her 4.0 GPA and top-class board scores were not so ideal.5. The following options can be adopted by students lacking certainty of which school to apply to except_____A. applying to early action.B. applying to rolling admissions.C. applying to early decision.D. applying single-choice early action.Passage 3The U.N.-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)report released today in Brussels has a familiar ring. As the climate disasters headlined recently—intense hurricanes, drought in the American West, Arctic thawing (融化)—bee monplace in a greenhouse world, plants, animals, and people will suffer.That has been the presumption, but the latest report from the IPCC projecting greenhouse impacts calculates mounting costs that will fall the heaviest on the world’s poor. February’s IPCC report on the physical science of climate firmly lin ks most of the recent warming of the world to human activity.Scientists authoring the second report had a tougher challenge: figuring out the likely consequences. To do that, they considered 29,000 datasets from 75 studies. Of those data series, 89% showed change—receding glaciers or earlier blooming, for example—consistent with a response to warming.Because those responses usually occurred where the warming has been greatest, the scientists concluded that it’s "very unlikely" the changes were due to natural variability of climate or of the system involved. "For the first time, we concluded anthropogenic (人类起源的) warming has had an influence on many physical and biological systems," says Cynthia Rosenzweig of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, a coordinating lead author on the report.The IPCC scientists also projected the effects of future warming.Assuming that nothing is done to slow greenhouse emissions, the February report predicted a temperature increase of roughly 3℃toward the end of the century, drying at lower latitudes, more precipitation at higher latitudes, and rising sea levels. "This report finds that such a warming will bleach most coral reefs by mid-century), drying will begin decreasing crop yields at lower latitudes within a few decades, and sea level rise and tropical cvclone intensification will increase the likelihood of millions of people being flooded out each year on river mega-deltas such as that of the Ganges-Brahmaputra in southern Asia.Bottom line" "You don’t want to be poor and living on a river delta or the Florida coast," says climate scientist Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, a coordinating lead author. The poor—especially subsistence (生存) farmers—tend to be more vulnerable to climate change, notes the report. And they are least able to adapt, say by building levees (堤坝) against storms or dams for irrigation. Schneider’s other advice: "Try not to go over 2℃ or 3℃ because that triggers the really nasty stuff. With that much warming, the bad effects of this century only get worse, and the rare benefits, such as higher crop yields in wetter areas, fade.1．According to the first paragraph, the IPCC report______.A．sounds familiar to peopleB．has bee monplaceC．warns people of climate disastersD．has been presumed long before2．The latest IPCC report focuses on______.A．the likelihood that plants, animals, and people will sufferB．the heaviest costs of greenhouse impacts on the poor peopleC．the devastating climate disasters resulting from global warmingD．intense hurricanes, drought in the American West, and Arctic thawing3. Many data series show that climate changes, such as Arctic thawing, ______．A．are a response to anthropogenic warmingB．result from the natural variability of climateC．influence many physical and biological systemsD．bring about tougher challenges to people4. According to IPCC scientists, the effects of future warming may include______A．bleaching all coral reefs by mid-centuryB．higher crop yields in wetter areasC．more precipitation at lower latitudesD．numerous people in coastal areas being flooded out5. The authors of the IPCC report believe that______．A．the bottom line is not to live on a river deltaB．being richer is less vulnerable to climate changeC．something worse mayarise from global warmingD．the warming of the temperature can bring higher crop yieldsSection Two信息匹配题10个statement匹配10个段落。

2019年研究生英语学位课统考真题及答案

研究生英语学位课统考真题：Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. The focus on profitability pushes the systems unreasonably large, rendering them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.A declaringB verifyingC makingD indicating22. The 8.5-ton Shenzhou III spaceship has been substantially improved in terms of the life-support systems.A technologicallyB considerablyC structurallyD internally23. According to the American judicial system twelve people constitute a jury.A composeB overthrowC disposeD surpass24. With so many trivial matters to attend to, he can hardly get down to reading for the test.A participate inB cater toC indulge inD see to25. The decently dressed son and the humble-looking father formed a striking contrast.A astonishingB humiliatingC noticeableD fleeting.26. Nowadays the prevention against SARS has assumed new significance and attracted much attention.A carried onB taken onC worked onD embarked on27. At the economic forum, each speech by a distinguished guest has to be translated simultaneously.A once in a whileB at the same timeC in a broad senseD as soon as possible.28. Studies of the role of positive thinking in our daily lives have yielded interesting results.A specific=definiteB activeC creativeA proficiencyB graspC efficiency30. Students are supposed to set aside enough time for recreations and sports.A set apartB leave outC go aboutD put upSection B (0.5 point each)31. Some of the old customs has continued ____ politeness although they are no longer thought about now.A in the way ofB in the eyes ofC in the face ofD in the form of32. One of the chief functions of slang words is to consolidate one’s ___ with a group.A identificationB specificationC introductionD superstition33. Given the other constitutional grounds elaborated by the justices, the association ____ that schools should continue to test, if they so choose.A preserveB safeguards B maintains D conserves34. Finding out information about these universities has become amazingly easy for any one with the Internet ____A entranceB admissionC accessD involvement35. Lack of exercise as well as unhealthy dietary habits can increase the risk of ____A mobilityB moralityC maturityD mortality36. On this bridge many suicide attempts are ____; lives can be saved.A impulsiveB responsiveC destructiveD speculative37. Abraham Lincoln was born on a small farm where the forests were ____ by wild animals.A residedB inhabitedC segregatedD exhibited38. Some teenagers are so crazy about video games as to play them many hours________, ifpossible.A on purposeB on hand .C on creditD on end39. Authorities of wildlife have spent millions of dollars on the protection of nature ____A reservesB preservativesC conservativesD reservations.40. The young lady is Mr. Smith’s step-daughter, her ____ parents having died in an accident.A ecologicalB psychologicalC physiologicalD biologicalPart III. Cloze Test (10 minutes, 1 point each)No one knows for sure whether the type of tea (you drink) makes a difference in health, but experts say all kinds of teas probably have some health 41 . Each contains high levels of antioxidants (抗氧化剂), 42 affect the process by which oxygen interacts with a substance to change its chemical 43 . But, the way (tea is processed) can change antioxidant levels 44 color and taste.Green tea is made by picking the leaves and quickly heating them to stop oxidization. Green tea typically has a 45 , fresh taste. Black tea is processed to fully oxidize and ferment (发酵) the leaves and create a stronger taste. Some experts suggest that this 46 some variation in health effects between black and green teas. The more rare white tea is considered the finest of teas because it 47 the youngest buds from the plants, which are still covered with whitish hairs when they’re picked. White and green teas have 48 amount of caffeine. But even black tea contain only about half as much caffeine as coffee.Herbal teas are something 49 different. They are made from the leaves, flowers or roots of various plants. Herbal teas can vary widely41. A advantages B benefits D profits42. A where it B that D when it43. A elements B ingredients D composition44. A as well as B as it is C as far as D as it were45. A faint B mild C tender D gentle46. A joins in B hands in C results in D gives in47. A composes of B makes out C makes up D consists of48. A less B the least C more D the most49. A entirely B inevitably C enormously D irresistibly50. A in case of B in proportion to C in exchange for D in terms ofPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 pint each)Passage OneSingletons, referring to those who live alone, are being comforted by well-meaning friends and family and told that not having a partner is not the end of the world. So, it would seem that they can say, yes, it is not. But no, in fact, it is the end.A gloomy study has just been released that says that the international trend towards living alone is putting an unprecedented strain on our ecosystem.For a number of reasons---- relationship breakdown, career choice, longer life spans, smaller families---- the number of individual households is growing. And this is putting intolerable pressure on natural resources, and accelerating the extinction of endangered plant and animal species. And there is worse news. Running a refrigerator, television, cooker, plumbing system just for selfish little you is a disastrous waste of resources on our over-populated planet. “The effic iency of resource consumption” is a lot higher in households of two people or more, simply because they share everything. Well imagine that . Just when you thought living alone was OK, you would findthat all the time you were the enemy of mankind. Every time you put the kettle on the stove for a cup of coffee you were destroying Mother Earth. Indeed, it is not just your mother who is a bit worried by your continuing single status ---- you are letting down the entire human race by not having a boyfriend or girlfriend. The trouble is that society has a group instinct and people panic and hit out when they see other people quietly rebelling and straying away from the “standard” of family and coupledom.The suggestion is that singledom should be at best a temporary state. Unless you are assimilated into a larger unit, you can never be fully functional.Try “communal living.” There are all these illustrations of young attractive people having a “green time,” laughingly bumping into each other. It looks l ike an episode of the TV series Friends. And the message is clear: Togetherness is good, solitude is bad, and being single on your own is not allowed.51. Well-meaning friends and family members often tell those who live alone that _____A they should end their singledom as soon as possible.B they should live together with other singletons.C singledom is an acceptable life-style.D singledom can shorten one’s life-span.52. Which of the following may NOT be the reason for the increasing number of households as mentioned in the passage?A Many people get divorced because of unhappy marriage.B Now people can afford to support a household individually.C Some people have to sacrifice family life for their careers.D Many people live much longer than before.53. The author thinks living alone is disastrous mainly because singledom is _________A harmful to people’s life.B destructive to our ecosystem.C dangerous to plants and animals.D unworkable in our society54. It is implied in the passage that singletons are usually _______A self-reliantB self-consciousC self-sufficientD self-centered55. When seeing others living alone, some people panic because they think singledom is ____A abnormalB diversifiedC unimaginableD disgusting56. The author suggests that singletons should ___________A find boy friends or girl friends.B live with their parents and other family members.C live together and share more with their friends.D watch more episodes of the TV series Friends.Passage TwoIn 1999 when MiShel and Carl Meissner decided to have children, they tackled the next big issue; Should they try to have a girl? It was no small matter. MiShel’s brother had become blind from a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is a disorder passed from mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 percent chance of having the condition. A girl would be unaffected. The British couple’s inquiries about sex selection led them to Virginia, U.S., where a new sperm-separation technique, called MicroSort, was experimental at the time. When MiShel became pregnant she gave birth to a daughter. Now they will try to have a second daughter using the same technique.The techniques separates sperm into two groups--- those that carry the X-chromosome (染色体) producing a female baby and those that carry the Y-chromosome producing a male baby.The technology was developed in 1990s, but the opening of laboratory in January 2003 in California marked the company’s first expansion. “We believe the number of people who want this technology is greater than those who have access to it.” Said Keith L. Blauer, the company’s cl inical director.This is not only a seemingly effective way to select a child’s gender. It also brings a host of ethical and practical considerations ----especially for the majority of families who use the technique for nonmedical reasons.The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disease and to allow those who already have a child to “balance” their family by having a baby of the opposite sex.Blaucer said the company has had an impressive success rate: 91 percent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 percent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful.The technique separates sperm based on the fact that the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome. A machine is used to distinguished the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly.57. Why did MiShel and Carl decide not to have a boy?A Because they might give birth to a blind baby.B Because Carl might pass his family’s disease to his son.C Because the boy might become blind when he grows up.D Because they wanted a daughter to balance their family.58. When MiShel gave birth to her first girl, the new sperm-separation technique ____A had already been well-developed.B had not been declared successful.C was available to those who wanted it.D had been widely accepted in the medical world.59. Which of the following is the author’s primary concern regarding the applicati on of the new technology?A The expansion of the new technology may not bring profits to the companies.B Most people who use the technology will not have a baby as they want.C The effect of the new technology still needs to be carefully examined.D Increasing use of the technology may disturb the sex balance in the population60. According to Mr. Blauer, by using the new technology, ______A 91% of the women successfully give birth to girls.B 76% of the women get pregnant with boys.C it is more successful for those who want to have girls.D it is more successful for those who want to have boys.61. The sperm-separation technique is based on the fact that the chromosomes responsible for babies’ sex_____A are of different shapesB are of different sizesC can be identifiedD can be reproduced62. We can infer from this passage that the new technology_________A may not guarantee people a daughter or a son as they desire.B is used by most families for nonmedical reasons.C has brought an insoluble ethical dilemma for mankind.D will lead to a larger proportional of females in the population.Passage ThreeWithout question there are plenty of bargains to be had at sales time ----particularly at the top-quality shops whose reputation depends on having only the best and newest goods in stock eachseason. They tend, for obvious reasons, to be the fashion or seasonal goods which in due course become the biggest bargains.It is true that some goods are specially brought in for the sales but these too can provide exceptional value. A manufacturer may have the end of a range left in his hands and be glad to sell the lot off cheaply to shops; or he may have a surplus of a certain material which he is glad to make up and get rid of cheaply; or he may be prepared to produce a special line at low cost merely to keep his employees busy during slack period. He is likely to have a good many “seconds” available and if their defects are trifling these may be particularly good bargains.Nevertheless, sales do offer a special opportunity for sharp practices and shoppers need to be extra critical. For example the “second” should be clearly marked as such and not sold as if they were perfect. The term “substandard,” incidentally, usually in dicates a more serious defect than “seconds.” More serious is the habit of marking the price down from an alleged previous price which is in fact fictitious. Mis-description of this and all other kinds is much practiced by the men who run one-day sales of carpets in church halls and the like. As the sellers leave the district the day after the sale there is little possibility of redress. In advertising sales, shops may say “only 100 left” when in fact they have plenty more; conversely they may say “10,000 a t half-price” when only a few are available at such a drastic reduction. If ever the warning “let the buyer beware” were necessary it is during sales.63. Which kind of goods can be among the best bargains?A Cheapest goodsB Newest goodsC Seasonal goodsD Goods in stock64. The second paragraph deals with all of the following types of goods EXCEPT ____A surplus goodsB low-cost goodsC the end lot goodsD exceptionally valued goods65. In order to maintain his business during a bad time, a manufacturer may ____A have his goods produced at low cost.B sell his goods at a very low price.C have his employees sell his goods.D try to produce high quality goods.66. The passage suggests that “seconds”____________A are of better quality than “substandard goods”B attract buyers as particularly good bargains.C are defective but marked as perfect.D are goods with serious defects67. The word “redress” ( the underlined word in the last par agraph) probably means ____A dressing againB change of addressC compensation for something wrong.D selling the same product at different prices.68. During sales shoppers should ____A find the best bargains at every opportunity.B beware of being cheated.C buy things that are necessary.D pay more attention to the price. Passage FourHow many of today’s ailment, or even illnesses, are purely psychological? And how far can these be alleviated by the use of drugs? For example a psychiatrist concerned mainly with the emotional problems of old people might improve their state of mind somewhat b y the use of anti-depressants but he would not remove the root cause of their depression ----- the feeling of being useless, often unwanted and handicapped by failing physical powers.One of the most important controversies in medicine today is how far doctors, and particularly psychologists, should depend on the use of drugs for “curing” their patients. It is not merely that drugs may have been insufficiently tested and may reveal harmful side effects as happened in the case of anti-sickness pills prescribed for expectant mothers but the uneasiness of doctor who feel that they are treating the symptoms of a disease without removing the disease itself. On the other hand, some psychiatrists argue that in many cases such as chronic depressive illness it is impossibleto get at the root of the illness while the patient is in a depressed state. Even prolonged psychiatric care may have no noticeable effect whereas some people can be lifted out of a depression by the use of drugs within a matter of weeks. These doctors feel not only that they have no right to withhold such treatment, but that the root cause of depression can be tackled better when the patient himself feels better. This controversy is concerned, however, with the serious psychological illnesses. It does not solve the problem of those whose headaches, indigestion, backache, etc. are due to “nerves”. Commonly a busy family doctor will ascribe them to some physical cause and as a matter of routine prescribe a drug. Once again the symptoms are being cured rather than the disease itself. It may be true to say, as one doctor suggested recently, that over half of the cases that come to the ordinary doctor’s attention are not purely physical ailments. If this is so, the situation is serious indeed.69. The author thinks that drugs used for treating psychological ills ______A could be ineffective in some cases.B usually have harmful side effects.C can greatly alleviate the illnesses.D can remove the root causes.70. The controversy mentioned in the passage focuses on ___A whether psychologists should use drugs to cure their patients.B how psychologists should treat their patients.C the fact that all of the drugs have harmful side effects.D the extent to which drugs should be used to fight psychological illness.71. The passage indicates that psychologists _____A find it impossible to remove a psychological diseaseB feel dissatisfied at treating their patients with drugs.C believe that the root cause of a disease can be ignored.D can do nothing if the patient is in a depressed state .72. When treating patients with psychological problems, some doctors feel that they ____A are at a loss for treatment.B have no right to use drugs.C have to cure their patients by any means.D should use drugs to treat the symptoms.73. A family doctor would normally consider a headache or backache as a result of ____A a more serious diseaseB some emotional problem.C a physical disorderD prolonged work74. Regarding the situation of psychological problems the author feels ____A concernedB hopelessC surprisedD disappointedPassage FiveThose who make the rules for financial institution probably should take a modified oath. Their pledge would be: First, do no harm. Second, if the reforms put before me) are unclear, don’t approve them.Charles Morris may not have intend ed his new book Money, Greed, and Risk to cast such a dim light on the regulators, but it does. In fact, it may serve as a wake-up call for true believers in our current regulatory structure, most of which was erected in the 1930s and most of which Morris seems to favor, despite the stupid results it has caused.Morris, a former Chase Manhattan banking executive, outlines in great detail, again and again, how regulators, lawmakers, firms and many of the customers marched straight into mortgage, currency, thrift (互相储蓄) and other investment disasters. His discussion of Regulation Q, an attempt by Congress in the 1960s to rescue ailing savings and loans by regulating interest rates, reveals not only Congressional economic illiteracy, but also the deep harm such foolish thinking can do to the real economy.After some 260 pages listing the foolish things of Wall Street, regulators and lawmakers, Morris draws some pessimistic conclusions: “One constant in all the crise s is that the regulatory responses come only after a crisis hits its peak.” For example, it “took the S&L crisis of the 1980s to bring honest accounting to thrifts, and it wasn’t until the banking sector suffered huge losses in real estate and foreign loan s that regulators began to enforce strict capital standards.”So, what is the point of regulation? Morris, who is excellent at recounting tales of regulation gone bad, asserts that regulation is absolutely necessary, that it is the essential plumbing in our economic house. Nevertheless, Mr. Morris should have noticed that plumbing requires plumbers, and while a good one can keep a house functional, a rotten plumber can turn a minor drip into a ruinous flood.75. The passage is primarily concerned with ___A recommending Morris’s new book.B criticizing Morris’ attitude to regulations.C describing current economic situations.D commenting on financial regulators.76. Which of the following is true of Money, Greed and Risk?A It discusses the importance of plumbing in keeping a house functional.B It describes a great number of financial disasters in detail .C It analyses the reasons for regulating the banking industry.D It emphasizes the flaws in the financial system of the 1930s.77. Regulation Q is quoted in the passage mainly to ____A demonstrate what kind of examples Morris has cited in his book.B illustrate that misguided policies can be very harmful to economy.C support Morris’s statement about the incompetence of Congres smen and bankers.D refute Morris’s conclusion about the foolishness of the government regulations.78. The government regulations often fail to bring the desired result partly because ____A the regulators do not understand economy well.B the regulations are enforced before a crisis hits its peak.C banking executives do not believe in the current regulatory structure.D the standards for financial institutions are not consistent.79. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Morris?A He needn’t have recounted so many financial disasters.B He has little faith in the present-day regulatory system.C He has failed to point out that regulators are more to blame than unwise regulations.D His book will undermine the readers’ faith in the current regulatory structure.80. The author’s attitude towards Morris’s new book can best be described as ____A scornfulB appreciativeC satiricalD criticalPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)What’s strange about man is that he has yet to learn to settle disputes by some means other than war. Not only does war take a heavy toll of lives, but leads to increased tension. The use of sophisticated weapons is apt to bring about disasters to human health, although the reluctance to eliminate weapons of mass destruction on the part of the big powers will not necessarily end up with conflicts. The chances are that man will have his own civilization destroyed if the notion of the survival of the fittest still applies to the interna tional community. We can’t help wondering how many years it will take for the world to eliminate war once for all.运用世界领先的技术将使中国有可能摆脱贫穷。

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们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导
们专注于考研考博真题、答案、笔记、专业课资料及辅导