厦门大学海洋科学导论课件(水文部分)
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Accumulated on the surface from mass degassing of earth’s interior… still happening, but much less
Only substance that exists naturally in all three states in the normal temperature range of earth Solid, Liquid, and Gas
ITS-90: the International Temperature Scale of 1990 ITS-68: the International Temperature Scale of 1968
At 0℃ they are the same, and above ℃ its-90 is slightly
Lehodey,P. et al., 2000. El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific. Science
Temperature distribution in California coastal area
长江水的扩展
热性质特殊
沸点(boiling point)和融点(melting point)、比热(specific heat)、蒸发潜热 (latent heat of vaporization)等热性质比氧的同族化合物高
2.2 温度、盐度和密度的概念及关系 Temperature, Salinity and Density
分子结构(Molecular structure)：极性，分子缔合力
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
105 deg
Oxygen
Hydrogen Bonds–polar molecules give water a structure that is responsible for a number of unique and important properties
§2 海水的物理性质 Physical Properties of Sea Water
2.1 Water
Most common substance on the earth’s surface Ocean water makes up 98% of water inventory 96.5% is water, 3.5% is salt and dissolved minerals
Distribution of Ocean and Land
Land and water are not uniformly distributed on the surface of the earth
Ocean and Sea
Four Principle Ocean
Hydrological features of ocean, sea, fjord(bay), strait(channel)
99% of all the salt ions in the sea are sodium (Na+), chlorine (Cl-), sulfate (SO4-2), Magnesium (Mg+2), calcium (Ca+2) and potassium (K+).
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Definition of Salinity
Because of this principle, it is necessary to test for only one salt ion, usually chlorine, to determine the total amount of salt present.
海水组成恒定性原理
1) 传统的盐度定义(1902)： 1kg海水中将(Br-,I-)以氯置换，碳酸盐分
溶解力强：水分子有很强的极性
密度变化异常
不遵从“热胀冷缩”。最大密度时温度是4摄氏度
密度变化异常是由水分子的缔合造成的．
温度<4，有利于水分子的缔合；冻结为冰时，全部缔合成一个巨大的分子缔合体（分子晶 体）．由于晶体结构排列松散，故密度减小．当温度从04度以前，主要过程是较大的缔合分 子逐渐分解成为较小的分子，所以体积收缩，密度增大．＞4度时，热运动加强，导致体积膨 胀，密度所温度增高而减小
Principle of constant proportion states that the absolute amount of salt in sea water varies, but the relative proportions of the ions is constant.
2.2.1 Temperature
Measurement
Absolute Temperature T
Unit: Kelvin (K)
t [℃] = T [K]-273.15
The practical temperature scale (1887, 1927, 1948, 1968, and 1990)
Review
The shape and size of the earth Pear-shaped; average radius(6371km);rotation rate (7.3×105s-1); L(1°) ↔111.13km; L(1′) ↔1.852km; 1 nautical mile(海里)=1.852km; 1kts(节）=1nautical mile/hour=0.51m/s
cooler.
t90－t68 = -0.002 at 10 ℃; -0.005 at 20 ℃, -0.007 at 30 ℃ and -0.010 at 40 ℃.
t90=0.99976 t68; t68=1.00024 t90
2.2.2 Salnity
11种主要无机盐，占99.99%；
Only substance that exists naturally in all three states in the normal temperature range of earth Solid, Liquid, and Gas
ITS-90: the International Temperature Scale of 1990 ITS-68: the International Temperature Scale of 1968
At 0℃ they are the same, and above ℃ its-90 is slightly
Lehodey,P. et al., 2000. El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific. Science
Temperature distribution in California coastal area
长江水的扩展
热性质特殊
沸点(boiling point)和融点(melting point)、比热(specific heat)、蒸发潜热 (latent heat of vaporization)等热性质比氧的同族化合物高
2.2 温度、盐度和密度的概念及关系 Temperature, Salinity and Density
分子结构(Molecular structure)：极性，分子缔合力
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
105 deg
Oxygen
Hydrogen Bonds–polar molecules give water a structure that is responsible for a number of unique and important properties
§2 海水的物理性质 Physical Properties of Sea Water
2.1 Water
Most common substance on the earth’s surface Ocean water makes up 98% of water inventory 96.5% is water, 3.5% is salt and dissolved minerals
Distribution of Ocean and Land
Land and water are not uniformly distributed on the surface of the earth
Ocean and Sea
Four Principle Ocean
Hydrological features of ocean, sea, fjord(bay), strait(channel)
99% of all the salt ions in the sea are sodium (Na+), chlorine (Cl-), sulfate (SO4-2), Magnesium (Mg+2), calcium (Ca+2) and potassium (K+).
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Definition of Salinity
Because of this principle, it is necessary to test for only one salt ion, usually chlorine, to determine the total amount of salt present.
海水组成恒定性原理
1) 传统的盐度定义(1902)： 1kg海水中将(Br-,I-)以氯置换，碳酸盐分
溶解力强：水分子有很强的极性
密度变化异常
不遵从“热胀冷缩”。最大密度时温度是4摄氏度
密度变化异常是由水分子的缔合造成的．
温度<4，有利于水分子的缔合；冻结为冰时，全部缔合成一个巨大的分子缔合体（分子晶 体）．由于晶体结构排列松散，故密度减小．当温度从04度以前，主要过程是较大的缔合分 子逐渐分解成为较小的分子，所以体积收缩，密度增大．＞4度时，热运动加强，导致体积膨 胀，密度所温度增高而减小
Principle of constant proportion states that the absolute amount of salt in sea water varies, but the relative proportions of the ions is constant.
2.2.1 Temperature
Measurement
Absolute Temperature T
Unit: Kelvin (K)
t [℃] = T [K]-273.15
The practical temperature scale (1887, 1927, 1948, 1968, and 1990)
Review
The shape and size of the earth Pear-shaped; average radius(6371km);rotation rate (7.3×105s-1); L(1°) ↔111.13km; L(1′) ↔1.852km; 1 nautical mile(海里)=1.852km; 1kts(节）=1nautical mile/hour=0.51m/s
cooler.
t90－t68 = -0.002 at 10 ℃; -0.005 at 20 ℃, -0.007 at 30 ℃ and -0.010 at 40 ℃.
t90=0.99976 t68; t68=1.00024 t90
2.2.2 Salnity
11种主要无机盐，占99.99%；