消费资本与经济转型升级(英文版)

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有关消费经济促进经济增长的英语作文

有关消费经济促进经济增长的英语作文Consumer economy refers to the economic system where the majority of economic activities are driven by consumer demand for goods and services. In recent years, the consumer economy has played an increasingly important role in promoting economic growth in many countries around the world. This essay will explore the reasons why the consumer economy is vital in fostering economic growth and the strategies that can be employed to further stimulate consumer spending.First and foremost, consumer spending accounts for a significant portion of GDP in most economies. When consumers spend money on goods and services, it creates demand for products and services which, in turn, drives production and investment. In the United States, for example, consumer spending makes up over two-thirds of the country's GDP. This demonstrates the pivotal role that consumers play in driving economic growth.Additionally, consumer spending stimulates business investment and job creation. When businesses see an increase in demand for their products and services, they are more likely to invest in expanding their operations, hiring more workers, and developing new products. This leads to an increase inemployment opportunities, higher wages, and improved standards of living for individuals. A vibrant consumer economy, therefore, creates a cycle of prosperity that benefits both businesses and individuals.Moreover, consumer spending is also crucial for fostering innovation and technological advancement. Companies that have a strong consumer base are more likely to invest in research and development to create new and improved products that meet the changing needs and preferences of consumers. This not only drives economic growth but also enhances the overall quality of life for individuals by providing them with access to innovative and cutting-edge products.To further stimulate consumer spending and promote economic growth, policymakers can implement various strategies. One effective strategy is to provide incentives for consumers to spend, such as tax cuts, cash rebates, or vouchers. These incentives can encourage consumers to make purchases, thereby boosting demand and stimulating economic activity.Another strategy is to invest in infrastructure and public services that can improve the overall well-being of consumers. By improving transportation networks, healthcare services, education, and other essential public services, policymakers canenhance the quality of life for individuals, thereby increasing consumer confidence and encouraging spending.In conclusion, the consumer economy plays a crucial role in promoting economic growth by driving demand, stimulating business investment, creating jobs, fostering innovation, and improving the overall quality of life for individuals. By implementing policies that support consumer spending and encourage economic activity, countries can harness the power of the consumer economy to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth.。

《金融与经济》2020年总目录

JRYJJ《金融与经济》2020年总目录卷首语新年致辞张智富（1.01）金融助力打赢疫情防控阻击战曾国栋（2.01）疫情不会改变我国经济中长期发展态势解运亮（3.01）汇聚金融战“疫”的强大合力宣宇（4.01）中美产业链重构背后的全球变局张茉楠（5.01）金融数字化蝶变朱太辉（6.01）让资金直达实体经济曾国栋（7.01）构建应对美国金融制裁的战略框架张茉楠（8.01）美元贬值倾向和黄金价格支撑解运亮（9.01）以国内大循环为主体是当前经济发展的理性选择曾国栋（10.01）“双循环”是开放型经济新体制的全面升级张茉楠（11.01）金融赋能加快构建新发展格局宣宇（12.04）特稿结构性货币政策工具运用效果研究张智富（1.04）结构性货币政策在江西落地见效张智富（5.04）充分发挥国库监督实效坚持依法全面经理国库王地宁（10.04）金融研究资产证券化真的缓解了银行核心风险吗？——基于“业务类型”和“底层资产”的研究郭子增王福臣王龑（1.10）影子银行业务发展与商业银行经营效率提升——基于中国商业银行微观数据的实证检验胡建辉（1.18）金融素养对中国居民家庭金融资产配置分散化的影响——基于倾向得分匹配法（PSM ）的实证研究苏芳殷娅娟（1.26）经济政策不确定性对机构投资者持股行为的影响梁权熙谭思梦谢宏基（1.34）助贷业务的主要争论和解决方案研究朱太辉张彧通张夏明龚谨（2.04）货币政策、流动性溢价与股票市场波动刘维奇卫飞扬（2.14）ournal of Finance and Economics金融与经济2020.12J97现金流风险对非金融企业金融化的影响研究——来自A股市场的经验证据吴一丁陈甜甜（2.24）我国古代货币制度的演进及启示郭芳芳（2.31）时变视角下资本账户开放对我国金融市场压力的影响研究高慧清任建武（3.04）创新竞争压力、融资约束与并购融资决策蒋弘刘星（3.13）中期借贷便利对企业融资成本的影响研究郭碧云（3.21）基于石油产业链的我国原油期货市场动态相关性研究王世文侯依青（3.28）地方政府债务、银行业结构与中小企业融资约束盛虎程爽杨怀东（4.04）信贷排斥对农民非农创业的影响孙浩男夏咏（4.11）非金融企业影子银行对宏观流动性的影响研究肖崎熊婷慧（4.20）信息不对称视角下并购商誉对股价崩盘的影响研究谢文武叶聪颖汪涛（4.26）金融杠杆视角下我国股市流动性的状态转换效应研究姚登宝施腾邓潇潇（5.08）有效调控房地产市场的宏观审慎政策规则选择——基于DSGE模型的研究杨羽谷任（5.16）基于复杂网络理论的商业银行系统风险传染研究王睿夏敏王爱银祝四朋（5.27）同业业务、银行流动性创造与实体经济辛兵海刘雪薇陶江（6.04）“一带一路”倡议、金融发展与GVC地位秦建文覃焕（6.13）银行间与交易所市场信用债定价比较研究朱锦强（6.22）社会责任履行能降低企业权益资本成本吗？魏卉姚迎迎马晓柯（6.29）金融化抑制了制造业全要素生产率提升吗？——基于上市公司数据的分析谢获宝黄大禹邹梦婷（7.04）环境规制、金融资源配置与工业绿色发展耦合协调研究李凯风夏勃勃（7.11）论农村信用社改革资金支持政策设计理念穆博穆争社（7.20）居民金融素养与家庭创业回报张雨涵刘阳韩谷源（8.04）外汇衍生品、风险敞口与企业价值——基于中国上市公司面板门槛模型的研究刘尧成吴岑烨（8.13）金融开放、证券公司多元化经营与效率屈超高鹏（8.19）去杠杆政策、破产风险与股权集中度——来自准自然实验的经验证据秦海林陈泽（8.27）部门杠杆区制转换对金融系统性风险溢出的非线性影响郭文伟（9.04）货币政策、流动性监管与银行风险承担金融与经济2020.12 98JRYJJ李琳潘焕学（9.14）二维金融结构对创新的影响研究——基于创新价值链与专利结构的视角段亚男闭明雄靳来群（9.21）金融科技发展的国际经验与政策启示——基于国家治理的角度高翔李珊珊（9.30）宏观经济不确定视域下货币政策的逆周期调控作用研究陈文史小坤（10.07）金融知识与家庭投资型金融排斥——基于CHFS数据的实证研究罗娟胡世麟李澄川（10.16）离岸人民币境外需求的测度与影响因素研究冯永琦闵钰棋（10.25）交易方式对债市流动性的影响——基于银行间市场做市商双边价差的研究周博（10.34）金融市场分割、资本管制与资产价格——来自AH股上市公司的证据方健（11.04）央行汇率干预、人民币汇率预期与短期国际资本流动杨定华封文华（11.11）论我国资本市场中双层股权制度的引入王波乔科豪（11.21）行政区划调整能加快金融集聚吗？——基于PSM—DID模型的分析张旭王静（11.29）不同来源地境外公司上市对目的地市场的估值影响马蒙蒙易荣华俞莹姚晓阳（12.04）控股股东股权质押与股票收益率刘骞文吴问怀章恒（12.12）金融素养能够抑制持续性贫困吗？雷汉云陈迁迁（12.22）跨境信贷溢出、经济周期与宏观审慎政策国际协调中国人民银行南昌中心支行课题组（12.31）专题：环境经济效益环境绩效对企业价值的影响研究——基于行业集中度与企业竞争地位的双重考虑朱清香崔晓敏邹涛（1.42）环境规制促进还是抑制了技术创新？——基于空间溢出效应的视角何雄浪陈锁（1.50）专题：公司治理商业信用、融资约束与企业创新——基于产能过剩治理政策框架下的实证研究袁玲王涛温湖炜（2.37）企业家精神、投资效率与企业价值周先平皮永娟刘仁芳（2.45）多个大股东能提高公司治理效率吗？潘小萍庄明明（2.52）专题：家庭金融金融素养、个人养老准备与商业养老保险决策周海珍吴美芹（3.35）家庭金融文化、认知偏差与金融资产选择——基于CFPS数据的经验分析赵当如贾俊刘玲李小军（3.43）《金融与经济》2020年总目录99JRYJJ农村居民金融素养对金融行为的影响研究——基于江西省县域调查数据江西省金融学会课题组（3.52）专题：互联网金融互联网金融、技术进步与产业结构升级何宜庆李菁昭汤文静匡熠（4.34）互联网金融、利率市场化与银行期限错配张博（4.41）互联网金融会加速区域金融风险的累积吗？——基于空间溢出效应研究谭中明刘倩李洁（4.51）专题：绿色发展中国式财政分权对绿色经济发展的空间效应研究任懿刘传哲刘娜娜张彤（5.37）绿色金融政策推动了低碳发展吗？——以“一带一路”沿线中国重点省域为例赵军刘春艳（5.45）专题：商业银行经营经济政策不确定性、银行债权治理与银行经营绩效王言宋夏子周绍妮（6.37）货币政策影响商业银行经营决策的国外前沿文献评述闫先东朱迪星（6.45）专题：保险市场商业医疗保险逆向选择与道德风险的分离检验尹相娟刘喜华（7.33）城乡医保的健康效应研究——基于健康中国的战略背景王旭鹏（7.42）养老保险缴费率对企业全要素生产率的影响研究——基于融资约束的视角马本江裴巧玲秦艺芳（7.50）专题：股票市场信息不对称卖空机制与上市公司非效率投资——基于信息不对称和委托代理视角孙焱林何振宇（8.34）社会网络下的机构投资者联结行为与信息效率倪禾徐茜（8.42）自愿性业绩承诺：信息动机亦或代理动机？——基于投资者情绪的调节效应袁玲陈小林（8.51）专题：普惠金融普惠金融发展质量与中小企业融资效率吴庆田王倩（9.37）金融扶贫降低了贫困脆弱性吗?——基于CHFS微观数据的经验证据王志涛徐兵霞（9.44）生计资本、风险承担能力对农户贷款方式选择的影响赵恬杜君楠（9.51）专题：股票市场承销商和上市公司间的地理距离、高铁开通与IPO折价周雪马舜羿潘玉瑶（10.40）股票回购、信息效率与股票流动性黄绥彪何思莹阮祈琦（10.50）女性董事对上市公司大股东掏空的抑制作用——基于中国市场的实证研究丁明发周光磊张晓艳张文婷（10.57）专题：银行业风险银行特质类别、存款保险制度与风险承担效应金融与经济2020.12 100JRYJJ——来自中国商业银行的经验证据胡援成王星宇杨诗雨（11.53）LPR报价机制引入是否会导致银行业风险上升张港燕张庆君（11.63）专题：科技金融科技金融发展指数的测度及其相关特征分析徐宇明熊琦哲蒋筠（12.42）中国科技金融效率的时空分异及其影响因素——基于非期望产出视角的分析赵鸿程林炳华陈一琳（12.49）经济纵横高技术产业集聚对区域创新的影响：促进还是阻碍?熊璞李超民（1.58）哪种类型的资本流入急停更能影响经济增长？——基于不同收入水平新兴经济体的研究石峻（1.65）空气污染与城市经济发展——基于285个地级市的实证分析宋德勇于飞（2.61）经济政策不确定性对民营企业融资效率的影响宋云星陈真玲赵珍珍（2.71）产业政策对投资效率的影响机制研究——基于差异化资源配置视角杜建华曹瑞丹（3.60）金融深化、科技创新与绿色经济李林汉田卫民（3.68）FDI、基础设施投入与经济高质量发展唐安宝李康康管方圆（4.60）地方政府债务、经济发展水平与PPP项目规模——基于中国地级市数据的经验研究菅超伦周咏梅（4.68）消费升级与制造业高端化的动态关系及其区域差异彭迪云苏亚冰冯怡（5.53）我国个人所得税反避税规则完善研究沈志康（5.61）“一带一路”倡议与制造企业转型升级王娟胡婕朱卫未（6.54）房价对城市创新水平的影响研究李永乐许阳吴然（6.61）技术创新、城市群一体化与经济高质量发展王儒奇余思勇胡绪华（7.59）制度环境改善对FDI质量影响的双重效应分析何剑魏涛史雪然（7.67）税率优惠、加计扣除政策与企业创新——基于倾向得分匹配的实证研究王艺凯周咏梅王晓琳（8.58）城市房价对技术进步要素偏向的影响分析——基于资本劳动比的中介效应检验王珍（8.67）数字经济企业的类型及价值评估分析乔阳娇岳国强（9.60）绿色生产发展效率测度及时空演变分析朱广印王思敏（9.68）金融发展、要素结构与技术进步方向张翼王豆豆郑兴无（10.64）金融集聚、人力资本结构演进与高技术产业技术进步张忠俊郭晓旭（10.74）信息渠道与个体创业决策——基于CFPS的实证研究《金融与经济》2020年总目录101JRYJJ张猷星谭颖（11.36）制造业产业内增加值贸易网络的时空特征及影响因素研究——基于中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的分析程中海屠颜颍（11.44）村级财政支出配置模式对农户多维贫困的影响刘春晖王尔媚苏静（12.56）对外直接投资、金融发展与双边金融合作——基于中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的研究申韬蒙飘飘（12.62）金融论坛新时代票据业务服务实体经济高质量发展肖小和王文静（1.72）金融周期对经济周期与货币政策的影响探究刘居照郭盛锋李晓璇周明明（1.79）基于区块链技术的供应链融资服务平台构建研究谢泗薪胡伟（1.85）开放银行的运作机制、国际经验与发展路径李昊（1.91）城投公司信用风险问题研究卜振兴（2.79）基于BEYR的动态资产配置策略研究周亮（2.84）民间投资影响因素的多层面分析曾文静（2.91）金融供给侧结构性改革的逻辑与路径高惺惟（3.76）企业股权集中度对股票收益率的影响安彪张晓霞苏木亚（3.84）农业保险对农民务农满意度影响的实证研究关晶王国军耿春俐（3.92）董事高管责任保险与企业融资约束张晓琳温洁翟淑萍（4.75）我国绿色金融制度的完善路径——以绿色债券、绿色信贷与绿色基金为例王波董振南（4.84）存款保险基金参与问题银行处置的国际经验与启示胡志强（4.91）农地抵押贷款政策预期与实践反差之思考——基于价值评估视角阚立娜苏芳（5.67）我国社会企业型公司的融资困境与破解吴维锭（5.74）战略性新兴产业的金融支持效率研究——来自京津冀区域237家上市公司的实证陈小荣韩景旺任爱华孙忠艳（5.81）区块链式法定数字货币体系在跨境支付领域内的应用研究李海波（6.69）从经世济民的经济观看美国金融形势冯彦明（6.75）金融周期、融资约束与企业债务风险马秀斌张庆君（6.82）金融发展对建设用地利用效率的影响分析马克星贺书锋相雨（6.90）违规行为对新三板企业实物期权价值的影响郑征（7.75）证券投资基金期间交易的市场表现及业绩来源张燃杨玲李艳茹（7.83）金融科技背景下的消费金融公司发展困境与出金融与经济2020.12 102JRYJJ路探析程雪军李心荷（8.74）创新能力如何影响企业商业信用获取？周丽媛吴乐崔锐（8.81）创新型货币政策工具对基准利率的影响邓海清万祥勇汪术勤（8.89）新冠肺炎疫情下我国货币政策的影响分析——基于江西省新余市案例杨宁嘉（8.93）美国CLO市场与杠杆贷款风险联动的机理研究钟震郭立刘胜男（9.78）企业经营风险对并购行为的影响和机制朱冠平扈文秀车闪闪（9.83）财务背景独董、审计师行业专长与商誉减值——来自沪深上市公司的经验数据章卫东李泽宇高雪郑鸿锐（9.90）金融企业承担社会责任的理论逻辑与制度保障——基于新冠肺炎疫情的背景蔡琦（10.83）金融科技浪潮下欧盟银行业监管发展启示黄茉莉（10.88）支农支小再贷款政策的基层实施效果研究——以江西省九江市为例陈磊柯超姚瑶（10.93）研发强度、承销商跟投意愿和IPO抑价——基于科创板上市公司的实证研究邱冬阳曹奥臣（11.73）控股股东财务行为与企业融资约束——基于股权质押的视角张军华（11.82）个人金融信息保护中的政府监管权研究周之田（11.91）我国养老服务金融的发展困境与突破——基于区块链技术的分析王力平隋杰（12.71）供应商集中度与缓解中小企业融资约束——基于债务融资的中介效应检验王晓燕史秀敏师亚楠（12.78）人工智能技术在债券行业应用问题研究赵大伟李文华（12.86）资金信托的“刚性兑付”困境及破解蒋艳林（12.91）经济观察赣州对接融入粤港澳大湾区的可行性研究——基于承接产业转移的视角彭继增王幼娟李爽（5.89）中部地区产业承接能力的综合评价梁曦文罗逸伦彭迪云（7.91）《金融与经济》2020年总目录103JRYJJ。

消费对经济的影响英语作文

消费对经济的影响英语作文Consumption plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and development. When people spend money on goodsand services, it creates demand, which in turn stimulates production and investment. This cycle of spending, production, and investment is essential for a healthy economy.Consumer spending accounts for a significant portion of the overall economic activity in most countries. When consumers are confident and willing to spend, it can leadto increased sales for businesses, higher employment levels, and ultimately, a stronger economy.On the other hand, when consumers cut back on spending, it can have a negative impact on the economy. A decrease in consumer spending can lead to reduced sales for businesses, which may result in layoffs and a slowdown in economic growth.Consumer behavior also has an impact on the financial markets. When consumers are optimistic about the economy, they are more likely to invest in stocks and otherfinancial assets, which can drive up prices. Conversely, when consumer confidence is low, it can lead to a decrease in investment and a decline in stock prices.In addition to its direct impact on the economy, consumption also has broader social and environmental implications. Excessive consumption can lead to resource depletion, environmental degradation, and a host of social problems. On the other hand, responsible consumption can help promote sustainability and social well-being.In conclusion, consumption is a powerful force that can shape the trajectory of an economy. It is important for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to understand the impact of consumer behavior and work towards promoting sustainable and responsible consumption.。

绿色经济与经济动力

建议向7个部门进行绿色投资3万亿美元：高能效建筑、可持续能源、可
持续交通、淡水资源、生态基础设施、可持续农业、以及诸如废弃物循环利用等领域
–
潜力巨大域普遍占总能源消耗、温室气体排放和废物产生量的30-40%，采用现有的好技术，可以降低80%的能耗。全球建筑行业年营业额3万亿美元，转向高能效建筑可以创造1.11亿就业
绿色经济与经济动力
Green Economy and Economic Motivation
任勇
Ren Yong
Ph.D Senior Fellow, MEP Head of expert team for Chief Advisors, CCICED
I. 从层出不穷的“经济”新概念到实践中的战略与措施的整合

资源节约、环境友好型是对改变传统经济发展方式的总体期望和目标
The general expectation and goal of the changing requirement are resource-saving and environmental-friendly
Green investment and spending is needed to restore growth and jobs in the crisis, and moreover, it is a critical issue determining the sustainability of post-crisis socio-economy and the issue of core power of world competition. Otherwise, the history would replay the same bad story.

浅谈消费结构优化与产业转型升级

浅谈消费结构优化与产业转型升级近年来，随着经济发展模式的转变，消费升级、外贸转型、投资趋缓逐渐成为了现阶段经济发展的主要特征。

同时，在我国居民收入水平不断提升、创业、就业环境有所改善的背景下，消费结构转向了多元化与人性化。

本研究在全面探索消费结构优化对产业转型升级影响效果的同时，得出消费结构与产业结构之间的关系。

对此，为在消费结构得到优化的背景下，实现产业的转型升级，应选择促进消费结构升级的政策，以及进行产业结构调整的政策。

标签：消费结构；优化；产业；转型升级在社会主义市场经济机制中，不同类型的消费群体所进行的消费行为涉及的消费资料比例关系为消费结构，且此消费材料主要表现为价值与实物两种形式。

另外，不同产业之间经济、技术的组成、联系模式为产业结构的本质。

由此可知，只有消费结构优化与产业升级转型处于和谐发展状态，才能够切实推动国民经济的健康发展。

生产与消费的关系模式直接决定产业结构与消费结构的关系，而二者之间不仅互为前提，还具有同一性，即产业结构的存在与升级为消费结构优化的物质基础，而消费结構的优化方向亦关系着产业结构转型升级方向。

所以，消费结构的优化可实现产业转型升级，且二者之间的发展方向需保持一致，相互适应。

1、消费结构优化对产业转型升级的静态影响从静态角度分析消费结构优化对产业转型升级的影响，可知二者不仅相互联系，还存在着明显的独立性，但是消费结构优化却在很大程度上影响着产业转型升级的主要方向。

同时，由于无论是在质量还是在数量方面，产业转型升级能够决定消费结构优化目标，因此，在特定时点上，消费结构优化与产业转型升级密不可分。

例如，在我国实施改革开放政策的初期阶段，受供给短缺市场状态、消费结构单一等因素的影响，所采用的经济体制为传统经济体制，且投资导向型为主要的生产类型。

另外，投资方向以增加投资、扩大积累作为依据，而忽视了市场需求的导向作用，使得生产经营将通过获得资源促进生产作为核心。

在此阶段，我国注重发展工业，并未彰显农业与轻工业在产业结构中的作用，第三产业更是处于零发展状态。

变革中国——市场经济的中国之路(英)罗纳德-哈里-科斯

变革中国——市场经济的中国之路（英）罗纳德哈里科斯罗纳德哈里科斯，一位享誉世界的经济学家，以其产权理论和对交易成本的研究而著称。

在这篇文章中，我们将探讨科斯视角下的中国市场经济发展之路，以及这场变革对中国乃至全球的影响。

一、产权制度的改革科斯产权理论的核心观点是，明确产权是市场交易的前提。

在中国市场经济的发展过程中，产权制度改革起到了至关重要的作用。

从农村的家庭联产承包责任制，到城市的国有企业改革，中国逐步确立了产权明晰的现代企业制度。

这一改革不仅激发了企业活力，还促进了资源的优化配置。

二、市场体系的完善科斯强调，市场经济需要一个完善的市场体系。

在中国，从计划经济向市场经济转型过程中，政府逐步退出竞争性领域，让市场在资源配置中起决定性作用。

如今，中国的商品市场、资本市场、劳动力市场等均已形成较为完善的体系，为市场经济的发展提供了有力支撑。

三、法治环境的优化科斯认为，市场经济需要法治保障。

在中国市场经济的发展过程中，法治环境的优化起到了关键作用。

从立法、执法到司法，中国不断完善法治体系，为市场主体提供了公平、公正的竞争环境。

这有助于降低交易成本，促进市场经济的健康发展。

四、对外开放的深化科斯指出，市场经济是全球化的经济。

中国市场经济的发展，离不开对外开放的深化。

从加入世界贸易组织，到积极参与“一带一路”建设，中国不断扩大对外开放，吸引了大量外资，推动了国内市场经济的发展。

科斯眼中中国市场经济发展之路，是一部充满挑战与机遇的变革史。

在这场变革中，中国不仅实现了经济腾飞，还为全球经济发展贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。

未来，中国将继续深化改革，推动市场经济迈向更高水平。

五、创新驱动的转型在科斯的视角下，市场经济的持续发展离不开创新驱动。

中国市场经济的发展，正从传统的要素驱动转向创新驱动。

政府大力支持科技创新，鼓励企业研发新技术、新产品，推动产业结构优化升级。

这种转型不仅提高了中国经济的内生增长动力，也为全球技术创新贡献了力量。

报刊

Lesson 1企业家精神entrepreneurship衰退slump迅速发展to boom崛起to emerge通货紧缩deflation贸易逆差trade deficit 衰退recession购买力平价purchasing power parity跨国公司multinational 供应链supply chain Supplementary Reading ［货币］升值revaluation 提高生产率to lift productivity［货币］增值appreciation 电子产品electronics利润幅度 profit margin 竞争力competitiveness 双边经济关系bilateral economic ties［经济］部门sector定价能力pricing power 支配地位dominance电讯telecommunications 贸易顺差trade surplus “钉住”peg冲击impactLesson 2现场on the spot创新产品innovative goods增长销售额to boost the sales研究和开发research and development倾销to dump出口才干export prowess 管理和经营的专门知识技能managerial and operational expertise生产能力production capacity亚洲金融危机the Asian Financial Crisis规模效益economies of scale逐步停止生产to phase out production 王牌the ace in the hole相当多的利润 a decentprofit放松贸易限制to loosentrade restrictions达到设计和质量的标准tobe up to the standards indesign and qualitySupplementary Reading扩大生产to expandproduction增加产量to boost theoutput给予享用……的权利［机会］to give somebodyaccess to something收购acquisition合并consolidation使……并入to merge...into...［大宗的］收入revenue咨询公司consultancy向海外转移生产to shiftproduction overseas高端产品high-endproduct加入世贸组织theaccession to the WTO服饰产品apparel采办to procureLesson 3推动经济增长to boosteconomies复苏recovery新兴国家emerging nation(country)去掉了通货膨胀因素地adjusted for inflation解除经济管制economicderegulation推动消费需求to powerconsumer demand免税商店duty-free shop购买能力buying capacity零售retail消费品consumer goods衡量标准yardstick按实际购买力估值的国内生产总值real grossdomestic product工业化国家industrialized nation(country)触发贸易保护主义情绪totrigger protectionistsentiment急剧上升的价格zoomingprice初级产品commodity生活水平livingstandards财富的转移a transfer ofwealth标准·普尔500家股票价格指数Standard & Poor’s500 index经纪公司brokerage股票市场stock market提高短期利率to raiseshort-term interest rate抵消to offset达到50年最高点 to hit afifty-year high均匀地分布to distributeevenly超过50% to top 50%国有化to nationalize对中国商品征收新的关税to slap new tariff onChinese goods暴跌to tumble联邦储备银行（美国）theFederal Reserve紧缩信贷to tightencredit依靠出口的发展中国家export-dependent country需求下降a drop in demandSupplementary Reading欧元区the Euro-zone尚可的经济增长率 arespectable growth rate经济呆滞——不景气economic slack金融状况monetaryconditions成为……的牺牲品to fallvictim to...脆弱的vulnerable资本逃离capital flightLesson 4萧条的sluggish替罪羊scapegoat竞争优势competitive advantage国际收支balance of payments购买力purchasing power 降低通货膨胀率to hold down the inflation rate 日益趋疲的美元 a weakening dollar美国国库券U.S. Treasuries子公司subsidiary外部采办——外包outsourcing基础设施infrastructure 资本设备capital equipment估值过低的货币undervalued currency操纵to manipulate Supplementary Reading有活力的dynamic不断急剧下降to spiral downwards缺乏活力的sluggish赤字deficit/red ink律师事务所law firm积极进取的aggressive占领市场to capture a market贸易壁垒trade barrier 以出口为导向的增长export-led growth比较优势comparative advantage国际劳动分工international division of labourLesson 5经济和政治一体化economic and political integration欧洲联盟the European Union金融资产financial assets停滞的stagnant资本开支capital spending 经济状况（形势）economicconditions革新innovation财政政策fiscal policy货币政策monetary policy结构性改革—经济体制的改革structural reform信息技术informationtechnology加速pickup新公司startup竞争强度competitionintensity加强竞争to intensifycompetitionSupplementary Reading推行改革to introduce areform放宽规章制度to relaxregulations减少公共开支to reducepublic expenditures降低工资to lower wages加速to accelerate改组经济to shake upeconomy自由化liberalizationLesson 6建筑工地constructionsite兴旺发达的工业boomingindustry转移制造to shiftmanufacturing电子元件electroniccomponent数码显示digital display精巧的装置gadget品牌形象brand image转折点turning point日经225种股票指数Nikkei 225 stock index在速度上超过tooutpace...增加出口 a surge inexports增值产品value-addedproduct数码相机digital camera液晶显示电视liquidcrystal display TV急剧增长growth spurt生产场地production site资本支出capitalexpenditure当代最先进的技术top-of-the-timetechnology摄像机video camera突破breakthrough削减售价10% to shave 10percent off the saleprice利用技术优势to takeadvantage of one’stechnological edge借助复苏的势头to ridethe momentum of therecovery经济好转to pick upSupplementary Reading缺乏现金的cash-strapped十分畅销的商品bigseller日本货物的廉价代用品thecheap alternative toJapanese goods销售比……多tooutsell...最新型的手机state-of-the-art mobilephone handset无限期地延长贷款期限torenew bank loansindefinitely给……补贴tosubsidize...价格骤然下跌to plummet提供贷款to extend a loan联合大企业［多种经营公司］conglomerate解雇职工to lay off...论资排辈的提升制度seniority system基于业绩的提升制度merit-based system风险资本venture capital筹集资本to raise capital拆除壁垒to dismantlebarriers国内市场home marketPurchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of long-term equilibrium exchange rates based on relative price levels of two countries. The concept is founded on the law of one price, the idea that in absence of transaction costs and official barriers to trade, identical goods will have the same price in different markets when the prices are expressed in terms of one currency.FDI: An internationalization strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad by acquiring productive assets such as capital, technology, labor, land, plant and equipment.Dumping:In international trade, this occurs when one country exports a significant amount of goods to another country at prices much lower than in the domestic market, aiming to garner more profit after taking control of the monopolized market. Economies of scale refers to the phenomena of decreased per unit cost as the number of units of production increase.Free trade is a system inwhich goods, capital, andlabor flow freely betweennations, without barrierswhich could hinder the tradeprocessProtectionism is theeconomic policy ofrestraining trade betweenstates through methods suchas tariffs on imported goods,restrictive quotas, and avariety of other governmentregulations designed toallow "fair competition"between imports and goodsand services produceddomestically.Balance of Payments:Arecord of all transactionsmade between oneparticular country and allother countries duringa specified period of time.Monetary policy is theprocess by which themonetary authority of acountry controls the supplyof money, often targeting arate of interest for thepurpose of promotingeconomic growth andstability.fiscal policy is the use ofgovernment expenditureand revenue collection(taxation) to influence theeconomy.Business cycle refers toeconomy-wide fluctuationsin production or economicactivity over several monthsor years.Deflation A general declinein prices, often caused by areduction in the supply ofmoney or credit. Deflationcan be caused also by adecrease in government,personal or investmentspending.OPEC An organizationconsisting of the world'smajor oil-exporting nations.The Organization ofPetroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC) wasfounded in 1960 tocoordinate the petroleumpolicies of its members, andto provide member stateswith technical and economicaid. OPEC is a cartel thataims to manage the supplyof oil in an effort to set theprice of oil on the worldmarket, in order to avoidfluctuations that might affectthe economies of bothproducing and purchasingcountrie。

山西经济转型发展英语

The Economic Transition in Shanxi Province of China Using data collection from internet, books, newspapers, and government documents, the paper discuss the definition of economic transition and the why it should have to transform its economy in Shanxi. And finally the paper provides some suggestions to economic transition.Economic transition, industry, mechanism, human resource, developing strategy, talents, structureINTRODUCTIONEconomic transition means to change the pattern of the present economic development. Now, the present economic situation in Shanxi is as follows: because of the dramatic decrease in the coal resource, the economy develops in an extremely slow speed in recent years. Besides, there are lots of problems appeared with the mining of coal all over the province. Rivers are badly polluted, and so is the air. Therefore, some methods should be put into action according to these problems. First, some enterprises should try their best to strengthen the independent innovation ability and collect market information as much as possible. Second, the government of Shanxi province should determine to integrate and reshuffle these coal enterprisesA definition and reasonsEconomic transition means the transition of resources allocation and the mode of economic development, including the change of patterns, factors, and ways of the economic development. Nowadays, considering the present economic development’s situation in Shanxi, almost everybody in the province think that there should have a profound economic reform to improve its economy.“As is known to all, the economy of Shanxi province has always been well developed because of the rich coal resource. However, the economy development has also been restricted at the same time.” Chunqing Yuan wrote th is in the newspaper. As a matter of fact, there are a lot of factors that deeply influence the economic development in Shanxi.First and foremost, the strategies for economic development are no longersuitable to requirements of its economic development. Since 1978 the whole macro-economic policy and developing strategy in Shanxi have always been focus on energy industry and infrastructure. In 1980, the Chinese government gave Shanxi province an orientation that is to develop the energy industry as the leading industry, especially the coal industry, centering on the goal of building energy resources and industrial bases. In the following ten years, although the Shanxi government had done a lot of things, such as the adjustment of industry overall arrangement and increase of the investment to agriculture and the cities’ infrastructure construction, the strategy for economic development of the whole province was still as before. Because of ignoring transferring the leading industry and tapping new sources of economic growth, the economy developed extremely slowly before the 21st century.In addition, the economic level at each area is quite low as well as lacks economic development potential. Since 2000, various regions in Shanxi have made a progress in the adjustment of industrial structure. However, most areas still give priority to the secondary industry. In the past few years, only the industrial structure in Taiyuan city has improved a lot, and the third industry had comparatively developed fast, but in other cities, the industrial structure is unreasonable, the technical level is backward, the ability of technological innovation id poor, and the economic growth lacks potentiality.Besides, the level of the structure of its economy is awfully low. It reflects in two aspects: Firstly, the economy depends greatly on resources. Secondly, the state-owned economy and the non-public sectors of the economy are not in harmonious proportions. The economic development might be restricted in the nearly future.Apart from that, the strategies and ideas, which guide the economic development is conservative and out of date. For a very long time, the ideas guiding the economic strategies were coming from the idea of the planned economy, but not the market economy. What’s more, the brand consciousness in Shanxi is very light. It is well known that brand is born from the market economy and it can enormously develop the economy. Before 2005, China had produced 921 Chinese famous brands, but Shanxi produced less than one per cent of the total brands.Furthermore, the quality of talents in Shanxi is a little low, and the problem of brain strain is very serious. The quantity of talents in Shanxi, ranking 11th or 12th in China, is above most provinces. However, the talent development always lag behind those developed provinces and even some western provinces. As far as I am concerned, there are mainly three reasons. First of all, Shanxi does not have a large number of high qualified talents. Second, because of serious brain strain, the quantity of talents can hardly meet the needs of the economic development. Finally, owing to the social condition and institutional environment, it is quite difficult for Shanxi to introduce high-level talents.Measures of economic transitionIt is inevitable for the economy based on coal and other resources to head for recession as the resources dry up. Therefore, now that the pattern of economic development which is focus on energy development is difficult to improve the current economic situation, the economy in Shanxi has to be changed. Because only transform the present model of development, can we explore and make use of resources in a more scientific and reasonable way than before, and can we also accommodate the interests of future generations. In fact, if a city which has a lot of resources wants to develop its economy rapidly and soundly, it should try to diverse its form of economic development, but not only depend on its rich resources. Thus in order to comply with the positive developmental trend of economy, the coal resource style of economy has to be transformed.There are some suggestions in the following paragraphs.First, promote pillar industries, such as energy industries and raw materials industries, and bring about an industrial pattern with high and new technology industries as the leader. Coal industry, coke industry, metallurgy industry, and electricity industry have big industry scale and comparative advantage in Shanxi. Meanwhile, they are also the mainstay of the national economy of our country. But there are still lots of problems. The pattern of economic growth is still too inefficient. Moreover, scientific content of its economy is especially low. So it is necessary todevelop economy from a sense of circulation and set up conception of high-tech economy. At the same time, the relationship between developing high-tech and transforming and upgrading traditional industry should be handled appropriately. And efforts should be made to pacing up economic restructure reinforcing infrastructure, nurturing hi-tech industry, as well as remolding and up grading traditional industries.Second, vigorously promote the implementation of brand strategy in enterprises to enhance its competitive capability obviously. Accelerate forming the market operation mechanism of building brands and trying to build up its famous brands and form some competitive enterprises with independent intellectual property and strong international competitiveness.Third, the whole economic industries should reach out and make better use of other places’ resources and market to expand business to promote the development of many industries. And I still remember Xingxiu Zhu once pointed out that the economic competitiveness in our provinces could be promoted by reasonable policy, enterprise cooperation, and industrial cluster. And try to attach most importance to a dot with capital attractions to guide more factors of production in Shanxi to gather and flow the realization of investment and the opening of the new breakthroughs in the work.Forth, carry out the strategy of reinvigorating Shanxi through human resource development. The key to carry out the strategy is to train and utilize talents well, and cultivate more good talents quickly. “Talent is the first productivity.” In the first place, the Shanxi government should implement the policy of giving priority to the developing education and perfect the system of modern national education. In the second place, establish a set of mechanism involved human resource training, encouraging, and introducing. For example, Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group Corporation Limited perfects human resource flow system and the mechanism of foreign aid introduction. Now, it has an initial introduction, training, and training of personnel trinity mechanisms, introduction of various kinds of talents accumulated more than 100. it greatly promote the economic benefits. Finally, build the supportingplatform for talents and create a favorable environment for entrepreneurship. Taking “openness”, “equality”, “competitive”, “selecting”as the directions, establish mechanism of job of appoint of perfect talents choose, and establish a system of performance evaluation which is quite important to use and develop human resource, discover and select talents, and improve working efficiency.CONCLUSIONAll in all, after having simply talk about the definition of economic transition, the reasons why Shanxi has to restructure its economy, and some concrete measures to transform its economy. I sincerely hope that everybody in Shanxi would pay attention to the issue, and contribute to making the transition successful. And as students, wo should try our best to study hard and acquire special knowledge as much as possible. I believe if we have acquired many skills and much knowledge, then we can be talents and make great differences in the economic transition of Shanxi.。

转变经济发展方式英语演讲稿

转变经济发展方式英语演讲稿Ladies and gentlemen,Today, I stand before you to address an important concern of our time - the need to shift our economic development approach. Over the decades, we have witnessed the remarkable progress and achievements made by humanity. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that our current model of economic growth is unsustainable and comes at a significant cost to the environment and social well-being. It is imperative that we make a concerted effort to transition to a more sustainable and inclusive economic development pathway.Firstly, let us examine the drawbacks of our existing economic model. Our pursuit of rapid economic growth has led to the depletion of natural resources, increased pollution levels, and damage to delicate ecosystems. This has had severe repercussions on the climate, biodiversity, and overall environmental quality. Furthermore, it has widened the gap between the rich and the poor, creating social inequalities and marginalizing vulnerable populations. It is clear that such a model is neither desirable nor viable in the long run.The urgent necessity for change is underscored by the global challenges we face today. Climate change, for instance, is one of the most pressing issues. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise threaten to disrupt ecosystems, destabilize economies, and displace millions of people. Adopting a new economic development approach that prioritizes environmental sustainability and reduces greenhouse gas emissions is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change and building a resilient future.In addition to environmental concerns, our current economic model has failed to adequately address social issues. The disparity between the rich and the poor continues to widen, perpetuating poverty and depriving people of basic necessities such as food, healthcare, and education. This leaves a significant portion of the population excluded from opportunities and trapped in a cycle of poverty. Therefore, transitioning to an inclusive economic development model that promotes equitable resource distribution and ensures social welfare is vital for achieving prosperity for all.So, how can we achieve this transformation? It requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Firstly, we must invest in renewable energy sources and reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. The development of clean energy technologies and the promotion of sustainable energy consumption patterns will not only mitigate climate change but also foster innovation, create new job opportunities, and stimulate economic growth.Furthermore, we need to prioritize sustainable production and consumption practices. This involves implementing circular economy principles, which prioritize recycling, reusing, and reducing waste. By shifting towards a circular economy, we can minimize resource depletion, reduce pollution, and foster a more efficient and sustainable way of producing goods and services. Additionally, fostering sustainable consumption habits among individuals and businesses can contribute significantly to reducing the strain on natural resources and minimizing waste generation.Another key aspect of transitioning to a new economic development model is investing in education and skills training. By empoweringindividuals with the knowledge and skills needed for the emerging green economy, we can ensure a smooth transition and provide opportunities for sustainable employment. This requires collaboration between governments, educational institutions, and industries to design and implement relevant training programs that equip individuals with the necessary skills for the future.Furthermore, it is crucial to integrate sustainability considerations into policy-making processes. Governments must adopt a holistic approach that takes into account environmental, social, and economic factors when formulating policies. This will require intergovernmental cooperation, as well as the active participation of civil society and the private sector. By creating an enabling environment for sustainable development, we can encourage innovation, entrepreneurship, and investment in green technologies and industries.In conclusion, the need for transforming our economic development approach has never been more urgent. Our current model is not only undermining the planet's ecological stability but also exacerbating social inequalities. However, by shifting towards a more sustainable and inclusive model, we can create a future that is environmentally resilient, socially just, and economically prosperous. It is a daunting task, but one that we cannot afford to ignore. Together, let us embrace the challenge and forge a sustainable path ahead. Thank you.。

经济学人双语阅读：世界银行亟待重整

【经济学人】双语阅读：世界银行亟待重整Finance and economics财经商业Reforming the World Bank世界银行，亟待重整Zen and the art of poverty reduction禅宗思想及扶贫艺术Calm and confusion at the world's biggest development institution世界最大发展机构—平静与骚乱并存THE World Bank may need a period of quiet reflection, but this was ridiculous.世界银行可能需要一段时间来安静的反思，但这在过去是荒谬可笑的。

经济学人下载:世界银行亟待重整On September 10th 300 bankers joined Thich Nhat Hanh, an 87-year-old Vietnamese monk and founder of the Order of Interbeing, for a day of mindful meditation with Jim Kim, the bank's president and an admirer of Mr Hanh.九月十日，300名银行家以及世界银行行长吉姆金同现年87岁的越南高僧一行禅师进行了为期一天的静心冥想的活动。

一行禅师创立了相即共修团，且吉姆金是他的崇拜者之一。

It was all very Zen, one member of staff told the Washington Post.一切都弥漫着佛教气息，其中一位银行家对华盛顿邮报如是说。

Afterwards, Mr Hanh and 20 brown-robed brethren led a walking meditation through Washington —though since the traffic police did not show up, the quiet contemplation was marred by the not-so-Zen honking of angry drivers.在这之后，一行禅师和其他20名身穿棕色长袍的同胞们在华盛顿进行了步行禅修的活动。

PESTEL分析模型宏观环境分析升级模型

PESTEL分析模型宏观环境分析升级模型PESTEL分析模型又称大环境分析，是分析宏观环境的有效工具，不仅能够分析外部环境，而且能够识别一切对组织有冲击作用的力量。

它是调查组织外部影响因素的方法，其每一个字母代表一个因素，可以分为6大因素：政治因素(Political)、经济因素(Economic)、社会因素(Social)、技术要素（Technological）、环境因素(Environmental)和法律因素(Legal)。

目录1. 1介绍2. 2因素3. 3案例分析6大因素：（1）政治因素(Political)：是指对组织经营活动具有实际与潜在影响的政治力量和有关的政策、法律及法规等因素。

（2）经济因素(Economic)：是指组织外部的经济结构、产业布局、资源状况、经济发展水平以及未来的经济走势等。

（3）社会因素(Social)：是指组织所在社会中成员的历史发展、文化传统、价值观念、教育水平以及风俗习惯等因素。

（4）技术因素(Technological)：技术要素不仅仅包括那些引起革命性变化的发明，还包括与企业生产有关的新技术、新工艺、新材料的出现和发展趋势以及应用前景。

（5）环境因素(Environmental)：一个组织的活动、产品或服务中能与环境发生相互作用的要素。

（6）法律因素(Legal)：组织外部的法律、法规、司法状况和公民法律意识所组成的综合系统。

PESTEL是在PEST分析基础上加上环境因素(Environmental)和法律因素(Legal)形成的。

在分析一个企业集团所处的背景的时候，通常是通过这六个因素来进行分析企业集团所面临的状况。

因素对企业战略有影响的政治因素·政府的管制和管制解除·政府采购规模和政策·特种关税·专利数量·中美关系·财政和货币政策的变化·特殊的地方及行业规定·世界原油、货币及劳动力市场·进出口限制·他国的政治条件·政府的预算规模对企业战略有影响的经济因素·经济转型·可支配的收入水平·利率规模经济·政府预算赤字·劳动生产率水平·股票市场趋势·进出口因素·地区间的收入和销售消费习惯差别·劳动力及资本输出·财政政策·欧共体政策·居民的消费趋向·通货膨胀率·货币市场利率·汇率·国民生产总值变化趋势社会文化的因素·企业或行业的特殊利益集团·国家和企业市场人口的变化·生活方式·公众道德观念·对环境污染的态度·社会责任·收入差距·价值观、审美观·对售后服务的态度·地区性趣味和偏好评价技术的因素·企业在生产经营中使用了哪些技术·这些技术对企业的重要程度如何·外购的原材料和零部件包含哪些技术·上述的外部技术中哪些是至关重要的？为什么？·企业是否可以持续的利用这些外部技术·这些技术最近的发展动向如何？哪些企业掌握最新的技术动态？·这些技术在未来会发生哪些变化？·企业对以往的关键技术曾进行过哪些投资？·企业的技术水平和竞争对手相比如何？·企业及其竞争对手在产品的开发和设计、工艺革新和生产等方面进行了哪些投资·外界对各公司的技术水平的主观排序·企业的产品成本和增值结构是什么？·企业的现有技术有哪些能应用？利用程度如何？·企业需要实现目前的经营目标需要拥有哪些技术资源？·公司的技术对企业竞争地位的影响如何？是否影响企业的经营战略？环境的因素·企业概况（数量，规模，结构，分布）·该行业与相关行业发展趋势（起步，摸索，落后）·对相关行业影响·对其他行业影响·对非产业环境影响（自然环境，道德标准）·媒体关注程度·可持续发展空间（气候，能源，资源，循环）·全球相关行业发展（模式。

消费者文化创作和扩散(英文版)

消费者文化创作和扩散(英文版)Consumer Culture: Creation and DisseminationIn today's globalized world, consumer culture plays a significant role in shaping societies and economies. Consumer culture refers to the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that influence individuals' purchasing decisions and preferences. This cultural phenomenon is not only created by marketers and advertisers but also by consumers themselves.Consumer culture's creation starts with companies and advertisers who strive to understand consumer needs and desires. Through extensive market research, they identify emerging trends, analyze consumer behavior, and develop products and marketing strategies to meet these demands. In this process, companies often collaborate with influential figures or celebrities, who act as brand ambassadors and play a crucial role in promoting these products to consumers.However, consumer culture is not solely driven by corporate initiatives. It is also nurtured by consumers, who actively participate in shaping and disseminating this culture. With the rise of social media and digital platforms, individuals now have a louder voice and a broader reach than ever before. They use these channels to express their opinions and experiences with products and brands. This user-generated content influences others' purchasing decisions and contributes to the creation and spread of consumer culture.Moreover, consumer culture is not limited to traditional marketingstrategies or advertisements anymore. It has expanded into various aspects of daily life, such as lifestyle choices, social media influence, and even political engagement. For instance, people showcase their preferred brands, fashion styles, and travel experiences on social media platforms, creating an aspirational lifestyle that others strive to emulate. This has a significant impact on the way society perceives certain products or brands.Additionally, consumer culture can also influence political and social movements. Consumers increasingly align themselves with brands that align with their values and beliefs. This has led to the rise of ethical consumerism, where individuals choose to purchase from companies that prioritize sustainability, social responsibility, or humanitarian causes. This shift in consumer preferences has compelled businesses to adapt their practices and become more socially conscious, further perpetuating the culture of responsible consumption.In conclusion, consumer culture is a multi-faceted phenomenon that is both created and disseminated by various stakeholders. Companies and marketers play a vital role in shaping this culture through market research, advertising, and collaboration with influencers. However, consumers also contribute to this culture by sharing their experiences and opinions on social media and participating in lifestyle choices that endorse particular brands. Thus, consumer culture is a dynamic and evolving force that continues to shape societies and economies worldwide.Certainly! Here are some additional points to consider and expand upon:1. The Role of Advertising: Advertising is a key driver in thecreation and dissemination of consumer culture. Companies invest heavily in advertising campaigns to promote their products and encourage consumer desire and aspiration. Advertisements are designed to create emotional connections with consumers, tapping into their desires, dreams, and aspirations. They often depict idealized lifestyles, reinforcing the idea that possessing certain products will lead to happiness, success, and social acceptance.2. Materialism and Status Symbol: Consumer culture is often associated with materialism and the pursuit of status symbols. In many societies, individuals are judged by the possessions they own, and the brands they wear or use. This status-conscious mentality fuels the desire for luxury goods and conspicuous consumption. Many consumers are willing to pay a premium to be associated with high-end brands and products, as it enhances their social standing and self-esteem.3. The Influence of Peer Pressure: Peer pressure is a powerful factor in consumer culture. Individuals often feel the need to conform to the preferences and choices of their social group or reference group. This can include friends, family, colleagues, or even online communities. People want to fit in and be accepted, so they often align their purchasing decisions with the prevailing tastes and preferences of these groups. This leads to the creation of specific consumer subcultures, where individuals share common values, interests, and consumption patterns.4. The Role of Technology and E-commerce: The rise of e-commerce and technological advancements have transformed consumer culture. Online shopping has democratized access toproducts and brands, allowing consumers to explore a wide range of options and make informed choices. Digital platforms also provide consumers with the opportunity to engage with brands directly, through social media, customer reviews, and online forums. This has fostered a sense of consumer empowerment, as individuals have more control and influence over their purchasing decisions.5. Sustainable Consumption: The concept of sustainable consumption has gained prominence in recent years. As consumers become more aware of environmental and social issues, they are seeking out products and brands that align with their values. Sustainable consumption encourages responsible and conscious decision-making, considering the environmental, social, and ethical implications of consumer choices. This has led to the emergence of eco-friendly products, fair trade practices, and ethical sourcing initiatives.6. Impact on Personal Identity: Consumer culture has the power to shape personal identities, as individuals use their consumption choices to express their values, interests, and preferences. By aligning themselves with specific brands or products, consumers signal their belonging to certain social groups or subcultures. This phenomenon has led to the rise of "brand communities," where individuals bond over their shared love for a particular brand. Brands have become a form of self-expression and identification, helping individuals define and communicate their personal image.7. Consumer Resistance and Counter-Culture: While consumer culture is pervasive, it is met with resistance and counter-culturemovements. Some individuals reject mainstream consumption patterns and seek alternative ways of living and consuming. This can be seen in the rise of minimalist lifestyles, anti-consumerism movements, or the preference for vintage and second-hand goods. These movements challenge the dominance of consumer culture and advocate for more sustainable, conscious, and individualistic approaches to consumption.In conclusion, consumer culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is shaped by both corporations and consumers. Advertising, peer pressure, materialism, and technology all play a role in creating and disseminating this culture. However, consumers also contribute by expressing their opinions and preferences through social media and engaging in responsible and sustainable consumption. As consumer culture continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly have significant implications for societies, economies, and individuals' personal identities and values.。

43-44-45 Env Chapter 20 中国经济发展与转型(英文版) 教学课件

Chinese Modern Economic History Income and environmental issues taxonomy
…
Chinese Modern Economic History
The environment for environmental issues-
--Chinese ministries and departments of interest
Chinese Modern Economic History
This idea- that environmental concerns are concerns of the second or third generation after industrialization- has been noticed before.
This is not to say that the US has done this job well, or efficiently. But environmental concepts- from assessment of impacts to urban ecology to markets for pollution- are similar throughout the world, and we can study these ideas as developed in any country.
In the US, that changed in the 1960s. People the age of my parents were surprised that people my age (then) (your age, now) were worried about clean air, clean water, smarter cities, and evaluating the impacts of what we did before we did it.

04-05-06 The Socialist Era 1949-1978 中国经济发展与转型(英文版) 教学课件

Note Figure 3.2 - leaps of investment are accompanied by political change and institutional change, and followed by a period of “retrenchment,” or reform of reform. This is policy instability - start, stop, change. Repeat.
Hong Kong and Taiwan, for example, had their own versions of Big Push model, but focused on consumer products (downstream products) rather than heavy industry products. But openness to the world, including world suppliers and world prices, made that possible. China was not open.
See Table 3.1 for a description of the contrasting Chinese and Taiwan models.
Chinese Modern Economic History
I have had students from the Chinese government come to Chicago, and ask me how products get made and sold- who sets the prices, who decides who to buy from and sell to?

推进消费主导的经济转型与改革

百分点。．２根据中央部署，２２年基本实现公共服务均等时代，到００国有资本仍然主要配置在市场竞争领域，对民营经济既
化，由此将明显改善居民消费预期，提高消费率。四是社会消费
正处于释放的历史拐点。我国进入发展型新阶段，发展型消费需求不断增长是一个中长期的客观趋势。随着社会需求结构发
乡居民消费水平差距保持在３ —３７：的高位，．．１６持续超过城乡
的是，如何把短期投资有机地融入到消费主导的转型进程中，在短期依靠投资拉动经济增长的同时为中长期消费的潜力释放奠定基础、创造条件。客观地说，资能否融入消费，投扩大投资能否适应消费主导的趋势，决定了我国增长的前景。
■＿ｉＴ ■ ０ＥＮ
当代论坛
近年来，国消费需求全面快速增长，我需求结构发生明显变化，但是消费率却越来越低。着眼于我国中长期公平与可持续发展的基本需求，尽快扭转投资消费失衡，形成消费主导新
格局，既是短期政策的着力点，又是中长期的战略选择；既是发展面临的突出矛盾，也是改革面临的重大挑战。
消费的同时提高一般消费品增长速度。
二、向消费主导的历史机遇走
１内外环境变化倒逼消费主导。进入到新世纪，尤其是、
２０年国际金融危机以来，０８国内外环境发生重大变化，多使十年来没有取得突破的消费主导战略再次凸显其重要性。一方
然处于转型的关键时期，过渡性体带带来的结构性问题还相当４突出，集中反映在投资消费结构的失衡上。０１２１年，资２０－００投

16-17-18growth modeling 中国经济发展与转型(英文版) 教学课件

How can GDP grow?
- if you have more people, they eat more, buy more clothes (assuming, of course, that it is possible for the economic “pie” to grow. If everyone is a farmer, and no more food can be produced on the land, and imports of food are not possible, then people starve). But if more people eat more, buy more, then consumption (C) goes up. So an increasing population can mean growth in GDP. Call the increase in population L.
But let’s try an experiment -
-must collect the data to calibrate the model for a, and what exactly you want A and L and K to represent
-some economic problems-what exactly is the concept of L raised to a power? What units are those? -the a represents elasticities of L and K. But these do not need to be stable over
The familiar Solow growth model-

Labor and Human Capital 中国经济发展与转型(英文版) 教学课件

A major problem for some American manufacturers, such as automobile companies (General Motors, makers of Buick and Chevrolet, for example) is pension costs.
Chinese Modern Economic History
8.2 Labor Markets Now
Consider Ctrip, and attention to schedule changes -wonderful level of service, but how?
What will more sophisticated labor markets mean for China? -more specialization -better matching of labor to jobs -better sorting of individual needs to jobs -ability to “price discriminate” - salaries based on performance, not age
D. Agglomeration Economies: Panel B of Figure 3.3 1. Six workers and three firms 2. Mismatch per worker = 1/12 3. Net wage = $12 - $24/12 = $10
1. Workers can get a higher wage with better matching of skills, which comes with more and better trained workers. Better wage comes because workers can fit small or special or niche market segments better, and training costs and on-the-job training costs can be less.

消费转型分析英语作文

消费转型分析英语作文Title: Analysis of Consumer Transformation。

In recent years, the landscape of consumer behavior has undergone a significant transformation, influenced by various factors such as technological advancements, changing societal values, and global economic shifts. This essay aims to delve into the complexities of this consumer transformation phenomenon.Firstly, technology has played a pivotal role in reshaping consumer habits. The advent of e-commerce platforms and mobile payment systems has revolutionized the way people shop. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse through a vast array of products, compare prices, and make purchases without leaving the comfort of their homes. This convenience factor has led to a surge in online shopping, thereby reshaping traditional retail models and challenging brick-and-mortar stores to adapt or face obsolescence.Moreover, social media platforms have emerged as powerful influencers in shaping consumer preferences and trends. With the rise of influencer marketing, individuals with large followings on platforms like Instagram and YouTube can sway consumer behavior by endorsing productsand services. Consumers, particularly millennials and Gen Z, tend to trust recommendations from peers and influencers over traditional advertising methods, leading to a shift in marketing strategies employed by businesses.Furthermore, the growing awareness of sustainabilityand ethical consumption has led to a significant shift in consumer preferences. Today's consumers are more conscientious about the environmental and social impact of their purchasing decisions. They are increasingly optingfor eco-friendly products, ethically sourced goods, and brands that align with their values. This trend has prompted businesses to adopt sustainable practices throughout their supply chains and incorporate corporate social responsibility into their operations to appeal to socially conscious consumers.Additionally, the concept of "experiential consumption" has gained prominence in recent years. Rather than simply purchasing products, consumers are seeking immersive experiences that enrich their lives. This shift has fueled the growth of sectors such as travel and tourism, entertainment, and dining. Consumers are willing to spend money on experiences that provide them with lasting memories and emotional fulfillment, reflecting a departure from the materialistic mindset of previous generations.In conclusion, the landscape of consumer behavior is constantly evolving, driven by technological innovation, changing societal values, and shifting economic paradigms. Businesses must adapt to these changes by embracing digital transformation, leveraging social media platforms, prioritizing sustainability, and enhancing the experiential aspects of their offerings. By understanding and responding to the evolving needs and preferences of consumers, companies can thrive in an ever-changing market landscape.。

扩大消费英语作文

扩大消费：驱动经济增长的新引擎In today's global economy, consumption has become a key driver of growth, powering nations' progress and propelling businesses to new heights. As the world continues to recover from the pandemic, the need to expand consumptionis paramount, not only to revive economies but also to foster sustainable development.The benefits of expanded consumption are numerous. It creates jobs, generates revenue, and drives innovation. Consumers, as the lifeblood of the economy, hold the power to shape markets and influence business decisions. By increasing their spending, they not only fulfill their own needs but also contribute to the broader societal welfare. However, expanding consumption is not a straightforward task. It requires a multipronged approach that encompasses various strategies and policies. One such strategy is the enhancement of consumer confidence, which can be achieved through measures like providing secure jobs, ensuring affordable prices, and creating a conducive environment for business competition.Moreover, the role of technology cannot be overstated in expanding consumption. Digital platforms and e-commerce have revolutionized the way people shop, providing them with unprecedented access to a wide range of products and services. By harnessing the power of technology, governments and businesses can create more efficient and convenient shopping experiences, thus encouraging consumers to spend more.Additionally, focusing on sustainable consumption is crucial. With the escalating global concern for environmental preservation, consumers are increasingly demanding products and services that align with their environmental values. Promoting green products and sustainable practices not only satisfies consumer demand but also contributes to the protection of our planet.In conclusion, expanding consumption is a critical component of economic growth and development. It requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and consumers alike. By fostering consumer confidence, harnessing technology, and promoting sustainableconsumption, we can create a robust economic ecosystem that powers prosperity and progress for all.**扩大消费：经济增长的新引擎**在当今全球经济中，消费已成为推动增长的关键动力，助力各国取得进步，推动企业达到新高度。