5. 二十世纪黑人文学

The Twentieth-Century Black American Literature二十世纪黑人文学

I. The Rise of Black American Literature

The literary achievement of African-Americans was one of the most striking literary developments of the post-Civil War era. In the writing of Booker T. Washington, Charles Waddell Chesnutt, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and others, the roots of black American writing took hold, notably in the forms of autobiography, protest literature, sermons, poetry, and song.

1. 华盛顿B.T. Washington

Profile

(1856.4.5,美国弗吉尼亚州富兰克林县～1915.11.14,亚拉巴马州塔斯基吉)

born April 5, 1856, Franklin county, Va., U.S.

died Nov. 14, 1915, Tuskegee, Ala.

U.S. educator and reformer.

美国教育家和黑人领袖。出生于一个奴隶家庭，在黑奴解放后举家迁往西弗吉尼亚州。9岁

起即开始工作，后就学于弗吉尼亚州汉普顿师范和农业技术专科学校(1872～1875)，并在该校工作过。1881年获选担任塔斯基吉师范学校校长，这是一所新设的黑人师范学校。他成功地使该校成为著名的学院(参阅塔斯基吉大学[Tuskegee University])。在当时他可能是最突出的黑人领袖。他认为其黑人同胞借由受教育以改善经济状况，比争取全面公民权及政治力量更能替黑人赢得平等的公民待遇。这个颇受争议的论点即著名的《亚特兰大种族和解声明》。他的著作有自传《出身奴隶》(1901)。

Born into slavery, he moved with his family to West Virginia after emancipation. He worked from age nine, then attended (1872–75) and joined the staff of the Hampton (Va.) Normal and Agricultural Institute. In 1881 he was selected to head the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a new teacher-training school for African Americans, and he successfully transformed it into a thriving institution (later Tuskegee University). He became perhaps the most prominent African American leader of his time. His controversial conviction that African Americans could best gain equality in the U.S. by improving their economic situation through education rather than by demanding equal rights was termed the Atlanta Compromise. His books include Up from Slavery(1901).

Major Works

Up from Slavery (1901)《出身奴隶》, autobiography

2. 杜波伊斯W.E.B. Du Bois

(1868.2.23,美国马萨诸塞州大巴灵顿～1963.8.27,加纳阿克拉)

born Feb. 23, 1868,

Great Barrington, Mass., U.S.

died Aug. 27, 1963, Accra, Ghana

U.S. sociologist and civil-rights leader.

He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. Two years later he accepted a professorship at Atlanta University, where he conducted empirical studies on the social situation of African Americans (1897–1910). He concluded that change could be attained only through agitation and protest, a view that clashed with that of Booker T. Washington. His famous book The Souls of Black Folk appeared in 1903. In 1905 Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, the forerunner of the NAACP. In 1910 he left teaching to become the NAACP's director of research and editor of its magazine, Crisis (1910–34). He returned to Atlanta University in 1934 and devoted the next 10 years to teaching and scholarship. After a second research position with the NAACP (1944–48), he moved steadily leftward politically. In 1951 he was indicted as an unregistered agent of a foreign power (the Soviet Union); though a federal judge directed his acquittal, he was by then completely disillusioned with the U.S. In 1961 he joined the Communist Party, moved to Ghana, and renounced his U.S. citizenship.

美国社会学家和黑人民权领袖。获哈佛大学博士学位后，开始深入美国黑人环境领导实地的