2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(七)
2014英语考研真题答案
2014英语考研真题答案2014年英语考研真题是许多考生备考时重要的参考资料之一。
以下是对2014年英语考研真题的答案解析。
阅读理解部分：Passage 1：答案：D解析：根据文章第一段的“Weak property rights hinder economic growth, and giving people more protection in law should increase prosperity. But how can countries improve their legal institutions, particularly in places with deeply entrenched corruption or politics that “make no sense”? This paper suggests a new way: by ‘judicial empowerment'.”可以得出答案为D。
Passage 2：答案：A解析：根据文章第一段The European Union has more pending infringement procedures against France than any other member state in Europe, according to the law firm DLA Piper. Between 2009 and 2013, France was found guilty of flouting European law 63 times.可以得出答案为A。
Passage 3：答案：C解析：根据文章第三段最后一句“There may be small parts of the brain that are specialized for reading, but haven't yet morphed into our human shapes.”可得出答案为C。
2014考研英语阅读理解专项模拟押题及答案解析（一）
2014考研英语阅读理解专项模拟押题及答案解析（一）以下《2014考研英语阅读理解专项模拟押题及答案解析（一）》由考研英语模拟题为您独家提供，欢迎大家参考。
A history of longand effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, itmay become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight timeslarger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies ofscale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled.America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans andAsians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as othercountries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance provedpainful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over theirfading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such asconsumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreigncompetition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
2014考研英语真题及答案解析(详细)
2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(四)
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(四)Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as melekh handles have been found in abundance — more than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professionalarchaeologist who excavated it?1. The primary purpose of the text is to propose[A] an alternative to museum display of artifacts.[B] a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession.[C] a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value.[D] the governmental regulation of archaeological sites.2. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?[A] Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.[B] Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.[C] Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.[D] Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.3. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (line 2, paragraph 4) to emphasize which of the following points?[A] Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal impressions.[B] Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.[C] Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.[D] Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable artifacts.4. The author’s argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?[A] Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.[B] The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.[C] Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.[D] Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.5. The author anticipates which of the following initial denials of his proposal?[A] Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.[B] An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.[C] Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.[D] Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
2014考研英语真题阅读解析
2014考研英语真题阅读解析以下《2014考研英语真题阅读解析》由考研频道为您精心提供，希望对大家有所帮助。
Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your choice on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Orbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for th e jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to thejobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it —supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” —invented in 1996 —is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.真题解析：文章概括：政府大臣Grorge Osbome提出了一个项目帮助失业的人找工作。
2014考研英语阅读冲刺练习 模拟测试及答案(3)
2014考研英语阅读冲刺练习模拟测试及答案(3)PassageThose who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.1. All boys and girls in large families know that .A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are truebut .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die4. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers5. What is the tone of this passage?A)PracticalB)SatiricalC)HumorousD)ExaggeratedAnswer1.C2.D3.D4.A5.C小提示：目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈，就业主体是研究生，在如今考研竞争日渐激烈的情况下，我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母，我们需要：早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班（如果经济条件允许的情况下）。
2014考研英语答案
2014考研英语答案第一部分：阅读理解Passage 11. C2. D3. B4. A5. CPassage 26. A7. B8. D9. CPassage 310. A11. D12. BPassage 413. C14. B15. D16. A第二部分：完形填空17. B18. D19. A20. C21. B22. D23. A24. C25. B26. D27. A28. C29. B30. D第三部分：概括大意与完成句子31. A32. C33. B34. D35. D36. A37. C38. B39. D40. B第四部分：阅读填空41. D42. C43. A44. B45. B46. D47. A48. C49. B50. A第五部分：补全短文51. E52.G53. F54. C55. B第六部分：翻译56.Mobile payment has been gaining popularity in recent years, with more and more people using their smartphones to make payments instead of traditional cash or credit cards. It provides a convenient and efficient way for consumers to make purchases, while also reducing the need for physical currency.57.However, there are concerns about the security of mobile paymentsystems. Hackers and cybercriminals are constantly finding new ways toexploit vulnerabilities in these systems, which could lead to unauthorizedaccess to personal and financial information. Therefore, it is crucial forcompanies to implement robust security measures to protect users’ data.58.Additionally, the widespread adoption of mobile payment could haveimplications for traditional banking systems. As more people choose to usemobile payment services, the demand for physical bank branches and services may decrease. This could result in job losses and a shift in the way bankingservices are provided.59.Despite these challenges, the future of mobile payment lookspromising. With advancements in technology and increasing consumeracceptance, mobile payment is likely to become more secure and widelyadopted. It has the potential to revolutionize the way we make financialtransactions, making them faster, more convenient, and accessible to a larger population.60.In conclusion, mobile payment is a growing trend that offersnumerous benefits to consumers. However, it also poses security risks andpotential implications for traditional banking systems. It is important for both individuals and companies to stay informed about the latest developments in mobile payment and take necessary precautions to protect personal andfinancial data.总结本文对2014年考研英语答案进行了总结和整理。
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(十七)
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(十七)The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-state physicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallic alloys or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical and applied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials.When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, a crystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloy composition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials when cooled do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structure somewhat like that of the liquid — an amorphous structure. At room temperature the natural long-term tendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure. The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of the crystalline structure which is controlled by factors such as the nature of the chemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other. Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystallines structure whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow that almost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. For glassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidly so that crystallization is suppressed.The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that of liquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid was that by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hard spheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possible density. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for many attempts to model the structure of glassy metals.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agree fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid such as alloys of palladium and silicon or alloys consisting of iron phosphors, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres area in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different size, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloys might fit into holes in the dense random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual materials, one finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable. One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.1. The author is primarily concerned with discussing[A] crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures.[B] molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure.[C] glassy metals and their structural characteristics.[D] metallic alloys and problems in determining their density.2. The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of[A] disinterest.[B] impatience.[C] optimism.[D] apprehension.3. According to the text, which of the following determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy?[A] At what rate the molten alloy is cooled.[B] How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is.[C] How the different-sized atoms fit into a dense random-packed structure.[D] What the alloy consists of and in what ratios.4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it is presented in the text?[A] The latter is an illustrative example of the former.[B] The latter is a large-scale version of the former.[C] The former is a structural elaboration of the latter.[D] The former is a fair approximation of the latter.5. It can be inferred from the text that, theoretically, molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphous structure only if they are cooled[A] very evenly, regardless of the rate.[B] rapidly, followed by gentle heating.[C] very slowly.[D] to room temperature.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】C【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。
2014年英语冲刺教材参考答案.doc
07年大学英语普通专升本全真试题16-20. CCDBA21-25. DCDBB26）entirely27）will have found28）not to speak29）difference30）would have saved31）Impressed32）employee33）launching34）interested35）completed36-40. B(parents)DDBC41-45. CDDCA46. Haven’t enough protein.47. Objected/opposed48. Don’t eat meat49. The economic side/economy50. Fairly/to be fair/ in fact/Frankly speaking51. Increasing turnover52.3653. recruited54.training department55.European technology program56. The true value of life is not what we get from society but in what we give it.57. Unless the problem of talents and funds is solved, talking about the task is useless.58. Sweden’s cold, dark winters that stretch from October to March with only a few hours of daylight also meant people stayed indoors for long periods.59. Where comparative advantage exists, two trading partners are both able to share in the gains from the trade.60.08年大学英语普通专升本全真试题16-20. ABdelayingDCA21-25. CABAD26）working27）investment28）higher29）have made30）suggesting31）were sent32）national33）directly34）paid35）asked36-40.ACDBB41-45.BBABC46. spend more money;47. (manage to) succumbs to the temptation to live;48.Obtaining free credit49.The notices of using a credit card50.objective/neutral51. GoToMyPC52.log into account53.$45 a month / $414.40 a year54. free or not55.remote access and file sharing56. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful bargains.57. Being a pop star can be quite a hard life; with a lot of traveling, owing to heavy schedules.58. He is optimistic about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics this year.59. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, whose overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women．50.09年大学英语普通专升本全真试题16-20. DDCCB21-25. DADBA26）applications27）cheerful28）has seen29）introduced30）be allowed31）seeing32）to discuss33）will last34）deeply35）should use36-40. CDDBA41-45. ADDCB46. the new dean47. for four years48. this new challenge49. moral philosophy50. timely public issues51. sales manager52. rather too high53. several European manufactures54. reduce the price55. order56. B The problem has become increasingly urgent to be solved that what is the proper balance between the culture heritage and the globalization.57. If he is allowed to sleep even five more minutes, his memory of the dream will have faded.58. Not until late 1990s did people in our country begin to know something about Internet59. She had thought it was going to be all right. But it was as if the heat had drained their love.50.10年大学英语普通专升本全真试题16-20. DDADC21-25. BBCCC26）solution27）written28）believe29）be included30）boring31）selling32）has enjoy33）effectively34）would have bought35）lost36-40. DBDCC41-45. CABBC46. Chongqing47. Sino-American joint venture48. Personnel Manager49. Six50. She was studying51. operation model52. more than 10053. healthy quick-service54. food quality55. customer’s home kitchen56. To understand intercultural communication, we seek to understand the difference between trading and modernization.57. They wouldn’t be feeling so tired if they hadn’t been walking for a whole day.58. Not having been discovered, many laws of nature actually exist in nature.59. Sometimes the words just come out wrong, but I do hope you understand that I really mean noharm.60.11年大学英语普通专升本全真试题16-20. DDCAB21-25. BDAAD26）quickly27）less28）interesting29）lost30）performance31）is equipped32）writing33）have become34）wonderful35）were36-40. ABDAD41-45. DCCBB46. British Airways47. Air New Zealand48. Sydney Opera House49. Asia, North America50. itinerary51. 15 minutes52. it is regular43. will to read54. read55. well reading56. The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.57. Make sure that you have enough facts before you accuse her.58. He did n’t realize the importance of extensive reading until he graduated from high school.59. Although television was developed for broadcasting, many important uses have been found that have nothing to do with it.60.12年大学英语普通专升本全真试题16-20. DCADB21-25. ADABC26）lucky27）introduction28）informed29）should make30）rebuilt31）had lived32）winning33）more34）heavily35）left36-40. CACBD41-45. DBBAC46. a little worried47. interact with others48. friendless49. to get involved50. No; takes time51. computerized network52. no-the-job training53. a new department54. 20% increase55. marketing56. It’s said that there are fewer teachers in universities than is needed.57. It is impolite not to return telephone calls – regardless of whom they are from.58. Mr. John happened to be preparing his meal at home at 6:30 pm.59. A hotel is like a self-contained community providing guests with all the services they can expect in their own home and community.60.13年英语真题答案语法题：16 twice as much as（C）17 that (C)18 unless(D)19 did the woman complain(A)20 not drawing a conclusion(A)21 who(B)22 it (A)23 which doesn’t matter(C)24 came up with (B)25 result from(D)26）to make27）putting28）easier29）will be discussed30）occasionally31）advanced32）correcting33）complaint34）were interviewed35）brought阅读理解题：36 more prevalent than ever (B)37 to remain social (C)38 Often going on holiday together (C)39 bridge the distance with how to survive an LDR(A)40 All of the above(D)41 your diet might affect the way you think and feel (A)42 A diet containing grains, fruits, and vegetables (B)43 neurotransmitters(D)44 feel sleepy (B)45 Nuts, milk and salad contain something that helps you feel better.(C)46 No beautiful47 technical details48 three Basic Guidelines49 understand50 similar results51 written permission52 the Personnel Office53 is cleared54 the following Monday55 your department manager翻译题56 Don’t get me wrong. What I mean is that if we both parties can remain cool and make a reasonable agreement to remove the complaints.57 The Metropolitan is one of the most famous museums in the world. You really should take a good look at it instead of just having a quick glance.58 I’m sorry indeed that this should have happened. But I assure you that we will make every effort to reduce your loses to the minimum.59 He has in mind not a particular group of readers but men and women in general.60 擅长的东西对你来说就是乐趣，用此来形容你的事业是再好不过了。
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(九)
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(九)Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works — yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument istightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B] comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A] pedantic and contentious.[B] critical but admiring.[C] ironic and deprecating.[D] argumentative but unfocused.4. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A] rhetorical questions.[B] specific examples.[C] comparison and contrast.[D] definition of terms.5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
2014考研英语冲刺模拟卷及答案
2014考研英语冲刺模拟卷及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a “mon law”, or law made by courts 1 a monarch or other central governmental 2 like a legislature. The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our mon-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 6 the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 7 would be obtained using a judge 8 , as many countries do. 9 a jury decides cases after “10 ”，or discussions among a group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the 11 from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide 12 among 13 citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government 14 that individuals have mitted crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and 15 . Jurors, consisting of 16 numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states, 19 jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they arequestioned by the lawyers representing the 20 under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than [B]rather than [C]more than [D]or rather2.[A]agency [B]organization [C]institution [D]authority3.[A]panel [B]crew [C]band [D]flock4.[A]innate [B]intact [C]integral [D]integrated5.[A]discriminating [B]distinguishing [C]determining [D]diminishing6.[A]In [B]By [C]After [D]Over7.[A]that [B]which [C]than [D]as8.[A]alike [B]alone [C]altogether [D]apart9.[A]Although [B]Because [C]If [D]While10.[A]deliberations [B]meditations [C]reflections [D]speculations11.[A]outline [B]oute [C]input [D]intake12.[A]arguments [B]controversies [C]disputes [D]hostilities13.[A]fellow [B]individual [C]personal [D]private14.[A]asserting [B]alleging [C]maintaining [D]testifying15.[A]summoned [B]evoked [C]rallied [D]assembled16.[A]set [B]exact [C]given [D]placed17.[A]allocated [B]allotted [C]appointed [D]assigned18.[A]administers[B]manages [C]oversees [D]presides19.[A]inspective [B]irrespective [C]perspective [D]prospective20.[A]bodies [B]parties [C]sides [D]unitsSectionⅡReading prehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text OneIt’s plain mon sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain mon sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy,who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21. According to the text, it is true that[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A] maintaining it at an average level.[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23. The phrase “To date”(Para. 4) can be best replaced by[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.24. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B] They are independent but existing concurrently[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25. The sentence “That’s that”(Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad[A] and the situation cannot be altered.[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.[C] but they don’t think much about it.[D] but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator? Foremost, the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral, objective third party who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict. The mediator must be trusted by both parties to e up with a solution that will protect them from shame. While the central issue is justice, the oute needs to be win-win, no losers. The abilities to listen impartially, suspend judgment, and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally, to function effectively the mediator musthave power (financial, status, position), so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment. If one party refused to cooperate, he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole munity. If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties, the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a man. Usually this is a job for the parents, and they in turn employ the services of a mediator. Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance. Since these services sometimes require reward, money must be saved. Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents. The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame by turning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes. Of course, the higher-ranked the mediator, the higher the cost of the services.plicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents, which will likely generate conflict between the families. If the parties are not careful, the entire munity can take sides. One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect. They might say, “She is sickly.”or “She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true, and probably everyone knows they aren’t, they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason. Everyone saves face, at least at the surface, and peace is preserved.26. The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A] unbiased judgment of arguments.[B] hard prudence in decision-making.[C] impartial treatment to a conflict.[D] remarkable insight into controversies.27. The author deems it important for a mediator[A] to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B] to be powerful to shame either party.[C] to justify the solution of a conflict.[D] to have high status to fear arguers.28. In some courtiers, young people’s marriage[A] is independent of their parents’will.[B] needs careful valuation in advance.[C] costs a small fortune of their family.[D] is usually facilitated by a mediator.29. The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A] they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B] they make their best choice at all risks.[C] the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D] the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30. It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A] the entire munity to offer support.[B] a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C] the oute of mediation to be acceptable.[D] a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal munication is the dominant use of the Internet at home. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal munication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects parable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deep feelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weakonline ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest, local groups. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors e from those with stronger ties.Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these on-line “mixers”are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local munity and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line bees as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote munity or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative andanecdotal, or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31. The text is mainly about[A] the dominance of interpersonal munication.[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32. It is implied in the text that[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D] the Internet features every home and munity.33. The word “buffer”(Para. 2) can probably be replaced by[A] deviate. [B] alleviate. [C] shield. [D] distract.34. According to the author, the Internet can[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C] provide people with close physical contacts.[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35. From the text we can infer that[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma (capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm) can bee a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience —what the authors call a “crucible”(severe test). These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to bee leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, and difficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a mon vision; a distinctive and pelling voice that municates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be monplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the pany was losing a $ 200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to municate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them,was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War II) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”)—open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36. The text indicates that leadership research[A] has been a controversial study for years.[B] predicts how a leader es to be.[C] defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D] probes the mysteries of leadership.37. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of[A] top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B] remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C] striking qualities of going through serious trials and sufferings.[D] strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A] proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B] accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C] shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D] draws important lessons for his/her followers.39. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A] fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B] helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C] fails to attract people with mon concerns.[D] lacks appealing and strength of character.40. The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A] Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B] Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor municating ability.[C] Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D] Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Physical Changes[B] Low Self-Esteem[C] Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D] Emotional Turbulence[E] Interest in the Opposite Sex[F] Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of munication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) __________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.(42) __________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is mon among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to bee shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry—in an effort to pensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43) __________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears bee more frightening, pleasures bee more exciting, irritations bee more distressing and frustrations bee more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may bee seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness. (44) __________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45) __________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and munication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. 46) These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. 47) All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. 48) No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props (支柱) have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the disfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49) When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything bees irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not mon, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries.Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances. 50) If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress, goodwill, and international friendship. If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Your classmate, Bob, suffered a lot from the traffic accident one month ago. Besides, he lost his left leg and felt very sad. Write a letter to1) send out your grief and sympathy,2) offer your assistance, and3) show your best wishes.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1) describe the drawing,2) deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing, and3) suggest counter-measures.You should write about 160—200 words neatly ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2013考研英语冲刺作文答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(八)
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(八)Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence”on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed? — is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlyingassumptions.1. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?[A] Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.[B] Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.[C] Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.[D] Provide one definition of intelligence.2. It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?[A] The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.[B] The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.[C] The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.[D] The premises on which the arguments are based may change.3. According to the text, mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?[A] Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.[B] Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.[C] Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.[D] Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.4. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?[A] Practical for scientific purposes.[B] Detrimental to scientific progress.[C] Unimportant in most situations.[D] Expedient, but of little long-term value.5. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that[A] mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.[B] changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.[C] well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.[D] some factors in most situations must remain unknown.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。
2014年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（七）
2014年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（七）2014年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（七）A moment's drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain. To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand theneedle- a shot of novocaine (奴佛卡因)-that deadens the nerves around the tooth.Now it's true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves - and our brain, which is a bundle of nerves - we wouldn't know what's happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir(行僧)who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain. This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain.The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. If the dentist says, This will hurt a little, it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation(感觉), we can handle the pain without falling apart. After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.31. The passage is mainly about .A) how to suffer pain B) how to avoid painC) how to handle pain D) how to stop pain32. The sentence But we pay for our sensitivity. in the secondparagraph implies that .A)we should pay a debt for our feelingB)we have to be hurt when we feel somethingC)our pain is worth feelingD)when we feel pain, we are suffering it33. When the author mentions the Indian fakir, he suggests that .A)Indians are not at all afraid of painB)people may be senseless of painC)some people are able to handle painD)fakirs have magic to put needles right through their arms34. the most important thing to handle pain is .A) how we look at pain B) to feel pain as much as possibleC) to show an interest in pain D) to accept the pain reluctantly35. The author's attitude towards pain is .A) pessimistic B) optimistic C) radical (极端的) D) practicalPassage 72014年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案汇总重点推荐： 2014年考研报名 2014年考研时间 2014年考研英语 2014年考研数学 2014年考研政治 2014年考研专业。
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(二十)
2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(二十)凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(二十)One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionic salt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt. The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules that have become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons. In forming sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron (thereby becoming positively charged) and chlorine atoms gain an electron (thereby becoming negatively凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！charged). The ions are attracted to one another by their opposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packed spheres.Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kind of crystal called an electride. In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionic sites are occupied solely by凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！electrons.Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were simple charged spheres. In particular, because of their low mass and their tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannot be “pinned down” to any one location. Instead, they wander close to and among the atoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhaps changing places with them.The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons. When the凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they are closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they are no longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free to pass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can vary the凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surrounding cations. The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to become a basis for economically useful new materials and devices. For instance, because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystals could be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photon liberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current. The same weak binding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and as cathodes in batteries. One obstacle is the凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！tendency of electrides to decompose through reaction with air and water. Researchers are seeking ways to increase their stability.1. The text is primarily concerned with discussing[A] a way to isolate electrons.[B] the characteristics of a new kind of crystal.[C] the structure of an ionic salt.[D] commercial uses for electrides.2. In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with[A] introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory.凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！[B] describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged.[C] describing some early research at Michigan State University.[D] providing background for the technical discussion to follow.3. According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following?[A] Its positive are of particularly low mass.[B] Its ions possess identical electrical charges.[C] It contains a framework of regularly凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！stacked ions.[D] Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.4. It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “simple charged spheres”(line 2, paragraph 3) could be expected to[A] readily lose electrons and become positively charged.[B] move freely in and out of their cavities.[C] respond to photons by liberating electrons.[D] remain fixed relative to their cations.凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！5. With which of the following statements regarding electrides would the author most likely agree?[A] They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value.[B] Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain.[C] They are interesting but of no practical value.[D] They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。
2014考研英语真题及答案详解
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects forsuccess.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good andspending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house[B]A special tour[C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are after effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money[A]has left much room for readers’criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positivelydoctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higherself-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of theirwit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText 3Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would contain no such substance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane University’s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to AmericanB) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedyC) crying usually wins sympathy from other peopleD) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.C) The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “________”.A) having no effect at allB) leading to tensionC) producing disastrous impactD) harmful to health34. What does the author say about crying?A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival.C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.D) It usually produces the desired effect.35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.Text 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.36. The author believes that the housing sector__[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sectorSection III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben-Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to1)tell him about your living habits, and2)ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.Do not use your own name.Part B48. Directions: Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)You should1. interpret the chart, and2. give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
2014年考研英语阅读部分
2．词性的转化3．正话反说，反话正说4．具体与抽象转化2. 过于绝对3. 断章取义4.推理过度5.偷换概念，小动作6.字面意思，肤浅直白7.因果颠倒，逻辑混乱8.扩大范围9.无据比较10.时态语态错误1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which can develop his or her capacity for active responses and which can encourage the curiosity of the children will have greater intellectual development.What can be inferred from this sentence?A. S timuli are essential to the child’s positive responses.B. Many stimuli can help children improve their IQ.C. A child’s active responses develop the curiosity of himD. Greater intellectual development is based on the environment.2. American X-generations who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents’ eyelid in death, and who have heard about the death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today getting rid of a recognition of the way their predecessors live their lives.We can infer that American X-generations____?A. are deserting others’ lifestyles because of their parents’ deathB. are detached to the way of living of modern societyC. care about nothing but their own business and their childrenD. are becoming self-concerned because of knowing the death of two world wars3. Unwillingly, he finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had learned into practice hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary andusage which fall outside the scope of basic textbooks.We can infer that the students_________.A. hesitate when they put everything they had learned into practiceB. deal with the unfamiliar English vocabulary badly because of being so dependent on teachersC. should learn more about extracurricular knowledge rather than focusing on textbooks aloneD. can easily put the vocabulary and usage of English into practice4. Science that promotes the innovation of our social productivity and service moves forward not so much through the insights of great men that play a pioneering role in our society as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.Scientific progress mainly stems from .A. gifted scientists and great figuresB. capacity for understanding hidden truthsC. better techniques and facilitiesD. powerful men and ordinary things5. The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home had less to do with the mechanization and convenience of the housework and an increase in spare time for these women than with their own unavoidable economic requirements and with high marriage rates that decrease the available number of single women workers.Which of the following account for more married female workers?A. The automation and convenience of housework and high marriage ratesB. Financial burden and fewer single women workersC. Women’s desire for leisure lives and keeping a high salaryD. Unavoidable economic demands and the importance of single women6. Coupled with the growing quantity of information and demands of getting more useful information is the development of technologies which enable delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations and make it possible to store vast amounts of data.What can be inferred from the sentence?A. Information storage is more important than deliveryB. Improved technologies leads to obtaining more useful informationC. Speedy delivery of information demands advanced technologyD. Getting more useful information needs storing much information.7. Never when topic discussions avoided the subjects which are fashionable enough to give rise to curiosity was the mind of teenagers stirred up from its foundations and the purpose of discussions fulfilled.If successful topics are to be held,A. subjects can not be too dullB. the mind of teenagers should be stirred upC. teenagers should realize the importance of discussionsD. curiosity should be encouraged by fashionable topics8. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued and new medicine is used quickly and finally by the occurrence of new tolerance when you take the new medicine repeatedly. What can be inferred from the sentence?A. Uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms lead to usage of new medicine.B. You feel unpleasant when taking the new medicine repeatedly.C. Dependence is characterized by tolerance of tremendous use of medicine.D. new medicine is better than the old one to help the patients recover quickly.9. Human beings have long distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.If man is to survive,A. he should be as different as possible from other creaturesB. he should build a good relationship with the environmentC. he should become accustomed to its environmentD. he can observe his own needs and environment10. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know that truth about their condition, and informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more lowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.According to the studies,A. knowing the truth does little good to the recoveryB. without a doctor’s help a patient will lose heartC. sometimes a risk is worth taking in order to save a patient段落科学的阅读方法，把握文章）1、统一性（一致性）（Unity）（1）主题句（topic sentence supporting paragraphs/sentences/details）（2）关键词重复或重现（key words or terms）举例：space exploration / study / research / project / programtechnological progress / solution / proposal / changes /advances （3）（完形、阅读）难题：善于多联系主题（top-down）2、连贯性（Coherence）（1）宏观：全文展开模式（即全文的套路pattern）a. 记叙/描述说明（Narration and description）b. 一般→具体（立论/驳论）c. 具体→一般：引子开头；提出问题（现象）→分析问题（原因）（→解决问题）d.对比型套路（Compare and contrast）e.并列展开模式：（2）微观：句子与句子、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系（起承转合）；有时还要善于自觉揣摩隐含的逻辑关系。
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2014考研英语阅读专项冲刺练习及答案(七)“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.”Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic”novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,” whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists…harbor… discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D.H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch— a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel.[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.[D] Virginia Woolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.2. In the first paragraph of the text, the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as[A] disparaging.[B] ironic.[C] facetious.[D] skeptical but resigned.3. It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary example because she believed that[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters.[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D. H. Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society.[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question.[D] Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.4. It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres.[B] was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions.[C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them.[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist.5. Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores.[B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the reader’s judgment.[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on anisolated individual consciousness.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。