2014年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
2014年考研英语真题答案及解析
Section I Use of English
一、文章题材结构分析
本文介绍了“人们可以通过锻炼大脑来提高智力并防止脑力衰老”。文章第一段介绍了脑力衰老会对人们
正常生活产生影响。第二段介绍了神经学家们的研究结果，表明脑力不是无法改变的，人们可以通过努力和训
可能的结果，而下文分析的不是假设性的结果，选项 D 引导因果关系，因此选项 BCD 均可排除。
12．[A] instead of 而不是；代替
[B] regardless of 不管，忽视
[C] apart from 除了……之外（还有）
[D] according to 根据，依据
【答案】D
【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词短语辨析
【解析】上文提到了人们可以通过努力和锻炼来提高智力，本段首句介绍一个公司开发了一套程序，这套程序
可帮助提高脑力方面的能力。由此可知，本段是对上文的补充说明，是“a lot can be done”的进一步发展，而
Take a step further 表示“进一步采取措施”因此，选项 B 为正确答案。Take a step back 向后退一步，take a step
[B] limited 有限的
[C] damaging 破坏性的
[D] obscure 晦涩的，不清楚的
【答案】C
【考点】上下文逻辑关系+词义辨析
【解析】在上一题的分析中可以看出，这个句子前后是转折的关系，前面说“看似简单”，后面是“有潜在的
影响”，下文中又开始介绍解决方法，因此这里的空格处一定是与 innocent 意思相反的词。比较四个选项，可
【解析】前文提到脑力的下降导致人们会忘记很多事情，这说明脑力变得迟钝，现在有公司开发了一套程序帮
2014考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
2014 Text 1Paragraph 11、In order to “change lives for the better”and reduce “dependency”George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search”scheme. 为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养”，英国财政部大臣George Osborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。
1.1 dependency英/dɪ'pend(ə)nsɪ/ 美/dɪ'pɛndənsi/n. 属国；从属；从属物1.2 chancellor英/'tʃɑːns(ə)lə/ 美/'tʃænsəlɚ/n. 总理（德、奥等的）；（英）大臣；校长（美国某些大学的）；（英）大法官；（美）首席法官1.3 exchequer英/ɪks'tʃekə; eks-/ 美/ɪks'tʃɛkɚ/n. 财源；国库；财政部2、Only if the jobless arrive at the job center with a CV（Curriculum Vitae）, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有简历--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利，然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周。
还有什么能比这个更合理？2.1 curriculum英/kə'rɪkjʊləm/ 美/kə'rɪkjələm/n. 课程，总课程2.2 vitae英/'viːtaɪ/ 美/ˈvitaɪ/n. 个人简历；血液（vita的复数形式）2.3 eligible英/'elɪdʒɪb(ə)l/ 美/'ɛlɪdʒəbl/n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的2.4 fortnightly英/'fɔːtnaɪtlɪ/ 美/'fɔrtnaɪtli/n. 双周刊adj. 隔周发行的；每两周的adv. 隔周地；每两星期一次地Paragraph 21、More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker`s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. 下面是更明显的合理性。
2014考研英语真题译文
2014考研英语真题译文2014年考研英语真题 Reading Comprehension Section AWater scarcity is a daily challenge for young girls in Sudan, forcing them to walk for miles to fetch water, missing out on education and suffering from the physical strain of carrying heavy loads. In some areas of Sudan, girls walk an average of 3.7 miles every day to collect water for their families, often missing school as a result. This water collection falls largely on the shoulders of girls and women, negatively impacting their education and overall well-being.The lack of access to clean water not only affects education but also leads to health problems. Waterborne diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid, are common in Sudan due to the use of contaminated water sources. The constant struggle to obtain water exacerbates the issue, as it leaves little time for girls to focus on their studies or take care of their health.According to a UNICEF report, around 170 million young girls worldwide are affected by water scarcity. This issue is particularly prevalent in developing countries where water sources are limited and infrastructure is lacking. In Sudan, the problem is exacerbated by political instability and ongoing conflicts, making it even more challenging to implement sustainable solutions.Efforts have been made to address this issue in Sudan. Non-governmental organizations and government initiatives have worked together to provide access to clean water in rural areas. Projects such as building wells and rainwater harvesting systems have helped alleviate theburden on girls and women. However, more support is needed to ensure that all communities have access to safe and clean water sources.Education plays a crucial role in breaking the cycle of poverty and improving the overall well-being of individuals. By addressing the water scarcity issue, more girls in Sudan will be able to attend school regularly, improve their educational opportunities, and have a better chance of breaking out of the cycle of poverty.In conclusion, water scarcity poses a significant challenge for young girls in Sudan, impacting their education, health, and overall well-being. Efforts to improve access to clean water sources are crucial in alleviating the burden on girls and providing them with equal educational opportunities. By addressing this issue, we can help empower young girls in Sudan and create a brighter future for generations to come.。
2014考研《英语一》真题：翻译部分
2014考研《英语一》真题：翻译部分Part BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes .Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. Theresearchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.in one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airbone technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes。
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案(翻译)
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案（翻译）Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring thedisorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
2014年考研英语一真题详解：翻译
2014年考研英语一真题详解：翻译Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic， philosophical， sensual， or mathematical， but in any case it must， in my view， have something to do with the soul ofthe human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical： sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words， all we can do is articulate our reactions to it， and not grasp music itself.Beethoven‘s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary natureof his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected， as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression， he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person，and a courageous one， and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding， let alone the performance， of his works.This coura geous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven‘s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage， for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and th en abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics， but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his viewof freedom， which， for him， was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual： he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven‘s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him， order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development， an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony， but the second， so that suffering does not have the lastword. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable， but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.【参考答案】46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words， all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself.这就是为什么当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时，我们能清楚的表达对音乐的反应，但并没有领会音乐的精髓。
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案(翻译)
2014考研英语一真题试题及答案（翻译）Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring thedisorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
2014考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养”，英国财政部大臣George Osborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。
只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有VC--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利，然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周。
还有什么能比这个更合理？下面是更明显的合理性。
下来找工作者将会有七天对津贴的等待。
“最初的这些天应该用来找工作，而不是找注册地。
”他还宣称“我们做这些是因为我们这会帮助那些没有福利的人并且让那些已经有福利的人更快地得到工作。
”帮助？真的吗？第一次听到这时，这就是一个关注社会的官员——努力想让生活更美好，和一个对于新待业人员能很容易找到工作的宽松社会的“改革”，以及对懒惰的补贴。
我们后来知道给他动力的是他对“基础公平”的热情——保护纳税人，控制支出，以及保证那些最需要的要求者得到他们的福利。
失去工作是让人伤心的：你不可能心里唱着歌跳着去就业服务中心，有着从一般状态翻番自己收入的愿景，并对此感到高兴。
失业是金融的恐怖，心理的尴尬，你知道得到的支持是最小的并且是非常难得到的。
你现在是不被需要的；为你的生活提供目标和组织体系的工作环境已经把你排除在外了。
更糟糕的是，养活你自己和家人以及各种生活基本支出的经济来源断掉了。
对于最需要什么这个问题，那些新的失业者的答案总是两个字：工作。
但是在奥斯博岛，你的第一本能反应是被扶养——如果你能做到，那么是永久的扶养，被一个不得不放纵你的错误的国家支持。
这就像过去的20年——关于找工作更艰难的改革，并且没有福利管理体系。
现在英国的福利体系原则不再是确保人们可以躲避失业的风险并且能在这种灾难发生时收到无条件的补偿。
即使这个1996年产生的短语“待业者的津贴”是将失业者重新定义为“待业者”，意思是对已经通过为国家保险做贡献得到的福利不在有委托管理权。
确实，这些要求者得到了有期限的“津贴”，条件是积极地找工作；这是欧盟中最不慷慨的一个体系，一周71,70英镑，没有补贴没有保险。
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Text 2
在全世界，律师比任何其他职业的人都更招憎恨——新闻业可能是个例外。 但是没有多少地方能比美国更让客户有更多的理由抱怨。 在经济危机之前的十年间，美国法律服务费用的增长速度是通货膨胀的两 倍。最好的律师赚得盆满钵满，吸引着更多的学生争相进入法学院。但是大部分 法学毕业生从未获得一份大律所的工作。 他们中的许多人转而成为那种妨害行为 诉讼的提交者，这使得侵权制度成了一场昂贵的噩梦。 这里面有很多原因。其一是法律教育的费用过高。在美国大部分州只有一条 成为律师的途径；在某个无关的专业读四年取得本科学位，然后在美国律师协会 授权的 200 所法学院之一读三年取得法律学位，并为准备律师资格考试花费不 菲。这给现在这些普通的法学院毕业生留下在本科债务之外 10 万美元的债务。 法学院债务意味着他们不得不拼命地努力工作。 改革这一体系会对律师和他们的客户都有所帮助。 明智的想法已经存在了好 长时间，但是管理该职业的州级机构对实施它们太保守了。一个想法是准许人们 读本科学位时学习法律。另外一个是，让学生在法学院只读两年之后就参加律师 资格考试。如果这一考试对于一名准律师来说确实是足够严格的测试，那么就应 该准许那些有能力提早参加的学生们参加。 不需要额外培训的学生就可以削减他 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
但为君故系列
D 同行评议引导研究 33. 希格斯玻色子的发现是有关（）的一个很好的例子 A 对获奖者身份的争议 B 现代科研人员的共同努力 C 对新奖项的合理的忧虑 D 对研究发现的展示 34. 根据第四段的内容，下列哪一项关于诺贝尔奖的说法是正确的 A 它们因其持久而受到公正的对待 B 它们的合理性长期处于争议之中 C 它们是最具代表性的荣誉 D 历史从未质疑过它们 35. 作者认为新兴奖项 A 尽管受到批评，但是仍可接受 B 对研究文化有害 C 受到不良变化的影响 D 不值得公众的注意
但为君故系列
们债务大山的三分之一。
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
费用如此之高的另外一个原因是该行业限制性的同业公会式的所有权结构。 除哥伦比亚特区外，非律师人员不得持有律所的任何股份。这使得费用居高不下 而创新脚步缓慢。在行业内部存在要求变革的压力，但是监管部门中的反对变革 者坚称，将局外人排除在律所之外，可以让律师与赚钱的压力隔离而合乎职业道 德标准地为客户服务。 实际上，准许非律师人员参股，通过鼓励律所采用新技术和聘请职业经理人 来致力于提高律所效率，可以降低成本并改善对顾客的服务。毕竟，其它国家如 澳大利亚和英国都已开始使其法律行业自由化。美国应该效仿。 26. 很多学生选择进入律师行业是因为 A 客户越来越大的需求 B 日益增大的通胀压力 C 对在大公司工作的期待 D 经济回报的诱惑 27. 在美国的大多数州，一下那一条增加了法律教育的成本 A 本科学习更高的学费 B 律师协会的准入 C 攻读其它专业的本科学位 D 接受职业组织的培训 28. 法律教育体系改革的阻力来自于 A 律师和客户的强烈抵制 B 严格的行业监管部门 C 对于准律师的严格考试 D 非专业人士的尖锐批评 29. 协会般的所有权结构是“有限性的”部分原因在于它 A 禁止外人插手该行业 B 阻止律师持有律所股份 C 使行业道德状况恶化 D 阻止律师获得适当的收益 30. 在这篇文章中，作者主要讨论了 A 有缺陷的美国律所所有权及其原因 B 在美国成为一个成功律师的因素 C 美国法律行业的问题及其解决方案 D 本科学习在美国法律教育中的角色 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试
但为君故
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美国艺术与科学院刚发布的报告《问题的核心》 ，因肯定了人文和社会科学 对美国自由民主的繁荣和安全的重要性而值得赞扬。然而，遗憾的是该报告没有 论及通才教育所面临危机的真正本质，这可能造成弊大于利的结果。 2010 年，首要的国会民主党人和共和党人致函美国艺术与科学院，要求其 确定可由“联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其 他人”采取的措施，以“保持国家在人文和社会科学学术和教育方面的优势” 。 作为回应，美国艺术与科学院成立了人文和社会科学委员会。该委员会 51 名成 员中有顶级大学的校长、学者、律师、法官和公司执行总裁，也有来自外交、电 影、音乐和新闻界的杰出人物。 这份报告中确立的目标大体上是值得称赞的。 因为代议制政府的前提是公民 知情，该报告支持全面的文化素养；强调学习历史和政治，特别是美国历史和美 国政治；以及鼓励使用新的数字技术。为了鼓励创新和竞争，报告呼吁增加研究 投资，对紧密结合的课程要精益求精 （它们会提高学生在 21 世纪有效地解决问题和交流沟通的能力） ，增加对 教师的资助和鼓励学者转化所学知识以面对当今的巨大挑战。 报告还主张加强对 外语、国际事务的学习和扩展留学计划。 不幸的是，尽管撰写报告用了两年半的时间， 《问题的核心》却从未触及到 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
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问题的核心：我们一流院校的通才教育本质上是狭隘的。委员会忽视了几十年来 美国各院校输送的毕业生不明白通才教育的内容和特点，因而丧失了它的益处。 令人痛心的是，国内校园内曾有的探索精神，已经被利用人文和社会科学作为宣 扬“进步的”或左翼民主的宣传工具所代替。 如今，教授们通常将进步的历史观和公共政策视为正统的学习科目，而将保 守的或古典自由主义的观点——例如：自由市场和自力更生——描述为逾越了 常规、合理事物和理性调研的界限。 36. 根据第一段的内容，作者对美国人文与科学院的报告持什么态度 A 批评的 B 感激的 C 轻蔑的 D 容忍的 37. 国会中的大人物们要求美国人文与科学院给出报告，分析该如何 A 维持人们对通才教育的兴趣 B 明确政府在教育中的作用 C 保持在通才教育方面的领先地位 D 保障个人受教育的权利 38. 根据第三段，报告建议 A 只学习美国历史 B 更加重视理论科目 C 应用新兴技术 D 资助外语学习 39. 在第五段，作者暗示说教授们 A 支持自由市场 B 谨慎对待理性调研 C 对公共政策持保守态度 D 对古典自由主义思想持有偏见 40. 下列哪个选项最适合作为文章的标题 A 掌握《问题的核心》的方法 B 狭隘的教育与《问题的核心》 C AAAS 对通才教育的贡献 D 进步政策 vs.通才教育
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C 登记申请政府补助 D 参加政府的就业培训项目 23. 是什么促使财政大臣制订了他的计划 A 让所有人获得更好的生活的渴望 B 保护失业者的渴望 C 对申请者慷慨的热切愿望 D 为纳税人确保公平的热情 24. 根据第三段，失业让人感到 A 不安的 B 愤怒的 C 受辱的 D 内疚的 25. 作者最有可能对下列那句话表示赞同 A 英国的福利体系纵容了求职者的懒惰 B 奥斯本的改革将会降低失业的风险 C 求职者补贴将会满足他们的实际需求 D 失业补助不应该有条件发放
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300 万美元的基础物理学奖的确是一个有趣的尝试，正如亚历山大·帕里雅 科夫三月份领取今年奖项时所言。而且该类奖项远非仅此一例。按照《自然》杂 志新闻特写栏目一篇文章所讨论的， 近年来一系列奖金丰厚的研究奖项已经加入 诺贝尔奖的行列。许多奖项（如基础物理学奖）来自于互联网企业家的资助，其 银行账户是电话号码数量级的。 据称，这些慈善家在各自从事的领域已经获得 成功，想用自己的财富去让那些有科学成就的人士受到关注。 这有什么让人不喜欢的呢？据新闻特写栏目中援引一小部分科学家所言， 非 常之多。古语云，有钱买不到社会地位，这些暴富的企业家并不能为他们的奖金 买来诺贝尔奖的声望。科学家称，新设奖项是那些幕后人自抬身价的一种举动。 它们会扭曲基于成就并由同行评议引导的研究体系。 它们会巩固同行评议研究的 现状。它们并不资助同行评议研究。它们延续了孤独天才的神话。 正如《自然》杂志以前已经指出的那样，对于科学奖项——新设的和原有 的——如何分配，存在某些忧虑是合理的。今年推出的“生命科学突破奖” ，对 生命科学的范畴所持观点并不具代表性。 但是诺贝尔基金会对每一奖项只能由三 名仍在世者获得的限制，由于现代科学研究的协作特性而早已不再适宜——这 将由当论及确认希格斯波色子的发现时， 对于谁可忽略而引起不可避免的争论这 一情况来证实。当然，诺贝尔奖本身就是由一位富豪个人设立的，他决定了用自 己的金钱去做他想要做的事。赋予诺贝尔奖合理性的是时间，而非设立的初衷。 有些科学家常常会抱怨新的奖项，有两件事却是显而易见。第一，如果被授 予这样的奖项，大部分研究人员会接受它。第二，金钱和 关注度投向科学而不是其它地方，这无疑是好事。批评和质疑这种机制是公 平合理的——毕竟这是做研究的文化——但它是奖金提供者按 照自己的意愿处置的金钱。 以感谢的心情和优雅的风度接受这样的礼物是明 智的。 31. 基础物理学奖被视为 A 企业家财富的象征 B 诺贝尔奖可能的替代 C 银行家投资的例子 D 对研究人员可观的奖励 32. 批评者们认为，新兴的奖项对（）最有利 A 向钱看的科学家 B 新奖项的设立者 C 基于成就的体系 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
2014 年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译 真题译文+题目翻译
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为了“让生活变得更美好”以及减少“依赖” ，英国财政大臣乔治·奥斯本引 入了“求职预付金”计划。只有当失业者带着简历到就业中心，注册在线求职并 开始找工作，才有资格获得补助金——然后他们应该每周而非每两周报告一次。 有什么比这更合理呢？ 更加明显的合理性如下。现在领取求职者补贴要等待七天。 “这前几天应该 用来找工作，而不是办理失业登记（以获得救济金） 。 ”他说， “我们这样做是因 为我们知道，这样会帮助人们摆脱补助并让依赖补助的人尽快就业。 ”帮助？真 的吗？乍一听，这是位关心社会的大臣，他努力改善人们的生活，包括对一个明 显放纵的体系的“改革” ，这个体系不要求新失业者付出多少努力去找工作，为 其懒惰埋单。我们将会知道，激励他的是他对“基本的公正”的热诚——保护 纳税人，控制花费以及确保只有最值得帮助的申请者才能得到补助金。 失业是痛苦的：你不会内心歌唱并跳跃着到就业中心去，为从这个慷慨国度 得到加倍收入的前景而欣喜。在经济上它令人生畏，在心理感到难堪，并且你还 知道那种扶持的微薄和非常难以得到。现在没人需要你；你现在被排除在工作环 境之外，那里会给予你人生的目标和体制。更糟糕的是，失去了用以养家糊口和 支付账单的至关重要的收入。问任何新失业者他们想要什么，答案永远是：一份 工作。 但是在奥斯本之国，你的第一反应就是坠入依赖——永远的依赖，如果你 能得到的话——它由一个非常乐意放任你弄虚作假的国家所支持。好像这二十 年一直严厉的求职和补助金管理系统的改革从未发生过。 英国福利的原则不再是 如果发生灾难，你能为自己投保失业险和得到无条件赔付。甚至正是“求职者补 贴”这个词语，在将失业者重新定义为“求职者” ，他人通过缴纳国民保险金可 享有补助， 而求职者则没有这个基本权利。 作为替代， 申请者得到的是一周 71.70 英镑的限时“补贴” ，条件是积极地找工作：没有津贴也没有保险，在欧盟这也 是最小气之一了。 21. 奥斯本的计划旨在 A 为失业者得到补助金提供更加容易的途径 B 鼓励求职者积极参与找工作 C 激励失业者自愿报告 D 保障求职者获取补助金的合法权利 22. 词组“to sign on” （在第二段第二行）最有可能意为 A 在就业中心核查是否可以找到工作 B 接受政府对补助的限制 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故